All language subtitles for Walking with Monsters

Ini Bumi.
4,4 milyar tahun yang lalu.

Sebuah bola steril yang beracun dari puing-puing yang menghanguskan.

Meteorit menghujani permukaannya.

Awan asam mematikan menyelundupkannya.

Bumi tampaknya ditakdirkan untuk
tetap tanpa kehidupan.

Lalu semuanya berubah.

Planet lain, Thea, menabrak Bumi...

dan lalu kedua planet menyatu,

Menciptakan dunia baru.

Dunia kita.

Bahkan sampai saat ini,
Thea berada tepat di bawah kaki kita.

Sebuah kepingan kecil dari Thea menjadi bulan kita.

Dan perlahan laut kita pun terbentuk.

Sampai kehidupan di Bumi siap untuk dimulai.

Tapi siapa yang mewarisi planet biru ini?

Seri ini akan menceritakan sebuah kisah yang luar biasa
dari kehidupan sebelum masa Dinosaurus.

Sebuah masa ketika makhluk yang aneh dan liar...

berjuang dalam pertarungan yang kejam
untuk menguasai Bumi.

Diantara mereka adalah
para leluhur paling awal kita sendiri,

yang bertahan akan memutuskan
apakah kita manusia akan ada nantinya.

Saat mereka berevolusi,

makhluk-makhluk aneh ini
menciptakan cetak biru...

tidak hanya untuk tubuh kita,

tapi untuk semua yang hidup saat ini.

Ini adalah kisah kehidupan yang terlupakan.

Sebuah perang yang epik untuk dunia kita.

Sebuah perang antara para monster.

Ini adalah planet kita,

530 juta tahun yang lalu.

Belum ada kehidupan di daratan,

tapi di lautan itu hal yang berbeda.

Kehidupan sudah berkembang
selama jutaan tahun...

lambat namun pasti.

Lautan penuh akan makhluk sederhana ini,

makhluk-makhluk bertubuh lunak,

terombang-ambing dalam arus.

Namun begitu, sekarang, di perairan dangkal ini,

evolusi sudah berkembang pesat.

Para pemangsa mengambil giliran yang pertama.

Ini adalah Anomalocaris,
Pemangsa super pertama di Bumi.

Monster berukuran dua meter ini
mendapatkan kesuksesan mereka...

dari sebuah evolusi menakjubkan di bumi.

Mata.

Mereka mungkin kelihatan aneh
tapi mereka tidak unik.

Banyak pemangsa pada masa Lautan Cambrian...

juga telah mengembangkan mata.

Dan begitu juga mangsa mereka.

Akibatnya sungguh luar biasa.

Mampu melihat dan bereaksi terhadap musuh...

telah memicu perlombaan senjata
antara pemangsa dan mangsanya.

Pertarungan ini berlanjut hingga sekarang...

dan menjadi alasan utama dibalik keanekaragaman hayati.

Untuk bertarung menjadi terlihat dan rentan,

80 % makhluk di perairan dangkal ini...

memiliki cangkang yang keras
di bagian luar tubuh mereka.

Hewan-hewan bercangkang ini disebut Arthropoda.

Di masa depan,

merekalah leluhur bagi serangga dan Laba-laba.

Tapi di perairan yang sesak ini...

selalu ada kompetisi dimana-mana,

dan bahkan pertahanan keras Anomalocaris
pun perlu diuji.

Cangkang yang kaku akan pecah kalau
ditekuk terlalu jauh,

membuat yang kalah menjadi sangat rentan.

Bagi sebuah ancaman yang tidak disangka-sangka.

Ini adalah Haikouichthys.

He's the size of your thumbnail,

but he's an evolutionary giant.

He's the first ever fish.

Our earliest known ancestor.

He's unique,

because instead of having
armour on the outside,

he's tough inside.

He's evolved a primitive backbone.

He's the very first vertebrate.

Forerunner of all future backboned animals,

from the dinosaur, to the elephant, to us.

His flexible backbone makes him

more manoeuvrable than
spineless Anomalocaris.

He can scavenge flesh,
then dart away unharmed.

Our tiny backboned ancestors
have survived a sea of monsters,

but there are still many more battles ahead.

They must adapt or die.

Evolution takes over.

As millions of years pass,

fish build on their basic design.

The muscles around their backbone

evolve into a powerful tail
and fins appear.

They evolve a distinct head.

He may not look like you or l,

but this odd fish is becoming
the blueprint for our own bodies.

This is Cephalaspis.

She's a peaceful grazer who sucks up algae
through herjawless mouth.

But she's also developed
a tough protective head and thick scales.

Our ancestor's arthropod enemies
have also been evolving

and they're ready for round two.

A hundred million years have passed

and the fight for survival has filled
the Silurian seas with variety.

Some creatures here
would be recognisable today.

Sponges filter food alongside sea urchins.

The orthocone is a distant relative
of squid and cuttlefish,

but he's as long as a truck.

This world is terrorised by

a new improved generation
of armoured arthropods.

Meet Brontoscorpio.

He's kind may look like modern scorpions
but they're a metre long and have gills.

The arthropods have upped their game.

These monsters have a superior armoury
to Anomalocaris,

a stinger the size of a light bulb.

Scorpions are the top predators
in the Silurian seas.

And prey is plentyfull in their
seabed hunting ground.

Brontoscorpio zeros in on his next meal.

But Cephalaspis has evolved
an early warning system.

Special sensors on her skin
detect the tiniest vibrations in the water.

We've inherited similar senses.

They make us sensitive to touch.

With her defensive headgear,
Cephalaspis can't swim fast for long.

She must rest frequently.

Soon she'll tire completely.

Cephalaspis suddenly changes her path.

She's picking up bad vibrations.

Something Brontoscorpio can't detect.

Pterygotus is the Titan of sea scorpions.

The biggest arthropod of all time.

More than three metres long,

she's the size of a crocodile.

She has turned the tables on Brontoscorpio.

He'll make a good meal for her young.

ln such dangerous seas
there's nowhere to hide.

When breeding seasons comes,

the Cephalaspis congregate to
head for the one place

they might escape a scorpion's grasp.

Fresh water, inland.

Land at this time is like an alien planet.

lt's a barren expanse of roasting rock
hotter than the Sahara.

The air would be toxic to us.

lt has much less oxygen

and three hundred times more
carbon dioxide than today.

But some forms of life
have gained a foothold in this furnace.

The first pioneering plants.

Cooksonia has a unique survival strategy.

lt's the first plant to send shoots upwards,
trapping extra light to help it grow.

This basic design will eventually
lead to our tallest forests.

The Cephalaspis convoy ploughs upriver,
away from the sea.

They're making the marathon journey

back to the spawning grounds
where they hatched.

lncredibly our fish ancestors
already use memory.

They use familiar landmarks to navigate.

Their toughened heads
protect a vital weapon.

One of the first complex brains.

lt's much more developed
than their scorpion rivals

who have no memory at all.

lt's thanks to these primitive fish

that we can think and solve problems today.

But the fish have
underestimated their enemy.

lt is the arthropods and not our ancestors

who have taken the first momentous steps
out of the sea into dry land.

Brontoscorpio has a huge advantage.

As well as gills

he has simple lungs made up of
hundreds of thin layers of tissue.

He can't breath in and out like we do.

He just absorbs the oxygen into his blood.

Equipped to maximise
the little oxygen available

and with their armour
to protect them from the sun,

the scorpions patrol the shoreline,

scavenging on whatever
the sea washes up next.

Finally the fish approach their destination.

They've navigated their way
back to the spawning pool,

where their lives began.

Weak from their long journey,

now they have to cross a ridge of rock

to make it from the river, to the pool.

The first fish make it through
and start to lay their eggs.

But the exhausted Cephalaspis have company.

Passing scorpions have stumbled
on this bounty.

But the fish have numbers on their side.

The clever Cephalaspis
have navigated their way,

while Brontoscorpio are only here by luck.

They're soon stuffed to the gills
while the fish keepjumping.

One scorpion is still hungry,
but he can't feed.

He's become a prisoner in his own skin.

His rigid skeleton is now a handicap.

lt can't grow with his body.

He needs to shed his hard skin
and then grow another,

expanding while the new one is still soft.

For such a large creature,
this is a long process.

Next morning,
there's no sign of life in the spawning pool.

The scorpion has missed his chance.

Our ancestors have survived.

They've laid their eggs
and are returning to the sea.

Brain has triumphed over brawn,

and soon they won't be such soft targets.

Evolution starts to give
them weapons to fight back.

Over millions of years,

the fish's gills adapt to form
the first jaw with the very first teeth.

Now they're equipped to go on the attack.

Some develop tougher bones and muscles
in their fins and shoulders,

which become the first limbs.

This is where our arms and legs began.

With this four-limbed design,

our ancestors finally haul themselves
out of water on to land.

This is the giant amphibian, Hynerpeton.

The prototype land dweller
for the next three hundred million years.

Hynerpeton are over a metre
and a half in length,

much larger than most amphibians today.

They've carved out a home
along the water's edge.

Some of their Arthropod enemies have
now become land specialists.

but the air here isn't so
oxygen rich as water.

The Arthropod's primitive lungs can only
absorb enough oxygen to fuel smaller bodys.

To adapt they had to reduce their size,
and now their role has been reversed.

They've helped feed the growth of
our amphibian ancestors.

Still, life for this pioneer
is far from easy.

lt's a whole new world.

ln the last fifty million years,
plants have developed into trees.

And with nothing around to eat them,

they've grown into vast forests
pumping oxygen into the air.

Hynerpeton has evolved complex lungs
to exploit this new oxygen.

His lungs are sacks, just like ours,
and he breaths like we do.

Forcing air in and out
so his blood can absorb more oxygen.

We still rely on the design
developed in this strange amphibian.

Hynerpeton can breath on land,
but he's still water bound.

His skin is much thinner than ours
and it dries out in minutes,

so he has to keep it wet.

And water is a danger zone.

The fish are now our ancestor's enemies.

Primitive sharks
are constantly on the hunt.

But even sharks are small fry
in comparison to some flesh eating fish.

Hyneria weighs two tons.
And is five metres long.

She's an insatiable carnivore.

The amphibian limbs are his saving grace.

For now.

As the burning sun dips,
Hynerpeton can spend more time on land.

This stretch of shoreline is his territory

and his trump card with the opposite sex.

Hynerpeton females are choosy

and will only go for males
who can defend their turf.

They also only mate during a short season.

The male's future
depends on passing on his genes

and tonight could be his last chance.

As night arrives,
so does the competition.

Another male with his eye
on this prime patch.

To avoid injury,

the males demonstrate their strength
in a strange push up contest.

This rival is not up to the challenge,

but now our male
may be too late for love.

Dawn.

And all the females in the area
have mated and moved on.

Hynerpeton seems to
have missed his chance.

The only attention he's attracting
comes from the dark waters of the lake.

A female finally answers his call
and the male seizes the opportunity.

Amphibian eggs are soft
and their young have gills,

not lungs, so they must be laid in water.

Where amphibians are most vulnerable.

Hyneria can attack like
a killer whale after a seal.

Only just missing her prey.

But she has remarkably powerful fins.

And she takes the male by surprise.

The end for this Hynerpeton.

But the amphibians are
about to find a way

to leave the dangers
of the water behind for good.

The key to their future success
lies in changing their eggs.

They evolve a hard waterproof casing

which protects the young inside
from the drying sun,

so they can be laid on land.

The babies will hatch out,
fully developed,

air breathing and independent.

They're the first ever
true vertebrate landlubbers.

The very first reptiles.

But as they move inland,
they'll face an ancient enemy.

More deadly than ever before.

The arthropods are back.

Three hundred million years ago

much of the Earth
was covered in vast swamp forests.

Here, nothing is as it seems.

The fifty metre giants towering above
this water world may look like trees,

but they're actually
distant relatives of ferns.

Even the air is alien.

Over a third is oxygen.

Much higher than at any time in history.

This oxygen rich atmosphere
has fuelled the growth of new,

super sized Arthropod predators.

This Mesothelae spider
is the size of a human head.

She'd be hunting cats
if she were alive today.

She's an ambush predator.

Operating from her
underground headquarters.

Safe in her borrow,

she rests her feet
on carefully constructed trip lines.

These allow her to pick up vibrations
from the outside world.

Reptile,

Petrolacosaurus is hunting
on the forest floor.

Unlike our amphibian ancestors,

he has tough scaly skin
which traps moisture inside his body.

Vital for all land dwellers.

Because he doesn't dry out in the sun,

he can venture away from water.

But that means
encountering new predators.

The reptile outruns the spider.

He's evolved a complex heart,

much more efficient than his enemy's.

ln fact the template for our own.

lt's a powerful pump that pushes blood
and oxygen around his body to his muscles,

so he can run at high speed
without stopping for a rest.

This time though
he's trapped inside a log.

At first the spider's armour
stops her squeezing in.

But she's not going to give up so easily.

Back in her lair,

Mesothelae will inject her victim
with digestive juices

to dissolve him from inside.

Not only the arthropods have
flurished in swamps.

The Carbonipherus is one of
Earth's greenest times.

It's this very abundance of plants which
has pumped up the air's oxygen to extremes,

fueling the arthropod's growth spurt.

The swamp's damp conditions are
perfect for plant growth.

But the water levels are unpredictable.

They've risen.

The spider drags her dinner home,
but something's wrong.

Her headquarters are flooding.

She'll have to evacuate.

She can't dig, so she'll have to
find another hole she can adapt.

And once outside,
she's vulnerable to larger predators.

Meganeurid is a monster dragon fly,

queen of the carboniferous skies.

With a wing span of almost a metre,

she's the size of an eagle
with an appetite to match.

High above her carboniferous kingdom,

normally she's invincible.

But trouble's brewing.

The flood below
is due to an approaching storm.

The super oxygenated atmosphere,

which has helped
fuel the growth of the insects,

the Arthropods, is highly volatile.

A lightning strike
could trigger an explosion.

The clock is ticking for the swamp.

The rising water levels
suit one group of hunters.

Amphibians.

They've continued thriving
over the last sixty million years.

Their thin skin still restrict them
to the water's edge,

but they're now powerful predators
with a devastating pair ofjaws,

ready to ambush anything
that wanders within reach.

The homeless spider
tries her luck further inland.

But other Mesothelae
fill the forest floor

and they don't like to share.

Neither does Arthropleura.

He's a distant relative
of modern millipedes,

but as long as a car.

He can rear up,
tall enough to look you right in the eye.

Although he's vegetarian,

his strong jaws
could still deliver a nasty bite.

With rising waters,

Arthropleura's foraging leads him
into dangerous territory.

ln this clash of the titans,

the Arthropod's armour
is his best defence.

Unless it gets split.

lmpaled, his soft innards provide a feast.

The lightning storm is building,
moving ever closer.

Just in time,
the spider finds another hole.

A Petrolacosaurus is evicted,

but reptiles don't need
burrows to avoid danger,

they have speed
and stamina on their side.

Meanwhile, the spider starts
to turn the hole into a hunter's lair.

Night falls.

And Mesothelae settles
into her new silk-lined home

She tests the new trip lines.

They're already picking up
vibrations from outside.

The storm is very close now.

Lightning strikes ignite
the oxygen rich air.

The giant dragonflies are forced down
from the canopy to seek shelter below.

An unexpected windfall
for the water predators.

Amid the chaos,

Mesothelae seems safe
in her bunker underground.

A huge fire, ignited by lightning,

has devastated Mesothelae's neighbourhood.

There are no signs of life above ground.

However, a Petrolacosaurus managed
to outrun the flames.

But now he heads
right into the spider's lair.

Mesothelae's hole was at
the centre of the lightning strike.

The reptile gets a spider barbecue.

The era of the giant bugs
is coming to an end.

The climate is drying
and the atmosphere is losing oxygen.

The monster insects
and spiders can't survive the change.

But with their efficient hearts
and waterproof skin,

our versatile ancestors flourish
in the new dry climate.

Evolution takes over.

Lacking restrictive armour

means the reptiles
can start to make it big.

Their muscles and bones
broaden and extend.

Their bodies mushroom into
huge new shapes and forms.

Our distant ancestors
have come a long way.

They've now conquered the land.

The world's first
giant reptiles have arrived.

But they're not related to dinosaurs.

Their descendents will be
of a very different kind.

Reptiles have now
spread all across the globe.

Edaphosaurus bask
in the early morning sun.

They're three metres long,
as big as hippos,

and, like them, they're vegetarians.

Life in their new Permian home
is a constant battle with the elements.

The climate swings
between seasonal extremes.

From burning summers,
to freezing winters.

A new species of plant has evolved,

able to withstand this cold,
dry atmosphere.

Primitive conifers.

ln this harsh unpredicatble world,

creatures must be tough and
adaptable to survive.

The insects have shrunk since
their Carboniferus glory days.

But the giant reptiles have prospered

by finding a way to regulate
their body temperature.

Edaphosaurus are sluggish
autumn morning chill,

but they'll soon warm up.

Thanks to the huge sail on their backs.

Their backbone has tall spines connected by
a thin membrane of blood filled skin.

This large surface area can lose heat fast,
if the Edaphosaurus need to cool down.

While to heat up,

they simply turn
their sails towards the sun,

like a solar panel.

Amazingly, these strange sailbacks
are related to us.

They're part of a very special group
of creatures called mammal like reptiles.

lt's down to them that we have control
over our body temperature today.

But Edphosaurus aren't
the only sailbacks,

and now their biggest enemy
is one of their own kind.

This is Dimetrodon, a vicious carnivore.

The biggest reptile on Earth.

She'd normally attack adult Edaphosaurus,

but today she wants to avoid injury.

She's pregnant and almost ready
to lay her eggs.

She finds a smaller, softer target.

This was only a mock charge,

a tactic to disperse the group
and expose the vulnerable young.

The panicking Edaphosaurus
flush their sails with blood,

flashing an eye spot
to distract the predator's attention

from their vulnerable head.

But Dimetrodon can see
through their disguise.

She locks on to her victim.

As well as her sheer size and power,

Dimetrodon has a killer edge.

As a mammal like reptile,
she's evolved specialised teeth.

lncisors shear off chunks of flesh.

Serrated canines cut and slice.

We humans have inherited
these same meat eating teeth.

We have a smaller version
in our mouths today.

The young Edaphosaurus
didn't stand a chance.

This is a crucial kill
for the Dimetrodon.

Before she lays

she needs to eat enough
to last her for the next seven months.

To boost her babies chances of survival,

she's evolved a basic form of parental care.

Guarding her eggs.

But the smell of blood
has attracted more Dimetrodon.

Highly aggressive males.

The female knows better
than to defend her kill.

By the time the group has finished

there'll be nothing left but bones.

While lions today consume
seventy per cent of a carcass,

Dimetrodon eat ninety.

But they'll only eat intestines
after shaking out the waste inside.

Dung is one thing
a Dimetrodon can't stomach.

The female has built
a nesting mound of earth and wood.

lnside, she digs a deep burrow.

And starts to lay her eggs.

She covers her brood carefully,
ready to begin her guard duty.

Egg thieves lurk in the shadows.

Like this carnivorous amphibian.

But he's too small
to make a full frontal attack.

He'll have to bide his time
until the female turns her back.

The mother must also
constantly monitor the nest's temperature.

Temperature control is vital
for reptiles even before they hatch.

The mother piles on more earth
if the babies are too cold.

And will remove a layer if they're too warm,
otherwise the babies will die.

lt's going to be a long seven months.

The months pass
and autumn becomes a bitterly cold winter.

The landscape is transformed.

And eary silence descends as
all creatures seek shelter.

Still the female keeps her vigil,

getting weaker all the time
from lack of food.

This is the most critical time
for her young.

The nest temperature can plumit
to dangerous levels.

Many of the young may never hatch out.

Then finally winter melts into spring.

In the morning's warmth,

the Edaphosaurus feed on
the thriving conifers.

These trees contain an
early form of antifreeze,

which has helped them to
withstand the cold winter.

They also have extremely
tough hardy leaves,

making them particularly
difficult to digest.

To grind down these tough mouthfuls

the Edaphosaurus have developed a
speciaized jaw and teeth.

They're some of the first creatures
with this adaptation.

Digesting plants is a more
chalenging task than meat,

and the Edaphosaurus vast stomack
acts as a nonstop processing factory.

When the hot midday sun rises
the hurd lays beneath conifers to digest.

They carefully shade their sails
from the heat.

But there's much activity
at the nesting mound.

And it's not the mother who's digging.

Another female is desperate to lay her eggs.

lf she takes over the mound,

she'll dig out and kill
the incubating young already inside.

The resident mother may be weak,

but she won't give up
her nest without a fight.

lt's a battle neither can afford to lose.

Next morning, just one female
remains at the nesting mound.

lt's the resident mother.
She's managed to wrestle off her rival.

But not without a sacrifice.

She won't be able to defend her eggs
or herself for much longer.

And the thieving amphibian
is poised to seize his chance.

As summer arrives,
the Edaphosaurus are thriving in the heat.

The young have grown
and test out their newfound strength.

But the mother Dimetrodon
has reached the end of hers.

So weak, she's helpless as
another intruder attacks her nest.

Luckily this large male has got his teeth

into something more substantial
than her young. The amphibian.

The precious eggs are safe
and ready to hatch.

The mother can hear them squeaking.

She's achieved her goal.

But at this moment
her maternal bond is severed.

Unlike her mammal descendents,
she won't nurture her young.

Her instinct now is to save herself,
by finding food.

Without their mother's protection,

the babies will have to
be ready to go it alone.

They take their first steps into a perilous world

and must make a mad dash
for the safety of the trees.

A danger in a familiar form awaits them.

Adult Dimetrodon are cannibals.

Not all babies are helpless.

Some already instinctively know
how to defend themselves.

They roll in dung.
Something the adults can't stand.

Repelling their pursuers
long enough to get a head start.

One adult is driven on
by hunger and desperation.

The mother.
She'll weed out weaker babies straight away,

which helps the strong ones
and her species as a whole survive.

And now the reptiles evolve
to tighten their grip on land.

Their legs straighten and lengthen,

holding them more upright
and giving them speed.

Their backbones and muscles get stronger
and they even start to look like mammals.

To house a larger brain
their skull bones expand into an enormous head.

And out of their draw thrust huge, sharp teeth.

A new age of specialist reptiles has dawned.

And after 270 million years
of evolution,

the war our distant ancestors
have waged so long

is much more than a battle
between predator and prey.

The whole planet
is entering a different kind of crisis,

one that will destroy
most of these monster reptiles

and wipe out 90 per cent of life on earth.

All the continents on earth
have now drifted together

to create on giant land mass called Pangaea.

And at its centre lies the
largest desert the world has ever seen.

lt's a brutal world where animals
have to be especially tough.

Perfect for reptiles.

This is a one-ton Siberian Scutosaurus,

a distant ancestor of turtles.

Although he has no shell,
his back is covered in hard, bony plates.

And just as well:
these sand dunes hide a fearsome predator.

Scutosaurus normally travel in herds.

But this old male's got left behind,
and his keen nose senses danger.

Once he tires, he's vulnerable.

His attacker is a carnivorous Gorgonopsid.

She's fast, powerful, and equipped

with deadly weapons
no hunter has had before.

Exhausted, trapped
and weakened by his wound,

the old Scutosaurus has no fight left.

All he can do is wait for the killer blow.

The Gorgonopsid's huge jaws
hold a pair of fangs 12 centimetres long.

She has evolved
the world's first sabre teeth -

a lethal weapon
some mammal predators will later use.

ln this harsh landscape,

the reptile's biggest battle
is now with the elements.

A massive surge in volcanic activity
is beginning to superheat the atmosphere,

creating the highest temperature life
on earth has ever known.

Each year the deserts spread.

Even here in Siberia, far north of the equator,

animals are forced to cluster around
any lasting source of water,

no matter how small.

The huge female Gorgonopsid has come looking
for a drink to wash down the Scutosaurus,

and even smaller Gorgonopsids
will do well to keep out of her way.

Five metres long from nose to tail,

she's the top predator on earth.

There'll be nothing to rival her

until the dinosaurs evolve
in 30 million years' time.

But unlike the dinosaurs,

these early reptiles are more closely
linked to our ancestors,

mammals, than to lizards and crocodiles.

They don't have fur,

but they've already evolved
scent glands in their skin.

This way, everyone can tell
when the giant Gorgonopsid is around.

Despite the presence of these heavyweights,

smaller creatures also eke out
a living around the waterhole.

Diictodon, a hardly little burrower,
just half a metre long.

They live as pairs in spiral burrows
which remain cool even in the desert heat.

Like the large predators outside,

Diictodon are distant
reptile relatives of mammals,

and although it will be 30 million years
before the first true mammals appear,

there are already family resemblances.

ln particular, his hearing is linked to
tiny bones in his lowerjaw.

One day these will evolve
into our middle ear bones,

something no reptile has.

Several pairs of Diictodon
live around the waterhole,

but this is not a colony,

they compete furiously for
the sparse vegetation that is their food.

This frequently leads to confrontation.

These clashes are one reason

why both males and females
sport a pair of short tusks.

There is, however,
one big advantage to living in a crowd:

if a neighbour spots danger,
everyone soon knows about it.

A Gorgonopsid has come to investigate.

A single snap of those enormous jaws
would crush Diictodon -

if they could get a grip.

But it's not always size that counts.

These tiny mouthfuls are more trouble
than they're worth.

The Gorgonopsid knows that if she hangs
around the waterhole for long enough,

eventually larger prey will come to her.

There is another, unseen,
resident of this waterhole.

A monster much less suited than
the reptiles to the changing climate.

A fugitive from when this
desert world was lush and green.

lt lies in ambush underwater,
like a crocodile.

A giant amphibian Labyrinthodont.

But pound for pound,
this female's picked the wrong target.

The amphibian's ambush attempt
was probably driven by sheer desperation.

For generations this waterhole
has supported a wide range of animals,

including several other Labyrinthodonts.

But this one is the last,

and as the water she depends
on disappears, she's trapped.

The wet season arrives,
but there's no rain.

With life under such pressure,

species are dying out at a rate

that won't be matched until
humans evolve in 250 million years' time.

The waterhole is now
no more than a large puddle.

Diictodon are more adaptable than most.

They can dig deeper to escape the heat,

carving out tunnels in the rock-hard mud.

But the giant amphibian
is in big trouble,

and as she grows weaker,
her enemy watches and waits.

lt's a deadly game of cat and mouse.

But life here is about
to change for everyone.

A migrating herd of Scutosaurus
has sniffed out the waterhole.

lt's possible the smelt
the water several miles away,

and this could well be the first drink
they've had in six months.

The desert plants
are a poor source of nutrients,

but these large reptiles are designed
to squeeze out every ounce,

although they cannot chew.

Their huge stomachs hold stones
they've picked up from the desert.

These help grind the vegetation
so their digestive juices can get to work.

The tough little Diictodons
are used to dodging danger.

But the Gorgonopsid now
keeps her distance.

Even she dare not attack
such a large armoured herd.

lt's a standoff.

lt turns out the Scutosaurus
are a bigger threat to life

around the waterhole than the predators.

Within a few days they have drunk it dry.

And moved on once again
in their eternal search for food.

They represent the plight of
all creatures on the continent of Pangaea.

The global drought is now obliterating
millions of years of evolution.

Life everywhere is on the brink.

For animals that do not migrate,

the situation's reaching a crisis point.

Hunger drives the Gorgonopsid
back to the Diictodon -

and this time she tries to dig them out.

But the Diictodon's hard work pays off.

Their tunnel in the sun-baked earth
is deep enough to keep them safe.

lnstead, the Gorgonopsid's nose
leads her back to the dried-up waterhole.

She senses things are not
as lifeless as they seem.

The giant amphibian.

Just before the waterhole dried up,

she must have burrowed into the damp mud,

forming a cocoon around herself,

in a last-ditch
attempt to sit out the drought.

But in her torpid state,

she's helpless as the Gorgonopsid feasts.

Eventually storm clouds gather,

but instead of rainwater they bring sand.

The sandstorm sweeps in,

burying the waterhole completely.

The vast Pangaean deserts
continue to spread,

snuffing out entire ecosystems.

Even the mighty Gorgonopsid
has at last succumbed.

With no prey, even she could not survive.

Mummified in the sand,

this monster will soon
be nothing but dust.

Over the next few million years,

the earth will suffocate
under a stagnant blanket of heat,

sparking a mass extinction,

even greater than the one
that will destroy the dinosaurs.

The future belongs to
a tiny group of survivors,

small and adaptable enough to sit it out.

The Diictodon carry on
digging throughout the drought.

This pair has unearthed plant tubers,

which hold enough water and nutrients
to keep them going for several months.

As millions of years go by,

the climate shifts again,

and the reptiles are among the first
to recover and repopulate the empty earth.

From creatures like little Diictodon,
larger, stronger herbivores evolve.

These tough forerunners of mammals
seem poised to seize control for good,

but they are in fact
set to play out their final scene.

The dawn of the Triassic era,

and the earth has only just begun
to show signs of recovery.

The deserts have stopped growing,

and huge forests of primitive conifer
start to re-colonise the land.

ln these new forests,
plant eaters recover first.

One in particular.
Like most of the large reptiles,

they may resemble dinosaurs,

but Lystrosaurus are more
closely linked to mammals - and to us.

Astonishingly, their vast herds make up
more than half of all life on earth.

Never again will
a single species do so well.

Deep within the forests, though,
a rival is evolving.

A new type of animal,
destined to change the face of life on earth.

Meet Euparkeria, a tiny insect-eater.

He may not look much of a threat
to the dominant reptiles,

but the key to his success is in his hip.

The way his thigh bone is attached

allows him to run on two legs,
freeing his hands.

This kind of agility has never
been seen before in reptiles,

and gives Euparkeria an edge.

Euparkeria will lay the foundations for
a new group of reptiles - the dinosaurs.

Giants such as Tyrannosaurus
and Diplodocus can all trace

their family tree back to this
little insect hunter in the Triassic forests.

The monster herds of Lystrosaurus
hoover up so much vegetation

that they constantly migrate
to find fresh food.

They follow the seasonal rains,

and each year in Antarctica this brings
them to the edge of a huge escarpment.

The only way down for these cumbersome
animals is through a deep ravine.

The herd moves mostly at night,
and come sunset,

they begin the dangerous descent.

lt will take several hours
for all of them to pass through the ravine,

and in some parts
there's only space to move in single file,

which leaves them very vulnerable.

Lystrosaurus have sharp eyesight
and a very good sense of smell.

But in these cramped conditions
it's hard to spot trouble ahead.

They're being watched by a vicious
nocturnal hunter - a therocephalian.

Lystrosaurus are strong opponents,

but this hunter doesn't rely
on power to make a kill.

The attack is swift,
and seems to have been unsuccessful.

But this predator's secret weapon
is a poisonous bite.

lts venom is more lethal
than a black mamba's,

and it quickly floods
the Lystrosaurus's blood stream.

All the therocephalians have to do
is wait for it to take effect.

The victim collapses,
but the herd moves on without concern.

They have no social bonds.

The therocephalians close in for the kill.

Dawn at the foot of the escarpment,

and here the Lystrosaurus
will face their biggest challenge yet.

They need to cross a river,
but its banks are lined with open jaws.

Chasmatosaurs are the earliest ancestors
of crocodiles and alligators.

Their strange overbite means
once they get their teeth into a victim,

there is no chance of escape.

They don't normally gather in such numbers,

but they're here for a special event -
the annual migration of the Lystrosaurus.

lf you're a Euparkeria, the river's
not a great place for hunting insects.

But he has speed on his side.

As the sun rises, the Chasmatosaurs
are drawn towards the water.

Some of them haven't eaten

since the Lystrosaurus
last passed this way a year ago.

Now they sense it's time to feed again.

The front of the vast Lystrosaurus
herd finally reaches the river.

They're strong swimmers,
but drowning is not the danger here.

They linger at the river's edge,
reluctant to go in.

For reptiles,
they have relatively large brains,

and they remember what happened last year.

But with more Lystrosaurus
arriving all the time,

the backlog will soon force them in.

On the other side, lush grazing beckons,

and eventually the first one
takes the plunge.

A strong swimmer,
he quickly makes it to the other side.

But with the steep banks,

he's still got to find a place
where he can get ashore,

and every extra moment
in the water increases the risk.

More and more Lystrosaurus
warily strike out for the other side.

But now the predators are homing in.

The first swimmer has made it,
and clambers ashore.

But many of the herd now
entering the water will not be so lucky.

Despite the carnage,

the herd is soon reforming on the other side.

The predators are quickly sated and exhausted.

Although many Lystrosaurus are dead,

it's still only
a small proportion of the herd.

But the brief glory days of these strange
mammal-like reptiles will soon be gone.

As life contines to revive after
the Permian extiction

a battle for survival intensifies.

Euparkeria may only have had a
walk-on part so far,

but he's about to herald the
new age of lethal predators.

Its descendants will be known as
the most notorious monsters of them all.

Dinosaurs!

The unique ability to stand upright,
and the agility disallowed

gives the early dinosaurs a competitive edge
over our four-legged mammal-like ancestors.

Repressed by these swift killers

our ancestors are refused to small
creatures, hiding in the shadows.

Their time will come.

But for the next 170 million years
the world belongs to the dinosaurs!

Subtitled by Webster, april 2009