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♪
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On Memorial Day 1978, I
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dropped dead.
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10 days later, I would leave
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ucla medical center with this
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prescription... don't walk up
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stairs, don't go anywhere
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without someone who knows cpr.
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Give up your motocross career.
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Take heart medication for the
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rest of your life.
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You have over a 50% chance of
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dying in the next two years, and
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if you're lucky, you'll survive
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sex.
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That turning point launched my
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personal quest for optimal
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health.
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Without the ability to perform
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even moderately strenuous
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physical activities, my diet
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became crucial to my personal
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well-being and my survival.
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First, I went with the u.S.
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Government's conventional
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advice, following the usda's
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low-fat, high-carb food pyramid
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recommendations.
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I soon learned that following
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the food pyramid left me
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constantly hungry, hypoglycemic,
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and over-obsessing about
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everything I ate.
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I continued searching, reading
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everything I could get my hands
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on about natural health.
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I experimented with a wide
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variety of eating methods,
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cleansing fasts, and dietary
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philosophies to see if they
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could help me be my healthiest,
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including macrobiotics, juicing,
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water fasts, the master cleanse,
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natural hygiene's food
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combining, and vegetarianism.
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I also explored spiritual
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disciplines and their dietary
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ideas and ultimately became a
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raw-food vegan in an effort to
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find both health and the same
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inner peace I'd felt during my
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near-death experience on the
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running track.
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For over five years, I ate only
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uncooked fruits, vegetables,
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nuts, seeds, and sprouts, an
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experience that inspired my
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first book, "the Christ diet...
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Connect your cells to your
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soul."
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But as time passed and life
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stresses tested my resilience, I
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didn't feel as good physically
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or emotionally as when I first
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began a vegan diet.
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The defining moment for me was
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my mother's death at the hands
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of a drunk driver.
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My dietary discipline, no matter
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how well-intentioned, wasn't
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providing my body, mind, or
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spirit with the materials I
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needed to recover from the
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physical and emotional impact of
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my loss.
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In fact, it wasn't long before
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my inner voice began crying out
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for real protein.
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During these same years as I
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became a writer and broadcast
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journalist, we've seen a new
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national crisis emerge... an
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epidemic of overweight, obesity,
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and diet-related chronic disease
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that is now the number-one
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killer in the u.S., spreading
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unchecked to developed countries
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around the globe.
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The confusion for most Americans
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is that we see and hear so much
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contradictory advice that we
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don't really understand what to
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eat for optimal health.
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How can we deal with a national
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obesity epidemic when most of US
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aren't even sure how to lose our
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own excess body fat?
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In fact, 10 years ago, a
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national Harris poll said 80% of
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Americans over 25 were
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overweight.
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And abc news declared that
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Americans are fat and just too
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confused to do anything about
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it.
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The public is confused not
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because what are known as facts
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continue to change.
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The public is confused because
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what the media and
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special-interest groups and
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large corporations selling
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foods, et cetera, would like you
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to currently believe is a fact
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keeps on being changed.
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90% of the people that I see
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have no clue, and they're just
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jumping from one thing to the
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next thing on a daily basis.
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I think we just need to ditch
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the whole thing and
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reconceptualize and reteach
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nutrition from a very basic
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point of view.
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I think we complicate it too
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much.
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I have spent a fair amount of
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time in hospital scenarios and
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it's tragic when you see some of
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the compounding factors of
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obesity and how it shortens
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lives, how it decreases quality
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of life.
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So it's a tragedy in that
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regard, particularly when we're
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seeing more and more children
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affected by it.
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People will not be able to
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afford the cost of chronic
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obesity and diabetes and all of
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the complications that come
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with that.
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We're spending $147 billion a
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year because of obesity-related
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conditions.
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And we've seen the rate increase
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among kids in all communities.
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In the African-American and
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hispanic communities, the
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numbers are even worse.
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Add to the mix our new
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personal media devices and
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escaping our uncertainty is made
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increasingly difficult because
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we are surrounded by a
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never-ending cycle of
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ever-changing diet
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recommendations and emotionally
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charged nutritional beliefs
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everywhere we go, every day of
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our lives.
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There are three things in
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life which are very visceral...
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Religion, politics, and
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nutrition.
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They're all based on belief
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systems, and none of them
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respond well to challenge.
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Essentially, you say, "don't
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confuse me with the facts
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because, in my heart, I know i'm
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right."
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A quick Google search on
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healthy eating reveals literally
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thousand of contradictory
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messages, medical entertainment
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shows, superficial news
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coverage, inaccurate reporting,
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and personal opinions delivered
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as fact, fueling even more
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confusion.
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Nobody's really interested in
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delineating the distinctions,
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here, in educating people and
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allowing them to make an
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informed choice.
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We look for sensationalism, and
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so they create a very false
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dichotomy right out of the gate
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that... usually, the person
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presenting information like
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this... Gary taubes and some
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other people have been kind of
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waylaid by these setups,
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essentially.
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Health is not simply the
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absence of disease.
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Health is being healthy.
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And a lot of people have no
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disease, but they never get
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enough sleep, they can't get out
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of bed in the morning, they
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don't have all the energy they
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need for the things they do,
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they have to visit a doctor two
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or three times, you know, in
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a six-month period.
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They're at their chiropractor
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every week.
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They take two or three
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over-the-counter pain meds, two
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or three anti-inflammatories, a
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bunch of antihistamines.
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That's not health.
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They don't have a diagnosed
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illness, and they are not
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healthy.
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And that's most of the public.
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The tragic end result of this
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confusion is that in the u.S.
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Alone, it's estimated that
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between 300,000 and 400,000
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people die every year from
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complications directly related
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to their diet.
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That means in 10 years, four
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million more of US will be dead
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from largely preventable causes,
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a statistic that should stop US
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in our tracks and push US to
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search for an immediate
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solution.
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Yet what remains is an invisible
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epidemic without a face.
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Sadly, unless we see the horror
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for ourselves on live television
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as we did September 11, 2001, we
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don't seem to grasp the very
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real threat to ourselves and our
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loved ones.
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With all due respect to those
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who lost their lives that day,
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their friends and loved ones,
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take a moment to consider this
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analogy.
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The largely preventable deaths
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of the 300,000 to 400,000 people
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who die every year from disease
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caused by the diet they eat
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every day is about 100 9/11s,
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essentially the same as one 9/11
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every three days, year in and
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year out with no end in sight.
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Dropping dead was easy that hot
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Memorial Day in 1978 compared to
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what I had to face later.
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That day, at the age of 24, I
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felt no pain, had no visible
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scars, and soon moved forward
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with getting my life back
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together.
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Then, 22 years later at age 46,
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due to increasing irregular
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heartbeats and difficulty
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breathing, I had to have a
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cardiac defibrillator implanted
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in my left chest muscle, which
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would restart my heart if I
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collapsed again.
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The implant was a physically
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painful and dispiriting reminder
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of my mortality I could see and
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feel every day.
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I didn't know how much time I
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had left to live, but I was
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determined to use what time I
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had to make a difference.
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This was the beginning of my
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unprecedented 10-year global
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journey to define the perfect
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human diet.
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Albert Einstein once said,
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"we can't solve problems with
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the same kind of thinking we use
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when we created them."
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Similarly, when I was a boy and
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I really wanted to know the
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answer to a complex or confusing
289
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question, my parents gave me
290
00:09:53,493 --> 00:09:55,371
some simple advice to open up my
291
00:09:55,395 --> 00:09:57,140
mind to new ways of thinking.
292
00:09:57,164 --> 00:09:58,942
First, they said, "dive in and
293
00:09:58,966 --> 00:10:00,343
do your own homework."
294
00:10:00,367 --> 00:10:01,577
Second... "be willing to
295
00:10:01,601 --> 00:10:03,079
look past conventional thinking
296
00:10:03,103 --> 00:10:04,614
for clues and alternative points
297
00:10:04,638 --> 00:10:05,215
of view."
298
00:10:05,239 --> 00:10:06,783
And finally, "don't be afraid to
299
00:10:06,807 --> 00:10:07,984
go back and start at the
300
00:10:08,008 --> 00:10:09,552
beginning and see where it leads
301
00:10:09,576 --> 00:10:10,787
you.
302
00:10:10,811 --> 00:10:12,288
Using that model, preparing to
303
00:10:12,312 --> 00:10:13,690
search for the perfect human
304
00:10:13,714 --> 00:10:15,058
diet required me to do some
305
00:10:15,082 --> 00:10:16,492
homework on a few nutritional
306
00:10:16,516 --> 00:10:17,994
pioneers that are flying under
307
00:10:18,018 --> 00:10:19,262
the radar of conventional
308
00:10:19,286 --> 00:10:21,364
dietary thinking.
309
00:10:21,388 --> 00:10:22,932
The west coast repository for
310
00:10:22,956 --> 00:10:24,634
one of the largest libraries of
311
00:10:24,658 --> 00:10:26,169
books and media dedicated to
312
00:10:26,193 --> 00:10:27,704
preserving the works of the
313
00:10:27,728 --> 00:10:29,205
nutritional pioneers is the
314
00:10:29,229 --> 00:10:30,606
price-pottenger nutrition
315
00:10:30,630 --> 00:10:31,975
foundation in San Diego,
316
00:10:31,999 --> 00:10:34,210
California, where I spoke with
317
00:10:34,234 --> 00:10:35,544
the foundation board vice
318
00:10:35,568 --> 00:10:38,181
president, David getoff.
319
00:10:38,205 --> 00:10:42,485
The foundation is set up to
320
00:10:42,509 --> 00:10:46,555
do two main things... to archive
321
00:10:46,579 --> 00:10:49,158
the works of all the nutrition
322
00:10:49,182 --> 00:10:51,695
pioneers, and the other is to
323
00:10:51,719 --> 00:10:54,463
promote the information that was
324
00:10:54,487 --> 00:10:57,200
derived from all that work, and
325
00:10:57,224 --> 00:10:59,769
to have people understand that
326
00:10:59,793 --> 00:11:02,872
the ways in which the population
327
00:11:02,896 --> 00:11:04,941
of the planet... you know, not
328
00:11:04,965 --> 00:11:06,943
of the u.S. Or any particular
329
00:11:06,967 --> 00:11:09,012
little area, but the planet...
330
00:11:09,036 --> 00:11:12,248
Ate when they were researched by
331
00:11:12,272 --> 00:11:14,383
Weston price when he traveled
332
00:11:14,407 --> 00:11:16,652
around our world looking at all
333
00:11:16,676 --> 00:11:18,187
sorts of different tribal and
334
00:11:18,211 --> 00:11:19,823
traditional populations that had
335
00:11:19,847 --> 00:11:21,390
not yet been influenced by all
336
00:11:21,414 --> 00:11:22,892
of the things that we're all
337
00:11:22,916 --> 00:11:24,327
influenced by because there
338
00:11:24,351 --> 00:11:25,795
wasn't anything around them.
339
00:11:25,819 --> 00:11:27,330
They were still eating in the
340
00:11:27,354 --> 00:11:29,032
traditional methods... that they
341
00:11:29,056 --> 00:11:32,869
had very unbelievably, extremely
342
00:11:32,893 --> 00:11:34,804
good health, that they had a
343
00:11:34,828 --> 00:11:36,773
completely different-looking
344
00:11:36,797 --> 00:11:38,307
face, which some people today
345
00:11:38,331 --> 00:11:39,743
might not even like because
346
00:11:39,767 --> 00:11:41,244
we've gotten used to the thin
347
00:11:41,268 --> 00:11:42,812
faces that have developed from
348
00:11:42,836 --> 00:11:44,213
improper feeding, which is
349
00:11:44,237 --> 00:11:45,414
pretty cute, actually.
350
00:11:45,438 --> 00:11:46,615
It's very interesting.
351
00:11:46,639 --> 00:11:48,584
But the jaw structure and the
352
00:11:48,608 --> 00:11:50,686
skull was large enough that you
353
00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:52,121
didn't have to remove your
354
00:11:52,145 --> 00:11:53,556
wisdom teeth because there
355
00:11:53,580 --> 00:11:54,791
wasn't room for them.
356
00:11:54,815 --> 00:11:56,459
You didn't have to pull two or
357
00:11:56,483 --> 00:11:57,861
three other teeth out for
358
00:11:57,885 --> 00:12:00,129
orthodontia and then work on an
359
00:12:00,153 --> 00:12:01,865
overbite or underbite.
360
00:12:01,889 --> 00:12:04,000
None of those things happened
361
00:12:04,024 --> 00:12:05,434
because we were all eating
362
00:12:05,458 --> 00:12:06,136
correctly.
363
00:12:06,160 --> 00:12:08,637
What I say in classes is
364
00:12:08,661 --> 00:12:11,374
generally that the longest
365
00:12:11,398 --> 00:12:13,409
running and most
366
00:12:13,433 --> 00:12:15,311
comprehensive... and the largest
367
00:12:15,335 --> 00:12:17,113
number of people in the actual
368
00:12:17,137 --> 00:12:18,848
group... of research that has
369
00:12:18,872 --> 00:12:21,484
ever been done on the human diet
370
00:12:21,508 --> 00:12:23,853
is called the history of the
371
00:12:23,877 --> 00:12:24,654
world.
372
00:12:24,678 --> 00:12:27,056
And so when somebody takes a
373
00:12:27,080 --> 00:12:29,625
small research study that went
374
00:12:29,649 --> 00:12:33,296
on for six months or 10 years
375
00:12:33,320 --> 00:12:35,731
and it seems to show something
376
00:12:35,755 --> 00:12:38,067
which Weston price's research
377
00:12:38,091 --> 00:12:40,636
showed the opposite of, then the
378
00:12:40,660 --> 00:12:42,972
new research is wrong because
379
00:12:42,996 --> 00:12:44,774
Weston price's research was
380
00:12:44,798 --> 00:12:46,876
specifically designed to look at
381
00:12:46,900 --> 00:12:48,945
tribal populations that had been
382
00:12:48,969 --> 00:12:51,815
eating the same diet for many
383
00:12:51,839 --> 00:12:54,784
multiple generations, and that
384
00:12:54,808 --> 00:12:58,554
they still had perfect health.
385
00:12:58,578 --> 00:13:00,156
Another modern nutritional
386
00:13:00,180 --> 00:13:01,825
pioneer flying under the radar
387
00:13:01,849 --> 00:13:03,559
of conventional dietary thinking
388
00:13:03,583 --> 00:13:04,994
is professor kerin o'DEA,
389
00:13:05,018 --> 00:13:06,629
currently of the university of
390
00:13:06,653 --> 00:13:07,630
south Australia.
391
00:13:07,654 --> 00:13:08,664
About 30 years ago,
392
00:13:08,688 --> 00:13:10,066
professor o'DEA conducted a
393
00:13:10,090 --> 00:13:11,634
study in derby, Australia, which
394
00:13:11,658 --> 00:13:13,236
illustrated a traditional method
395
00:13:13,260 --> 00:13:15,404
of eating's potential to restore
396
00:13:15,428 --> 00:13:17,173
health to a population in
397
00:13:17,197 --> 00:13:19,308
decline due to dietary changes.
398
00:13:19,332 --> 00:13:20,944
Professor o'DEA examined a group
399
00:13:20,968 --> 00:13:22,611
of Australian aborigines who had
400
00:13:22,635 --> 00:13:24,213
originally grown up in the bush
401
00:13:24,237 --> 00:13:25,314
as hunter-gatherers.
402
00:13:25,338 --> 00:13:26,782
They knew which foods to pick
403
00:13:26,806 --> 00:13:28,251
and gather, they knew how to
404
00:13:28,275 --> 00:13:29,752
make weapons to kill kangaroos
405
00:13:29,776 --> 00:13:31,120
and dig out wallabies, and
406
00:13:31,144 --> 00:13:33,256
knew where and in what season to
407
00:13:33,280 --> 00:13:35,358
find both wild game and plants.
408
00:13:35,382 --> 00:13:36,926
But as early adults, they became
409
00:13:36,950 --> 00:13:37,627
westernized.
410
00:13:37,651 --> 00:13:39,128
They moved into small towns and
411
00:13:39,152 --> 00:13:40,396
cities and started to eat
412
00:13:40,420 --> 00:13:41,965
western foods.
413
00:13:41,989 --> 00:13:43,066
They became fat.
414
00:13:43,090 --> 00:13:44,868
They developed health issues,
415
00:13:44,892 --> 00:13:46,702
like type 2 diabetes and heart
416
00:13:46,726 --> 00:13:47,404
disease.
417
00:13:47,428 --> 00:13:48,771
So professor o'DEA asked the
418
00:13:48,795 --> 00:13:50,206
group, "would you be willing to
419
00:13:50,230 --> 00:13:52,041
go out to the outback for a
420
00:13:52,065 --> 00:13:54,177
seven-week experiment and become
421
00:13:54,201 --> 00:13:55,912
hunter-gatherers again?"
422
00:13:55,936 --> 00:13:56,713
They agreed.
423
00:13:56,737 --> 00:13:58,181
She took them out to their
424
00:13:58,205 --> 00:13:59,582
traditional country in an
425
00:13:59,606 --> 00:14:01,117
isolated location where they
426
00:14:01,141 --> 00:14:02,351
lived off the land as
427
00:14:02,375 --> 00:14:03,386
hunter-gatherers.
428
00:14:03,410 --> 00:14:04,888
Depending on whether the group
429
00:14:04,912 --> 00:14:06,222
was on the coast or inland,
430
00:14:06,246 --> 00:14:07,723
their diet varied, eating from
431
00:14:07,747 --> 00:14:11,060
54% to 80% animal protein, 13%
432
00:14:11,084 --> 00:14:14,430
to 40% fat, and from 5% to 33%
433
00:14:14,454 --> 00:14:16,532
wild, fibrous carbohydrates.
434
00:14:16,556 --> 00:14:19,035
Lo and behold, they lost weight.
435
00:14:19,059 --> 00:14:20,769
The Insulin resistance, the high
436
00:14:20,793 --> 00:14:22,138
blood pressure, the high
437
00:14:22,162 --> 00:14:23,572
cholesterol... everything
438
00:14:23,596 --> 00:14:24,773
normalized when they
439
00:14:24,797 --> 00:14:26,342
re-established their former,
440
00:14:26,366 --> 00:14:27,743
traditional lifestyles.
441
00:14:27,767 --> 00:14:29,378
All this improvement came in
442
00:14:29,402 --> 00:14:30,914
just seven weeks on a diet
443
00:14:30,938 --> 00:14:32,681
predominantly animal in origin,
444
00:14:32,705 --> 00:14:35,651
an average of 64% animal-based
445
00:14:35,675 --> 00:14:36,586
foods.
446
00:14:36,610 --> 00:14:38,087
And interestingly enough,
447
00:14:38,111 --> 00:14:39,722
exercise was not a factor in
448
00:14:39,746 --> 00:14:40,924
their improvements.
449
00:14:40,948 --> 00:14:42,725
Professor o'DEA determined that
450
00:14:42,749 --> 00:14:44,327
the group was actually less
451
00:14:44,351 --> 00:14:46,029
physically active in the bush
452
00:14:46,053 --> 00:14:49,132
than in the city.
453
00:14:49,156 --> 00:14:50,766
A current test of a traditional
454
00:14:50,790 --> 00:14:52,301
method of eating's ability to
455
00:14:52,325 --> 00:14:53,569
restore health has been
456
00:14:53,593 --> 00:14:54,803
undertaken by Canadian
457
00:14:54,827 --> 00:14:56,472
physician Dr. Jay wortman, who
458
00:14:56,496 --> 00:14:57,773
became interested in the
459
00:14:57,797 --> 00:14:59,308
relationship between diet and
460
00:14:59,332 --> 00:15:00,843
diabetes in the first nations
461
00:15:00,867 --> 00:15:03,913
peoples of Canada.
462
00:15:03,937 --> 00:15:05,548
First nations are one of the
463
00:15:05,572 --> 00:15:07,050
aboriginal peoples in Canada,
464
00:15:07,074 --> 00:15:08,684
and they have terrible problems
465
00:15:08,708 --> 00:15:09,953
with obesity, metabolic
466
00:15:09,977 --> 00:15:11,520
syndrome, and type 2 diabetes.
467
00:15:11,544 --> 00:15:13,522
And I think it's got a lot to do
468
00:15:13,546 --> 00:15:15,391
with the change, the dramatic
469
00:15:15,415 --> 00:15:17,293
change from a traditional diet
470
00:15:17,317 --> 00:15:19,195
to a modern diet that is not a
471
00:15:19,219 --> 00:15:20,563
very healthy diet.
472
00:15:20,587 --> 00:15:22,265
The traditional diet in this
473
00:15:22,289 --> 00:15:24,067
part of the world was very low
474
00:15:24,091 --> 00:15:25,501
in carbohydrates and it
475
00:15:25,525 --> 00:15:28,871
consisted of game, seafood, all
476
00:15:28,895 --> 00:15:31,174
kinds of fish, and some wild,
477
00:15:31,198 --> 00:15:33,576
edible plants, usually seasonal
478
00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:35,544
plants like berries and certain
479
00:15:35,568 --> 00:15:37,546
Greens that are eaten at certain
480
00:15:37,570 --> 00:15:39,415
times of the year, but a diet
481
00:15:39,439 --> 00:15:41,250
that's very low in starch and
482
00:15:41,274 --> 00:15:42,285
sugar content.
483
00:15:42,309 --> 00:15:44,020
And so it got me interested in
484
00:15:44,044 --> 00:15:45,621
the modern low-carbohydrate
485
00:15:45,645 --> 00:15:47,056
diet, so I looked at the
486
00:15:47,080 --> 00:15:48,691
research in low-carbohydrate
487
00:15:48,715 --> 00:15:50,493
diets and found that people who
488
00:15:50,517 --> 00:15:51,494
had diabetes or
489
00:15:51,518 --> 00:15:53,029
metabolic syndrome or just
490
00:15:53,053 --> 00:15:55,965
obesity benefited a lot from
491
00:15:55,989 --> 00:15:57,466
being on a modern,
492
00:15:57,490 --> 00:15:59,235
low-carbohydrate diet.
493
00:15:59,259 --> 00:16:01,037
So I got interested in that
494
00:16:01,061 --> 00:16:03,039
relationship... the traditional
495
00:16:03,063 --> 00:16:05,008
diet, the fact that it was low
496
00:16:05,032 --> 00:16:07,010
in carbohydrates, the change in
497
00:16:07,034 --> 00:16:09,145
that diet, which is a big, big
498
00:16:09,169 --> 00:16:11,314
increase in carbohydrates, and
499
00:16:11,338 --> 00:16:13,416
the advent of these diseases.
500
00:16:13,440 --> 00:16:15,818
In my travels, I go into a lot
501
00:16:15,842 --> 00:16:18,187
of remote communities and meet
502
00:16:18,211 --> 00:16:19,056
with people.
503
00:16:19,080 --> 00:16:20,956
I started questioning the elders
504
00:16:20,980 --> 00:16:21,957
about the diet.
505
00:16:21,981 --> 00:16:23,592
"What were your traditional
506
00:16:23,616 --> 00:16:24,161
foods?
507
00:16:24,185 --> 00:16:25,794
What kinds of foods did you
508
00:16:25,818 --> 00:16:26,296
eat?"
509
00:16:26,320 --> 00:16:27,730
I started collecting stories,
510
00:16:27,754 --> 00:16:29,298
and it became very evident to me
511
00:16:29,322 --> 00:16:30,833
that their diet was very low in
512
00:16:30,857 --> 00:16:31,601
carbohydrate.
513
00:16:31,625 --> 00:16:34,103
Everybody was very interested,
514
00:16:34,127 --> 00:16:35,938
and we've selected a community
515
00:16:35,962 --> 00:16:37,840
where it looked like it may work
516
00:16:37,864 --> 00:16:39,675
and started developing a study
517
00:16:39,699 --> 00:16:40,477
there.
518
00:16:40,501 --> 00:16:43,046
It surprised me, actually, in
519
00:16:43,070 --> 00:16:45,714
some ways, the enthusiasm, the
520
00:16:45,738 --> 00:16:46,616
uptake.
521
00:16:46,640 --> 00:16:49,218
People immediately understood
522
00:16:49,242 --> 00:16:50,786
that the connection between
523
00:16:50,810 --> 00:16:52,555
their traditional ways and this
524
00:16:52,579 --> 00:16:54,257
dietary approach made sense to
525
00:16:54,281 --> 00:16:54,758
them.
526
00:16:54,782 --> 00:16:56,792
It resonated very strongly with
527
00:16:56,816 --> 00:16:58,594
them because there's a whole
528
00:16:58,618 --> 00:17:00,596
renaissance going on in terms of
529
00:17:00,620 --> 00:17:01,930
the culture.
530
00:17:01,954 --> 00:17:03,399
I feel like I'm the guy
531
00:17:03,423 --> 00:17:05,034
standing by the train tracks,
532
00:17:05,058 --> 00:17:06,635
and I know that the bridge is
533
00:17:06,659 --> 00:17:08,171
out down around the corner.
534
00:17:08,195 --> 00:17:10,473
And I'm waving at the train,
535
00:17:10,497 --> 00:17:12,608
saying, "stop! Stop!"
536
00:17:12,632 --> 00:17:15,278
And they all look at me like i'm
537
00:17:15,302 --> 00:17:16,080
crazy.
538
00:17:16,104 --> 00:17:18,614
And it's interesting because in
539
00:17:18,638 --> 00:17:20,616
the niche where I work with this
540
00:17:20,640 --> 00:17:22,585
diet, with first nations people,
541
00:17:22,609 --> 00:17:24,220
when I connect the dots for them
542
00:17:24,244 --> 00:17:25,654
and I say, "think about your
543
00:17:25,678 --> 00:17:26,623
traditional diet.
544
00:17:26,647 --> 00:17:28,091
Think about what your elders
545
00:17:28,115 --> 00:17:30,426
ate, your ancestors.
546
00:17:30,450 --> 00:17:32,328
Think about the foods that you
547
00:17:32,352 --> 00:17:34,263
eat today and how your diet has
548
00:17:34,287 --> 00:17:36,232
changed," the lightbulbs go on.
549
00:17:36,256 --> 00:17:38,067
So I find it very rewarding to
550
00:17:38,091 --> 00:17:39,968
work in this population because
551
00:17:39,992 --> 00:17:40,837
they get it.
552
00:17:40,861 --> 00:17:42,805
They get it very quickly, and it
553
00:17:42,829 --> 00:17:44,540
makes a lot of sense to them
554
00:17:44,564 --> 00:17:46,275
that the diet they're eating
555
00:17:46,299 --> 00:17:48,211
today may, in fact, be the cause
556
00:17:48,235 --> 00:17:50,079
of a lot of the health problems
557
00:17:50,103 --> 00:17:50,880
they have.
558
00:17:50,904 --> 00:17:54,950
So that very strong resonance of
559
00:17:54,974 --> 00:17:57,186
this idea in this population
560
00:17:57,210 --> 00:17:59,588
gives me hope that we will make
561
00:17:59,612 --> 00:18:02,024
a difference with this approach.
562
00:18:02,048 --> 00:18:03,526
And if we make a difference
563
00:18:03,550 --> 00:18:05,094
here, it's gonna be hard for
564
00:18:05,118 --> 00:18:06,962
everybody else to ignore.
565
00:18:06,986 --> 00:18:08,164
For my next phase of
566
00:18:08,188 --> 00:18:09,665
preparation, I began searching
567
00:18:09,689 --> 00:18:11,267
for perspectives we are unlikely
568
00:18:11,291 --> 00:18:12,568
to hear in the mainstream
569
00:18:12,592 --> 00:18:13,936
media's coverage of popular
570
00:18:13,960 --> 00:18:16,472
dietary advice beginning with
571
00:18:16,496 --> 00:18:17,873
vegetarianism.
572
00:18:17,897 --> 00:18:19,041
Coincidentally, the
573
00:18:19,065 --> 00:18:20,443
San Francisco vegetarian
574
00:18:20,467 --> 00:18:22,145
society's seventh-annual world
575
00:18:22,169 --> 00:18:23,879
vegetarian festival opened just
576
00:18:23,903 --> 00:18:25,548
as I was preparing to start my
577
00:18:25,572 --> 00:18:26,049
trip.
578
00:18:26,073 --> 00:18:27,150
It seemed like a perfect
579
00:18:27,174 --> 00:18:28,517
opportunity to hear the current
580
00:18:28,541 --> 00:18:29,885
thinking in the vegetarian and
581
00:18:29,909 --> 00:18:31,019
vegan world from both the
582
00:18:31,043 --> 00:18:33,256
participants and the movement's
583
00:18:33,280 --> 00:18:34,914
professional leaders.
584
00:18:36,516 --> 00:18:38,518
How you doing?
585
00:18:39,752 --> 00:18:40,829
I'm doing a documentary
586
00:18:40,853 --> 00:18:42,131
called "in search of the perfect
587
00:18:42,155 --> 00:18:42,732
human diet."
588
00:18:42,756 --> 00:18:44,066
Somebody want to talk to US
589
00:18:44,090 --> 00:18:45,601
about your magazine and what you
590
00:18:45,625 --> 00:18:47,035
do and why you're here and all
591
00:18:47,059 --> 00:18:47,971
that good stuff?
592
00:18:47,995 --> 00:18:50,038
It's a perfect fusion of both
593
00:18:50,062 --> 00:18:51,707
my passions... vegetarian
594
00:18:51,731 --> 00:18:53,442
lifestyle, even a focus on
595
00:18:53,466 --> 00:18:55,077
veganism, with the whole
596
00:18:55,101 --> 00:18:57,213
publishing aspect of a magazine.
597
00:18:57,237 --> 00:18:58,547
And you're vegan?
598
00:18:58,571 --> 00:19:00,416
I'm vegan, almost life-long.
599
00:19:00,440 --> 00:19:01,417
Since I was 2.
600
00:19:01,441 --> 00:19:02,219
Really?
601
00:19:02,243 --> 00:19:04,153
That's pretty amazing.
602
00:19:04,177 --> 00:19:05,488
I've been vegetarian 22
603
00:19:05,512 --> 00:19:05,955
years.
604
00:19:05,979 --> 00:19:07,523
I'm just recently vegan, though,
605
00:19:07,547 --> 00:19:08,458
so I'm vegan now.
606
00:19:08,482 --> 00:19:10,593
So, we know, in america, that
607
00:19:10,617 --> 00:19:12,461
people aren't eating right.
608
00:19:12,485 --> 00:19:14,062
Most people know you're supposed
609
00:19:14,086 --> 00:19:15,198
to eat more fruits and
610
00:19:15,222 --> 00:19:16,199
vegetables, right?
611
00:19:16,223 --> 00:19:18,133
I don't tell people they should
612
00:19:18,157 --> 00:19:19,602
eat more fruits and vegetables.
613
00:19:19,626 --> 00:19:21,170
I tell people... you know, they
614
00:19:21,194 --> 00:19:22,538
say, "how many servings of
615
00:19:22,562 --> 00:19:23,739
fruits and vegetables?
616
00:19:23,763 --> 00:19:25,274
Five a day, six a day, eight a
617
00:19:25,298 --> 00:19:25,708
day?"
618
00:19:25,732 --> 00:19:26,675
And I say, "no.
619
00:19:26,699 --> 00:19:27,611
Stop counting.
620
00:19:27,635 --> 00:19:29,378
Don't add fruits and vegetables
621
00:19:29,402 --> 00:19:30,846
to the core of your diet.
622
00:19:30,870 --> 00:19:32,548
Make fruits and vegetables the
623
00:19:32,572 --> 00:19:33,081
diet."
624
00:19:33,105 --> 00:19:33,783
You follow that?
625
00:19:33,807 --> 00:19:34,983
Then we can count what things we
626
00:19:35,007 --> 00:19:36,185
we eat... a couple of this or a
627
00:19:36,209 --> 00:19:37,353
couple of that... that aren't
628
00:19:37,377 --> 00:19:38,255
fruits and vegetables.
629
00:19:38,279 --> 00:19:39,422
But most of what we eat should
630
00:19:39,446 --> 00:19:40,556
be fruits and vegetables, and
631
00:19:40,580 --> 00:19:41,324
our diet should be
632
00:19:41,348 --> 00:19:42,259
vegetable-based.
633
00:19:42,283 --> 00:19:43,326
The mistake that most
634
00:19:43,350 --> 00:19:44,660
vegetarians make is they think
635
00:19:44,684 --> 00:19:46,028
they need to make up for lack of
636
00:19:46,052 --> 00:19:47,296
dead, decaying flesh in their
637
00:19:47,320 --> 00:19:47,664
diet.
638
00:19:47,688 --> 00:19:48,931
You don't need to make up for
639
00:19:48,955 --> 00:19:49,766
the lack of meat.
640
00:19:49,790 --> 00:19:51,099
You just need to get rid of the
641
00:19:51,123 --> 00:19:52,401
meat, okay?
642
00:19:52,425 --> 00:19:53,969
And then you need to get all of
643
00:19:53,993 --> 00:19:55,304
your calories from whole,
644
00:19:55,328 --> 00:19:56,839
natural foods, not from highly
645
00:19:56,863 --> 00:19:58,173
processed, heated, beated,
646
00:19:58,197 --> 00:19:59,808
treated, chopped, diced, salted,
647
00:19:59,832 --> 00:20:01,344
sugared crap that's being sold
648
00:20:01,368 --> 00:20:02,978
at five times the cost of whole,
649
00:20:03,002 --> 00:20:04,413
natural foods, 'cause that's
650
00:20:04,437 --> 00:20:05,781
what people want.
651
00:20:05,805 --> 00:20:07,316
Tell US why you're here.
652
00:20:07,340 --> 00:20:09,051
I am the co-founder and
653
00:20:09,075 --> 00:20:10,853
creator of tasty eats, so I
654
00:20:10,877 --> 00:20:12,154
created soy jerky.
655
00:20:12,178 --> 00:20:12,855
Soy jerky.
656
00:20:12,879 --> 00:20:13,357
Yeah.
657
00:20:13,381 --> 00:20:14,823
Now, that's interesting as an
658
00:20:14,847 --> 00:20:16,259
alternative to beef jerky.
659
00:20:16,283 --> 00:20:17,360
Yeah. Absolutely.
660
00:20:17,384 --> 00:20:18,761
Because beef jerky is just
661
00:20:18,785 --> 00:20:20,128
loaded with saturated fat,
662
00:20:20,152 --> 00:20:22,931
sodium, just artery-clogging
663
00:20:22,955 --> 00:20:24,367
ingredients.
664
00:20:24,391 --> 00:20:25,701
Okay.
665
00:20:25,725 --> 00:20:27,836
So, beef is bad, soy is good.
666
00:20:27,860 --> 00:20:29,004
Absolutely.
667
00:20:29,028 --> 00:20:31,206
We're actually anatomically...
668
00:20:31,230 --> 00:20:33,008
We are herbivores.
669
00:20:33,032 --> 00:20:35,678
We're actually not carnivores.
670
00:20:35,702 --> 00:20:37,480
The way our digestive system
671
00:20:37,504 --> 00:20:39,248
works, we're actually better
672
00:20:39,272 --> 00:20:41,049
suited to be vegetarians.
673
00:20:41,073 --> 00:20:43,252
Vegetarians obviously don't
674
00:20:43,276 --> 00:20:45,388
eat meat, and they have a real
675
00:20:45,412 --> 00:20:47,456
problem with foods of animal
676
00:20:47,480 --> 00:20:48,224
origin.
677
00:20:48,248 --> 00:20:51,126
So if you advocate a low-carb
678
00:20:51,150 --> 00:20:53,862
diet and... you pretty much are
679
00:20:53,886 --> 00:20:55,698
telling people to eat meat.
680
00:20:55,722 --> 00:20:56,765
It doesn't have to be.
681
00:20:56,789 --> 00:20:58,133
We've had patients... a lot of
682
00:20:58,157 --> 00:20:59,335
patients... that have been
683
00:20:59,359 --> 00:21:00,703
vegetarian and have done fine.
684
00:21:00,727 --> 00:21:02,137
I mean, they have to work to do
685
00:21:02,161 --> 00:21:03,472
it and they have to take some
686
00:21:03,496 --> 00:21:04,873
supplements, but they can do it
687
00:21:04,897 --> 00:21:06,942
and they can do fine.
688
00:21:06,966 --> 00:21:09,077
But for the most part, if you
689
00:21:09,101 --> 00:21:11,347
advocate a higher-protein diet,
690
00:21:11,371 --> 00:21:13,549
you're advocating a meat diet.
691
00:21:13,573 --> 00:21:16,319
And people that are vegetarians
692
00:21:16,343 --> 00:21:19,087
look for every reason to not eat
693
00:21:19,111 --> 00:21:21,857
meat up to and including trying
694
00:21:21,881 --> 00:21:23,926
to promote this idea that it's
695
00:21:23,950 --> 00:21:26,128
healthy, that the vegetarian way
696
00:21:26,152 --> 00:21:28,130
of life is a healthier way of
697
00:21:28,154 --> 00:21:31,334
life, which is... Not true.
698
00:21:31,358 --> 00:21:33,569
I mean, it's absurd.
699
00:21:33,593 --> 00:21:35,504
There are, sort of, articles to
700
00:21:35,528 --> 00:21:37,373
physicians on how to deal with
701
00:21:37,397 --> 00:21:39,308
patients on vegetarian diets...
702
00:21:39,332 --> 00:21:40,476
Not to get them off the
703
00:21:40,500 --> 00:21:41,910
vegetarian diets, but how to,
704
00:21:41,934 --> 00:21:43,446
you know, what kind of treatment
705
00:21:43,470 --> 00:21:44,713
problems you're gonna run into.
706
00:21:44,737 --> 00:21:45,814
I mean, it's an aberration.
707
00:21:45,838 --> 00:21:47,916
It's not the way of man.
708
00:21:47,940 --> 00:21:49,485
We've got a carnivorous g.I.
709
00:21:49,509 --> 00:21:50,019
Tract.
710
00:21:50,043 --> 00:21:51,554
There are two kinds of g.I.
711
00:21:51,578 --> 00:21:52,621
Tracts, basically.
712
00:21:52,645 --> 00:21:54,056
There's a carnivorous and
713
00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:55,591
there's a herbivorous, and
714
00:21:55,615 --> 00:21:57,225
an herbivorous g.I. Tract is,
715
00:21:57,249 --> 00:21:58,994
you know, got multiple stomachs,
716
00:21:59,018 --> 00:22:00,729
a lot of herbivores, because the
717
00:22:00,753 --> 00:22:02,465
nutrient density in plant foods
718
00:22:02,489 --> 00:22:03,999
is so low that animals... cows
719
00:22:04,023 --> 00:22:05,534
that eat grass and things like
720
00:22:05,558 --> 00:22:07,002
that, that's really not very
721
00:22:07,026 --> 00:22:08,637
nutritious, they have to eat all
722
00:22:08,661 --> 00:22:09,238
the time.
723
00:22:09,262 --> 00:22:10,573
A lot of these vegetarian
724
00:22:10,597 --> 00:22:12,107
animals regurgitate their food
725
00:22:12,131 --> 00:22:13,609
and re-chew it and re-swallow
726
00:22:13,633 --> 00:22:13,943
it.
727
00:22:13,967 --> 00:22:15,544
Some of them even eat their own
728
00:22:15,568 --> 00:22:17,012
feces to recycle it to try to
729
00:22:17,036 --> 00:22:18,447
extract every little bit of
730
00:22:18,471 --> 00:22:19,482
nutrient out of it.
731
00:22:19,506 --> 00:22:21,083
But the main thing is they have
732
00:22:21,107 --> 00:22:22,485
to eat all the time, and we
733
00:22:22,509 --> 00:22:23,319
don't do that.
734
00:22:23,343 --> 00:22:24,687
We can eat once day and do
735
00:22:24,711 --> 00:22:25,121
fine.
736
00:22:25,145 --> 00:22:26,355
We can eat once every two or
737
00:22:26,379 --> 00:22:27,556
three days and do fine, just
738
00:22:27,580 --> 00:22:28,291
like lions can.
739
00:22:28,315 --> 00:22:30,659
We've got a carnivorous g.I.
740
00:22:30,683 --> 00:22:33,228
Tract and vitamin b12, which is
741
00:22:33,252 --> 00:22:35,664
only found in foods of animal
742
00:22:35,688 --> 00:22:37,800
origin, is essential to US.
743
00:22:37,824 --> 00:22:39,535
I mean, if we don't get vitamin
744
00:22:39,559 --> 00:22:40,336
b12, we die.
745
00:22:40,360 --> 00:22:41,870
It's an essential nutrient.
746
00:22:41,894 --> 00:22:43,606
So that right there, in and of
747
00:22:43,630 --> 00:22:45,374
itself, with nothing else is an
748
00:22:45,398 --> 00:22:47,175
argument against the fact that
749
00:22:47,199 --> 00:22:48,444
our natural state is
750
00:22:48,468 --> 00:22:49,413
vegetarianism.
751
00:22:49,437 --> 00:22:51,471
It's nonsense.
752
00:22:53,640 --> 00:22:55,317
What is commonly referred to
753
00:22:55,341 --> 00:22:56,919
as the low-carb diet, recently
754
00:22:56,943 --> 00:22:58,554
gaining wider media and medical
755
00:22:58,578 --> 00:22:59,955
acceptance reframed as low
756
00:22:59,979 --> 00:23:01,990
glycemic, had its beginnings in
757
00:23:02,014 --> 00:23:04,960
1863 with the first popular diet
758
00:23:04,984 --> 00:23:06,895
book ever written... "banting's
759
00:23:06,919 --> 00:23:08,764
letter on corpulence addressed
760
00:23:08,788 --> 00:23:09,832
to the public."
761
00:23:09,856 --> 00:23:12,000
In 1862, London undertaker
762
00:23:12,024 --> 00:23:15,370
William banting was 65, 5'5"
763
00:23:15,394 --> 00:23:17,564
tall, and weighed 202 pounds.
764
00:23:17,597 --> 00:23:19,575
So fat, in fact, he wrote that
765
00:23:19,599 --> 00:23:21,477
he couldn't stoop to tie his
766
00:23:21,501 --> 00:23:23,512
shoes, became winded with every
767
00:23:23,536 --> 00:23:25,581
slight exertion, was losing his
768
00:23:25,605 --> 00:23:27,716
eyesight and hearing, and had to
769
00:23:27,740 --> 00:23:29,652
walk down stairs backwards to
770
00:23:29,676 --> 00:23:31,420
avoid knee and ankle pain.
771
00:23:31,444 --> 00:23:33,556
After 30 years of failure trying
772
00:23:33,580 --> 00:23:35,591
everything we're still advised
773
00:23:35,615 --> 00:23:37,626
to do today, including reducing
774
00:23:37,650 --> 00:23:39,695
fat, cutting calories, and
775
00:23:39,719 --> 00:23:41,830
exercising more, one doctor
776
00:23:41,854 --> 00:23:43,566
finally prescribed a diet that
777
00:23:43,590 --> 00:23:45,901
advised him to "abstain as much
778
00:23:45,925 --> 00:23:48,236
as possible from bread, butter,
779
00:23:48,260 --> 00:23:49,972
milk, sugar, beer, and
780
00:23:49,996 --> 00:23:51,940
potatoes"... which had been the
781
00:23:51,964 --> 00:23:53,375
mainstay of his diet
782
00:23:53,399 --> 00:23:55,310
for years... and eat instead
783
00:23:55,334 --> 00:23:57,646
three meals per day primarily of
784
00:23:57,670 --> 00:23:59,748
meat, fish, poultry or game,
785
00:23:59,772 --> 00:24:01,684
very small amounts of dry,
786
00:24:01,708 --> 00:24:03,786
toasted fruit, any vegetable
787
00:24:03,810 --> 00:24:05,888
except potatoes, tea without
788
00:24:05,912 --> 00:24:08,023
milk and sugar, and dry wine,
789
00:24:08,047 --> 00:24:09,492
and no strict restrictions on
790
00:24:09,516 --> 00:24:10,859
the quantity of food at his
791
00:24:10,883 --> 00:24:12,427
meals.
792
00:24:12,451 --> 00:24:14,963
In August of 1863, banting wrote
793
00:24:14,987 --> 00:24:17,399
in his booklet that at 66 years
794
00:24:17,423 --> 00:24:19,935
of age, he had dropped 35 pounds
795
00:24:19,959 --> 00:24:21,236
in 38 weeks.
796
00:24:21,260 --> 00:24:23,872
And later, 50 pounds by early
797
00:24:23,896 --> 00:24:25,874
1864.
798
00:24:25,898 --> 00:24:27,275
His eyesight and hearing
799
00:24:27,299 --> 00:24:28,811
improved, he could exercise
800
00:24:28,835 --> 00:24:30,278
freely, and, yes, he could
801
00:24:30,302 --> 00:24:31,680
finally walk down stairs
802
00:24:31,704 --> 00:24:33,882
forwards with perfect ease.
803
00:24:33,906 --> 00:24:35,417
His book became a phenomenal
804
00:24:35,441 --> 00:24:37,119
success, ruffled the feathers of
805
00:24:37,143 --> 00:24:38,687
some in the medical community
806
00:24:38,711 --> 00:24:40,355
and popular press, and his name
807
00:24:40,379 --> 00:24:42,290
became part of the queen's
808
00:24:42,314 --> 00:24:44,426
English as a verb meaning "to
809
00:24:44,450 --> 00:24:45,985
diet."
810
00:24:47,620 --> 00:24:49,164
You know, we know that
811
00:24:49,188 --> 00:24:50,966
banting came out with his diet
812
00:24:50,990 --> 00:24:52,568
in 1863, published it, but
813
00:24:52,592 --> 00:24:54,002
what... how did the medical
814
00:24:54,026 --> 00:24:55,037
community respond?
815
00:24:55,061 --> 00:24:56,605
What people don't realize is
816
00:24:56,629 --> 00:24:58,073
that, for the most part, the
817
00:24:58,097 --> 00:24:59,908
medical community decided that
818
00:24:59,932 --> 00:25:01,544
banting was right.
819
00:25:01,568 --> 00:25:03,178
So these diets recommend meat
820
00:25:03,202 --> 00:25:04,880
and green vegetables, and that
821
00:25:04,904 --> 00:25:06,248
was the base of a diet.
822
00:25:06,272 --> 00:25:07,750
If you went to the obesity
823
00:25:07,774 --> 00:25:09,151
textbooks or the medical
824
00:25:09,175 --> 00:25:10,886
textbooks or William osler, who
825
00:25:10,910 --> 00:25:12,521
was the most famous physician of
826
00:25:12,545 --> 00:25:15,490
the, you know, turn of the 20th
827
00:25:15,514 --> 00:25:16,792
century, the early years of the
828
00:25:16,816 --> 00:25:17,426
20th century.
829
00:25:17,450 --> 00:25:19,027
In his medical textbook, he
830
00:25:19,051 --> 00:25:20,663
says, you know, fat children
831
00:25:20,687 --> 00:25:22,497
come to see me or fat women come
832
00:25:22,521 --> 00:25:24,266
to see me, I tell them to give
833
00:25:24,290 --> 00:25:26,068
up carbohydrates, starches, and
834
00:25:26,092 --> 00:25:26,670
sweets.
835
00:25:26,694 --> 00:25:28,336
And you get rid of added fats,
836
00:25:28,360 --> 00:25:29,905
as well, by which they meant
837
00:25:29,929 --> 00:25:32,608
butter, lard, you know.
838
00:25:32,632 --> 00:25:34,743
So you're eating... the basis of
839
00:25:34,767 --> 00:25:36,579
the medical establishment's
840
00:25:36,603 --> 00:25:38,581
typical diet through the 1960s
841
00:25:38,605 --> 00:25:40,616
would have been some amount of
842
00:25:40,640 --> 00:25:42,384
meat and green vegetables.
843
00:25:42,408 --> 00:25:43,886
Every diet restricted
844
00:25:43,910 --> 00:25:44,987
carbohydrates.
845
00:25:45,011 --> 00:25:46,221
And then the question was
846
00:25:46,245 --> 00:25:47,522
whether or not you're gonna
847
00:25:47,546 --> 00:25:48,657
restrict fats, as well.
848
00:25:48,681 --> 00:25:50,793
And this isn't actually through
849
00:25:50,817 --> 00:25:51,394
1910.
850
00:25:51,418 --> 00:25:53,328
Say from 1865 to 1965, for a
851
00:25:53,352 --> 00:25:54,963
century, if you went to a
852
00:25:54,987 --> 00:25:56,932
hospital and were treated for
853
00:25:56,956 --> 00:25:58,867
obesity, you were told to give
854
00:25:58,891 --> 00:26:01,436
up carbohydrates.
855
00:26:01,460 --> 00:26:03,038
Now, of course, it's obvious
856
00:26:03,062 --> 00:26:04,640
to anyone following the media's
857
00:26:04,664 --> 00:26:06,041
coverage of diet and health
858
00:26:06,065 --> 00:26:07,375
stories that the low-carb
859
00:26:07,399 --> 00:26:09,011
prescription is not conventional
860
00:26:09,035 --> 00:26:10,512
medical advice, begging the
861
00:26:10,536 --> 00:26:12,214
question, "what happened to the
862
00:26:12,238 --> 00:26:13,882
science of nutrition and weight
863
00:26:13,906 --> 00:26:15,483
loss that had guided medicine
864
00:26:15,507 --> 00:26:19,387
for the preceding 100 years?"
865
00:26:19,411 --> 00:26:20,689
You know, in the 1950s, we
866
00:26:20,713 --> 00:26:22,124
started coming up with this idea
867
00:26:22,148 --> 00:26:23,458
that fat causes heart disease,
868
00:26:23,482 --> 00:26:24,860
and if you're gonna tell people
869
00:26:24,884 --> 00:26:26,194
to eat less fat, you've got to
870
00:26:26,218 --> 00:26:27,195
tell them to eat more
871
00:26:27,219 --> 00:26:29,832
carbohydrates.
872
00:26:29,856 --> 00:26:31,967
So this, the idea of the
873
00:26:31,991 --> 00:26:34,569
fattening carbohydrate and the
874
00:26:34,593 --> 00:26:37,039
idea of removing carbs first
875
00:26:37,063 --> 00:26:39,608
from a weight-loss diet in the
876
00:26:39,632 --> 00:26:42,144
1960s vanished to be replaced
877
00:26:42,168 --> 00:26:44,346
with the idea that dietary fat
878
00:26:44,370 --> 00:26:46,649
is the problem and carbohydrates
879
00:26:46,673 --> 00:26:48,583
are now... not only are they
880
00:26:48,607 --> 00:26:50,653
heart healthy, but the basis of
881
00:26:50,677 --> 00:26:52,821
a good, healthy diet is supposed
882
00:26:52,845 --> 00:26:54,790
to be a lot of carbohydrates.
883
00:26:54,814 --> 00:26:57,893
Jane Brody, the New York times'
884
00:26:57,917 --> 00:27:00,863
personal health reporter, this
885
00:27:00,887 --> 00:27:04,266
is her 1985 "good food book."
886
00:27:04,290 --> 00:27:06,601
And the subtitle is "living the
887
00:27:06,625 --> 00:27:08,436
high-carbohydrate way."
888
00:27:08,460 --> 00:27:09,604
And she actually says in the
889
00:27:09,628 --> 00:27:10,873
book that when she was raised,
890
00:27:10,897 --> 00:27:12,107
she was raised to believe that
891
00:27:12,131 --> 00:27:13,709
potatoes, bread, pasta, rice
892
00:27:13,733 --> 00:27:14,678
were fattening.
893
00:27:14,702 --> 00:27:16,511
Lo and behold, they're not, and
894
00:27:16,535 --> 00:27:18,313
you can eat as many of them as
895
00:27:18,337 --> 00:27:19,015
you want.
896
00:27:19,039 --> 00:27:20,916
And now a diet becomes... weight
897
00:27:20,940 --> 00:27:22,718
loss diet... becomes the exact
898
00:27:22,742 --> 00:27:24,186
opposite of what it was.
899
00:27:24,210 --> 00:27:25,821
Now it's... a weight loss diet
900
00:27:25,845 --> 00:27:27,222
is low in fat and high in
901
00:27:27,246 --> 00:27:28,924
carbohydrates, and particularly
902
00:27:28,948 --> 00:27:30,292
those carbohydrates that
903
00:27:30,316 --> 00:27:32,027
everybody believed was fattening
904
00:27:32,051 --> 00:27:33,762
until the 1960s... bread, pasta,
905
00:27:33,786 --> 00:27:35,130
potatoes... just don't put fat
906
00:27:35,154 --> 00:27:35,564
on it.
907
00:27:35,588 --> 00:27:36,865
Don't put butter on it, don't
908
00:27:36,889 --> 00:27:37,701
put cheese on it.
909
00:27:37,725 --> 00:27:38,901
That's what makes you fat.
910
00:27:38,925 --> 00:27:40,669
And the fascinating thing about
911
00:27:40,693 --> 00:27:42,470
this switch, this paradigm shift
912
00:27:42,494 --> 00:27:44,272
is that there was no evidence to
913
00:27:44,296 --> 00:27:45,041
support it.
914
00:27:45,065 --> 00:27:47,075
There was this belief that fat
915
00:27:47,099 --> 00:27:48,944
caused heart disease by its
916
00:27:48,968 --> 00:27:50,713
effect on cholesterol and
917
00:27:50,737 --> 00:27:51,747
nothing else.
918
00:27:51,771 --> 00:27:53,448
You know, absolutely nothing
919
00:27:53,472 --> 00:27:53,983
else.
920
00:27:54,007 --> 00:27:57,786
We changed at least a century of
921
00:27:57,810 --> 00:27:59,354
established wisdom on what
922
00:27:59,378 --> 00:28:01,123
constituted not just a healthy
923
00:28:01,147 --> 00:28:02,791
diet, but a weight-reduction
924
00:28:02,815 --> 00:28:04,426
diet based on a belief that
925
00:28:04,450 --> 00:28:05,894
dietary fat caused heart
926
00:28:05,918 --> 00:28:06,929
disease.
927
00:28:06,953 --> 00:28:08,997
You know, we have come out of
928
00:28:09,021 --> 00:28:10,598
the era in which fat is
929
00:28:10,622 --> 00:28:11,967
demonized as the bad
930
00:28:11,991 --> 00:28:13,035
macronutrient.
931
00:28:13,059 --> 00:28:14,870
But that legacy is still very
932
00:28:14,894 --> 00:28:15,839
much with US.
933
00:28:15,863 --> 00:28:17,706
I still see that when people are
934
00:28:17,730 --> 00:28:19,207
giving people nutritional
935
00:28:19,231 --> 00:28:20,709
advice, talking about weight
936
00:28:20,733 --> 00:28:22,044
control, I still see the
937
00:28:22,068 --> 00:28:23,478
emphasis on fatty foods and
938
00:28:23,502 --> 00:28:25,047
people talking about high-fat
939
00:28:25,071 --> 00:28:26,581
foods and cutting down on fat
940
00:28:26,605 --> 00:28:28,250
consumption and low-fat foods.
941
00:28:28,274 --> 00:28:30,152
Fat does not make you fat.
942
00:28:30,176 --> 00:28:31,920
This is a very important
943
00:28:31,944 --> 00:28:32,688
concept.
944
00:28:32,712 --> 00:28:34,589
Fat does not make you fat.
945
00:28:34,613 --> 00:28:36,224
What is driving the obesity
946
00:28:36,248 --> 00:28:38,060
epidemic in this country is the
947
00:28:38,084 --> 00:28:39,795
very high consumption of high
948
00:28:39,819 --> 00:28:41,396
glycemic, low-carbohydrate
949
00:28:41,420 --> 00:28:42,765
foods, which have been
950
00:28:42,789 --> 00:28:45,768
technically manipulated.
951
00:28:45,792 --> 00:28:47,803
The famous framingham heart
952
00:28:47,827 --> 00:28:49,571
study was used to promote
953
00:28:49,595 --> 00:28:51,606
margarine and other foods that
954
00:28:51,630 --> 00:28:53,675
did not contain saturated fat.
955
00:28:53,699 --> 00:28:55,878
But, in fact, this study found
956
00:28:55,902 --> 00:28:57,813
that those who ate the most
957
00:28:57,837 --> 00:28:59,514
saturated fat, the most
958
00:28:59,538 --> 00:29:01,583
cholesterol and even the most
959
00:29:01,607 --> 00:29:03,786
calories weighed the least, had
960
00:29:03,810 --> 00:29:05,020
lower levels of
961
00:29:05,044 --> 00:29:07,255
serum cholesterol, and were more
962
00:29:07,279 --> 00:29:08,656
physically active.
963
00:29:08,680 --> 00:29:10,492
So the three biggest risk
964
00:29:10,516 --> 00:29:12,694
factors for heart disease... or
965
00:29:12,718 --> 00:29:14,930
what we consider risk factors...
966
00:29:14,954 --> 00:29:17,065
Were lower in people consuming
967
00:29:17,089 --> 00:29:20,302
more saturated fat.
968
00:29:20,326 --> 00:29:22,204
My food plate is the new
969
00:29:22,228 --> 00:29:24,406
graphical representation of the
970
00:29:24,430 --> 00:29:26,274
newly revised 2010 dietary
971
00:29:26,298 --> 00:29:28,110
guidelines for Americans.
972
00:29:28,134 --> 00:29:29,311
The plate replaces the
973
00:29:29,335 --> 00:29:30,813
well-known but confusing food
974
00:29:30,837 --> 00:29:32,414
pyramid in an effort to simplify
975
00:29:32,438 --> 00:29:33,715
the federal government's
976
00:29:33,739 --> 00:29:34,950
at-a-glance nutritional
977
00:29:34,974 --> 00:29:36,484
guidelines intended to promote
978
00:29:36,508 --> 00:29:37,719
health through improved
979
00:29:37,743 --> 00:29:39,087
nutrition.
980
00:29:39,111 --> 00:29:40,789
Using new, more generalized
981
00:29:40,813 --> 00:29:42,524
language, the new guidelines
982
00:29:42,548 --> 00:29:44,492
advise US to enjoy our food, but
983
00:29:44,516 --> 00:29:45,228
eat less.
984
00:29:45,252 --> 00:29:46,962
Eat more vegetables, fruits,
985
00:29:46,986 --> 00:29:48,763
whole grains, and fat-free or
986
00:29:48,787 --> 00:29:50,966
1% dairy products and also to
987
00:29:50,990 --> 00:29:53,235
eat less of the foods that are
988
00:29:53,259 --> 00:29:55,503
high in saturated fats, sodium,
989
00:29:55,527 --> 00:29:56,939
and added sugars.
990
00:29:56,963 --> 00:29:58,473
Substantial changes to the
991
00:29:58,497 --> 00:30:00,242
actual recommendations made by
992
00:30:00,266 --> 00:30:01,844
the new food plate are few,
993
00:30:01,868 --> 00:30:04,346
leaving it essentially the same
994
00:30:04,370 --> 00:30:06,014
as the old pyramid.
995
00:30:06,038 --> 00:30:07,749
But what doesn't get much public
996
00:30:07,773 --> 00:30:09,284
attention is the methodology
997
00:30:09,308 --> 00:30:10,986
that has been used to create the
998
00:30:11,010 --> 00:30:12,220
u.s. Diet guidelines.
999
00:30:12,244 --> 00:30:13,788
The guidelines are based on a
1000
00:30:13,812 --> 00:30:15,290
report generated every five
1001
00:30:15,314 --> 00:30:16,859
years by a specially selected
1002
00:30:16,883 --> 00:30:17,793
review panel.
1003
00:30:17,817 --> 00:30:19,561
The panel members decide what
1004
00:30:19,585 --> 00:30:21,496
scientific evidence in testimony
1005
00:30:21,520 --> 00:30:23,198
to include from all that is
1006
00:30:23,222 --> 00:30:23,967
presented.
1007
00:30:23,991 --> 00:30:25,433
What the panel chooses will
1008
00:30:25,457 --> 00:30:27,069
then guide the nation's health
1009
00:30:27,093 --> 00:30:28,670
policies for at least the next
1010
00:30:28,694 --> 00:30:29,838
five years.
1011
00:30:29,862 --> 00:30:31,106
I mean, for years, the
1012
00:30:31,130 --> 00:30:32,607
mainstream has been telling US
1013
00:30:32,631 --> 00:30:34,142
academicians, and those are the
1014
00:30:34,166 --> 00:30:35,443
people that the government
1015
00:30:35,467 --> 00:30:36,945
always turns to, all the usual
1016
00:30:36,969 --> 00:30:38,513
suspects, when they want to have
1017
00:30:38,537 --> 00:30:40,115
a conference to decide how to do
1018
00:30:40,139 --> 00:30:40,749
something.
1019
00:30:40,773 --> 00:30:42,184
They go after the mainstream,
1020
00:30:42,208 --> 00:30:43,551
and the mainstream has been
1021
00:30:43,575 --> 00:30:45,220
wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong,
1022
00:30:45,244 --> 00:30:47,122
nutritionally, over the past 20
1023
00:30:47,146 --> 00:30:48,356
or 30 years.
1024
00:30:48,380 --> 00:30:50,625
And so they get the advice from
1025
00:30:50,649 --> 00:30:52,928
people that give them incorrect
1026
00:30:52,952 --> 00:30:55,197
advice, and they act on it, and
1027
00:30:55,221 --> 00:30:57,799
then we all suffer from it.
1028
00:30:57,823 --> 00:30:59,868
From the start, our dietary
1029
00:30:59,892 --> 00:31:02,037
recommendations have been based
1030
00:31:02,061 --> 00:31:03,805
as much on politics as on
1031
00:31:03,829 --> 00:31:04,673
science.
1032
00:31:04,697 --> 00:31:07,042
The first set of dietary goals
1033
00:31:07,066 --> 00:31:09,111
were written by political
1034
00:31:09,135 --> 00:31:11,479
staffers, not by scientists or
1035
00:31:11,503 --> 00:31:12,780
nutritionists.
1036
00:31:12,804 --> 00:31:15,317
They were based then, that first
1037
00:31:15,341 --> 00:31:17,519
set, on the as-yet unproven
1038
00:31:17,543 --> 00:31:19,754
theory that reducing dietary
1039
00:31:19,778 --> 00:31:22,224
fat would reduce heart disease,
1040
00:31:22,248 --> 00:31:24,659
diabetes, and obesity.
1041
00:31:24,683 --> 00:31:26,261
They directed Americans to
1042
00:31:26,285 --> 00:31:28,096
consume less fat, less sodium,
1043
00:31:28,120 --> 00:31:29,597
less saturated fat, more
1044
00:31:29,621 --> 00:31:31,033
carbohydrate, and these
1045
00:31:31,057 --> 00:31:32,800
recommendations have remained
1046
00:31:32,824 --> 00:31:35,703
remarkably consistent for 30
1047
00:31:35,727 --> 00:31:37,405
years.
1048
00:31:37,429 --> 00:31:39,241
They come right out and they
1049
00:31:39,265 --> 00:31:40,909
actually say vegetarian for
1050
00:31:40,933 --> 00:31:42,377
kind of the first time.
1051
00:31:42,401 --> 00:31:43,979
It's even more grain, more
1052
00:31:44,003 --> 00:31:45,747
legume-based, a de-emphasis in
1053
00:31:45,771 --> 00:31:47,549
animal-based proteins, which,
1054
00:31:47,573 --> 00:31:49,417
for me, is absolute madness and
1055
00:31:49,441 --> 00:31:51,286
is definitely driving the train
1056
00:31:51,310 --> 00:31:52,587
in the wrong direction.
1057
00:31:52,611 --> 00:31:56,758
And it's further problematic
1058
00:31:56,782 --> 00:31:59,227
that there's no distinction made
1059
00:31:59,251 --> 00:32:01,229
when they say plant-based
1060
00:32:01,253 --> 00:32:02,830
proteins or grains.
1061
00:32:02,854 --> 00:32:05,433
A snackwell or a similar, like,
1062
00:32:05,457 --> 00:32:07,902
highly refined, high-fructose
1063
00:32:07,926 --> 00:32:10,305
containing item is lumped in
1064
00:32:10,329 --> 00:32:12,540
right along with a bowl of
1065
00:32:12,564 --> 00:32:15,077
steel-cut oats or pearled
1066
00:32:15,101 --> 00:32:16,111
barley.
1067
00:32:16,135 --> 00:32:17,479
Few people are eating those
1068
00:32:17,503 --> 00:32:19,081
types of foods, though, and even
1069
00:32:19,105 --> 00:32:20,548
for me, those are not optimum
1070
00:32:20,572 --> 00:32:21,050
foods.
1071
00:32:21,074 --> 00:32:22,717
Those are marginal for the most
1072
00:32:22,741 --> 00:32:24,352
part, which makes me sound like
1073
00:32:24,376 --> 00:32:25,988
a crazy person, but let's take
1074
00:32:26,012 --> 00:32:27,489
that, then, further steps of
1075
00:32:27,513 --> 00:32:29,157
refinement and take that
1076
00:32:29,181 --> 00:32:30,858
steel-cut oat and make it
1077
00:32:30,882 --> 00:32:32,995
instant oats, which we know that
1078
00:32:33,019 --> 00:32:34,196
the glycemic and
1079
00:32:34,220 --> 00:32:35,964
Insulin-generating effects
1080
00:32:35,988 --> 00:32:38,100
of that type of food are so much
1081
00:32:38,124 --> 00:32:39,934
more powerful than the less
1082
00:32:39,958 --> 00:32:41,136
processed forms.
1083
00:32:41,160 --> 00:32:44,006
It's somewhat disheartening.
1084
00:32:44,030 --> 00:32:45,940
I went to a farmer's co-op in
1085
00:32:45,964 --> 00:32:47,809
Arkansas once and went in there
1086
00:32:47,833 --> 00:32:49,444
and started looking at the
1087
00:32:49,468 --> 00:32:50,979
labels on the feed bags.
1088
00:32:51,003 --> 00:32:52,580
And this guy comes over, and he
1089
00:32:52,604 --> 00:32:54,182
asks me if he could help me and
1090
00:32:54,206 --> 00:32:55,750
I told him kind of what I was
1091
00:32:55,774 --> 00:32:57,319
doing and that I was writing a
1092
00:32:57,343 --> 00:32:58,920
book on nutrition, and I wanted
1093
00:32:58,944 --> 00:33:00,255
to see how you fattened up
1094
00:33:00,279 --> 00:33:01,057
animals.
1095
00:33:01,081 --> 00:33:02,357
And he said, "well, you know,
1096
00:33:02,381 --> 00:33:03,391
the guy that does this is
1097
00:33:03,415 --> 00:33:03,892
upstairs.
1098
00:33:03,916 --> 00:33:05,093
Let me take you up, and he can
1099
00:33:05,117 --> 00:33:05,728
talk to you."
1100
00:33:05,752 --> 00:33:06,961
So we go up, and the guy pulls
1101
00:33:06,985 --> 00:33:09,664
out his book... his manual of
1102
00:33:09,688 --> 00:33:11,266
animal feeding.
1103
00:33:11,290 --> 00:33:12,500
I think it was called... he
1104
00:33:12,524 --> 00:33:13,768
looks down there and he says,
1105
00:33:13,792 --> 00:33:15,170
"yeah, this is where we come up
1106
00:33:15,194 --> 00:33:16,538
with our formulas to, you know,
1107
00:33:16,562 --> 00:33:17,905
to fatten cows, to fatten hogs,
1108
00:33:17,929 --> 00:33:18,973
to do this, to do that."
1109
00:33:18,997 --> 00:33:20,842
And so he made me some copies of
1110
00:33:20,866 --> 00:33:22,644
these things, and so I took them
1111
00:33:22,668 --> 00:33:24,412
home and I ran them through my
1112
00:33:24,436 --> 00:33:26,248
nutritional computer just to see
1113
00:33:26,272 --> 00:33:27,315
how it came out.
1114
00:33:27,339 --> 00:33:29,451
And it came out almost to the
1115
00:33:29,475 --> 00:33:31,286
percent exactly what the
1116
00:33:31,310 --> 00:33:33,155
u.s.d.a. Food pyramid is.
1117
00:33:33,179 --> 00:33:35,257
So farmers basically use the
1118
00:33:35,281 --> 00:33:37,492
u.s.d.a. Food pyramid to fatten
1119
00:33:37,516 --> 00:33:38,693
their animals.
1120
00:33:38,717 --> 00:33:41,029
And so I refer to it as the feed
1121
00:33:41,053 --> 00:33:42,430
lot pyramid.
1122
00:33:42,454 --> 00:33:43,965
Now with initial preparations
1123
00:33:43,989 --> 00:33:45,467
complete, it's time to start at
1124
00:33:45,491 --> 00:33:47,001
the beginning of human evolution
1125
00:33:47,025 --> 00:33:48,870
to see where it leads US.
1126
00:33:48,894 --> 00:33:49,772
I traveled to the
1127
00:33:49,796 --> 00:33:51,005
university of Colorado in
1128
00:33:51,029 --> 00:33:52,240
fort Collins to meet with
1129
00:33:52,264 --> 00:33:53,575
america's leading expert in
1130
00:33:53,599 --> 00:33:55,243
evolutionary nutrition.
1131
00:33:55,267 --> 00:33:57,079
Professor loren cordain.
1132
00:33:57,103 --> 00:33:58,413
The evolution by natural
1133
00:33:58,437 --> 00:33:59,847
selection is the most powerful
1134
00:33:59,871 --> 00:34:01,183
idea in all of medicine and
1135
00:34:01,207 --> 00:34:01,850
biology.
1136
00:34:01,874 --> 00:34:03,685
It's only been within the last
1137
00:34:03,709 --> 00:34:05,620
decade, maybe 15 years, that the
1138
00:34:05,644 --> 00:34:07,222
scientific and nutritional
1139
00:34:07,246 --> 00:34:08,990
communities have become aware
1140
00:34:09,014 --> 00:34:10,758
that, indeed, our nutritional
1141
00:34:10,782 --> 00:34:12,594
requirements are shaped by our
1142
00:34:12,618 --> 00:34:13,595
evolution.
1143
00:34:13,619 --> 00:34:16,231
Probably about 1987, I read the
1144
00:34:16,255 --> 00:34:18,900
classic paper by Dr. Boyd eaton
1145
00:34:18,924 --> 00:34:20,302
from Emory university called
1146
00:34:20,326 --> 00:34:21,836
"paleolithic nutrition" that was
1147
00:34:21,860 --> 00:34:23,238
published in the new england
1148
00:34:23,262 --> 00:34:24,306
journal of medicine.
1149
00:34:24,330 --> 00:34:25,840
And I thought that was about the
1150
00:34:25,864 --> 00:34:27,342
best idea I'd ever heard of in
1151
00:34:27,366 --> 00:34:27,876
my life.
1152
00:34:27,900 --> 00:34:30,245
And being somewhat of a
1153
00:34:30,269 --> 00:34:33,348
obsessive personality, I decided
1154
00:34:33,372 --> 00:34:35,150
to follow up on this.
1155
00:34:35,174 --> 00:34:36,718
And after I read the article, I
1156
00:34:36,742 --> 00:34:38,253
went out, and there were 60 or
1157
00:34:38,277 --> 00:34:39,754
70 references to the article.
1158
00:34:39,778 --> 00:34:41,323
I went out and got every one of
1159
00:34:41,347 --> 00:34:42,890
those, and I read every one of
1160
00:34:42,914 --> 00:34:43,359
those.
1161
00:34:43,383 --> 00:34:44,826
And if you're a scientist, you
1162
00:34:44,850 --> 00:34:46,294
realize that every article has
1163
00:34:46,318 --> 00:34:47,729
references, and you basically
1164
00:34:47,753 --> 00:34:49,297
can reference every paper that's
1165
00:34:49,321 --> 00:34:51,133
ever been published ever.
1166
00:34:51,157 --> 00:34:53,235
And so I started to read these
1167
00:34:53,259 --> 00:34:55,437
articles, and I started to put
1168
00:34:55,461 --> 00:34:56,571
them in piles.
1169
00:34:56,595 --> 00:34:58,473
They started to form these
1170
00:34:58,497 --> 00:35:00,542
patterns, like milk, problems
1171
00:35:00,566 --> 00:35:02,544
with drinking milk, problems
1172
00:35:02,568 --> 00:35:04,546
with eating grains, problems
1173
00:35:04,570 --> 00:35:06,381
with vegetable oil, and so
1174
00:35:06,405 --> 00:35:07,049
forth.
1175
00:35:07,073 --> 00:35:10,152
Then, I started to file them and
1176
00:35:10,176 --> 00:35:11,819
you see these filing cabinets
1177
00:35:11,843 --> 00:35:12,488
in here.
1178
00:35:12,512 --> 00:35:14,156
I now probably have 10 or 15,
1179
00:35:14,180 --> 00:35:15,957
20,000 scientific articles, and
1180
00:35:15,981 --> 00:35:17,759
they started to form subpatterns
1181
00:35:17,783 --> 00:35:19,594
and have patterns in blah, blah,
1182
00:35:19,618 --> 00:35:20,396
blah, blah.
1183
00:35:20,420 --> 00:35:21,996
And so I started to get this
1184
00:35:22,020 --> 00:35:23,631
insight into the whole thing,
1185
00:35:23,655 --> 00:35:25,367
and one of the days, finally in
1186
00:35:25,391 --> 00:35:26,934
the early '90s, I got up the
1187
00:35:26,958 --> 00:35:28,470
courage to call Boyd eaton,
1188
00:35:28,494 --> 00:35:30,172
'cause he was kind of my hero.
1189
00:35:30,196 --> 00:35:32,140
Called him up on the telephone,
1190
00:35:32,164 --> 00:35:34,041
and I very... he's a gentleman
1191
00:35:34,065 --> 00:35:35,877
by the true sense of the word
1192
00:35:35,901 --> 00:35:37,512
"gentleman"... and he, of
1193
00:35:37,536 --> 00:35:39,447
course, entertained a telephone
1194
00:35:39,471 --> 00:35:41,216
conversation from a complete
1195
00:35:41,240 --> 00:35:43,117
stranger for about 45 minutes.
1196
00:35:43,141 --> 00:35:44,086
And at the end of the
1197
00:35:44,110 --> 00:35:45,353
conversation, he goes, "well,
1198
00:35:45,377 --> 00:35:46,721
sounds to me like you know more
1199
00:35:46,745 --> 00:35:47,722
about this than I do."
1200
00:35:47,746 --> 00:35:49,324
To better illustrate the
1201
00:35:49,348 --> 00:35:50,725
concept of evolutionary
1202
00:35:50,749 --> 00:35:52,394
nutrition, professor cordain
1203
00:35:52,418 --> 00:35:54,061
took me down to the football
1204
00:35:54,085 --> 00:35:55,730
field to give human dietary
1205
00:35:55,754 --> 00:35:57,332
evolution a sense of scale.
1206
00:35:57,356 --> 00:35:59,567
Two million years ago was the
1207
00:35:59,591 --> 00:36:01,436
very first appearance of a
1208
00:36:01,460 --> 00:36:03,571
member... one of our ancestors
1209
00:36:03,595 --> 00:36:05,072
called homo erectus.
1210
00:36:05,096 --> 00:36:07,309
And so we believe that this is
1211
00:36:07,333 --> 00:36:09,477
the first member of the human
1212
00:36:09,501 --> 00:36:11,846
genus "homo," which means "man."
1213
00:36:11,870 --> 00:36:13,848
And we believe that this is a
1214
00:36:13,872 --> 00:36:15,983
crucial step in the evolution of
1215
00:36:16,007 --> 00:36:17,785
the human diet, so this is
1216
00:36:17,809 --> 00:36:19,654
basically the starting point,
1217
00:36:19,678 --> 00:36:21,556
and we can go back 1/2 million
1218
00:36:21,580 --> 00:36:23,458
years earlier, and that's when
1219
00:36:23,482 --> 00:36:25,493
the first stone tools were made.
1220
00:36:25,517 --> 00:36:27,329
But the first appearance of
1221
00:36:27,353 --> 00:36:29,297
people that were anatomically
1222
00:36:29,321 --> 00:36:31,433
very similar to US from the head
1223
00:36:31,457 --> 00:36:33,401
down starts about two million
1224
00:36:33,425 --> 00:36:34,960
years ago.
1225
00:36:35,927 --> 00:36:37,305
Then homo erectus leaves
1226
00:36:37,329 --> 00:36:41,142
Africa and crosses into Europe.
1227
00:36:41,166 --> 00:36:42,577
We find homo erectus for the
1228
00:36:42,601 --> 00:36:44,011
first time in a place called
1229
00:36:44,035 --> 00:36:45,046
dmanisi.
1230
00:36:45,070 --> 00:36:48,049
Dmanisi is dated to about 1.7 to
1231
00:36:48,073 --> 00:36:50,418
1.8 million years ago.
1232
00:36:50,442 --> 00:36:52,520
This is the first time we see
1233
00:36:52,544 --> 00:36:54,088
homo erectus moving to
1234
00:36:54,112 --> 00:36:55,923
40 degrees north latitude.
1235
00:36:55,947 --> 00:36:57,525
Now, the crucial idea at
1236
00:36:57,549 --> 00:36:59,361
40 degrees north latitude is
1237
00:36:59,385 --> 00:37:00,995
that plant foods are not
1238
00:37:01,019 --> 00:37:02,830
available all year round, so
1239
00:37:02,854 --> 00:37:04,766
there's a number of months out
1240
00:37:04,790 --> 00:37:06,834
of the year when there's nothing
1241
00:37:06,858 --> 00:37:08,436
to eat but animal foods.
1242
00:37:08,460 --> 00:37:10,338
After we pick up the fossil
1243
00:37:10,362 --> 00:37:12,540
record from dmanisi and Georgia,
1244
00:37:12,564 --> 00:37:14,276
the homo erectus spreads
1245
00:37:14,300 --> 00:37:16,511
throughout the rest of Asia, and
1246
00:37:16,535 --> 00:37:18,646
they go east to a site in China
1247
00:37:18,670 --> 00:37:20,748
roughly 1.65 million years ago.
1248
00:37:20,772 --> 00:37:22,216
And they spread all throughout
1249
00:37:22,240 --> 00:37:23,551
Asia up to about 40 degrees
1250
00:37:23,575 --> 00:37:24,752
north latitude, but they
1251
00:37:24,776 --> 00:37:26,087
couldn't crack much higher
1252
00:37:26,111 --> 00:37:27,622
latitudes than that because they
1253
00:37:27,646 --> 00:37:29,190
probably hadn't mastered fire by
1254
00:37:29,214 --> 00:37:30,214
that time.
1255
00:37:30,316 --> 00:37:32,327
Then, we have homo spreading
1256
00:37:32,351 --> 00:37:34,195
from Southern Europe on into
1257
00:37:34,219 --> 00:37:36,197
Northern Europe, and we can go
1258
00:37:36,221 --> 00:37:38,065
to boxgrove in england about
1259
00:37:38,089 --> 00:37:40,302
500,000 years ago between
1260
00:37:40,326 --> 00:37:41,569
400,000 and 500,000 years ago
1261
00:37:41,593 --> 00:37:42,737
where we could pick up the
1262
00:37:42,761 --> 00:37:44,539
fossil record there.
1263
00:37:44,563 --> 00:37:46,107
Boxgrove revealed a rich
1264
00:37:46,131 --> 00:37:47,575
fossil record of big-game
1265
00:37:47,599 --> 00:37:49,243
animals and the butchering of
1266
00:37:49,267 --> 00:37:50,912
large herbivores, including a
1267
00:37:50,936 --> 00:37:51,680
rhinoceros.
1268
00:37:51,704 --> 00:37:53,515
Another famous European site is
1269
00:37:53,539 --> 00:37:55,450
in schonigen, Germany, dated to
1270
00:37:55,474 --> 00:37:57,419
400,000 years ago where a series
1271
00:37:57,443 --> 00:37:59,253
of wooden throwing Spears were
1272
00:37:59,277 --> 00:37:59,855
found.
1273
00:37:59,879 --> 00:38:00,988
Radiocarbon dating has
1274
00:38:01,012 --> 00:38:02,357
confirmed that three of the
1275
00:38:02,381 --> 00:38:03,925
wooden Spears found there are
1276
00:38:03,949 --> 00:38:05,427
the oldest complete hunting
1277
00:38:05,451 --> 00:38:06,528
weapons ever found.
1278
00:38:06,552 --> 00:38:08,229
They were found with more than
1279
00:38:08,253 --> 00:38:10,031
10,000 animal bones, mostly from
1280
00:38:10,055 --> 00:38:11,866
horses, including many that were
1281
00:38:11,890 --> 00:38:13,368
butchered for edible meat.
1282
00:38:13,392 --> 00:38:15,503
Then, at about 230,000 years
1283
00:38:15,527 --> 00:38:17,705
ago, we first see evidence of
1284
00:38:17,729 --> 00:38:19,541
neanderthals in Europe.
1285
00:38:19,565 --> 00:38:21,108
And the evidence suggests that
1286
00:38:21,132 --> 00:38:22,510
like early homo, they were
1287
00:38:22,534 --> 00:38:23,978
highly dependent upon animal
1288
00:38:24,002 --> 00:38:24,480
foods.
1289
00:38:24,504 --> 00:38:26,348
As our brain size increased,
1290
00:38:26,372 --> 00:38:28,115
our behavioral sophistication
1291
00:38:28,139 --> 00:38:29,784
also increased, and we were
1292
00:38:29,808 --> 00:38:32,053
better able to hunt animal food.
1293
00:38:32,077 --> 00:38:33,254
We weren't dependent upon
1294
00:38:33,278 --> 00:38:33,889
scavenging.
1295
00:38:33,913 --> 00:38:35,390
So more and more of the fossil
1296
00:38:35,414 --> 00:38:36,958
evidence suggests that more and
1297
00:38:36,982 --> 00:38:38,560
more animal food was included in
1298
00:38:38,584 --> 00:38:39,362
the diet.
1299
00:38:39,386 --> 00:38:41,463
It takes a degree of behavioral
1300
00:38:41,487 --> 00:38:43,398
sophistication to be able to
1301
00:38:43,422 --> 00:38:45,533
make a sharp stone stick to the
1302
00:38:45,557 --> 00:38:46,701
end of a spear.
1303
00:38:46,725 --> 00:38:48,102
Now, did diet have anything
1304
00:38:48,126 --> 00:38:49,504
to do with our sophistication?
1305
00:38:49,528 --> 00:38:50,905
We belive that it does.
1306
00:38:50,929 --> 00:38:52,574
We believe that increasingly, we
1307
00:38:52,598 --> 00:38:54,175
started to include more omega-3
1308
00:38:54,199 --> 00:38:55,677
fatty acids in our diet.
1309
00:38:55,701 --> 00:38:57,579
We believe that as we became
1310
00:38:57,603 --> 00:38:59,347
more and more dependent on
1311
00:38:59,371 --> 00:39:01,383
omega-3 fatty acids, that also
1312
00:39:01,407 --> 00:39:03,217
facilitated increased brain
1313
00:39:03,241 --> 00:39:05,119
growth, increased behavioral
1314
00:39:05,143 --> 00:39:06,088
sophistication.
1315
00:39:06,112 --> 00:39:07,855
So by following this dietary
1316
00:39:07,879 --> 00:39:09,424
path here, we were getting
1317
00:39:09,448 --> 00:39:11,058
smarter and, you know, more
1318
00:39:11,082 --> 00:39:12,927
sophisticated and better able to
1319
00:39:12,951 --> 00:39:14,362
survive and take care of
1320
00:39:14,386 --> 00:39:15,129
ourselves.
1321
00:39:15,153 --> 00:39:15,964
Literally.
1322
00:39:15,988 --> 00:39:17,699
The evolution of the human brain
1323
00:39:17,723 --> 00:39:19,401
was dependent upon animal foods.
1324
00:39:19,425 --> 00:39:20,935
We would not be sitting here
1325
00:39:20,959 --> 00:39:22,604
speaking to one another had not
1326
00:39:22,628 --> 00:39:24,005
those guys way back there
1327
00:39:24,029 --> 00:39:25,873
started to eat animal foods.
1328
00:39:25,897 --> 00:39:27,174
So, as I understand it, then,
1329
00:39:27,198 --> 00:39:28,242
right next door is another
1330
00:39:28,266 --> 00:39:29,276
critical time in history.
1331
00:39:29,300 --> 00:39:31,145
That's absolutely right.
1332
00:39:31,169 --> 00:39:33,147
192,000 years ago, in Africa,
1333
00:39:33,171 --> 00:39:35,216
for the very first time, we see
1334
00:39:35,240 --> 00:39:37,051
anatomically modern humans
1335
00:39:37,075 --> 00:39:37,920
appearing.
1336
00:39:37,944 --> 00:39:39,587
192,000 years ago.
1337
00:39:39,611 --> 00:39:41,288
So the next stop along the
1338
00:39:41,312 --> 00:39:43,024
line is when things really took
1339
00:39:43,048 --> 00:39:44,358
a big hit.
1340
00:39:44,382 --> 00:39:45,560
Well, that's right.
1341
00:39:45,584 --> 00:39:47,061
When we look at anatomically
1342
00:39:47,085 --> 00:39:48,730
modern humans, they left Africa,
1343
00:39:48,754 --> 00:39:50,632
perhaps, give or take, 20,000
1344
00:39:50,656 --> 00:39:54,068
years by about 70,000 years ago,
1345
00:39:54,092 --> 00:39:55,169
and they headed east again.
1346
00:39:55,193 --> 00:39:57,405
They went towards Australia.
1347
00:39:57,429 --> 00:39:59,707
So about 45,000 years ago, we
1348
00:39:59,731 --> 00:40:02,209
think anatomically modern humans
1349
00:40:02,233 --> 00:40:02,911
entered Europe.
1350
00:40:02,935 --> 00:40:04,111
And we also believe that they
1351
00:40:04,135 --> 00:40:05,413
were behaviorally modern by that
1352
00:40:05,437 --> 00:40:05,748
time.
1353
00:40:05,772 --> 00:40:07,248
We believe that they had full
1354
00:40:07,272 --> 00:40:08,349
capacity for speech.
1355
00:40:08,373 --> 00:40:09,784
We see sophistication in the
1356
00:40:09,808 --> 00:40:10,653
toolmaking.
1357
00:40:10,677 --> 00:40:12,687
We see art, we see burying of
1358
00:40:12,711 --> 00:40:14,388
the dead, we see musical
1359
00:40:14,412 --> 00:40:16,090
instruments, we see cave
1360
00:40:16,114 --> 00:40:16,991
paintings.
1361
00:40:17,015 --> 00:40:17,525
Wow.
1362
00:40:17,549 --> 00:40:18,060
Yes.
1363
00:40:18,084 --> 00:40:19,527
And so we actually... there's
1364
00:40:19,551 --> 00:40:21,128
famous cave paintings in Europe
1365
00:40:21,152 --> 00:40:22,530
where we actually see these
1366
00:40:22,554 --> 00:40:24,566
humans hunting wild animals.
1367
00:40:24,590 --> 00:40:25,567
That's in France.
1368
00:40:25,591 --> 00:40:26,868
In France. That's right.
1369
00:40:26,892 --> 00:40:27,269
Yeah.
1370
00:40:27,293 --> 00:40:29,403
Let's shuffle forward to about
1371
00:40:29,427 --> 00:40:31,539
10,000 years ago, which is the
1372
00:40:31,563 --> 00:40:33,407
half-yard line.
1373
00:40:33,431 --> 00:40:34,609
The half-yard line?
1374
00:40:34,633 --> 00:40:36,177
The half-yard line, indeed.
1375
00:40:36,201 --> 00:40:37,545
That was 10,000 years ago.
1376
00:40:37,569 --> 00:40:38,713
Now, that seems to be
1377
00:40:38,737 --> 00:40:40,281
historically remote, but on an
1378
00:40:40,305 --> 00:40:41,883
evolutionary basis, it's a drop
1379
00:40:41,907 --> 00:40:43,184
in the bucket, isn't it?
1380
00:40:43,208 --> 00:40:46,077
Let's shuffle on up there.
1381
00:40:49,481 --> 00:40:52,026
And we look back, and that's
1382
00:40:52,050 --> 00:40:53,194
a long way.
1383
00:40:53,218 --> 00:40:54,962
From that point until here,
1384
00:40:54,986 --> 00:40:56,998
every human being on the planet
1385
00:40:57,022 --> 00:40:58,766
ate wild, plant, and animal
1386
00:40:58,790 --> 00:41:00,702
foods that they either hunt or
1387
00:41:00,726 --> 00:41:01,369
gather.
1388
00:41:01,393 --> 00:41:03,738
From that point to here, nobody
1389
00:41:03,762 --> 00:41:05,673
drank milk or ate grain.
1390
00:41:05,697 --> 00:41:08,042
So, for the first time, we
1391
00:41:08,066 --> 00:41:10,244
see humans eating dairy and
1392
00:41:10,268 --> 00:41:11,513
wheat, and then there was
1393
00:41:11,537 --> 00:41:12,914
another big change with that,
1394
00:41:12,938 --> 00:41:13,380
right?
1395
00:41:13,404 --> 00:41:14,216
That's right.
1396
00:41:14,240 --> 00:41:15,650
With the industrial revolution,
1397
00:41:15,674 --> 00:41:17,018
we started to include refined
1398
00:41:17,042 --> 00:41:18,285
sugars, refined grains, and
1399
00:41:18,309 --> 00:41:19,487
mixtures of these refined
1400
00:41:19,511 --> 00:41:20,922
sugars, refined grains, refined
1401
00:41:20,946 --> 00:41:21,323
oils.
1402
00:41:21,347 --> 00:41:22,690
We call them processed foods.
1403
00:41:22,714 --> 00:41:24,091
These are the ubiquitous foods
1404
00:41:24,115 --> 00:41:25,392
in the typical American diet
1405
00:41:25,416 --> 00:41:26,794
that comprise more than 70% of
1406
00:41:26,818 --> 00:41:28,062
the average calories in the
1407
00:41:28,086 --> 00:41:28,830
American diet.
1408
00:41:28,854 --> 00:41:29,564
Right now?
1409
00:41:29,588 --> 00:41:30,298
Right now.
1410
00:41:30,322 --> 00:41:31,766
70% of everything that we eat
1411
00:41:31,790 --> 00:41:33,000
stems from the industrial
1412
00:41:33,024 --> 00:41:34,001
period, essentially?
1413
00:41:34,025 --> 00:41:35,236
The industrial period
1414
00:41:35,260 --> 00:41:35,804
forward.
1415
00:41:35,828 --> 00:41:37,271
And actually, processed foods
1416
00:41:37,295 --> 00:41:38,740
really didn't get going until
1417
00:41:38,764 --> 00:41:40,842
about 1900, 1920, so let's go
1418
00:41:40,866 --> 00:41:42,977
down to that point here on our
1419
00:41:43,001 --> 00:41:44,779
evolutionary time scale.
1420
00:41:44,803 --> 00:41:47,682
And let me point down here to
1421
00:41:47,706 --> 00:41:48,551
this.
1422
00:41:48,575 --> 00:41:51,452
If we take a look at the last
1423
00:41:51,476 --> 00:41:53,855
fifth of the last inch...
1424
00:41:53,879 --> 00:41:55,389
Right in front of your
1425
00:41:55,413 --> 00:41:56,191
fingernail.
1426
00:41:56,215 --> 00:41:57,559
Right in front of my
1427
00:41:57,583 --> 00:41:58,360
fingernail.
1428
00:41:58,384 --> 00:42:00,094
The last fifth of the last inch
1429
00:42:00,118 --> 00:42:01,663
of this entire evolutionary
1430
00:42:01,687 --> 00:42:03,430
time scale, that's when humanity
1431
00:42:03,454 --> 00:42:04,966
started to generally eat
1432
00:42:04,990 --> 00:42:06,067
processed foods.
1433
00:42:06,091 --> 00:42:07,035
Now, tell me.
1434
00:42:07,059 --> 00:42:08,803
My god, when you look back at
1435
00:42:08,827 --> 00:42:10,772
that distance to here, is it any
1436
00:42:10,796 --> 00:42:12,339
wonder that we are having
1437
00:42:12,363 --> 00:42:13,775
trouble with our diet?
1438
00:42:13,799 --> 00:42:15,710
We are so far off base from what
1439
00:42:15,734 --> 00:42:17,645
we are genetically programmed to
1440
00:42:17,669 --> 00:42:18,113
eat.
1441
00:42:18,137 --> 00:42:19,547
The second leg of our search
1442
00:42:19,571 --> 00:42:21,015
takes US to New York City for US
1443
00:42:21,039 --> 00:42:21,849
to meet with the
1444
00:42:21,873 --> 00:42:22,784
American museum of
1445
00:42:22,808 --> 00:42:23,652
natural history's
1446
00:42:23,676 --> 00:42:25,620
Gary j. Sawyer, physical
1447
00:42:25,644 --> 00:42:26,954
anthropologist.
1448
00:42:26,978 --> 00:42:28,422
Sawyer specializes in the
1449
00:42:28,446 --> 00:42:30,124
forensic reconstruction of our
1450
00:42:30,148 --> 00:42:31,826
extinct relatives based on the
1451
00:42:31,850 --> 00:42:33,394
most up-to-date evidence of
1452
00:42:33,418 --> 00:42:35,763
where and how our ancestors
1453
00:42:35,787 --> 00:42:36,599
lived.
1454
00:42:36,623 --> 00:42:39,767
We do not know how to eat
1455
00:42:39,791 --> 00:42:41,102
properly.
1456
00:42:41,126 --> 00:42:43,170
We feed ourselves, but we fail
1457
00:42:43,194 --> 00:42:45,139
to give ourselves the proper
1458
00:42:45,163 --> 00:42:46,041
nutrition.
1459
00:42:46,065 --> 00:42:47,975
And after a while, it becomes
1460
00:42:47,999 --> 00:42:50,011
cumulative, and that's when we
1461
00:42:50,035 --> 00:42:52,013
start developing degenerative
1462
00:42:52,037 --> 00:42:53,615
diseases.
1463
00:42:53,639 --> 00:42:55,049
I'd like to welcome you to the
1464
00:42:55,073 --> 00:42:56,183
hall of human origins.
1465
00:42:56,207 --> 00:42:57,619
We're gonna take a big leap in
1466
00:42:57,643 --> 00:43:00,187
time now into what we call the
1467
00:43:00,211 --> 00:43:02,256
very early paleolithic.
1468
00:43:02,280 --> 00:43:03,424
If you'll follow me over this
1469
00:43:03,448 --> 00:43:04,659
way, I'll be able to explain it
1470
00:43:04,683 --> 00:43:05,060
to you.
1471
00:43:05,084 --> 00:43:06,551
Great.
1472
00:43:08,720 --> 00:43:10,331
We're now 2 million years
1473
00:43:10,355 --> 00:43:11,266
into the past.
1474
00:43:11,290 --> 00:43:13,367
What I'd like to point out is
1475
00:43:13,391 --> 00:43:15,336
the environment where these
1476
00:43:15,360 --> 00:43:16,470
people lived.
1477
00:43:16,494 --> 00:43:18,572
All open grassland... what we
1478
00:43:18,596 --> 00:43:19,674
call Savanna.
1479
00:43:19,698 --> 00:43:21,776
There's trees in the background,
1480
00:43:21,800 --> 00:43:23,444
but it's very open, very
1481
00:43:23,468 --> 00:43:25,379
dangerous territory for them.
1482
00:43:25,403 --> 00:43:26,681
So when we hear that the
1483
00:43:26,705 --> 00:43:28,182
earliest modern humans came from
1484
00:43:28,206 --> 00:43:29,383
Africa and came from the
1485
00:43:29,407 --> 00:43:30,318
Savanna, this is a
1486
00:43:30,342 --> 00:43:31,452
representation of that?
1487
00:43:31,476 --> 00:43:32,987
This is an excellent
1488
00:43:33,011 --> 00:43:34,088
representation.
1489
00:43:34,112 --> 00:43:35,957
What I'd like, now, to do is
1490
00:43:35,981 --> 00:43:37,291
show you something.
1491
00:43:37,315 --> 00:43:38,559
Look at that.
1492
00:43:38,583 --> 00:43:39,593
All right.
1493
00:43:39,617 --> 00:43:41,462
This is a fossilized skull,
1494
00:43:41,486 --> 00:43:43,397
approximately 2 million years
1495
00:43:43,421 --> 00:43:46,668
old... in excellent condition.
1496
00:43:46,692 --> 00:43:51,939
To find a specimen like this so
1497
00:43:51,963 --> 00:43:54,175
perfectly preserved... these
1498
00:43:54,199 --> 00:43:56,543
people were now becoming more
1499
00:43:56,567 --> 00:43:58,780
and more meat eaters, and we
1500
00:43:58,804 --> 00:44:01,248
feel that this had a great deal
1501
00:44:01,272 --> 00:44:03,417
to do with expansion of the
1502
00:44:03,441 --> 00:44:04,152
brain.
1503
00:44:04,176 --> 00:44:06,620
Our bodies evolved the way they
1504
00:44:06,644 --> 00:44:08,055
are now quickly.
1505
00:44:08,079 --> 00:44:10,524
Our brain, however, took awhile
1506
00:44:10,548 --> 00:44:11,693
to catch up.
1507
00:44:11,717 --> 00:44:13,928
However, with a high-protein
1508
00:44:13,952 --> 00:44:16,397
diet... that's what they had...
1509
00:44:16,421 --> 00:44:18,565
That was the secret for
1510
00:44:18,589 --> 00:44:20,267
insufflating our brain and for
1511
00:44:20,291 --> 00:44:22,103
the greater intelligence that we
1512
00:44:22,127 --> 00:44:22,871
have today.
1513
00:44:22,895 --> 00:44:24,271
Does that mean growing our
1514
00:44:24,295 --> 00:44:24,707
brain?
1515
00:44:24,731 --> 00:44:26,440
Yes, it does.
1516
00:44:26,464 --> 00:44:27,675
It does, yeah.
1517
00:44:27,699 --> 00:44:29,510
They would actually crack open
1518
00:44:29,534 --> 00:44:31,412
the skulls of these animals and
1519
00:44:31,436 --> 00:44:33,180
actually get the brain tissue
1520
00:44:33,204 --> 00:44:34,648
out... which is high in
1521
00:44:34,672 --> 00:44:36,450
cholesterol... break open the
1522
00:44:36,474 --> 00:44:39,586
long bones and get the marrow
1523
00:44:39,610 --> 00:44:41,622
out and eat that.
1524
00:44:41,646 --> 00:44:45,359
So already, early fossil humans
1525
00:44:45,383 --> 00:44:47,929
were consuming meat.
1526
00:44:47,953 --> 00:44:49,463
And... and that made a big
1527
00:44:49,487 --> 00:44:51,098
difference in our evolution and
1528
00:44:51,122 --> 00:44:52,399
how our brains developed.
1529
00:44:52,423 --> 00:44:54,468
We believe it made all the
1530
00:44:54,492 --> 00:44:56,537
difference in our evolution.
1531
00:44:56,561 --> 00:44:59,440
If we had stayed as vegetarians,
1532
00:44:59,464 --> 00:45:02,176
in all probability, I wouldn't
1533
00:45:02,200 --> 00:45:03,745
be speaking to you on this
1534
00:45:03,769 --> 00:45:05,212
particular high level of
1535
00:45:05,236 --> 00:45:05,981
intellect.
1536
00:45:06,005 --> 00:45:10,651
This is a diorama that features
1537
00:45:10,675 --> 00:45:13,220
anatomically modern humans just
1538
00:45:13,244 --> 00:45:15,556
like you and I, albeit, very
1539
00:45:15,580 --> 00:45:17,759
primitive.
1540
00:45:17,783 --> 00:45:19,626
If you look at the background,
1541
00:45:19,650 --> 00:45:21,328
they're living in a tundra
1542
00:45:21,352 --> 00:45:23,297
environment, but they've already
1543
00:45:23,321 --> 00:45:25,032
constructed a house, a very
1544
00:45:25,056 --> 00:45:26,600
interesting house made of
1545
00:45:26,624 --> 00:45:27,634
mammoth bones.
1546
00:45:27,658 --> 00:45:29,103
It's all mammoth bones?
1547
00:45:29,127 --> 00:45:30,537
It's all mammoth bones,
1548
00:45:30,561 --> 00:45:31,173
correct.
1549
00:45:31,197 --> 00:45:32,706
These are what we would call
1550
00:45:32,730 --> 00:45:34,408
anatomically modern humans just
1551
00:45:34,432 --> 00:45:36,143
like you and I, identical in all
1552
00:45:36,167 --> 00:45:36,779
respects.
1553
00:45:36,803 --> 00:45:38,245
Same form of intelligence,
1554
00:45:38,269 --> 00:45:39,014
everything.
1555
00:45:39,038 --> 00:45:40,714
However, they're still living in
1556
00:45:40,738 --> 00:45:42,216
the paleolithic, which means
1557
00:45:42,240 --> 00:45:45,953
that their diet, so to speak, is
1558
00:45:45,977 --> 00:45:48,655
lean meat, any form of
1559
00:45:48,679 --> 00:45:50,591
vegetation they could get,
1560
00:45:50,615 --> 00:45:52,659
fruits, berries, nuts, fish,
1561
00:45:52,683 --> 00:45:53,295
okay?
1562
00:45:53,319 --> 00:45:56,163
Everything is coming from a
1563
00:45:56,187 --> 00:45:58,966
world that was pristine, as
1564
00:45:58,990 --> 00:46:02,136
opposed to a world today that is
1565
00:46:02,160 --> 00:46:04,505
highly polluted, okay?
1566
00:46:04,529 --> 00:46:06,974
The humans here are modern like
1567
00:46:06,998 --> 00:46:08,009
you and I.
1568
00:46:08,033 --> 00:46:09,510
They are clothed.
1569
00:46:09,534 --> 00:46:11,913
We know that they used needles
1570
00:46:11,937 --> 00:46:13,747
to sew their clothing.
1571
00:46:13,771 --> 00:46:15,883
They're actually burying some
1572
00:46:15,907 --> 00:46:17,184
meat right here.
1573
00:46:17,208 --> 00:46:18,020
Right there.
1574
00:46:18,044 --> 00:46:19,286
Right there, they are, right?
1575
00:46:19,310 --> 00:46:20,855
Their refrigeration system.
1576
00:46:20,879 --> 00:46:22,723
Their refrigeration system.
1577
00:46:22,747 --> 00:46:24,391
Okay, so they're advancing
1578
00:46:24,415 --> 00:46:25,360
considerably.
1579
00:46:25,384 --> 00:46:27,328
They're still what we call "in
1580
00:46:27,352 --> 00:46:28,462
the stone age."
1581
00:46:28,486 --> 00:46:30,531
They're still making their tools
1582
00:46:30,555 --> 00:46:31,833
of stone and bone.
1583
00:46:31,857 --> 00:46:33,700
No metal exists before this.
1584
00:46:33,724 --> 00:46:35,569
So we're roughly dealing with
1585
00:46:35,593 --> 00:46:38,339
a period maybe 30,000, 40,000
1586
00:46:38,363 --> 00:46:40,875
years b.P., before the present,
1587
00:46:40,899 --> 00:46:43,177
all right, just before a big
1588
00:46:43,201 --> 00:46:44,979
change would start taking
1589
00:46:45,003 --> 00:46:46,914
place in human evolution, a
1590
00:46:46,938 --> 00:46:49,851
change we call a dietary change.
1591
00:46:49,875 --> 00:46:51,785
So this is just before the
1592
00:46:51,809 --> 00:46:53,955
beginning of agriculture, just
1593
00:46:53,979 --> 00:46:56,257
before the big switchover in a
1594
00:46:56,281 --> 00:46:58,059
different phase of human
1595
00:46:58,083 --> 00:46:58,994
evolution.
1596
00:46:59,018 --> 00:47:01,195
And this was nutritionally
1597
00:47:01,219 --> 00:47:03,564
superior, this kind of diet.
1598
00:47:03,588 --> 00:47:05,266
This represents the
1599
00:47:05,290 --> 00:47:07,869
pre-agricultural age.
1600
00:47:07,893 --> 00:47:11,538
After that, we start to decline.
1601
00:47:11,562 --> 00:47:12,573
Things change.
1602
00:47:12,597 --> 00:47:13,574
Things change.
1603
00:47:13,598 --> 00:47:14,476
Things change.
1604
00:47:14,500 --> 00:47:16,177
The foods that were available
1605
00:47:16,201 --> 00:47:17,912
to them in nature is what helped
1606
00:47:17,936 --> 00:47:19,513
move evolution forward, right?
1607
00:47:19,537 --> 00:47:20,547
We believe so.
1608
00:47:20,571 --> 00:47:21,548
Definitely, yeah.
1609
00:47:21,572 --> 00:47:22,616
It was a struggle.
1610
00:47:22,640 --> 00:47:23,684
It was a struggle.
1611
00:47:23,708 --> 00:47:26,620
It was survival of the fittest
1612
00:47:26,644 --> 00:47:29,756
and today, we are it.
1613
00:47:29,780 --> 00:47:32,193
We're the end product of that
1614
00:47:32,217 --> 00:47:33,560
long survival.
1615
00:47:33,584 --> 00:47:35,196
Also located in New York is
1616
00:47:35,220 --> 00:47:36,797
the wenner-gren foundation for
1617
00:47:36,821 --> 00:47:38,465
anthropological research, which
1618
00:47:38,489 --> 00:47:39,800
supports significant and
1619
00:47:39,824 --> 00:47:41,068
innovative research in
1620
00:47:41,092 --> 00:47:42,703
humanity's biological and
1621
00:47:42,727 --> 00:47:44,571
cultural origins, development,
1622
00:47:44,595 --> 00:47:45,606
and variation.
1623
00:47:45,630 --> 00:47:47,408
Evolutionary anthropologist and
1624
00:47:47,432 --> 00:47:49,043
president of the foundation
1625
00:47:49,067 --> 00:47:50,878
Leslie aiello's research focuses
1626
00:47:50,902 --> 00:47:52,413
on the evolution of human
1627
00:47:52,437 --> 00:47:54,215
adaptation, including evolution
1628
00:47:54,239 --> 00:47:56,884
of diet, the brain, language,
1629
00:47:56,908 --> 00:47:58,185
and cognition.
1630
00:47:58,209 --> 00:47:59,987
Well, what we call the ideal
1631
00:48:00,011 --> 00:48:01,688
human diet depends on what we
1632
00:48:01,712 --> 00:48:03,357
call human because we've had
1633
00:48:03,381 --> 00:48:04,926
7 million years of human
1634
00:48:04,950 --> 00:48:08,462
evolution, that being defined as
1635
00:48:08,486 --> 00:48:10,497
the time that we separated from
1636
00:48:10,521 --> 00:48:12,399
our closest living ancestors,
1637
00:48:12,423 --> 00:48:13,567
the chimpanzees.
1638
00:48:13,591 --> 00:48:15,469
But throughout that 7 million
1639
00:48:15,493 --> 00:48:17,404
years, we weren't human as we
1640
00:48:17,428 --> 00:48:18,872
would define it today.
1641
00:48:18,896 --> 00:48:20,908
And for probably 5 million years
1642
00:48:20,932 --> 00:48:22,910
throughout that time period, if
1643
00:48:22,934 --> 00:48:24,979
we saw one of these ancestors on
1644
00:48:25,003 --> 00:48:26,948
the street, we'd recognize them
1645
00:48:26,972 --> 00:48:28,950
as an ape standing on two legs.
1646
00:48:28,974 --> 00:48:30,351
And their diet was
1647
00:48:30,375 --> 00:48:32,253
correspondingly different.
1648
00:48:32,277 --> 00:48:34,355
It wasn't identical to modern
1649
00:48:34,379 --> 00:48:36,857
apes, but what we think is they
1650
00:48:36,881 --> 00:48:39,160
were subsisting primarily on
1651
00:48:39,184 --> 00:48:41,595
vegetable materials... fruits,
1652
00:48:41,619 --> 00:48:43,197
leaves, that type of thing...
1653
00:48:43,221 --> 00:48:44,932
Supplementing, of course, with a
1654
00:48:44,956 --> 00:48:47,368
bit of animal material.
1655
00:48:47,392 --> 00:48:49,203
But at about 2 million years
1656
00:48:49,227 --> 00:48:51,238
ago, we think the change really
1657
00:48:51,262 --> 00:48:52,007
happened.
1658
00:48:52,031 --> 00:48:53,674
And at this time, our
1659
00:48:53,698 --> 00:48:55,709
ancestors... we call them
1660
00:48:55,733 --> 00:48:58,779
homo erectus... were radically
1661
00:48:58,803 --> 00:49:00,314
different in body form.
1662
00:49:00,338 --> 00:49:02,249
They were about 50%, again, as
1663
00:49:02,273 --> 00:49:04,218
big as these earlier ancestors.
1664
00:49:04,242 --> 00:49:05,919
And if you saw them on the
1665
00:49:05,943 --> 00:49:07,754
street, they would look more
1666
00:49:07,778 --> 00:49:08,456
like US.
1667
00:49:08,480 --> 00:49:10,424
They would have the same body
1668
00:49:10,448 --> 00:49:12,193
proportions... long legs,
1669
00:49:12,217 --> 00:49:13,860
relatively short arms in
1670
00:49:13,884 --> 00:49:16,030
relation to those legs, and very
1671
00:49:16,054 --> 00:49:18,065
importantly, smaller teeth and
1672
00:49:18,089 --> 00:49:19,133
jaws.
1673
00:49:19,157 --> 00:49:21,035
Now, this indicates that there
1674
00:49:21,059 --> 00:49:22,636
was something definitely
1675
00:49:22,660 --> 00:49:24,371
different about the diet of
1676
00:49:24,395 --> 00:49:27,808
these ancestors to 1.7 million
1677
00:49:27,832 --> 00:49:29,276
years ago.
1678
00:49:29,300 --> 00:49:30,978
The question is, what was
1679
00:49:31,002 --> 00:49:31,813
different?
1680
00:49:31,837 --> 00:49:33,614
Many of the earliest modern
1681
00:49:33,638 --> 00:49:35,582
humans were actually also very
1682
00:49:35,606 --> 00:49:36,783
big individuals.
1683
00:49:36,807 --> 00:49:38,519
And so, you know, so this idea
1684
00:49:38,543 --> 00:49:40,187
that our early ancestors were
1685
00:49:40,211 --> 00:49:41,755
small people and we've just
1686
00:49:41,779 --> 00:49:43,524
gotten bigger since then really
1687
00:49:43,548 --> 00:49:44,326
isn't true.
1688
00:49:44,350 --> 00:49:46,393
And it looks like, you know,
1689
00:49:46,417 --> 00:49:48,562
there were periods from these
1690
00:49:48,586 --> 00:49:49,997
large individuals.
1691
00:49:50,021 --> 00:49:51,365
Many modern humans are much
1692
00:49:51,389 --> 00:49:52,100
smaller.
1693
00:49:52,124 --> 00:49:53,600
Our early hunter and gatherer
1694
00:49:53,624 --> 00:49:54,968
ancestors... one of my old
1695
00:49:54,992 --> 00:49:56,570
professors used to say this was
1696
00:49:56,594 --> 00:49:57,604
the high period of
1697
00:49:57,628 --> 00:49:59,140
human evolution, and it's been
1698
00:49:59,164 --> 00:50:01,942
downhill since then because they
1699
00:50:01,966 --> 00:50:03,710
were eating a huge diversity of
1700
00:50:03,734 --> 00:50:04,512
foodstuffs.
1701
00:50:04,536 --> 00:50:06,713
We go to the supermarket, and
1702
00:50:06,737 --> 00:50:08,249
when we make a salad, we think
1703
00:50:08,273 --> 00:50:09,583
that we're eating a lot of
1704
00:50:09,607 --> 00:50:11,152
different types of veggies, you
1705
00:50:11,176 --> 00:50:11,586
know.
1706
00:50:11,610 --> 00:50:13,054
But in comparison to what our
1707
00:50:13,078 --> 00:50:14,455
early ancestors were eating,
1708
00:50:14,479 --> 00:50:15,357
this isn't true.
1709
00:50:15,381 --> 00:50:18,325
They had a huge diversity.
1710
00:50:18,349 --> 00:50:20,694
Once you start agriculture, you
1711
00:50:20,718 --> 00:50:23,064
seriously reduce the variety in
1712
00:50:23,088 --> 00:50:25,799
your food, and this also reduces
1713
00:50:25,823 --> 00:50:27,701
the variety of nutrients you
1714
00:50:27,725 --> 00:50:28,203
get.
1715
00:50:28,227 --> 00:50:31,004
And what we think we're seeing
1716
00:50:31,028 --> 00:50:33,807
when we see the real reduction
1717
00:50:33,831 --> 00:50:36,510
in the skeletons, when we see
1718
00:50:36,534 --> 00:50:39,213
evidence in the skeletons of,
1719
00:50:39,237 --> 00:50:41,348
really, nutritional deficiency,
1720
00:50:41,372 --> 00:50:43,584
that what we're tracking is this
1721
00:50:43,608 --> 00:50:45,786
reduction of variation in the
1722
00:50:45,810 --> 00:50:46,688
diet.
1723
00:50:46,712 --> 00:50:48,889
We aren't getting what we were
1724
00:50:48,913 --> 00:50:51,358
built to need, and I think that
1725
00:50:51,382 --> 00:50:53,894
that's the bottom line.
1726
00:50:53,918 --> 00:50:55,696
In 2003, at a symposium on
1727
00:50:55,720 --> 00:50:57,298
the evolution of the human
1728
00:50:57,322 --> 00:50:59,166
diet... the known, the unknown,
1729
00:50:59,190 --> 00:51:00,701
and the unknowable... at the
1730
00:51:00,725 --> 00:51:02,336
university of Arkansas, one
1731
00:51:02,360 --> 00:51:03,737
remarkable development caught my
1732
00:51:03,761 --> 00:51:04,938
attention above all others
1733
00:51:04,962 --> 00:51:06,673
presented... that we were just
1734
00:51:06,697 --> 00:51:08,075
now entering a period of
1735
00:51:08,099 --> 00:51:09,310
exploding scientific
1736
00:51:09,334 --> 00:51:11,112
understanding with rapid changes
1737
00:51:11,136 --> 00:51:12,579
in scientific technology,
1738
00:51:12,603 --> 00:51:14,148
bringing to light new facts
1739
00:51:14,172 --> 00:51:15,882
about the human diet that were
1740
00:51:15,906 --> 00:51:17,518
previously unknowable.
1741
00:51:17,542 --> 00:51:19,052
Three years later when I was
1742
00:51:19,076 --> 00:51:20,754
interviewing professor cordain,
1743
00:51:20,778 --> 00:51:22,489
he said, "you really should talk
1744
00:51:22,513 --> 00:51:23,624
to Mike Richards at
1745
00:51:23,648 --> 00:51:25,025
the Max planck institute.
1746
00:51:25,049 --> 00:51:26,593
He's got some new technology
1747
00:51:26,617 --> 00:51:28,229
that can tell you exactly what
1748
00:51:28,253 --> 00:51:29,596
humans ate in the past."
1749
00:51:29,620 --> 00:51:30,964
On my way to leipzig, Mike
1750
00:51:30,988 --> 00:51:32,399
suggested I visit one of his
1751
00:51:32,423 --> 00:51:33,900
department's dig sites in the
1752
00:51:33,924 --> 00:51:35,502
south of France to see the human
1753
00:51:35,526 --> 00:51:37,138
nutrition discovery process from
1754
00:51:37,162 --> 00:51:38,605
start to finish.
1755
00:51:38,629 --> 00:51:39,441
They came here.
1756
00:51:39,465 --> 00:51:40,674
They were butchering these
1757
00:51:40,698 --> 00:51:41,176
animals.
1758
00:51:41,200 --> 00:51:42,476
They were leaving behind the
1759
00:51:42,500 --> 00:51:43,710
bones and the stone tools.
1760
00:51:43,734 --> 00:51:45,011
We want to know a little bit
1761
00:51:45,035 --> 00:51:46,213
more about that.
1762
00:51:46,237 --> 00:51:48,315
Were they cutting off the meaty
1763
00:51:48,339 --> 00:51:50,184
parts and taking those with
1764
00:51:50,208 --> 00:51:50,752
them?
1765
00:51:50,776 --> 00:51:52,519
Do you find evidence of those
1766
00:51:52,543 --> 00:51:53,654
parts still here?
1767
00:51:53,678 --> 00:51:55,922
What exactly was the process
1768
00:51:55,946 --> 00:51:58,425
that led to the creation of this
1769
00:51:58,449 --> 00:52:00,294
thick deposit of bones?
1770
00:52:00,318 --> 00:52:01,462
Well, you're standing in the
1771
00:52:01,486 --> 00:52:02,529
site of jonzac, also known
1772
00:52:02,553 --> 00:52:04,131
as chez pinaud.
1773
00:52:04,155 --> 00:52:05,566
Middle paleolithic and
1774
00:52:05,590 --> 00:52:07,368
early upper paleolithic site
1775
00:52:07,392 --> 00:52:09,002
that was... really, it was
1776
00:52:09,026 --> 00:52:11,004
discovered, in effect, 100 years
1777
00:52:11,028 --> 00:52:13,207
ago when they cut this road that
1778
00:52:13,231 --> 00:52:14,375
we're standing in.
1779
00:52:14,399 --> 00:52:16,243
They cut a road to get access to
1780
00:52:16,267 --> 00:52:18,078
the limestone face, here, which
1781
00:52:18,102 --> 00:52:19,313
they then quarried.
1782
00:52:19,337 --> 00:52:21,047
And when they built this road,
1783
00:52:21,071 --> 00:52:23,184
they sliced through the site.
1784
00:52:23,208 --> 00:52:24,918
And you can probably see the
1785
00:52:24,942 --> 00:52:26,787
richness of the archaeological
1786
00:52:26,811 --> 00:52:27,788
levels, there.
1787
00:52:27,812 --> 00:52:29,723
You see that tag that says sw-08
1788
00:52:29,747 --> 00:52:31,458
and all those dark things in
1789
00:52:31,482 --> 00:52:33,260
this section are stone tools.
1790
00:52:33,284 --> 00:52:34,196
Wow.
1791
00:52:34,220 --> 00:52:36,197
It's a very rich layer that
1792
00:52:36,221 --> 00:52:39,766
appears, as well, down here.
1793
00:52:39,790 --> 00:52:41,802
They didn't report it to anybody
1794
00:52:41,826 --> 00:52:42,570
official.
1795
00:52:42,594 --> 00:52:44,471
It didn't really make it into
1796
00:52:44,495 --> 00:52:46,373
any publications, and the site
1797
00:52:46,397 --> 00:52:48,309
went unnoticed again for about
1798
00:52:48,333 --> 00:52:49,143
100 years.
1799
00:52:49,167 --> 00:52:50,811
And it was in the 1990s that a
1800
00:52:50,835 --> 00:52:52,546
French geologist working in the
1801
00:52:52,570 --> 00:52:54,014
region came here and took
1802
00:52:54,038 --> 00:52:55,782
advantage of the road cut, came
1803
00:52:55,806 --> 00:52:57,451
across the stone tools and the
1804
00:52:57,475 --> 00:52:58,885
bones in the section, and
1805
00:52:58,909 --> 00:53:00,687
brought it to the attention of a
1806
00:53:00,711 --> 00:53:02,223
local French archaeologist.
1807
00:53:02,247 --> 00:53:04,725
What we do is we study the bones
1808
00:53:04,749 --> 00:53:06,427
and stone tools left behind by,
1809
00:53:06,451 --> 00:53:07,994
first, neanderthals and then
1810
00:53:08,018 --> 00:53:09,696
modern people at the top of the
1811
00:53:09,720 --> 00:53:12,866
sequence, and reconstruct what
1812
00:53:12,890 --> 00:53:16,203
kinds of stone tools we find and
1813
00:53:16,227 --> 00:53:17,938
what kinds of animals they were
1814
00:53:17,962 --> 00:53:19,373
hunting at what periods.
1815
00:53:19,397 --> 00:53:21,107
And, indeed, were they hunting,
1816
00:53:21,131 --> 00:53:22,809
or were the bones brought here
1817
00:53:22,833 --> 00:53:24,511
by other kinds of animals like
1818
00:53:24,535 --> 00:53:26,280
various kinds of carnivores and
1819
00:53:26,304 --> 00:53:26,948
so forth?
1820
00:53:26,972 --> 00:53:28,181
And are these all animal
1821
00:53:28,205 --> 00:53:29,450
bones at this point in time?
1822
00:53:29,474 --> 00:53:30,617
Yep. All animal bones.
1823
00:53:30,641 --> 00:53:32,553
And then that brings US up to
1824
00:53:32,577 --> 00:53:34,488
this layer of large limestone
1825
00:53:34,512 --> 00:53:35,922
blocks that you see.
1826
00:53:35,946 --> 00:53:37,991
Below those limestone blocks, we
1827
00:53:38,015 --> 00:53:39,526
know it's neanderthals.
1828
00:53:39,550 --> 00:53:41,595
Above those limestone blocks, we
1829
00:53:41,619 --> 00:53:42,863
know it's moderns.
1830
00:53:42,887 --> 00:53:44,598
And during that time period
1831
00:53:44,622 --> 00:53:46,333
represented by those layers
1832
00:53:46,357 --> 00:53:48,269
there, the change happened, and
1833
00:53:48,293 --> 00:53:49,870
then what happened when those
1834
00:53:49,894 --> 00:53:51,338
two groups met each other?
1835
00:53:51,362 --> 00:53:52,673
Did they, indeed, meet?
1836
00:53:52,697 --> 00:53:54,408
What was that interaction like?
1837
00:53:54,432 --> 00:53:56,477
And here, you would have had
1838
00:53:56,501 --> 00:53:58,612
hundreds of thousands of years
1839
00:53:58,636 --> 00:54:00,647
of neanderthals living here,
1840
00:54:00,671 --> 00:54:02,583
well adapted to this region
1841
00:54:02,607 --> 00:54:05,652
doing perfectly well, probably.
1842
00:54:05,676 --> 00:54:07,488
And then in come these modern
1843
00:54:07,512 --> 00:54:08,423
individuals.
1844
00:54:08,447 --> 00:54:09,723
How did they react?
1845
00:54:09,747 --> 00:54:11,191
What exactly happened?
1846
00:54:11,215 --> 00:54:12,593
Well, and thus far, when it
1847
00:54:12,617 --> 00:54:14,060
comes down to diet, can you tell
1848
00:54:14,084 --> 00:54:15,496
from... besides the range here,
1849
00:54:15,520 --> 00:54:16,997
obviously, the animals that were
1850
00:54:17,021 --> 00:54:18,432
here, can you tell US what they
1851
00:54:18,456 --> 00:54:19,301
ate?
1852
00:54:19,325 --> 00:54:20,967
Well, the evidence, for the
1853
00:54:20,991 --> 00:54:22,703
most part, is going to come from
1854
00:54:22,727 --> 00:54:24,438
the bones because that's what's
1855
00:54:24,462 --> 00:54:25,139
preserved.
1856
00:54:25,163 --> 00:54:26,440
We have a large team here of
1857
00:54:26,464 --> 00:54:27,841
individuals studying the fauna,
1858
00:54:27,865 --> 00:54:29,175
and they can tell you a little
1859
00:54:29,199 --> 00:54:30,477
bit more in detail about the
1860
00:54:30,501 --> 00:54:31,612
kinds of things they are
1861
00:54:31,636 --> 00:54:32,112
finding.
1862
00:54:32,136 --> 00:54:33,046
That they are finding down
1863
00:54:33,070 --> 00:54:33,348
there.
1864
00:54:33,372 --> 00:54:34,748
Yeah.
1865
00:54:34,772 --> 00:54:36,149
We have
1866
00:54:36,173 --> 00:54:39,453
found lots of reindeer during
1867
00:54:39,477 --> 00:54:40,654
the excavation.
1868
00:54:40,678 --> 00:54:45,426
And as you can see, long bone of
1869
00:54:45,450 --> 00:54:47,928
a reindeer, and we've got a
1870
00:54:47,952 --> 00:54:49,396
scutella of reindeer there.
1871
00:54:49,420 --> 00:54:51,832
Just... just there.
1872
00:54:51,856 --> 00:54:53,199
And lots of rib.
1873
00:54:53,223 --> 00:54:55,068
Is the preference for
1874
00:54:55,092 --> 00:54:57,338
reindeer because reindeer was
1875
00:54:57,362 --> 00:54:59,673
the animal that was here, or do
1876
00:54:59,697 --> 00:55:00,841
we have a lot of reindeer
1877
00:55:00,865 --> 00:55:02,042
because they really wanted
1878
00:55:02,066 --> 00:55:02,577
reindeer?
1879
00:55:02,601 --> 00:55:03,910
And there were horse and bison
1880
00:55:03,934 --> 00:55:05,278
around, but they ignored those.
1881
00:55:05,302 --> 00:55:06,313
Those are the kinds of
1882
00:55:06,337 --> 00:55:06,881
questions.
1883
00:55:06,905 --> 00:55:08,014
Right. Selective.
1884
00:55:08,038 --> 00:55:08,716
Exactly.
1885
00:55:08,740 --> 00:55:10,216
Is there anywhere in this
1886
00:55:10,240 --> 00:55:11,552
layering that... you said
1887
00:55:11,576 --> 00:55:12,786
neanderthals completely
1888
00:55:12,810 --> 00:55:13,455
disappear?
1889
00:55:13,479 --> 00:55:15,356
Don't find neanderthals after
1890
00:55:15,380 --> 00:55:17,424
that layer of root fall.
1891
00:55:17,448 --> 00:55:19,225
The moderns came in.
1892
00:55:19,249 --> 00:55:20,861
So modern humans, more like
1893
00:55:20,885 --> 00:55:21,261
US?
1894
00:55:21,285 --> 00:55:21,796
Yes.
1895
00:55:21,820 --> 00:55:22,797
Exactly like US.
1896
00:55:22,821 --> 00:55:23,964
Exactl like US.
1897
00:55:23,988 --> 00:55:25,732
They were modern humans.
1898
00:55:25,756 --> 00:55:27,534
They did... they had a brain
1899
00:55:27,558 --> 00:55:29,603
that was organized, as far as we
1900
00:55:29,627 --> 00:55:30,971
can tell, like ours.
1901
00:55:30,995 --> 00:55:32,839
So you have to imagine these
1902
00:55:32,863 --> 00:55:34,708
neanderthals being extremely
1903
00:55:34,732 --> 00:55:37,878
capable hunters, extremely
1904
00:55:37,902 --> 00:55:40,246
capable at surviving in this
1905
00:55:40,270 --> 00:55:41,448
environment.
1906
00:55:41,472 --> 00:55:43,717
They were very intelligent,
1907
00:55:43,741 --> 00:55:46,152
bipedal hominids successfully
1908
00:55:46,176 --> 00:55:47,588
adapting to this region, but
1909
00:55:47,612 --> 00:55:49,222
yet at the same time, not quite
1910
00:55:49,246 --> 00:55:49,557
US.
1911
00:55:49,581 --> 00:55:51,224
To me, that's what makes them so
1912
00:55:51,248 --> 00:55:51,993
interesting.
1913
00:55:52,017 --> 00:55:53,226
Yeah.
1914
00:55:53,250 --> 00:55:55,362
We want
1915
00:55:55,386 --> 00:55:57,398
to really understand if those
1916
00:55:57,422 --> 00:55:59,466
neanderthals were encountering
1917
00:55:59,490 --> 00:56:01,301
anatomically modern humans
1918
00:56:01,325 --> 00:56:03,504
because we want to understand if
1919
00:56:03,528 --> 00:56:06,607
they interact with each other.
1920
00:56:06,631 --> 00:56:08,642
Because right after that, they
1921
00:56:08,666 --> 00:56:09,643
disappeared.
1922
00:56:09,667 --> 00:56:11,745
And, of course, one of the big
1923
00:56:11,769 --> 00:56:13,547
questions is why did they
1924
00:56:13,571 --> 00:56:15,782
disappear and what happened when
1925
00:56:15,806 --> 00:56:17,050
they disappeared?
1926
00:56:17,074 --> 00:56:18,419
It's certainly one of the
1927
00:56:18,443 --> 00:56:19,319
bigger questions.
1928
00:56:19,343 --> 00:56:20,254
It's kind of...
1929
00:56:20,278 --> 00:56:21,822
why are we here and they're
1930
00:56:21,846 --> 00:56:22,457
not here?
1931
00:56:22,481 --> 00:56:24,024
Exactly. Exactly.
1932
00:56:24,048 --> 00:56:26,359
What happened, exactly, that our
1933
00:56:26,383 --> 00:56:28,695
species is the one that was left
1934
00:56:28,719 --> 00:56:29,597
standing?
1935
00:56:29,621 --> 00:56:30,831
Would you say, based on the
1936
00:56:30,855 --> 00:56:32,032
archaeological evidence, that
1937
00:56:32,056 --> 00:56:34,134
they were healthy compared to
1938
00:56:34,158 --> 00:56:35,969
humans today?
1939
00:56:35,993 --> 00:56:37,471
Well, they were...
1940
00:56:37,495 --> 00:56:39,473
Fortunately, they were healthy
1941
00:56:39,497 --> 00:56:41,542
because we would not be here if
1942
00:56:41,566 --> 00:56:43,109
they were not healthy.
1943
00:56:43,133 --> 00:56:44,945
All of the fossils excavated
1944
00:56:44,969 --> 00:56:46,813
at the dig are taken a few miles
1945
00:56:46,837 --> 00:56:48,582
away to a field lab where they
1946
00:56:48,606 --> 00:56:50,451
are identified, bagged, labeled,
1947
00:56:50,475 --> 00:56:52,285
and logged prior to being taken
1948
00:56:52,309 --> 00:56:54,087
back to the department of human
1949
00:56:54,111 --> 00:56:55,789
evolution's laboratories in
1950
00:56:55,813 --> 00:56:56,857
leipzig, Germany.
1951
00:56:56,881 --> 00:56:57,991
Department director
1952
00:56:58,015 --> 00:56:59,626
Jean-Jacques hublin spoke with
1953
00:56:59,650 --> 00:57:01,327
me more specifically about what
1954
00:57:01,351 --> 00:57:02,863
the institute's research has
1955
00:57:02,887 --> 00:57:04,465
discovered about early modern
1956
00:57:04,489 --> 00:57:05,799
humans' health.
1957
00:57:05,823 --> 00:57:07,133
Well, if it looks like
1958
00:57:07,157 --> 00:57:08,802
neanderthal and modern humans
1959
00:57:08,826 --> 00:57:10,403
evolved as hunter-gatherers,
1960
00:57:10,427 --> 00:57:12,138
were we healthy then, and were
1961
00:57:12,162 --> 00:57:13,707
we healthier then than now?
1962
00:57:13,731 --> 00:57:14,975
Well,
1963
00:57:14,999 --> 00:57:18,244
I'm sure that they had a lot of
1964
00:57:18,268 --> 00:57:21,515
troubles with their health, but
1965
00:57:21,539 --> 00:57:23,316
very different kind of
1966
00:57:23,340 --> 00:57:25,385
problems than the one we have
1967
00:57:25,409 --> 00:57:25,920
now.
1968
00:57:25,944 --> 00:57:28,455
We live in a society which is
1969
00:57:28,479 --> 00:57:29,590
very safe.
1970
00:57:29,614 --> 00:57:32,092
We don't have much accidents.
1971
00:57:32,116 --> 00:57:34,761
Although we have violence, it's
1972
00:57:34,785 --> 00:57:35,730
limited.
1973
00:57:35,754 --> 00:57:38,965
And so we are mainly preoccupied
1974
00:57:38,989 --> 00:57:40,567
with all the else problems
1975
00:57:40,591 --> 00:57:42,402
related to our diet and our way
1976
00:57:42,426 --> 00:57:43,370
of life.
1977
00:57:43,394 --> 00:57:45,506
I think for the neanderthals or
1978
00:57:45,530 --> 00:57:47,608
for the first modern humans in
1979
00:57:47,632 --> 00:57:50,677
our regions, they were mostly
1980
00:57:50,701 --> 00:57:54,347
preoccupied in finding food.
1981
00:57:54,371 --> 00:57:56,650
And the kind of problems they
1982
00:57:56,674 --> 00:57:58,819
had in their daily life with
1983
00:57:58,843 --> 00:58:00,887
their health was basically
1984
00:58:00,911 --> 00:58:02,923
related to all the kind of
1985
00:58:02,947 --> 00:58:04,858
accidents they could have
1986
00:58:04,882 --> 00:58:07,027
looking for food and hunting
1987
00:58:07,051 --> 00:58:07,895
animals.
1988
00:58:07,919 --> 00:58:09,429
It's very unlikely that they had
1989
00:58:09,453 --> 00:58:11,532
a lot of obesity.
1990
00:58:11,556 --> 00:58:16,369
What we can say just looking at
1991
00:58:16,393 --> 00:58:18,505
their skeletons is that they
1992
00:58:18,529 --> 00:58:20,741
were very... they looked like
1993
00:58:20,765 --> 00:58:23,143
very tall, very strong, and very
1994
00:58:23,167 --> 00:58:25,145
healthy people in general.
1995
00:58:25,169 --> 00:58:28,715
From the farmers, we have to
1996
00:58:28,739 --> 00:58:32,218
suffer sometimes some kind of
1997
00:58:32,242 --> 00:58:36,790
misadaptation related to the
1998
00:58:36,814 --> 00:58:38,925
fact that initially, we were not
1999
00:58:38,949 --> 00:58:40,761
really meant to eat so much
2000
00:58:40,785 --> 00:58:44,130
cereals and sugar and things
2001
00:58:44,154 --> 00:58:44,799
like that.
2002
00:58:44,823 --> 00:58:46,332
The next destination is the
2003
00:58:46,356 --> 00:58:47,601
Max planck institute for
2004
00:58:47,625 --> 00:58:49,002
evolutionary anthropology's
2005
00:58:49,026 --> 00:58:50,637
department of human evolution in
2006
00:58:50,661 --> 00:58:51,638
leipzig, Germany.
2007
00:58:51,662 --> 00:58:52,939
Professor Mike Richard's
2008
00:58:52,963 --> 00:58:54,107
research involves the
2009
00:58:54,131 --> 00:58:55,709
application of stable isotope
2010
00:58:55,733 --> 00:58:57,177
analysis of bone collagen to
2011
00:58:57,201 --> 00:58:58,579
determine human and animal
2012
00:58:58,603 --> 00:59:00,747
diets, as well as dietary
2013
00:59:00,771 --> 00:59:02,983
changes in prehistoric and
2014
00:59:03,007 --> 00:59:04,484
historic Europe.
2015
00:59:04,508 --> 00:59:05,686
These are the things that I
2016
00:59:05,710 --> 00:59:06,820
think people are completely
2017
00:59:06,844 --> 00:59:07,488
confused about.
2018
00:59:07,512 --> 00:59:08,755
I mean, I certainly was growing
2019
00:59:08,779 --> 00:59:09,023
up.
2020
00:59:09,047 --> 00:59:10,290
You just think that these are...
2021
00:59:10,314 --> 00:59:11,491
You know, it's good to have a
2022
00:59:11,515 --> 00:59:12,693
glass of milk, and that's good
2023
00:59:12,717 --> 00:59:13,727
for you, and have lots of
2024
00:59:13,751 --> 00:59:14,828
cereals every day, and these
2025
00:59:14,852 --> 00:59:15,563
kinds of things.
2026
00:59:15,587 --> 00:59:16,830
But when you really think about
2027
00:59:16,854 --> 00:59:18,098
it, you realize that these diets
2028
00:59:18,122 --> 00:59:19,866
are not so good for you at all.
2029
00:59:19,890 --> 00:59:22,168
I run a group that's in a field
2030
00:59:22,192 --> 00:59:24,370
called archaeological science,
2031
00:59:24,394 --> 00:59:26,539
so we specialize in applying,
2032
00:59:26,563 --> 00:59:28,875
sort of, hard science techniques
2033
00:59:28,899 --> 00:59:31,044
to anthropology, archaeology.
2034
00:59:31,068 --> 00:59:32,545
And I understand you're also
2035
00:59:32,569 --> 00:59:33,980
working with early human diet?
2036
00:59:34,004 --> 00:59:34,515
Yeah.
2037
00:59:34,539 --> 00:59:35,816
My main specialty is diet.
2038
00:59:35,840 --> 00:59:39,085
I study bone chemistry as a way
2039
00:59:39,109 --> 00:59:41,087
of getting at what the diets of
2040
00:59:41,111 --> 00:59:43,056
people and animals were in the
2041
00:59:43,080 --> 00:59:44,090
past.
2042
00:59:44,114 --> 00:59:45,358
And one of the main things we're
2043
00:59:45,382 --> 00:59:46,593
looking at is the evolution of
2044
00:59:46,617 --> 00:59:47,828
diets through time by trying to
2045
00:59:47,852 --> 00:59:49,329
get this information from these
2046
00:59:49,353 --> 00:59:50,631
bones themselves and doing
2047
00:59:50,655 --> 00:59:51,932
scientific analysis of the
2048
00:59:51,956 --> 00:59:53,299
composition of these bones.
2049
00:59:53,323 --> 00:59:55,201
People have hypothesized that
2050
00:59:55,225 --> 00:59:57,270
it's a trait of, like, the first
2051
00:59:57,294 --> 00:59:58,972
homo, our species, is that
2052
00:59:58,996 --> 01:00:00,941
animal products is what led to
2053
01:00:00,965 --> 01:00:02,976
our increased brain size and all
2054
01:00:03,000 --> 01:00:05,045
sort of things that we... set US
2055
01:00:05,069 --> 01:00:06,780
apart from other primates.
2056
01:00:06,804 --> 01:00:08,181
And the problem is you can...
2057
01:00:08,205 --> 01:00:09,349
The evidence for this is
2058
01:00:09,373 --> 01:00:10,184
circumstantial.
2059
01:00:10,208 --> 01:00:11,584
You find tools that are being
2060
01:00:11,608 --> 01:00:13,086
used to cut up animals, you find
2061
01:00:13,110 --> 01:00:14,254
butchered animal bones.
2062
01:00:14,278 --> 01:00:15,588
But there's no way to really
2063
01:00:15,612 --> 01:00:17,123
tell what proportion of the diet
2064
01:00:17,147 --> 01:00:18,025
that represented.
2065
01:00:18,049 --> 01:00:19,425
And plant foods just don't
2066
01:00:19,449 --> 01:00:21,027
survive, so they're invisible.
2067
01:00:21,051 --> 01:00:22,595
So we have to use this kind of
2068
01:00:22,619 --> 01:00:24,130
study looking directly at the
2069
01:00:24,154 --> 01:00:25,699
fossils themselves or the bone
2070
01:00:25,723 --> 01:00:27,300
chemistry to really prove what
2071
01:00:27,324 --> 01:00:28,802
proportion of their diet was
2072
01:00:28,826 --> 01:00:30,203
coming from animal protein
2073
01:00:30,227 --> 01:00:31,371
versus plant protein.
2074
01:00:31,395 --> 01:00:32,939
The first step is taking the
2075
01:00:32,963 --> 01:00:33,540
sample.
2076
01:00:33,564 --> 01:00:35,041
That usually happens in the
2077
01:00:35,065 --> 01:00:36,743
museum or in the field, and we
2078
01:00:36,767 --> 01:00:38,511
try to take as small a sample as
2079
01:00:38,535 --> 01:00:40,280
possible, so maybe like the size
2080
01:00:40,304 --> 01:00:41,882
of a thumbnail is what we can
2081
01:00:41,906 --> 01:00:42,616
work with.
2082
01:00:42,640 --> 01:00:44,217
When we get that sample back to
2083
01:00:44,241 --> 01:00:45,551
the lab, we clean off the
2084
01:00:45,575 --> 01:00:47,153
outside layer to get rid of any
2085
01:00:47,177 --> 01:00:48,689
sort of contaminants from the
2086
01:00:48,713 --> 01:00:49,123
soil.
2087
01:00:49,147 --> 01:00:50,556
Then, we take that bone and
2088
01:00:50,580 --> 01:00:52,158
we put it in hydrochloric acid,
2089
01:00:52,182 --> 01:00:53,760
and that dissolves away most of
2090
01:00:53,784 --> 01:00:55,495
the bone because most of bone is
2091
01:00:55,519 --> 01:00:57,097
mineral, and that's where these
2092
01:00:57,121 --> 01:00:58,531
contaminations from the soil
2093
01:00:58,555 --> 01:00:59,333
will come in.
2094
01:00:59,357 --> 01:01:00,734
So we want to get rid of that
2095
01:01:00,758 --> 01:01:02,068
entirely, and it leaves this
2096
01:01:02,092 --> 01:01:02,603
protein.
2097
01:01:02,627 --> 01:01:04,137
And then we take that
2098
01:01:04,161 --> 01:01:06,239
freeze-dried collagen... white,
2099
01:01:06,263 --> 01:01:08,274
fluffy collagen... to the mass
2100
01:01:08,298 --> 01:01:09,642
spectrometers, and we measure
2101
01:01:09,666 --> 01:01:10,844
the amount of carbon and
2102
01:01:10,868 --> 01:01:12,178
nitrogen in it to make sure,
2103
01:01:12,202 --> 01:01:13,313
again, that it's really
2104
01:01:13,337 --> 01:01:14,715
collagen, and then we measure
2105
01:01:14,739 --> 01:01:15,683
the isotope ratios.
2106
01:01:15,707 --> 01:01:17,550
And when we get those numbers,
2107
01:01:17,574 --> 01:01:19,085
we compare, for example,
2108
01:01:19,109 --> 01:01:20,854
neanderthals to animals that
2109
01:01:20,878 --> 01:01:22,188
lived at the same time so you
2110
01:01:22,212 --> 01:01:23,589
know that if you have reindeer,
2111
01:01:23,613 --> 01:01:24,891
you know they're herbivores.
2112
01:01:24,915 --> 01:01:26,359
And then if you have wolves, you
2113
01:01:26,383 --> 01:01:27,493
know they're carnivores.
2114
01:01:27,517 --> 01:01:28,962
You build up this whole sort of
2115
01:01:28,986 --> 01:01:30,463
food web with isotope values and
2116
01:01:30,487 --> 01:01:31,765
you see how they all fit in.
2117
01:01:31,789 --> 01:01:33,133
When we pick up the story with
2118
01:01:33,157 --> 01:01:34,467
the neanderthals, which is the
2119
01:01:34,491 --> 01:01:35,769
first time we can, then we do
2120
01:01:35,793 --> 01:01:37,103
see, really, they are getting
2121
01:01:37,127 --> 01:01:38,404
all their protein from animal
2122
01:01:38,428 --> 01:01:38,906
sources.
2123
01:01:38,930 --> 01:01:40,273
So, as predicted, we pick that
2124
01:01:40,297 --> 01:01:40,574
up.
2125
01:01:40,598 --> 01:01:42,008
And then we see with modern
2126
01:01:42,032 --> 01:01:43,376
humans, as well, the same
2127
01:01:43,400 --> 01:01:44,778
thing... that they're very
2128
01:01:44,802 --> 01:01:46,179
successful because they're
2129
01:01:46,203 --> 01:01:47,881
eating mostly animal protein, as
2130
01:01:47,905 --> 01:01:49,315
well, and very little plant
2131
01:01:49,339 --> 01:01:51,217
foods in Europe.
2132
01:01:51,241 --> 01:01:52,853
But a larger range of animal
2133
01:01:52,877 --> 01:01:54,654
foods, including, I think, fish,
2134
01:01:54,678 --> 01:01:56,757
was a big part of modern humans.
2135
01:01:56,781 --> 01:01:58,624
So that's the idea we have of
2136
01:01:58,648 --> 01:02:00,026
the paleolithic diet.
2137
01:02:00,050 --> 01:02:01,161
Then we see for modern humans,
2138
01:02:01,185 --> 01:02:02,328
it's a lot of animal protein, I
2139
01:02:02,352 --> 01:02:02,696
think.
2140
01:02:02,720 --> 01:02:03,897
I spent a lot of time working on
2141
01:02:03,921 --> 01:02:05,098
neolithic, post neolithic sites,
2142
01:02:05,122 --> 01:02:06,566
as well, and there you really do
2143
01:02:06,590 --> 01:02:07,968
see the humans with much lower
2144
01:02:07,992 --> 01:02:09,302
nitrogen isotope values, and
2145
01:02:09,326 --> 01:02:10,804
they're clearly getting a lot of
2146
01:02:10,828 --> 01:02:12,038
their protein from plants.
2147
01:02:12,062 --> 01:02:13,940
As agriculture moves in.
2148
01:02:13,964 --> 01:02:14,808
Yeah.
2149
01:02:14,832 --> 01:02:15,476
Yeah.
2150
01:02:15,500 --> 01:02:16,676
But before that, they had the
2151
01:02:16,700 --> 01:02:17,710
same kind of values as the
2152
01:02:17,734 --> 01:02:18,278
neanderthal?
2153
01:02:18,302 --> 01:02:19,213
Yeah, except for this
2154
01:02:19,237 --> 01:02:20,881
addition of these extra fish.
2155
01:02:20,905 --> 01:02:22,315
That seems to be the big
2156
01:02:22,339 --> 01:02:23,116
difference.
2157
01:02:23,140 --> 01:02:23,985
Main difference.
2158
01:02:24,009 --> 01:02:27,420
So, until agriculture, were
2159
01:02:27,444 --> 01:02:29,155
there any human, modern human
2160
01:02:29,179 --> 01:02:30,024
vegetarians?
2161
01:02:30,048 --> 01:02:31,315
I really don't think so.
2162
01:02:32,316 --> 01:02:33,626
I do not think so.
2163
01:02:33,650 --> 01:02:35,261
And actually, it's extremely
2164
01:02:35,285 --> 01:02:37,097
hard to find vegetarians even at
2165
01:02:37,121 --> 01:02:38,164
the graph, there,
2166
01:02:38,188 --> 01:02:39,265
archaeologically.
2167
01:02:39,289 --> 01:02:41,001
I don't... in all the studies,
2168
01:02:41,025 --> 01:02:42,635
we've measured thousands and
2169
01:02:42,659 --> 01:02:44,304
thousands of humans from all
2170
01:02:44,328 --> 01:02:45,906
over the world, and I think
2171
01:02:45,930 --> 01:02:47,673
we've yet to find a vegetarian
2172
01:02:47,697 --> 01:02:48,375
or vegan.
2173
01:02:48,399 --> 01:02:49,376
There's no way.
2174
01:02:49,400 --> 01:02:51,211
Sometimes, we do, but then we go
2175
01:02:51,235 --> 01:02:52,678
back and realize that we
2176
01:02:52,702 --> 01:02:54,180
actually sampled a cow or
2177
01:02:54,204 --> 01:02:56,216
something by mistake.
2178
01:02:56,240 --> 01:02:58,551
Yeah, you, - there are no
2179
01:02:58,575 --> 01:03:00,821
vegans until recently, so...
2180
01:03:00,845 --> 01:03:02,022
When you get really big
2181
01:03:02,046 --> 01:03:03,289
villages, people crowding
2182
01:03:03,313 --> 01:03:04,724
together, and having a really
2183
01:03:04,748 --> 01:03:06,259
high, I guess, cereal... amount
2184
01:03:06,283 --> 01:03:07,727
of cereals in their diet, you
2185
01:03:07,751 --> 01:03:09,295
really see a difference in their
2186
01:03:09,319 --> 01:03:09,763
bones.
2187
01:03:09,787 --> 01:03:11,331
And these diseases that you
2188
01:03:11,355 --> 01:03:13,133
would never see... you never saw
2189
01:03:13,157 --> 01:03:14,935
in the paleolithic, you start to
2190
01:03:14,959 --> 01:03:16,669
see in kind of high abundances.
2191
01:03:16,693 --> 01:03:18,438
So does it make scientific
2192
01:03:18,462 --> 01:03:20,273
sense as well as logical sense
2193
01:03:20,297 --> 01:03:22,008
that we can learn things from
2194
01:03:22,032 --> 01:03:23,877
their lifestyle that would then
2195
01:03:23,901 --> 01:03:24,744
apply to US?
2196
01:03:24,768 --> 01:03:25,546
I think so.
2197
01:03:25,570 --> 01:03:26,813
I think you think of this
2198
01:03:26,837 --> 01:03:28,214
evolutionary trajectory that
2199
01:03:28,238 --> 01:03:29,782
made... how these humans evolved
2200
01:03:29,806 --> 01:03:31,051
to this state, the modern
2201
01:03:31,075 --> 01:03:32,552
humans, we got to be this way.
2202
01:03:32,576 --> 01:03:34,220
And it's over maybe 100,000
2203
01:03:34,244 --> 01:03:35,956
years of evolution to get to
2204
01:03:35,980 --> 01:03:37,523
be this state of actually
2205
01:03:37,547 --> 01:03:39,459
adapting to this diet of being a
2206
01:03:39,483 --> 01:03:41,294
hunter-gatherer, moving around
2207
01:03:41,318 --> 01:03:43,163
a lot, eating these wild foods.
2208
01:03:43,187 --> 01:03:44,497
I think there's no question that
2209
01:03:44,521 --> 01:03:45,798
for most of the time that we've
2210
01:03:45,822 --> 01:03:48,334
been around, we had a really...
2211
01:03:48,358 --> 01:03:50,636
That kind of nomadic lifestyle
2212
01:03:50,660 --> 01:03:53,073
with lots of exercise and eating
2213
01:03:53,097 --> 01:03:55,275
a lot of animal proteins and
2214
01:03:55,299 --> 01:03:56,809
wild plant foods.
2215
01:03:56,833 --> 01:03:58,278
But if you just think of what's
2216
01:03:58,302 --> 01:03:59,712
been successful in terms of US
2217
01:03:59,736 --> 01:04:01,114
as a species, we've survived,
2218
01:04:01,138 --> 01:04:02,615
you know, 100,000 years and most
2219
01:04:02,639 --> 01:04:04,450
of that... 95% of that... was
2220
01:04:04,474 --> 01:04:06,219
this kind of adaptation, was
2221
01:04:06,243 --> 01:04:08,154
eating these wild animal foods,
2222
01:04:08,178 --> 01:04:09,755
plants foods with lots of
2223
01:04:09,779 --> 01:04:10,524
exercise.
2224
01:04:10,548 --> 01:04:11,791
That's what we've been very
2225
01:04:11,815 --> 01:04:12,526
successful at.
2226
01:04:12,550 --> 01:04:13,726
It's a new experiment now.
2227
01:04:13,750 --> 01:04:15,095
This neolithic is a very short
2228
01:04:15,119 --> 01:04:16,496
period of time, you know, since
2229
01:04:16,520 --> 01:04:17,964
we've been around, less than 10%
2230
01:04:17,988 --> 01:04:19,299
maybe that modern humans have
2231
01:04:19,323 --> 01:04:20,633
been around so, I don't know.
2232
01:04:20,657 --> 01:04:22,002
Maybe it's, you know... if you
2233
01:04:22,026 --> 01:04:23,303
think of it that way, I mean,
2234
01:04:23,327 --> 01:04:24,604
what we are adapted to is not
2235
01:04:24,628 --> 01:04:25,906
what we're living right now.
2236
01:04:25,930 --> 01:04:28,574
This kind of paleolithic diet, I
2237
01:04:28,598 --> 01:04:30,010
guess, is probably the most
2238
01:04:30,034 --> 01:04:31,411
optimum for modern humans.
2239
01:04:31,435 --> 01:04:32,213
It has to be.
2240
01:04:32,237 --> 01:04:33,346
It's what, you know,
2241
01:04:33,370 --> 01:04:35,015
evolutionary pressure has got US
2242
01:04:35,039 --> 01:04:36,616
towards, and we were successful
2243
01:04:36,640 --> 01:04:37,783
in that kind of diet.
2244
01:04:37,807 --> 01:04:40,353
So I think it is... it's got to
2245
01:04:40,377 --> 01:04:42,923
be the best diet for humans.
2246
01:04:42,947 --> 01:04:44,557
If this way of eating is the
2247
01:04:44,581 --> 01:04:46,126
best diet for humans, I wanted
2248
01:04:46,150 --> 01:04:47,727
to understand how we could use
2249
01:04:47,751 --> 01:04:49,395
this knowledge now in our modern
2250
01:04:49,419 --> 01:04:50,463
world.
2251
01:04:50,487 --> 01:04:51,998
I called professor cordain to
2252
01:04:52,022 --> 01:04:53,299
see if anyone... medical
2253
01:04:53,323 --> 01:04:55,001
professional or scientist... was
2254
01:04:55,025 --> 01:04:56,402
putting this evolutionary
2255
01:04:56,426 --> 01:04:58,038
nutrition method of eating into
2256
01:04:58,062 --> 01:04:59,505
practice with real patients.
2257
01:04:59,529 --> 01:05:00,673
He suggested I contact
2258
01:05:00,697 --> 01:05:01,741
Dr. Lane sebring at
2259
01:05:01,765 --> 01:05:02,875
the sebring clinic in
2260
01:05:02,899 --> 01:05:04,844
wimberley, Texas, who is having
2261
01:05:04,868 --> 01:05:06,379
extraordinary results with his
2262
01:05:06,403 --> 01:05:07,914
patients employing just such an
2263
01:05:07,938 --> 01:05:09,215
evolution-based method of
2264
01:05:09,239 --> 01:05:09,750
eating.
2265
01:05:09,774 --> 01:05:11,284
One of the things I tell my
2266
01:05:11,308 --> 01:05:12,919
patients, you know, it's nice to
2267
01:05:12,943 --> 01:05:14,354
know improvement's possible.
2268
01:05:14,378 --> 01:05:15,855
Every year, the doctor adds a
2269
01:05:15,879 --> 01:05:17,223
new pill to your list, and
2270
01:05:17,247 --> 01:05:18,791
you've got another problem, and
2271
01:05:18,815 --> 01:05:20,460
the hope starts to fade.
2272
01:05:20,484 --> 01:05:22,295
I sort of break food into two
2273
01:05:22,319 --> 01:05:24,030
categories... human food and
2274
01:05:24,054 --> 01:05:25,131
non-human food.
2275
01:05:25,155 --> 01:05:27,100
And the human foods would be the
2276
01:05:27,124 --> 01:05:28,701
lean meat, chicken, fish,
2277
01:05:28,725 --> 01:05:30,536
Turkey, et cetera, preferably
2278
01:05:30,560 --> 01:05:32,438
from an animal eating what it's
2279
01:05:32,462 --> 01:05:33,539
designed to eat.
2280
01:05:33,563 --> 01:05:35,275
Fruits, nuts, and vegetables.
2281
01:05:35,299 --> 01:05:37,110
The non-human food would be the
2282
01:05:37,134 --> 01:05:38,844
grains, which is probably the
2283
01:05:38,868 --> 01:05:40,313
worst problem we've got.
2284
01:05:40,337 --> 01:05:41,747
Dairy... after two years old,
2285
01:05:41,771 --> 01:05:43,116
we're not designed for dairy
2286
01:05:43,140 --> 01:05:44,584
after two years old, certainly
2287
01:05:44,608 --> 01:05:45,785
not from another animal.
2288
01:05:45,809 --> 01:05:47,720
Beans and potatoes.
2289
01:05:47,744 --> 01:05:49,155
And so those are the simple
2290
01:05:49,179 --> 01:05:50,756
categories that I put them in,
2291
01:05:50,780 --> 01:05:52,192
and people understand that.
2292
01:05:52,216 --> 01:05:53,226
I understand that.
2293
01:05:53,250 --> 01:05:55,595
And it helps me to make choices.
2294
01:05:55,619 --> 01:05:58,864
Grains cause US to lose height.
2295
01:05:58,888 --> 01:06:00,666
They cause a narrowing of the
2296
01:06:00,690 --> 01:06:01,934
sphenoid bone here.
2297
01:06:01,958 --> 01:06:03,803
Our bones aren't strong enough
2298
01:06:03,827 --> 01:06:05,705
to support the full weight, and
2299
01:06:05,729 --> 01:06:07,507
so... and buttress the skull,
2300
01:06:07,531 --> 01:06:09,009
and so this is narrowed.
2301
01:06:09,033 --> 01:06:10,610
This bone, now, is narrowed
2302
01:06:10,634 --> 01:06:11,112
down.
2303
01:06:11,136 --> 01:06:12,945
And so we have smaller brains as
2304
01:06:12,969 --> 01:06:14,480
a result of eating grains.
2305
01:06:14,504 --> 01:06:16,282
We have more scrunched up noses
2306
01:06:16,306 --> 01:06:17,483
we can't breathe through.
2307
01:06:17,507 --> 01:06:18,818
And we have a jaw that can't
2308
01:06:18,842 --> 01:06:20,286
hold a full complement of teeth,
2309
01:06:20,310 --> 01:06:21,787
and so we get overlapping teeth,
2310
01:06:21,811 --> 01:06:23,023
or we have no room for our
2311
01:06:23,047 --> 01:06:24,457
wisdom teeth, and that's common
2312
01:06:24,481 --> 01:06:25,858
to all civilized groups on the
2313
01:06:25,882 --> 01:06:28,594
planet because they eat grains
2314
01:06:28,618 --> 01:06:29,962
and that happened when that
2315
01:06:29,986 --> 01:06:31,231
began, and it follows the
2316
01:06:31,255 --> 01:06:32,732
introduction of grains into the
2317
01:06:32,756 --> 01:06:33,167
diet.
2318
01:06:33,191 --> 01:06:35,135
They bring in gluten, they bring
2319
01:06:35,159 --> 01:06:36,969
in yeast, they cause a chronic
2320
01:06:36,993 --> 01:06:38,838
inflammatory state of the gut.
2321
01:06:38,862 --> 01:06:43,409
And as a big initiator of almost
2322
01:06:43,433 --> 01:06:45,078
all our chronic inflammatory
2323
01:06:45,102 --> 01:06:46,979
diseases... autoimmune diseases,
2324
01:06:47,003 --> 01:06:48,014
rheumatoid arthritis...
2325
01:06:48,038 --> 01:06:49,049
Virtually absent in the
2326
01:06:49,073 --> 01:06:50,450
archaeologic record prior to the
2327
01:06:50,474 --> 01:06:51,751
institution of grains into the
2328
01:06:51,775 --> 01:06:52,119
diet.
2329
01:06:52,143 --> 01:06:54,254
I try to get patients to realize
2330
01:06:54,278 --> 01:06:56,456
what they need to do is to think
2331
01:06:56,480 --> 01:06:58,491
about protein as time-released
2332
01:06:58,515 --> 01:07:00,593
glucose, okay?
2333
01:07:00,617 --> 01:07:01,927
You think about protein, the
2334
01:07:01,951 --> 01:07:03,429
liver can take protein and turn
2335
01:07:03,453 --> 01:07:04,430
it into glucose in a
2336
01:07:04,454 --> 01:07:05,498
time-release fashion.
2337
01:07:05,522 --> 01:07:07,967
Work harder makes more, okay?
2338
01:07:07,991 --> 01:07:09,902
That's how we're truly designed.
2339
01:07:09,926 --> 01:07:11,304
How beautiful is that?
2340
01:07:11,328 --> 01:07:13,039
So you got steady energy all day
2341
01:07:13,063 --> 01:07:13,474
long.
2342
01:07:13,498 --> 01:07:14,874
But if you eat a bunch of
2343
01:07:14,898 --> 01:07:16,542
carbohydrates, then the Insulin
2344
01:07:16,566 --> 01:07:18,144
level goes up and Insulin goes
2345
01:07:18,168 --> 01:07:19,779
to the liver and shuts off the
2346
01:07:19,803 --> 01:07:21,214
conversion of protein into
2347
01:07:21,238 --> 01:07:21,815
glucose.
2348
01:07:21,839 --> 01:07:23,949
So now, if you had a steak for
2349
01:07:23,973 --> 01:07:26,086
breakfast, you can't get to it
2350
01:07:26,110 --> 01:07:27,620
for energy, you see?
2351
01:07:27,644 --> 01:07:29,689
And so your sugars are gonna
2352
01:07:29,713 --> 01:07:31,391
start crashing pretty soon.
2353
01:07:31,415 --> 01:07:32,858
And at that point, the only way
2354
01:07:32,882 --> 01:07:34,327
to get it back up is either to
2355
01:07:34,351 --> 01:07:35,828
rest a little bit... and you can
2356
01:07:35,852 --> 01:07:37,263
sort of stuff more protein in,
2357
01:07:37,287 --> 01:07:38,664
and then that'll bring it up,
2358
01:07:38,688 --> 01:07:39,999
but a lot of times, at that
2359
01:07:40,023 --> 01:07:41,767
point, they're craving carbs.
2360
01:07:41,791 --> 01:07:43,236
They want something quick, they
2361
01:07:43,260 --> 01:07:44,770
want it now, and they don't feel
2362
01:07:44,794 --> 01:07:45,172
good.
2363
01:07:45,196 --> 01:07:46,972
Each meal should start with a
2364
01:07:46,996 --> 01:07:48,508
major source of protein.
2365
01:07:48,532 --> 01:07:50,143
Surround that with all the
2366
01:07:50,167 --> 01:07:51,411
vegetables you want.
2367
01:07:51,435 --> 01:07:52,845
And then, in between meals, if
2368
01:07:52,869 --> 01:07:54,314
you want some fruits and nuts,
2369
01:07:54,338 --> 01:07:55,881
or maybe even with the meal you
2370
01:07:55,905 --> 01:07:56,949
can do that, as well.
2371
01:07:56,973 --> 01:07:58,551
Like, I like to throw nuts in a
2372
01:07:58,575 --> 01:07:59,552
big, green salad.
2373
01:07:59,576 --> 01:08:01,020
You know, sometimes fruit in
2374
01:08:01,044 --> 01:08:01,922
there, as well.
2375
01:08:01,946 --> 01:08:03,723
And if you need... those two
2376
01:08:03,747 --> 01:08:05,725
work... the fruits and nuts work
2377
01:08:05,749 --> 01:08:07,984
great for snacks.
2378
01:08:09,853 --> 01:08:11,063
Doctor, here we are at
2379
01:08:11,087 --> 01:08:12,565
brookshire brothers supermarket,
2380
01:08:12,589 --> 01:08:14,033
local supermarket here in town.
2381
01:08:14,057 --> 01:08:15,268
And most people shop in a
2382
01:08:15,292 --> 01:08:16,636
regular supermarket and, you
2383
01:08:16,660 --> 01:08:18,104
know, they want to really know
2384
01:08:18,128 --> 01:08:19,605
and understand what they should
2385
01:08:19,629 --> 01:08:21,107
buy and what they shouldn't buy
2386
01:08:21,131 --> 01:08:22,508
when they go shopping, so how
2387
01:08:22,532 --> 01:08:24,009
about we go inside and you show
2388
01:08:24,033 --> 01:08:25,569
US what to do?
2389
01:08:38,715 --> 01:08:40,260
The healthiest meat are the
2390
01:08:40,284 --> 01:08:41,361
larger cuts of meat.
2391
01:08:41,385 --> 01:08:42,995
You know, you want to get larger
2392
01:08:43,019 --> 01:08:44,864
cuts of meat.
2393
01:08:44,888 --> 01:08:47,633
And so, you know, here we've got
2394
01:08:47,657 --> 01:08:49,202
pork tenderloin.
2395
01:08:49,226 --> 01:08:51,271
Here's some more of my favorite,
2396
01:08:51,295 --> 01:08:52,772
here... sirloin steak.
2397
01:08:52,796 --> 01:08:54,274
Looking for... here we go.
2398
01:08:54,298 --> 01:08:55,209
Some rib eyes.
2399
01:08:55,233 --> 01:08:56,942
Let's get some distinctions,
2400
01:08:56,966 --> 01:08:58,110
here, 'cause a lot of people
2401
01:08:58,134 --> 01:08:59,412
that are on the run or whatnot,
2402
01:08:59,436 --> 01:09:00,680
they'll get frozen vegetables or
2403
01:09:00,704 --> 01:09:01,515
canned vegetables.
2404
01:09:01,539 --> 01:09:02,915
And they don't feel like they
2405
01:09:02,939 --> 01:09:03,949
have time for fresh.
2406
01:09:03,973 --> 01:09:05,050
Is it any good for US?
2407
01:09:05,074 --> 01:09:06,319
Well, between the frozen and
2408
01:09:06,343 --> 01:09:09,555
the canned, the frozen is much
2409
01:09:09,579 --> 01:09:10,324
better.
2410
01:09:10,348 --> 01:09:11,891
Much better for you.
2411
01:09:11,915 --> 01:09:13,926
It's not... they often add some
2412
01:09:13,950 --> 01:09:15,861
salt, but here's some collard
2413
01:09:15,885 --> 01:09:17,163
Greens, et cetera.
2414
01:09:17,187 --> 01:09:18,498
But these are frozen.
2415
01:09:18,522 --> 01:09:20,266
They're usually quick frozen,
2416
01:09:20,290 --> 01:09:22,168
and so maintain their freshness.
2417
01:09:22,192 --> 01:09:24,069
In some cases, the frozen can be
2418
01:09:24,093 --> 01:09:25,671
even better than old fresh
2419
01:09:25,695 --> 01:09:27,440
that's been laying around for
2420
01:09:27,464 --> 01:09:29,175
a while because this sort of,
2421
01:09:29,199 --> 01:09:31,043
for the most part, can stop any
2422
01:09:31,067 --> 01:09:34,204
sort of decline by freezing.
2423
01:09:36,306 --> 01:09:38,117
Romaine lettuce is much better
2424
01:09:38,141 --> 01:09:39,619
for you than the iceberg
2425
01:09:39,643 --> 01:09:40,287
lettuce.
2426
01:09:40,311 --> 01:09:42,087
There's a lot more in it.
2427
01:09:42,111 --> 01:09:43,223
Just a lot more nutritional
2428
01:09:43,247 --> 01:09:43,590
value?
2429
01:09:43,614 --> 01:09:45,791
A lot more nutritional value
2430
01:09:45,815 --> 01:09:46,460
in it.
2431
01:09:46,484 --> 01:09:47,693
The color tells you an awful
2432
01:09:47,717 --> 01:09:48,028
lot.
2433
01:09:48,052 --> 01:09:49,229
The more color it's got, the
2434
01:09:49,253 --> 01:09:50,197
better it is for you.
2435
01:09:50,221 --> 01:09:51,664
Unfortunately, sometimes you
2436
01:09:51,688 --> 01:09:53,032
have to be careful because
2437
01:09:53,056 --> 01:09:54,267
there's an awful lot of
2438
01:09:54,291 --> 01:09:55,668
pesticides used on red bell
2439
01:09:55,692 --> 01:09:57,203
peppers and strawberries and a
2440
01:09:57,227 --> 01:09:58,671
few things like that because
2441
01:09:58,695 --> 01:10:00,240
they have to do that if they're
2442
01:10:00,264 --> 01:10:01,407
not going to be grown
2443
01:10:01,431 --> 01:10:02,142
organically.
2444
01:10:02,166 --> 01:10:04,143
Here, we've got some beautiful
2445
01:10:04,167 --> 01:10:04,778
fruit.
2446
01:10:04,802 --> 01:10:06,446
Each one of these is gonna be
2447
01:10:06,470 --> 01:10:07,747
loaded with nutrients.
2448
01:10:07,771 --> 01:10:09,181
It's really hard to overdo this.
2449
01:10:09,205 --> 01:10:10,583
If you're diabetic, you need to
2450
01:10:10,607 --> 01:10:12,051
be careful and not have too much
2451
01:10:12,075 --> 01:10:12,486
fruit.
2452
01:10:12,510 --> 01:10:13,819
One of these a day.
2453
01:10:13,843 --> 01:10:15,555
There's still a lot of fruit
2454
01:10:15,579 --> 01:10:16,489
sugar in fruit.
2455
01:10:16,513 --> 01:10:17,324
There is.
2456
01:10:17,348 --> 01:10:18,325
Right. Fructose.
2457
01:10:18,349 --> 01:10:19,892
And fructose can do some bad
2458
01:10:19,916 --> 01:10:21,561
things to you in high amounts.
2459
01:10:21,585 --> 01:10:22,328
Right.
2460
01:10:22,352 --> 01:10:23,296
Especially if you're
2461
01:10:23,320 --> 01:10:23,797
diabetic.
2462
01:10:23,821 --> 01:10:25,931
Exercise UN-does that damage,
2463
01:10:25,955 --> 01:10:28,133
by the way, and that's another
2464
01:10:28,157 --> 01:10:29,902
lecture, but this is an
2465
01:10:29,926 --> 01:10:32,104
excellent source of especially
2466
01:10:32,128 --> 01:10:33,873
energy through the day.
2467
01:10:33,897 --> 01:10:35,040
You know, eat half an apple
2468
01:10:35,064 --> 01:10:35,875
in between a meal.
2469
01:10:35,899 --> 01:10:36,477
It's great.
2470
01:10:36,501 --> 01:10:37,743
Then eat the other half later.
2471
01:10:37,767 --> 01:10:38,412
Or an orange.
2472
01:10:38,436 --> 01:10:39,512
It doesn't really matter.
2473
01:10:39,536 --> 01:10:40,746
You should eat the orange and
2474
01:10:40,770 --> 01:10:41,682
not the orange juice.
2475
01:10:41,706 --> 01:10:43,048
Orange juice can be way too much
2476
01:10:43,072 --> 01:10:44,708
sugar.
2477
01:10:45,709 --> 01:10:47,487
People hear, a lot of times,
2478
01:10:47,511 --> 01:10:48,854
whole grain oatmeal.
2479
01:10:48,878 --> 01:10:50,623
Whole grains have problems,
2480
01:10:50,647 --> 01:10:52,525
nutritional problems, that the
2481
01:10:52,549 --> 01:10:54,327
refined grains don't, so you
2482
01:10:54,351 --> 01:10:55,828
can't win either way.
2483
01:10:55,852 --> 01:10:57,330
They have their own set
2484
01:10:57,354 --> 01:10:58,031
of problems?
2485
01:10:58,055 --> 01:10:59,565
The whole grain thing that's
2486
01:10:59,589 --> 01:11:00,900
coming up now, actually...
2487
01:11:00,924 --> 01:11:01,924
it's a gimmick.
2488
01:11:02,359 --> 01:11:03,569
It's a gimmick, okay?
2489
01:11:03,593 --> 01:11:05,104
It's their touting whole grain,
2490
01:11:05,128 --> 01:11:06,238
it sounds kind of like
2491
01:11:06,262 --> 01:11:06,972
"wholesome."
2492
01:11:06,996 --> 01:11:07,808
It does.
2493
01:11:07,832 --> 01:11:09,409
They have hearts on there,
2494
01:11:09,433 --> 01:11:09,976
right?
2495
01:11:10,000 --> 01:11:11,511
"Healthy for your heart."
2496
01:11:11,535 --> 01:11:14,013
That's what we're led to
2497
01:11:14,037 --> 01:11:15,014
believe.
2498
01:11:15,038 --> 01:11:16,482
But it's marketing.
2499
01:11:16,506 --> 01:11:17,583
And so what are the new
2500
01:11:17,607 --> 01:11:18,784
problems you get if you have a
2501
01:11:18,808 --> 01:11:19,386
whole grain?
2502
01:11:19,410 --> 01:11:20,920
Well, again, it holds a lot
2503
01:11:20,944 --> 01:11:22,288
of the minerals in the gut.
2504
01:11:22,312 --> 01:11:23,523
You can't absorb those.
2505
01:11:23,547 --> 01:11:25,190
It blocks the absorption of a
2506
01:11:25,214 --> 01:11:27,026
lot of the nutrients we need, so
2507
01:11:27,050 --> 01:11:28,394
it actually raises your
2508
01:11:28,418 --> 01:11:31,464
appetite... and increases your
2509
01:11:31,488 --> 01:11:32,532
need for a good multiple
2510
01:11:32,556 --> 01:11:33,766
vitamin that you should take
2511
01:11:33,790 --> 01:11:35,100
separate from the whole grains.
2512
01:11:35,124 --> 01:11:36,469
You take a multiple vitamin with
2513
01:11:36,493 --> 01:11:37,837
minerals, and you've got a bunch
2514
01:11:37,861 --> 01:11:39,071
of grains that go with that,
2515
01:11:39,095 --> 01:11:40,630
you're not gonna get any of it.
2516
01:11:42,031 --> 01:11:43,876
So you were giving me that
2517
01:11:43,900 --> 01:11:45,678
top list of things to avoid,
2518
01:11:45,702 --> 01:11:47,246
and that included bread.
2519
01:11:47,270 --> 01:11:49,882
The staple of American life,
2520
01:11:49,906 --> 01:11:51,651
pretty much.
2521
01:11:51,675 --> 01:11:52,918
It's what... unfortunately,
2522
01:11:52,942 --> 01:11:53,919
it's not good for US.
2523
01:11:53,943 --> 01:11:54,555
Okay.
2524
01:11:54,579 --> 01:11:55,788
If we don't change some
2525
01:11:55,812 --> 01:11:57,156
things, we're not gonna fix this
2526
01:11:57,180 --> 01:11:57,658
problem.
2527
01:11:57,682 --> 01:12:01,961
So here's a white bread.
2528
01:12:01,985 --> 01:12:03,162
There's not much in here that's
2529
01:12:03,186 --> 01:12:03,997
good for you at all.
2530
01:12:04,021 --> 01:12:05,164
It blocks... again, it blocks
2531
01:12:05,188 --> 01:12:06,231
the absorption of nutrients, it
2532
01:12:06,255 --> 01:12:09,034
promotes osteoporosis,
2533
01:12:09,058 --> 01:12:10,570
et cetera.
2534
01:12:10,594 --> 01:12:12,738
It's sugar.
2535
01:12:12,762 --> 01:12:16,742
Two slices of French bread...
2536
01:12:16,766 --> 01:12:19,111
1/4 cup of sugar, and a medium
2537
01:12:19,135 --> 01:12:21,213
baked potato are virtually
2538
01:12:21,237 --> 01:12:22,247
identical.
2539
01:12:22,271 --> 01:12:22,949
Okay.
2540
01:12:22,973 --> 01:12:24,384
So, two pieces of French bread
2541
01:12:24,408 --> 01:12:25,651
are the same as 1/4 cup of
2542
01:12:25,675 --> 01:12:26,085
sugar.
2543
01:12:26,109 --> 01:12:26,720
Exactly.
2544
01:12:26,744 --> 01:12:28,120
Baked potato... same as 1/4
2545
01:12:28,144 --> 01:12:28,855
cup of sugar.
2546
01:12:28,879 --> 01:12:30,255
Some people, the sugar goes
2547
01:12:30,279 --> 01:12:31,757
up faster with the bread than it
2548
01:12:31,781 --> 01:12:33,225
does with the 1/4 cup of sugar.
2549
01:12:33,249 --> 01:12:33,926
Really?
2550
01:12:33,950 --> 01:12:34,495
Yes.
2551
01:12:34,519 --> 01:12:35,961
Now, that's interesting.
2552
01:12:35,985 --> 01:12:37,830
Not everyone, but some
2553
01:12:37,854 --> 01:12:38,599
people.
2554
01:12:38,623 --> 01:12:39,932
Here we've got...
2555
01:12:39,956 --> 01:12:40,901
oat nut.
2556
01:12:40,925 --> 01:12:42,034
Oatmeal bread.
2557
01:12:42,058 --> 01:12:42,703
Yeah.
2558
01:12:42,727 --> 01:12:44,537
This is supposed to be good for
2559
01:12:44,561 --> 01:12:45,638
US, but it's not.
2560
01:12:45,662 --> 01:12:47,673
This actually has problems that
2561
01:12:47,697 --> 01:12:49,174
this one doesn't have.
2562
01:12:49,198 --> 01:12:50,510
It actually holds more of the
2563
01:12:50,534 --> 01:12:51,944
minerals into the gut from being
2564
01:12:51,968 --> 01:12:53,212
absorbed than this one does.
2565
01:12:53,236 --> 01:12:55,214
Because it's got the whole
2566
01:12:55,238 --> 01:12:55,949
grain.
2567
01:12:55,973 --> 01:12:57,983
And that particular... those
2568
01:12:58,007 --> 01:12:59,985
molecules bind up a lot of our
2569
01:13:00,009 --> 01:13:01,487
minerals that we need.
2570
01:13:01,511 --> 01:13:02,855
So this whole new, once
2571
01:13:02,879 --> 01:13:04,289
again, this whole-grain push
2572
01:13:04,313 --> 01:13:05,691
that's going on now kind of
2573
01:13:05,715 --> 01:13:07,092
coming against the low carb
2574
01:13:07,116 --> 01:13:08,528
thing, you're saying this is
2575
01:13:08,552 --> 01:13:09,762
much healthier for you.
2576
01:13:09,786 --> 01:13:11,764
It's not... it's just not
2577
01:13:11,788 --> 01:13:12,699
accurate.
2578
01:13:12,723 --> 01:13:14,700
It's a marketing strategy, much
2579
01:13:14,724 --> 01:13:16,235
like selling US on soy.
2580
01:13:16,259 --> 01:13:17,369
Okay.
2581
01:13:17,393 --> 01:13:18,038
All right.
2582
01:13:18,062 --> 01:13:20,806
So there's really... not good
2583
01:13:20,830 --> 01:13:21,874
for you.
2584
01:13:21,898 --> 01:13:22,809
This is a "no."
2585
01:13:22,833 --> 01:13:24,376
This is big on the "no" list.
2586
01:13:24,400 --> 01:13:26,436
This is big on the "no" list.
2587
01:13:30,073 --> 01:13:31,083
Now, okay.
2588
01:13:31,107 --> 01:13:33,352
Here's a perfect example of
2589
01:13:33,376 --> 01:13:35,888
something that could be marketed
2590
01:13:35,912 --> 01:13:37,089
as fat free.
2591
01:13:37,113 --> 01:13:38,991
And fat free is supposed to be
2592
01:13:39,015 --> 01:13:39,960
good for you.
2593
01:13:39,984 --> 01:13:41,661
Fat free is supposed to be good
2594
01:13:41,685 --> 01:13:43,162
for US, but in fact... and
2595
01:13:43,186 --> 01:13:44,530
there's no fat in here.
2596
01:13:44,554 --> 01:13:45,631
So it's fat free, but there's
2597
01:13:45,655 --> 01:13:46,732
nothing worse for you on the
2598
01:13:46,756 --> 01:13:47,767
planet than to eat all this
2599
01:13:47,791 --> 01:13:48,134
sugar.
2600
01:13:48,158 --> 01:13:49,268
But it's got "better" right
2601
01:13:49,292 --> 01:13:50,292
on the front.
2602
01:13:51,795 --> 01:13:53,473
Right, but it's not.
2603
01:13:53,497 --> 01:13:54,840
So, it's fat free, and
2604
01:13:54,864 --> 01:13:56,509
there's nothing worse for you.
2605
01:13:56,533 --> 01:13:58,177
High-fructose corn syrup.
2606
01:13:58,201 --> 01:13:59,045
Okay.
2607
01:13:59,069 --> 01:14:00,312
This is what you're really
2608
01:14:00,336 --> 01:14:01,081
trying to avoid.
2609
01:14:01,105 --> 01:14:02,114
Clogs up your arteries.
2610
01:14:02,138 --> 01:14:03,182
That's the number-one
2611
01:14:03,206 --> 01:14:03,784
ingredient.
2612
01:14:03,808 --> 01:14:04,917
That's about all it is.
2613
01:14:04,941 --> 01:14:05,985
Okay.
2614
01:14:06,009 --> 01:14:08,220
After that is salt.
2615
01:14:08,244 --> 01:14:10,222
So there's nothing in there that
2616
01:14:10,246 --> 01:14:10,956
you want.
2617
01:14:10,980 --> 01:14:11,725
Right.
2618
01:14:11,749 --> 01:14:13,493
And that's true for probably
2619
01:14:13,517 --> 01:14:15,294
most of the syrups and those
2620
01:14:15,318 --> 01:14:16,428
kinds of things.
2621
01:14:16,452 --> 01:14:17,563
Then you've got the
2622
01:14:17,587 --> 01:14:19,131
sugar-free version, and then you
2623
01:14:19,155 --> 01:14:20,533
have to worry about, "what do
2624
01:14:20,557 --> 01:14:21,502
they put in here?"
2625
01:14:21,526 --> 01:14:22,802
It's probably not found in
2626
01:14:22,826 --> 01:14:23,303
nature.
2627
01:14:23,327 --> 01:14:24,504
It's probably something
2628
01:14:24,528 --> 01:14:25,871
completely manufactured, our
2629
01:14:25,895 --> 01:14:27,439
body knows nothing of what to do
2630
01:14:27,463 --> 01:14:28,774
with it, and often works as
2631
01:14:28,798 --> 01:14:30,510
neurotransmitters in the brain
2632
01:14:30,534 --> 01:14:32,044
that mess up our thinking,
2633
01:14:32,068 --> 01:14:33,546
cause fogging of thinking,
2634
01:14:33,570 --> 01:14:34,314
et cetera.
2635
01:14:34,338 --> 01:14:35,581
Even shown to produce
2636
01:14:35,605 --> 01:14:37,006
depression.
2637
01:14:39,876 --> 01:14:41,554
Here's something off the shelf.
2638
01:14:41,578 --> 01:14:42,578
Look at this.
2639
01:14:44,914 --> 01:14:45,792
My goodness.
2640
01:14:45,816 --> 01:14:47,192
It almost looks like candy,
2641
01:14:47,216 --> 01:14:48,628
like, at Halloween that you
2642
01:14:48,652 --> 01:14:50,262
would get with all the sugar.
2643
01:14:50,286 --> 01:14:52,131
That's exactly what it is.
2644
01:14:52,155 --> 01:14:53,866
It's just coated with thick
2645
01:14:53,890 --> 01:14:57,002
icing on these little mini
2646
01:14:57,026 --> 01:14:58,571
wheats.
2647
01:14:58,595 --> 01:14:59,772
And so the ingredients, there's
2648
01:14:59,796 --> 01:15:00,541
whole-grain wheat.
2649
01:15:00,565 --> 01:15:01,707
We've already talked about the
2650
01:15:01,731 --> 01:15:02,942
fact that how there's nothing in
2651
01:15:02,966 --> 01:15:03,976
wheat that's good for you,
2652
01:15:04,000 --> 01:15:04,377
really.
2653
01:15:04,401 --> 01:15:05,578
I mean, if you look at it, it's
2654
01:15:05,602 --> 01:15:06,746
kind of the scourge of health,
2655
01:15:06,770 --> 01:15:08,648
the beginning of the downfall of
2656
01:15:08,672 --> 01:15:09,449
our health.
2657
01:15:09,473 --> 01:15:10,883
Sugar is next, sorbitol,
2658
01:15:10,907 --> 01:15:12,752
gelatin reduced down, they throw
2659
01:15:12,776 --> 01:15:14,587
some minerals in here, which are
2660
01:15:14,611 --> 01:15:16,421
not gonna be absorbed because of
2661
01:15:16,445 --> 01:15:17,957
the grains hold that.
2662
01:15:17,981 --> 01:15:19,124
And it's whole grain, so it's
2663
01:15:19,148 --> 01:15:20,060
gonna hold it even more.
2664
01:15:20,084 --> 01:15:21,226
So this is... you're better off
2665
01:15:21,250 --> 01:15:22,261
not eating than eating this
2666
01:15:22,285 --> 01:15:23,129
unless you're dying of
2667
01:15:23,153 --> 01:15:24,196
starvation, you can't get any
2668
01:15:24,220 --> 01:15:24,998
sugar to the brain.
2669
01:15:25,022 --> 01:15:26,131
This will help you get sugar to
2670
01:15:26,155 --> 01:15:27,299
the brain, and that's all it'll
2671
01:15:27,323 --> 01:15:28,658
do for you.
2672
01:15:31,427 --> 01:15:32,471
Every once in a while, it
2673
01:15:32,495 --> 01:15:33,539
looks to me like maybe some
2674
01:15:33,563 --> 01:15:34,707
of the good stuff is hidden in
2675
01:15:34,731 --> 01:15:35,542
the middle of the...
2676
01:15:35,566 --> 01:15:36,609
This is about it.
2677
01:15:36,633 --> 01:15:37,376
Aisles.
2678
01:15:37,400 --> 01:15:38,211
This is it?
2679
01:15:38,235 --> 01:15:39,444
This is about it.
2680
01:15:39,468 --> 01:15:42,782
Here, you've got some walnuts.
2681
01:15:42,806 --> 01:15:44,116
Very good food.
2682
01:15:44,140 --> 01:15:45,751
Those look great.
2683
01:15:45,775 --> 01:15:47,953
Pecans, almonds... these,
2684
01:15:47,977 --> 01:15:49,354
they're hard to overdo.
2685
01:15:49,378 --> 01:15:50,656
So, this is a "yes."
2686
01:15:50,680 --> 01:15:51,757
This is a "yes."
2687
01:15:51,781 --> 01:15:52,925
This is a big "yes."
2688
01:15:52,949 --> 01:15:54,994
There's just so many things
2689
01:15:55,018 --> 01:15:57,262
here in the store that can do US
2690
01:15:57,286 --> 01:15:59,131
damage if we're not really
2691
01:15:59,155 --> 01:15:59,800
aware.
2692
01:15:59,824 --> 01:16:01,433
The answer is, in truth,
2693
01:16:01,457 --> 01:16:02,534
almost all of it.
2694
01:16:02,558 --> 01:16:03,569
Almost all of it.
2695
01:16:03,593 --> 01:16:05,237
If you go to the fruits and the
2696
01:16:05,261 --> 01:16:06,906
nuts and the vegetables and the
2697
01:16:06,930 --> 01:16:08,608
lean meats, chicken, then you're
2698
01:16:08,632 --> 01:16:09,075
good.
2699
01:16:09,099 --> 01:16:10,309
It's wonderful for you, you
2700
01:16:10,333 --> 01:16:10,711
know?
2701
01:16:10,735 --> 01:16:12,111
And people are over here at the
2702
01:16:12,135 --> 01:16:13,445
checkout in this little town.
2703
01:16:13,469 --> 01:16:14,680
They see me checking out, and
2704
01:16:14,704 --> 01:16:16,048
I'm pretty good about how I eat.
2705
01:16:16,072 --> 01:16:17,149
And they see and they just
2706
01:16:17,173 --> 01:16:18,483
think, "boy, I wish I was going
2707
01:16:18,507 --> 01:16:19,752
to your house for dinner," you
2708
01:16:19,776 --> 01:16:20,120
know?
2709
01:16:20,144 --> 01:16:21,286
But I've loaded up the steaks
2710
01:16:21,310 --> 01:16:22,521
and the roasts and all the fresh
2711
01:16:22,545 --> 01:16:23,789
Greens and salads, and it's much
2712
01:16:23,813 --> 01:16:24,357
more color.
2713
01:16:24,381 --> 01:16:25,490
And here comes somebody right
2714
01:16:25,514 --> 01:16:26,592
behind me with... you know,
2715
01:16:26,616 --> 01:16:27,727
they're kind of hiding their
2716
01:16:27,751 --> 01:16:28,928
stuff 'cause they know what I do
2717
01:16:28,952 --> 01:16:29,962
and how I think about it.
2718
01:16:29,986 --> 01:16:31,296
And I had a patient one time
2719
01:16:31,320 --> 01:16:32,632
that told me, she said, "you
2720
01:16:32,656 --> 01:16:33,933
know, Dr. Sebring, after
2721
01:16:33,957 --> 01:16:35,134
reading about this, and I
2722
01:16:35,158 --> 01:16:36,568
realize that nothing we bought
2723
01:16:36,592 --> 01:16:37,403
was good for US.
2724
01:16:37,427 --> 01:16:38,904
Nothing we ate was good for US."
2725
01:16:38,928 --> 01:16:40,039
I shop very differently now.
2726
01:16:40,063 --> 01:16:41,173
It's a lot quicker shopping.
2727
01:16:41,197 --> 01:16:42,042
I'm just in and out.
2728
01:16:42,066 --> 01:16:43,308
I grab these few things, and i'm
2729
01:16:43,332 --> 01:16:43,810
right out.
2730
01:16:43,834 --> 01:16:44,877
I don't have to peruse the
2731
01:16:44,901 --> 01:16:46,111
aisles in trying to figure out,
2732
01:16:46,135 --> 01:16:47,312
"is this good for me or that?"
2733
01:16:47,336 --> 01:16:48,714
I already know it's not.
2734
01:16:48,738 --> 01:16:50,082
When we started eating meats,
2735
01:16:50,106 --> 01:16:51,550
that allowed the brain to double
2736
01:16:51,574 --> 01:16:52,085
in size.
2737
01:16:52,109 --> 01:16:55,087
Over 25% of our energy is used
2738
01:16:55,111 --> 01:16:56,689
in the brain.
2739
01:16:56,713 --> 01:16:58,691
And I've seen studies as high as
2740
01:16:58,715 --> 01:17:00,559
70% depending on what factors
2741
01:17:00,583 --> 01:17:01,861
they're looking at.
2742
01:17:01,885 --> 01:17:04,797
So, we got this compact source
2743
01:17:04,821 --> 01:17:07,800
of food, which was animal with
2744
01:17:07,824 --> 01:17:10,870
the proteins and fats that very
2745
01:17:10,894 --> 01:17:12,938
nutrient dense, and that allowed
2746
01:17:12,962 --> 01:17:14,807
US, then, to double the brain
2747
01:17:14,831 --> 01:17:15,375
size.
2748
01:17:15,399 --> 01:17:17,142
So we don't want to forsake
2749
01:17:17,166 --> 01:17:17,678
that.
2750
01:17:17,702 --> 01:17:19,712
There's a reason why that worked
2751
01:17:19,736 --> 01:17:21,747
that way, and when we do, we get
2752
01:17:21,771 --> 01:17:22,748
into trouble.
2753
01:17:22,772 --> 01:17:24,850
And, you know, sometimes, I feel
2754
01:17:24,874 --> 01:17:26,952
like we're on the precipice here
2755
01:17:26,976 --> 01:17:28,353
of falling off.
2756
01:17:28,377 --> 01:17:30,255
I feel like maybe we've just
2757
01:17:30,279 --> 01:17:32,057
learned just enough in time
2758
01:17:32,081 --> 01:17:34,226
through cordain and Boyd eaton,
2759
01:17:34,250 --> 01:17:36,195
et cetera, that that's gonna
2760
01:17:36,219 --> 01:17:37,763
give US the knowledge.
2761
01:17:37,787 --> 01:17:39,264
We'll grab ourselves before we
2762
01:17:39,288 --> 01:17:40,565
fall off the precipice of
2763
01:17:40,589 --> 01:17:41,334
health, here.
2764
01:17:41,358 --> 01:17:42,902
We're just going, and it's going
2765
01:17:42,926 --> 01:17:44,203
fast, and nobody's paying
2766
01:17:44,227 --> 01:17:44,838
attention.
2767
01:17:44,862 --> 01:17:47,306
Everybody's got their individual
2768
01:17:47,330 --> 01:17:49,675
plan for themselves, basically,
2769
01:17:49,699 --> 01:17:51,944
to perpetuate their wealth or
2770
01:17:51,968 --> 01:17:53,212
what have you.
2771
01:17:53,236 --> 01:17:54,346
And instead of looking at the
2772
01:17:54,370 --> 01:17:55,281
big picture, they're not
2773
01:17:55,305 --> 01:17:56,581
thinking about their kids, their
2774
01:17:56,605 --> 01:17:57,050
grandkids.
2775
01:17:57,074 --> 01:17:58,250
I mean, nutritionists, a lot of
2776
01:17:58,274 --> 01:17:59,185
them are saying that the
2777
01:17:59,209 --> 01:18:00,186
children born today won't
2778
01:18:00,210 --> 01:18:01,286
outlive their parents 'cause
2779
01:18:01,310 --> 01:18:02,154
they've never had good
2780
01:18:02,178 --> 01:18:02,655
nutrition.
2781
01:18:02,679 --> 01:18:04,690
And I've got 11-year-old
2782
01:18:04,714 --> 01:18:07,259
type 2 diabetics in my practice.
2783
01:18:07,283 --> 01:18:08,928
Type 2 is dietary-induced
2784
01:18:08,952 --> 01:18:09,696
diabetics?
2785
01:18:09,720 --> 01:18:10,730
Dietary induced.
2786
01:18:10,754 --> 01:18:12,231
When I first graduated medical
2787
01:18:12,255 --> 01:18:13,598
school, I never saw anybody
2788
01:18:13,622 --> 01:18:15,134
under 55 with type 2 diabetes.
2789
01:18:15,158 --> 01:18:16,635
I've got children haven't even
2790
01:18:16,659 --> 01:18:18,771
hit puberty yet, and they've
2791
01:18:18,795 --> 01:18:20,372
got type 2 diabetes.
2792
01:18:20,396 --> 01:18:23,042
And so we've made a lot of
2793
01:18:23,066 --> 01:18:26,045
mistakes, here, and hopefully,
2794
01:18:26,069 --> 01:18:28,513
we can turn this around.
2795
01:18:28,537 --> 01:18:30,049
My 10-year global search for
2796
01:18:30,073 --> 01:18:31,550
the perfect human diet has been
2797
01:18:31,574 --> 01:18:32,918
an amazing and enlightening
2798
01:18:32,942 --> 01:18:34,219
treasure hunt, revealing a
2799
01:18:34,243 --> 01:18:35,454
wealth of ancestral and
2800
01:18:35,478 --> 01:18:37,089
traditional dietary insights, as
2801
01:18:37,113 --> 01:18:38,323
well as the most recent
2802
01:18:38,347 --> 01:18:39,859
anthropological understandings
2803
01:18:39,883 --> 01:18:41,093
of our species' dietary
2804
01:18:41,117 --> 01:18:42,527
evolution.
2805
01:18:42,551 --> 01:18:44,096
But what I find most fascinating
2806
01:18:44,120 --> 01:18:45,564
is the knowledge that has been
2807
01:18:45,588 --> 01:18:46,999
unlocked through technological
2808
01:18:47,023 --> 01:18:48,000
advancements in the
2809
01:18:48,024 --> 01:18:50,770
anthropological sciences, namely
2810
01:18:50,794 --> 01:18:52,938
hard, scientific proof of what
2811
01:18:52,962 --> 01:18:54,974
was previously unknowable...
2812
01:18:54,998 --> 01:18:56,809
What we actually ate to develop
2813
01:18:56,833 --> 01:18:58,610
the health, strength, and brain
2814
01:18:58,634 --> 01:19:00,245
power to become the dominant
2815
01:19:00,269 --> 01:19:02,214
species on the planet.
2816
01:19:02,238 --> 01:19:03,749
We can now clearly see that
2817
01:19:03,773 --> 01:19:04,984
whenever and wherever
2818
01:19:05,008 --> 01:19:06,585
domesticated grains and plant
2819
01:19:06,609 --> 01:19:08,320
foods became our species' major
2820
01:19:08,344 --> 01:19:09,922
source of protein, our health
2821
01:19:09,946 --> 01:19:12,024
declined, and that animal
2822
01:19:12,048 --> 01:19:13,658
proteins and fats are
2823
01:19:13,682 --> 01:19:15,660
irreplaceable in an optimal
2824
01:19:15,684 --> 01:19:16,661
human diet.
2825
01:19:16,685 --> 01:19:18,430
This knowledge is a game
2826
01:19:18,454 --> 01:19:19,232
changer.
2827
01:19:19,256 --> 01:19:20,565
Clearly, the prevailing media
2828
01:19:20,589 --> 01:19:21,901
and government message is that
2829
01:19:21,925 --> 01:19:23,168
meat and animal protein are
2830
01:19:23,192 --> 01:19:24,469
inherently unhealthy, and we
2831
01:19:24,493 --> 01:19:25,537
should be eating less.
2832
01:19:25,561 --> 01:19:26,972
But I hope that what we've
2833
01:19:26,996 --> 01:19:28,373
learned on our search will
2834
01:19:28,397 --> 01:19:29,975
elevate and inspire the public
2835
01:19:29,999 --> 01:19:31,443
conversation to include the
2836
01:19:31,467 --> 01:19:33,078
fullest range of what is now
2837
01:19:33,102 --> 01:19:34,880
known about the authentic human
2838
01:19:34,904 --> 01:19:36,715
diet and that it will eventually
2839
01:19:36,739 --> 01:19:38,483
be enthusiastically embraced by
2840
01:19:38,507 --> 01:19:40,185
our government officials when
2841
01:19:40,209 --> 01:19:42,011
forming public policy.
2842
01:19:42,711 --> 01:19:44,289
Do I think we can find our
2843
01:19:44,313 --> 01:19:46,058
way out of the obesity epidemic?
2844
01:19:46,082 --> 01:19:47,526
I mean, the techniques are
2845
01:19:47,550 --> 01:19:48,994
there to get US out of it.
2846
01:19:49,018 --> 01:19:50,662
Whether people choose to adopt
2847
01:19:50,686 --> 01:19:52,397
those techniques and methods is
2848
01:19:52,421 --> 01:19:53,432
another question.
2849
01:19:53,456 --> 01:19:55,034
If they do, unquestionably we
2850
01:19:55,058 --> 01:19:56,101
can get out of it.
2851
01:19:56,125 --> 01:19:57,569
It's easy to get out of it.
2852
01:19:57,593 --> 01:19:59,171
What's the definition of a
2853
01:19:59,195 --> 01:19:59,572
fad?
2854
01:19:59,596 --> 01:20:01,306
Generally, a fad is a short-term
2855
01:20:01,330 --> 01:20:02,808
thing that a whole bunch of
2856
01:20:02,832 --> 01:20:04,543
people are... to use a word that
2857
01:20:04,567 --> 01:20:06,211
didn't use to exist... glomming
2858
01:20:06,235 --> 01:20:07,913
on to because somebody has just
2859
01:20:07,937 --> 01:20:09,581
decided to publicize it or make
2860
01:20:09,605 --> 01:20:10,883
it famous.
2861
01:20:10,907 --> 01:20:12,117
And, so let's see.
2862
01:20:12,141 --> 01:20:13,953
Could a fad diet be something
2863
01:20:13,977 --> 01:20:15,855
that our ancestors were eating
2864
01:20:15,879 --> 01:20:17,356
for thousands of years?
2865
01:20:17,380 --> 01:20:18,958
I don't think that fits into the
2866
01:20:18,982 --> 01:20:19,659
word "fad."
2867
01:20:19,683 --> 01:20:22,161
I didn't invent this diet.
2868
01:20:22,185 --> 01:20:24,163
All we did is we uncovered what
2869
01:20:24,187 --> 01:20:25,464
was already there.
2870
01:20:25,488 --> 01:20:27,399
We uncovered the diet that all
2871
01:20:27,423 --> 01:20:29,401
human beings ate on this planet
2872
01:20:29,425 --> 01:20:30,936
until 10,000 years ago.
2873
01:20:30,960 --> 01:20:32,704
So we did detective work in
2874
01:20:32,728 --> 01:20:34,673
finding out what that diet is,
2875
01:20:34,697 --> 01:20:36,741
but don't attribute this diet to
2876
01:20:36,765 --> 01:20:37,177
me.
2877
01:20:37,201 --> 01:20:38,878
There will be other scientists
2878
01:20:38,902 --> 01:20:40,545
that will come along, but the
2879
01:20:40,569 --> 01:20:42,181
fundamental tenet of the diet
2880
01:20:42,205 --> 01:20:43,815
will not ever be shown to be
2881
01:20:43,839 --> 01:20:45,450
wrong because it's based upon
2882
01:20:45,474 --> 01:20:47,152
our genes, and it's based upon
2883
01:20:47,176 --> 01:20:48,620
evolution through natural
2884
01:20:48,644 --> 01:20:49,355
selection.
2885
01:20:49,379 --> 01:20:50,956
I think you have to go back
2886
01:20:50,980 --> 01:20:52,357
to what we are being most
2887
01:20:52,381 --> 01:20:54,026
successfully adapted to to this
2888
01:20:54,050 --> 01:20:54,527
point.
2889
01:20:54,551 --> 01:20:55,961
So I think the process... I
2890
01:20:55,985 --> 01:20:57,496
mean, the refined sugars, we've
2891
01:20:57,520 --> 01:20:58,730
got to get rid of those.
2892
01:20:58,754 --> 01:20:59,831
I think you have to have more
2893
01:20:59,855 --> 01:21:00,933
exercise that has to be built
2894
01:21:00,957 --> 01:21:01,634
in.
2895
01:21:01,658 --> 01:21:03,068
I mean, our paleolithic humans
2896
01:21:03,092 --> 01:21:04,536
were moving around all the time.
2897
01:21:04,560 --> 01:21:05,837
They had a lot of exercise.
2898
01:21:05,861 --> 01:21:07,272
I think meat eating is
2899
01:21:07,296 --> 01:21:09,141
important, and processing food
2900
01:21:09,165 --> 01:21:11,076
like cooking meat and all those
2901
01:21:11,100 --> 01:21:12,777
kind of things... it's what
2902
01:21:12,801 --> 01:21:14,646
separates US as a primate from
2903
01:21:14,670 --> 01:21:15,847
the other primates, I think.
2904
01:21:15,871 --> 01:21:18,317
We have the same biology that
2905
01:21:18,341 --> 01:21:20,452
our ancestors did, and that
2906
01:21:20,476 --> 01:21:22,754
biology is oriented toward the
2907
01:21:22,778 --> 01:21:25,090
lifestyle, including the diet,
2908
01:21:25,114 --> 01:21:26,959
that they enjoyed at that time.
2909
01:21:26,983 --> 01:21:28,027
Very often, the word
2910
01:21:28,051 --> 01:21:29,061
"convenience" comes up.
2911
01:21:29,085 --> 01:21:30,329
You know, "well, this is not
2912
01:21:30,353 --> 01:21:30,931
convenient.
2913
01:21:30,955 --> 01:21:31,964
That's not convenient."
2914
01:21:31,988 --> 01:21:33,332
And I've said over and over and
2915
01:21:33,356 --> 01:21:35,167
over again, "health is not
2916
01:21:35,191 --> 01:21:37,336
convenient, but it's not half as
2917
01:21:37,360 --> 01:21:39,471
inconvenient as a fatal illness.
2918
01:21:39,495 --> 01:21:42,074
Which would you like to choose?"
2919
01:21:42,098 --> 01:21:43,608
I know that for me, once I
2920
01:21:43,632 --> 01:21:45,310
understood the full story of our
2921
01:21:45,334 --> 01:21:46,979
dietary evolution, it made sense
2922
01:21:47,003 --> 01:21:48,480
to embrace the perfect human
2923
01:21:48,504 --> 01:21:50,115
diet's optimal method of eating
2924
01:21:50,139 --> 01:21:51,783
in order to live a full, healthy
2925
01:21:51,807 --> 01:21:53,452
and happy life, especially given
2926
01:21:53,476 --> 01:21:54,553
my heart condition.
2927
01:21:54,577 --> 01:21:56,121
I've been eating this way for
2928
01:21:56,145 --> 01:21:57,622
more than five years now, and
2929
01:21:57,646 --> 01:21:59,024
much to the amazement of my
2930
01:21:59,048 --> 01:22:00,525
doctors, my bloodwork clearly
2931
01:22:00,549 --> 01:22:02,094
illustrates that was absolutely
2932
01:22:02,118 --> 01:22:03,695
the right decision.
2933
01:22:03,719 --> 01:22:05,364
But what gives me the most hope
2934
01:22:05,388 --> 01:22:06,966
that we can solve our epidemic
2935
01:22:06,990 --> 01:22:08,600
of obesity and chronic disease
2936
01:22:08,624 --> 01:22:10,135
is that there is both a new
2937
01:22:10,159 --> 01:22:11,670
ground swell of interest in
2938
01:22:11,694 --> 01:22:13,105
ancestral health and more
2939
01:22:13,129 --> 01:22:14,573
practicing physicians like
2940
01:22:14,597 --> 01:22:15,740
Dr. Lane sebring are
2941
01:22:15,764 --> 01:22:17,142
successfully using these
2942
01:22:17,166 --> 01:22:18,443
evolutionary nutrition
2943
01:22:18,467 --> 01:22:19,878
principles with patients,
2944
01:22:19,902 --> 01:22:21,646
proving daily that eating a
2945
01:22:21,670 --> 01:22:23,448
perfect, human diet of human
2946
01:22:23,472 --> 01:22:25,417
foods and eliminating non-human
2947
01:22:25,441 --> 01:22:28,153
foods makes sense, ends patient
2948
01:22:28,177 --> 01:22:30,455
confusion, and most importantly,
2949
01:22:30,479 --> 01:22:32,057
is both practical and
2950
01:22:32,081 --> 01:22:33,125
sustainable.
2951
01:22:33,149 --> 01:22:34,359
Thankfully, we don't have to
2952
01:22:34,383 --> 01:22:35,694
wait for the government or the
2953
01:22:35,718 --> 01:22:37,096
media to expand their scientific
2954
01:22:37,120 --> 01:22:38,463
understanding to take advantage
2955
01:22:38,487 --> 01:22:40,065
of these crucial discoveries.
2956
01:22:40,089 --> 01:22:41,733
This is a method of eating any
2957
01:22:41,757 --> 01:22:43,368
of US can adopt beginning with
2958
01:22:43,392 --> 01:22:45,004
our next meal.
2959
01:22:45,028 --> 01:22:46,638
As David getoff pointed out
2960
01:22:46,662 --> 01:22:48,273
earlier, there are those who
2961
01:22:48,297 --> 01:22:49,841
will cry that this is just
2962
01:22:49,865 --> 01:22:51,476
another fad diet, a passing
2963
01:22:51,500 --> 01:22:53,345
obsession that will be forgotten
2964
01:22:53,369 --> 01:22:54,679
in a few short years.
2965
01:22:54,703 --> 01:22:56,348
But when I asked loren cordain's
2966
01:22:56,372 --> 01:22:57,849
colleague Dr. Boyd eaton about
2967
01:22:57,873 --> 01:22:59,351
that misconception, I think he
2968
01:22:59,375 --> 01:23:01,453
summed it up perfectly.
2969
01:23:01,477 --> 01:23:03,155
"If this is a fad diet, then
2970
01:23:03,179 --> 01:23:04,823
it's a two-million-year-old
2971
01:23:04,847 --> 01:23:06,482
fad."
195669
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