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1
00:00:05,872 --> 00:00:07,574
Just another hazy day.
2
00:00:07,574 --> 00:00:10,110
Watch it.
3
00:00:10,110 --> 00:00:12,278
NARRATOR: A high speed
collision over the California
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00:00:12,278 --> 00:00:15,615
desert tears two planes apart.
5
00:00:15,615 --> 00:00:19,452
What the hell were
those guys doing up there?
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00:00:19,452 --> 00:00:21,254
Doc, we're going down.
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00:00:21,254 --> 00:00:24,557
NARRATOR: Seven years
later, a 727 and a Cessna
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00:00:24,557 --> 00:00:26,726
crash into a San Diego suburb.
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How did this happen again?
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00:00:29,429 --> 00:00:30,630
[non-english]
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NARRATOR: When two passenger
jets collide in India,
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00:00:34,334 --> 00:00:37,303
it's the world's deadliest
midair collision.
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00:00:37,303 --> 00:00:39,506
Two fires on the
ground, confirm?
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00:00:39,506 --> 00:00:42,175
NARRATOR: With thousands of
flights in the air every day,
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00:00:42,175 --> 00:00:45,712
investigators need to find
out where the system failed
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00:00:45,712 --> 00:00:47,814
before another disaster occurs.
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Forget the red tape.
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This is in the
interest of aviation
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safety and saving people.
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WOMAN 1: Ladies and gentlemen,
we are starting our approach.
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PILOT: We lost both engines.
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MAN 1: Mayday, mayday.
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WOMAN 2: Brace for impact!
24
00:01:05,565 --> 00:01:06,499
MAN 2: It's going to crash.
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NARRATOR: Los Angeles
International Airport.
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Hughes Airways flight
706 prepares for takeoff.
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There are 44
passengers on board.
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The flight is traveling
from Los Angeles to Seattle
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with several intermediate stops.
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Welcome aboard, folks.
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We'll be getting
underway any minute now.
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NARRATOR: Former Air Force
pilot captain Theodore
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Nicolay is in command today.
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He has amassed more than
15,000 flight hours.
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AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL:
Air West 706 Red cleared
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for takeoff, runway 24 left.
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Climb via heading 250.
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Roger, 24 left,
climb heading 250.
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NARRATOR: First
officer Price Bruner
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has even more hours in the
air than Captain Nicolay.
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Weather's there's looking
clearer all the way to Seattle.
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Throttles are all yours.
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PRICE BRUNNER: 80 knots.
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NARRATOR: At 6:02 PM, the
DC-9 lifts off from LAX.
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AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL:
Turn right heading 060.
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00:02:32,552 --> 00:02:36,489
AirWest 706 Red right 060.
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NARRATOR: The heading takes
the plane west over the Pacific
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Ocean before turning northeast
towards its first stop,
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Salt Lake City.
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00:02:45,732 --> 00:02:47,934
4 minutes after
takeoff, first officer
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Bruner contacts a different
control center north of LA.
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Los Angeles
center, good evening.
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AirWest 706 red,
turn left, heading
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00:02:57,777 --> 00:03:00,713
040 until receiving Daggett.
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NARRATOR: The controller's guide
the DC-9 out of Los Angeles.
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In addition to AirWest,
the radar controller
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00:03:08,454 --> 00:03:10,757
may have been talking to
five or six other jets
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00:03:10,757 --> 00:03:13,593
climbing out towards the
northeast in addition
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to a small number of criss
crossers back and forth
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through the airspace.
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NARRATOR: Suddenly,
an emergency alarm
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warns the controllers that
a plane in their airspace
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may be in trouble.
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ROGER ANDERSON: At this
point, we look back.
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Where AirWest 706 is,
the target's missing.
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The radar controller
said something like--
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Hughes AirWest 706,
reset your transponder.
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Radar contact lost.
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There's no answer.
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AirWest 706--
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Radio check, how
do you hear me?
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No answer.
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This is getting bad.
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Now we've lost the target.
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00:03:55,902 --> 00:04:00,406
And we've got no communications
with the aircraft.
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00:04:00,406 --> 00:04:03,743
[screaming]
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00:04:08,681 --> 00:04:11,884
NARRATOR: Moments later, the
crew of a nearby military plane
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calls in devastating news.
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Center, we've just
seen an explosion
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00:04:16,723 --> 00:04:18,057
on the side of a mountain.
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00:04:18,057 --> 00:04:21,027
NARRATOR: The DC-9
with 49 people on board
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has slammed into the
California hills.
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00:04:23,730 --> 00:04:26,566
Did AirWest just explode?
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It had crashed for some reason.
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And we had no idea whatsoever.
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00:04:34,774 --> 00:04:36,576
NARRATOR: The National
Transportation
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Safety Board assigns one of its
top investigators to the case.
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Yeah, got it.
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00:04:41,447 --> 00:04:42,849
NARRATOR: Second World
War Navy pilot Dick Baker.
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San Gabriel Mountains.
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00:04:51,524 --> 00:04:53,960
NARRATOR: The crash site is
in a remote area of the San
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00:04:53,960 --> 00:04:56,496
Gabriel Mountains, a
few miles from the town
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of Duarte, California.
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In the hours after the
crash, witnesses come forward
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insisting they saw a mid-air
collision between the DC-9
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and a fighter jet.
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00:05:14,414 --> 00:05:16,416
Investigators are stunned.
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00:05:16,416 --> 00:05:19,018
How did a fighter jet
and a passenger plane
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00:05:19,018 --> 00:05:20,953
end up on a collision course?
100
00:05:20,953 --> 00:05:22,422
OK, thank you.
101
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Bye bye.
102
00:05:24,123 --> 00:05:26,659
NARRATOR: A call from a
nearby Marine Corps base
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provides a key detail.
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00:05:28,995 --> 00:05:30,863
El Toro is missing a jet.
105
00:05:35,568 --> 00:05:38,604
NARRATOR: An F-4 Phantom hasn't
made it back to nearby El
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00:05:38,604 --> 00:05:41,941
Toro Marine Corps Air Base.
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00:05:41,941 --> 00:05:43,710
It's the military's
most advanced
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fighter, capable of
outmaneuvering almost
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00:05:45,978 --> 00:05:47,447
everything else in the sky.
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00:05:50,049 --> 00:05:53,019
In the '70s, there was lots
of military training going
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00:05:53,019 --> 00:05:55,922
on in Southern California
because there were
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clear skies and lots
of desert out there
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00:05:58,658 --> 00:05:59,726
that they could train over.
114
00:06:05,031 --> 00:06:08,201
NARRATOR: Investigators learned
the identities of the F-4's two
115
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crewmen, marine pilot
James Richard Phillips
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00:06:12,138 --> 00:06:14,874
and radar intercept officer
Christopher Schiess.
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00:06:17,643 --> 00:06:19,479
Watch it.
118
00:06:19,479 --> 00:06:21,514
NARRATOR: Remarkably,
after the impact,
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Lieutenant Schiess was able to
eject from the doomed fighter.
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00:06:27,720 --> 00:06:28,988
Dick Baker.
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00:06:28,988 --> 00:06:30,790
NARRATOR: The Marines
send their own man
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00:06:30,790 --> 00:06:35,862
to help with the investigation,
Lieutenant Colonel Jack Zeich.
123
00:06:35,862 --> 00:06:38,231
Investigators hunt
for clues as to how
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00:06:38,231 --> 00:06:40,166
these two planes collided.
125
00:06:40,166 --> 00:06:42,869
But recovering the wreckage
from the remote crash site
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00:06:42,869 --> 00:06:44,570
will take time.
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00:06:44,570 --> 00:06:46,072
REPORTER: The first
rescue workers had to hike
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00:06:46,072 --> 00:06:48,207
six miles to get to the scene.
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00:06:48,207 --> 00:06:50,843
They reported only the
tail section intact,
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00:06:50,843 --> 00:06:51,978
no signs of life.
131
00:06:55,114 --> 00:06:57,683
NARRATOR: A day after
the crash, investigators
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00:06:57,683 --> 00:07:01,587
get a chance to talk to the
accident's sole survivor.
133
00:07:01,587 --> 00:07:07,193
The DC-9 hit us like
this, his nose to our tail.
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00:07:07,193 --> 00:07:09,495
Hold on, back up a bit.
135
00:07:09,495 --> 00:07:12,999
Tell me exactly what happened.
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00:07:12,999 --> 00:07:15,668
NARRATOR: Lieutenant Schiess
claims that his aircraft was
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00:07:15,668 --> 00:07:18,638
not at fault. On the
day of the crash,
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00:07:18,638 --> 00:07:21,507
Schiess was flying in
the rear seat of the F-4.
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00:07:21,507 --> 00:07:25,077
Copy Rick, climbing 15,000.
140
00:07:25,077 --> 00:07:27,113
NARRATOR: 27-Year
old Lieutenant Rick
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00:07:27,113 --> 00:07:29,782
Phillips is in the forward
seat, flying the jet.
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00:07:32,218 --> 00:07:35,922
They're on their way back to
home base, El Toro, California.
143
00:07:39,091 --> 00:07:45,131
Climb to 15,000 feet here.
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00:07:45,131 --> 00:07:48,100
NARRATOR: Schiess uses his
radar to scan the ground below.
145
00:07:50,970 --> 00:07:53,239
He would have his head down
in the radar scope, doing ground
146
00:07:53,239 --> 00:07:55,041
mapping.
147
00:07:55,041 --> 00:07:56,976
And then the front seater would
be primarily visual because he
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00:07:56,976 --> 00:07:59,946
knew that he lost that
extra set of eyes that
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00:07:59,946 --> 00:08:02,081
was down in the radar,
instead of looking
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00:08:02,081 --> 00:08:03,482
out for other aircraft.
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00:08:07,119 --> 00:08:08,688
Watch it, Rick!
152
00:08:08,688 --> 00:08:10,723
That's when I
first saw the DC-9.
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00:08:10,723 --> 00:08:14,660
Came out of nowhere
and slammed into us.
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00:08:14,660 --> 00:08:16,863
NARRATOR: 5 seconds
later, Schiess ejects.
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00:08:20,299 --> 00:08:21,934
I got out.
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00:08:21,934 --> 00:08:22,935
But Rick didn't.
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00:08:28,274 --> 00:08:31,177
NARRATOR: The F-4 was not
equipped with a black box that
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00:08:31,177 --> 00:08:33,079
can confirm Schiess's story.
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00:08:33,079 --> 00:08:35,314
And the high speed
impact obliterated
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the jet, leaving no clues.
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00:08:38,985 --> 00:08:42,755
Luckily, the team recovers some
of the wreckage of the DC-9,
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00:08:42,755 --> 00:08:44,624
including the black boxes.
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00:08:44,624 --> 00:08:48,294
But they're badly damaged
and offer little help.
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00:08:48,294 --> 00:08:50,696
Hughes AirWest
engineer Dave Knutsen
165
00:08:50,696 --> 00:08:53,032
is brought in to see if
the wreckage supports
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00:08:53,032 --> 00:08:56,102
the young lieutenant's story.
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00:08:56,102 --> 00:08:59,071
By reconstructing
the DC-9 Knutsen
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00:08:59,071 --> 00:09:03,776
might be able to explain
the angle of impact.
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00:09:03,776 --> 00:09:07,380
Climbing through 15,000 feet.
170
00:09:07,380 --> 00:09:10,983
Just another hazy day.
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00:09:10,983 --> 00:09:13,319
[explosion]
172
00:09:14,654 --> 00:09:15,955
NARRATOR: 10 days
after the crash,
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searchers find the
nose of the DC-9.
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00:09:19,292 --> 00:09:23,262
It's a critical piece
for the reconstruction.
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00:09:23,262 --> 00:09:26,332
It reveals a large gash,
slicing to the cockpit.
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00:09:29,135 --> 00:09:31,203
It looks like the stabilizer
cut the plane in two.
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So if they hit like this--
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The F-4 had actually
penetrated the DC-9 on the left
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00:09:42,782 --> 00:09:45,685
side a few feet from the nose.
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00:09:45,685 --> 00:09:50,156
So frankly, the F-4 hit the
DC-9 rather than the DC-9
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00:09:50,156 --> 00:09:51,057
hitting the F-4.
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Watch it, Rick!
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Cut off the nose
of the airplane.
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00:10:03,202 --> 00:10:06,038
And that took away all the
controls in the airplane.
185
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And some of the
observers on the ground
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00:10:08,040 --> 00:10:11,010
said it was like a falling
leaf till they hit the ground.
187
00:10:17,049 --> 00:10:18,818
NARRATOR: Investigators
know that Schiess
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was wrong about who hit whom.
189
00:10:21,153 --> 00:10:23,723
But why couldn't the
pilots see each other
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and avoid a deadly collision?
191
00:10:29,045 --> 00:10:32,415
to explain how a DC-9
and an F-4 fighter
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collided over California.
193
00:10:34,751 --> 00:10:37,153
They wonder how fast the
planes were traveling
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at the moment of impact.
195
00:10:39,422 --> 00:10:46,329
The F-4 is coming in at
420 knots from the north,
196
00:10:46,329 --> 00:10:47,163
slightly east.
197
00:10:49,832 --> 00:10:59,308
The DC-9 is coming in at 320
knots from the southwest.
198
00:11:02,044 --> 00:11:03,246
What's the rate of closure?
199
00:11:03,246 --> 00:11:06,149
I was able to
calculate the closing
200
00:11:06,149 --> 00:11:12,722
speed of these two planes was
roughly 1,000 feet per second.
201
00:11:12,722 --> 00:11:14,724
NARRATOR: In the seconds
before the crash,
202
00:11:14,724 --> 00:11:17,727
Lieutenant Schiess likely
had his head down, checking
203
00:11:17,727 --> 00:11:19,462
the ground below his radar.
204
00:11:19,462 --> 00:11:22,765
Pilot Philips is likely
scanning the instruments.
205
00:11:22,765 --> 00:11:26,235
At 15 seconds, the F-4 is 1/10
of an inch big in the window,
206
00:11:26,235 --> 00:11:27,804
tiny.
207
00:11:27,804 --> 00:11:31,207
10 seconds, 3 tenths
of an inch, still tiny.
208
00:11:31,207 --> 00:11:33,442
But maybe now he can see it.
209
00:11:33,442 --> 00:11:39,215
5 seconds, the entire
window is filled.
210
00:11:39,215 --> 00:11:43,119
The probability of
these two aircraft,
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00:11:43,119 --> 00:11:46,522
either one, detecting
and avoiding the other
212
00:11:46,522 --> 00:11:49,992
was slim and none.
213
00:11:49,992 --> 00:11:53,763
NARRATOR: Investigators suspect
the design of the DC-9 cockpit,
214
00:11:53,763 --> 00:11:56,966
with its wide window dividers
may have made the visibility
215
00:11:56,966 --> 00:11:59,936
problem even worse.
216
00:11:59,936 --> 00:12:02,905
You can't see it
here, nor here or--
217
00:12:02,905 --> 00:12:04,941
NARRATOR: The F-4 would
have been hidden--
218
00:12:04,941 --> 00:12:06,542
--or here.
219
00:12:06,542 --> 00:12:08,344
It's completely obstructed.
220
00:12:08,344 --> 00:12:11,848
NARRATOR: --for
close to 25 seconds.
221
00:12:11,848 --> 00:12:13,382
Just another hazy day.
222
00:12:13,382 --> 00:12:14,217
Watch it!
223
00:12:18,487 --> 00:12:20,389
NARRATOR: None of the
pilots had enough time
224
00:12:20,389 --> 00:12:22,992
to see the oncoming plane.
225
00:12:22,992 --> 00:12:25,127
But air traffic
controllers are supposed
226
00:12:25,127 --> 00:12:28,297
to keep planes a safe
distance from each other.
227
00:12:28,297 --> 00:12:31,901
So why did they fail
to separate the planes?
228
00:12:31,901 --> 00:12:34,971
AirWest 706 Red,
turn left, heading
229
00:12:34,971 --> 00:12:37,874
040 until receiving Daggett.
230
00:12:37,874 --> 00:12:40,142
NARRATOR: The controllers
revealed to investigators they
231
00:12:40,142 --> 00:12:42,278
couldn't see the F-4 either.
232
00:12:42,278 --> 00:12:45,081
Why did the F-4,
the Marine aircraft,
233
00:12:45,081 --> 00:12:48,084
not show up on the radar?
234
00:12:48,084 --> 00:12:50,319
The hell happened?
235
00:12:50,319 --> 00:12:52,855
NARRATOR: Investigators
examined the radar equipment
236
00:12:52,855 --> 00:12:55,458
used at the control center.
237
00:12:55,458 --> 00:12:57,593
What they discover is alarming.
238
00:12:57,593 --> 00:13:00,830
It was nothing more than
World War II technology.
239
00:13:00,830 --> 00:13:03,399
And temperatures generated
by this equipment
240
00:13:03,399 --> 00:13:07,370
would cause the equipment
to drift drastically.
241
00:13:07,370 --> 00:13:09,906
NARRATOR: To better understand
what the controllers could
242
00:13:09,906 --> 00:13:13,442
and could not see, investigators
test the technology
243
00:13:13,442 --> 00:13:15,511
by flying an F-4
along the flight
244
00:13:15,511 --> 00:13:18,981
path on that fateful day.
245
00:13:18,981 --> 00:13:22,985
Did the outdated
radar pick up the F-4?
246
00:13:22,985 --> 00:13:23,920
Was that something there?
247
00:13:27,023 --> 00:13:30,626
The F-4's traveling
almost 500 miles an hour.
248
00:13:30,626 --> 00:13:35,097
The F-4 does six runs.
249
00:13:35,097 --> 00:13:37,266
But the controller
can barely track
250
00:13:37,266 --> 00:13:39,502
the fast, stealthy fighter.
251
00:13:39,502 --> 00:13:43,873
It might have been
a plane, maybe not.
252
00:13:43,873 --> 00:13:45,308
It could just be
interference that was
253
00:13:45,308 --> 00:13:47,076
shown frequently on the radar.
254
00:13:47,076 --> 00:13:49,278
A single blip means
absolutely nothing.
255
00:13:49,278 --> 00:13:51,480
We have to have a
history of blips
256
00:13:51,480 --> 00:13:54,483
to see that it's
actually traffic.
257
00:13:54,483 --> 00:13:57,286
NARRATOR: Investigators conclude
it would have been almost
258
00:13:57,286 --> 00:13:59,388
impossible to detect
the fighter jet
259
00:13:59,388 --> 00:14:01,123
as it streaked across the sky.
260
00:14:04,026 --> 00:14:06,028
He's all alone.
261
00:14:06,028 --> 00:14:08,364
And no one knows he's there.
262
00:14:08,364 --> 00:14:11,367
NARRATOR: To make
matters worse, in 1971,
263
00:14:11,367 --> 00:14:14,036
military pilots were
not routinely briefed
264
00:14:14,036 --> 00:14:17,373
on civilian air traffic routes.
265
00:14:17,373 --> 00:14:19,108
RICK PHILLIPS: We should
stay clear of traffic
266
00:14:19,108 --> 00:14:21,177
if we cut east of Los Angeles.
267
00:14:21,177 --> 00:14:22,979
NARRATOR: Schiess
tells investigators
268
00:14:22,979 --> 00:14:25,014
that they hoped to
avoid commercial air
269
00:14:25,014 --> 00:14:28,951
traffic by skirting the city.
270
00:14:28,951 --> 00:14:31,187
Unintentionally,
they flew into one
271
00:14:31,187 --> 00:14:33,422
of the airport's busiest lanes.
272
00:14:33,422 --> 00:14:38,661
Why did the F-4 crew not get
ahold of an air traffic control
273
00:14:38,661 --> 00:14:44,066
guy to let them know where they
were and what they were doing.
274
00:14:44,066 --> 00:14:46,969
The terminal area charts
would show those departures.
275
00:14:46,969 --> 00:14:48,571
But the military
doesn't have those
276
00:14:48,571 --> 00:14:50,206
because they don't
operate out of Los
277
00:14:50,206 --> 00:14:51,407
Angeles International Airport.
278
00:14:54,310 --> 00:14:57,046
NARRATOR: Investigators
uncover a dangerous flaw in
279
00:14:57,046 --> 00:15:00,282
the American aviation system.
280
00:15:00,282 --> 00:15:03,252
The military and civilian
control centers don't
281
00:15:03,252 --> 00:15:05,721
communicate with each other.
282
00:15:05,721 --> 00:15:07,089
Bang.
283
00:15:07,089 --> 00:15:08,524
NARRATOR: The pilots
had no idea they
284
00:15:08,524 --> 00:15:12,995
were flying toward each
other at the same altitude.
285
00:15:12,995 --> 00:15:14,263
Would we have done
anything different?
286
00:15:14,263 --> 00:15:16,298
No, absolutely not.
287
00:15:16,298 --> 00:15:18,534
It was just something
that happened.
288
00:15:18,534 --> 00:15:20,569
We could not have
changed it, not us.
289
00:15:24,140 --> 00:15:25,741
NARRATOR: The
exhaustive investigation
290
00:15:25,741 --> 00:15:31,614
produces two separate reports,
one civilian and one military.
291
00:15:31,614 --> 00:15:36,252
They cover every detail
of the deadly accident.
292
00:15:36,252 --> 00:15:38,421
How military and
civilian authorities
293
00:15:38,421 --> 00:15:40,489
failed to communicate
they had planes
294
00:15:40,489 --> 00:15:42,324
flying in the same airspace.
295
00:15:42,324 --> 00:15:44,026
Was that something there?
296
00:15:44,026 --> 00:15:45,561
NARRATOR: How controllers
couldn't track
297
00:15:45,561 --> 00:15:47,396
the supersonic fighter jet.
298
00:15:47,396 --> 00:15:51,500
And why the crew of a DC-9
44 passengers on board
299
00:15:51,500 --> 00:15:52,968
never saw them coming.
300
00:15:58,474 --> 00:16:00,476
The reports led to
important changes
301
00:16:00,476 --> 00:16:03,379
in the rules governing aviation.
302
00:16:03,379 --> 00:16:07,083
Military pilots, as a result
of this accident, everybody
303
00:16:07,083 --> 00:16:08,617
had to be on radar control.
304
00:16:08,617 --> 00:16:10,619
And that means being
controlled by radar
305
00:16:10,619 --> 00:16:13,189
operators on the ground.
306
00:16:13,189 --> 00:16:14,457
NARRATOR: Military
pilots are now
307
00:16:14,457 --> 00:16:16,692
advised of all
restricted air traffic
308
00:16:16,692 --> 00:16:20,563
zones near commercial airports.
309
00:16:20,563 --> 00:16:23,132
And the restricted
airspace at busy airports
310
00:16:23,132 --> 00:16:25,668
is expanded to include more
of the surrounding area.
311
00:16:29,338 --> 00:16:32,308
Hughes AirWest was sold
in 1980 and eventually
312
00:16:32,308 --> 00:16:35,377
folded into Northwest Airlines.
313
00:16:35,377 --> 00:16:39,415
But the legacy of the company's
deadliest accident endures.
314
00:16:39,415 --> 00:16:41,350
TODD CURTIS: One of the things
that came out of the Hughes
315
00:16:41,350 --> 00:16:43,486
AirWest F-4 midair
collision was a need
316
00:16:43,486 --> 00:16:46,222
to have better communication
between the aircraft that
317
00:16:46,222 --> 00:16:49,291
are flying and with
air traffic control.
318
00:16:49,291 --> 00:16:52,161
Tragically, it wasn't
one that was implemented
319
00:16:52,161 --> 00:16:54,396
perfectly in the future.
320
00:16:54,396 --> 00:16:56,832
NARRATOR: Seven years
later, California residents
321
00:16:56,832 --> 00:17:01,203
face another disaster as two
planes collide over San Diego.
322
00:17:06,133 --> 00:17:09,103
NARRATOR: Pacific Southwest
Airlines flight 182
323
00:17:09,103 --> 00:17:11,806
is on an early morning run
down the coast of California
324
00:17:11,806 --> 00:17:14,642
from Sacramento to San Diego.
325
00:17:14,642 --> 00:17:20,214
Approach PSA 182 coming out
of 95 descending to 7,000.
326
00:17:20,214 --> 00:17:21,615
Airport is in sight.
327
00:17:21,615 --> 00:17:24,118
NARRATOR: First officer
Bob Fox is at the controls
328
00:17:24,118 --> 00:17:28,289
of the Boeing 727.
329
00:17:28,289 --> 00:17:32,860
Captain Jim McFeron has been
with the airline for 17 years.
330
00:17:32,860 --> 00:17:36,764
PSA 182, clear visual
approach, runway 27.
331
00:17:36,764 --> 00:17:40,835
Thank you, cleared
visual approach 27.
332
00:17:40,835 --> 00:17:44,238
NARRATOR: There are 128
passengers on board, including
333
00:17:44,238 --> 00:17:46,440
30 Pacific Southwest employees.
334
00:17:52,413 --> 00:17:55,516
An approach controller at a
facility north of the airport
335
00:17:55,516 --> 00:17:57,485
monitors flight 182.
336
00:17:57,485 --> 00:17:59,286
APPROACH CONTROLLER: --11,000
until further advised.
337
00:17:59,286 --> 00:18:02,289
The approach control
facility is quite busy.
338
00:18:02,289 --> 00:18:03,824
And that's stressful
because you're
339
00:18:03,824 --> 00:18:07,328
handling so many different
airplanes in the same airspace.
340
00:18:07,328 --> 00:18:08,562
NARRATOR: When the
controller spots
341
00:18:08,562 --> 00:18:11,332
a Cessna flying
ahead of the 727,
342
00:18:11,332 --> 00:18:13,234
he makes sure they can see it.
343
00:18:13,234 --> 00:18:15,903
PSA 182, traffic's
at 12 o'clock,
344
00:18:15,903 --> 00:18:19,607
three miles out, 1,700.
345
00:18:19,607 --> 00:18:21,842
Got it.
346
00:18:21,842 --> 00:18:23,911
Traffic in sight.
347
00:18:23,911 --> 00:18:25,846
OK, sir.
348
00:18:25,846 --> 00:18:27,248
Maintain visual separation.
349
00:18:27,248 --> 00:18:30,651
Contact Lindbergh tower 133.3.
350
00:18:30,651 --> 00:18:31,619
Have a nice day.
351
00:18:31,619 --> 00:18:33,387
OK.
352
00:18:33,387 --> 00:18:36,190
Visual separation means that
the pilot has another aircraft
353
00:18:36,190 --> 00:18:37,558
in sight and acknowledges it.
354
00:18:37,558 --> 00:18:38,959
Got it.
355
00:18:38,959 --> 00:18:41,862
Once the visual approach
is accepted by the pilot,
356
00:18:41,862 --> 00:18:43,864
he's then responsible
for maintaining
357
00:18:43,864 --> 00:18:47,268
separation from that traffic.
358
00:18:47,268 --> 00:18:49,503
NARRATOR: With the plane
now less than five miles
359
00:18:49,503 --> 00:18:52,606
from the runway, a controller
in the airport's tower
360
00:18:52,606 --> 00:18:55,776
takes over to guide the
flight in for landing.
361
00:18:55,776 --> 00:18:58,779
PSA 182, cleared to land.
362
00:18:58,779 --> 00:19:01,382
182, cleared to land.
363
00:19:01,382 --> 00:19:02,783
Gear down.
364
00:19:02,783 --> 00:19:04,351
NARRATOR: Suddenly,
first officer
365
00:19:04,351 --> 00:19:06,987
Bob Fox spots a distant plane.
366
00:19:06,987 --> 00:19:08,489
There's one underneath.
367
00:19:08,489 --> 00:19:11,525
I was looking at that
inbound over there.
368
00:19:11,525 --> 00:19:13,894
[explosion]
369
00:19:13,894 --> 00:19:16,897
[screaming]
370
00:19:19,466 --> 00:19:21,569
Tower, we're going down.
371
00:19:21,569 --> 00:19:23,470
This is PSA.
372
00:19:23,470 --> 00:19:27,875
OK, we'll call the
equipment for you.
373
00:19:27,875 --> 00:19:30,844
[tense music]
374
00:19:34,548 --> 00:19:35,816
Get over here.
375
00:19:35,816 --> 00:19:37,418
NARRATOR: The approach
controller's radar
376
00:19:37,418 --> 00:19:41,889
reveals that the 727 has
collided with the Cessna.
377
00:19:41,889 --> 00:19:43,924
Jesus Christ.
378
00:19:43,924 --> 00:19:46,860
[explosion]
379
00:19:51,799 --> 00:19:53,901
REPORTER: Hundreds of people
watched in horror as the two
380
00:19:53,901 --> 00:19:56,303
planes collided and
crashed into a quiet San
381
00:19:56,303 --> 00:19:58,772
Diego residential neighborhood.
382
00:19:58,772 --> 00:20:03,711
NARRATOR: 144 people are dead,
including 7 on the ground.
383
00:20:03,711 --> 00:20:07,448
22 homes are destroyed.
384
00:20:07,448 --> 00:20:09,450
It's the biggest
airline disaster
385
00:20:09,450 --> 00:20:12,353
in American history to date.
386
00:20:12,353 --> 00:20:14,822
The PSA accident
in 1978 I think
387
00:20:14,822 --> 00:20:18,025
was the lynchpin when the United
States government and aviation
388
00:20:18,025 --> 00:20:19,627
world in general
figured out we have
389
00:20:19,627 --> 00:20:23,063
to do something about this.
390
00:20:23,063 --> 00:20:24,898
NARRATOR: Two hours
after the crash,
391
00:20:24,898 --> 00:20:28,602
NTSB investigator Wally Funk
arrives from Los Angeles.
392
00:20:31,071 --> 00:20:33,307
WALLY FUNK: The accident
scene was horrendous.
393
00:20:36,310 --> 00:20:39,346
There was so many bits
and parts and pieces
394
00:20:39,346 --> 00:20:42,750
around, not only the
aircraft but the homes.
395
00:20:42,750 --> 00:20:44,852
NARRATOR: Funk needs to
confirm that the wreckage
396
00:20:44,852 --> 00:20:47,655
of a small plane
found six blocks away
397
00:20:47,655 --> 00:20:51,358
is in fact what
collided with the 727.
398
00:20:51,358 --> 00:20:53,661
We had paint transfers.
399
00:20:53,661 --> 00:20:57,798
We had pieces and parts from
the two different aircraft.
400
00:20:57,798 --> 00:21:00,734
Yes, this was an absolute
midair collision.
401
00:21:00,734 --> 00:21:02,670
There's no doubt about it.
402
00:21:02,670 --> 00:21:04,672
NARRATOR: But how did
these two planes end
403
00:21:04,672 --> 00:21:06,874
up on a fatal collision course?
404
00:21:06,874 --> 00:21:11,011
We had to visualize from
a very mangled mess of metal
405
00:21:11,011 --> 00:21:13,047
where the two came together.
406
00:21:17,484 --> 00:21:20,387
NARRATOR: Fortunately,
the 727's black boxes
407
00:21:20,387 --> 00:21:21,922
are recovered from
the crash site
408
00:21:21,922 --> 00:21:25,292
and rushed back to
Washington, DC for analysis.
409
00:21:29,530 --> 00:21:32,766
Meanwhile, senior NTSB
investigator Phillip Ho
410
00:21:32,766 --> 00:21:34,702
joins the team.
411
00:21:34,702 --> 00:21:39,106
He's eager to speak with
the approach controller.
412
00:21:39,106 --> 00:21:41,675
Can you show us
the two flight paths?
413
00:21:41,675 --> 00:21:46,513
So the 727 was flying
east to do a turnaround
414
00:21:46,513 --> 00:21:49,616
and land on runway 27.
415
00:21:49,616 --> 00:21:52,519
And the Cessna was
flying northeast.
416
00:21:52,519 --> 00:21:55,656
But it was miles
ahead of the 727.
417
00:21:55,656 --> 00:21:57,424
They should have missed
each other by over a mile.
418
00:22:00,394 --> 00:22:02,830
NARRATOR: To verify the
approach controller's account,
419
00:22:02,830 --> 00:22:04,865
investigators
review a transcript
420
00:22:04,865 --> 00:22:06,767
of his conversation that day.
421
00:22:06,767 --> 00:22:10,838
It confirms that both pilots
knew each other's positions.
422
00:22:10,838 --> 00:22:17,177
PSA 182, traffic's at 12
o'clock, three miles out 1,700.
423
00:22:17,177 --> 00:22:18,779
Got it.
424
00:22:18,779 --> 00:22:20,647
NARRATOR: But if both
planes knew of each other,
425
00:22:20,647 --> 00:22:23,650
why did their aircraft collide?
426
00:22:23,650 --> 00:22:27,187
Investigators question why the
approach controller didn't warn
427
00:22:27,187 --> 00:22:29,757
the pilots when they
were dangerously close,
428
00:22:29,757 --> 00:22:34,495
especially since his radar would
have sounded a proximity alarm.
429
00:22:34,495 --> 00:22:35,496
Didn't you get any warning?
430
00:22:38,132 --> 00:22:41,034
We did.
431
00:22:41,034 --> 00:22:43,504
We ignored it.
432
00:22:43,504 --> 00:22:47,875
Well, when the alert sounded, I
mentioned it to my supervisor.
433
00:22:47,875 --> 00:22:50,410
[alert noise]
434
00:22:55,048 --> 00:22:56,016
Alarm again.
435
00:22:56,016 --> 00:22:57,684
I talked to both planes.
436
00:22:57,684 --> 00:23:00,187
PSA 182 has confirmed a
visual sighting of the Cessna.
437
00:23:00,187 --> 00:23:02,156
We're not expected to
contact the pilots if they're
438
00:23:02,156 --> 00:23:04,558
flying by visual
rules, not to mention,
439
00:23:04,558 --> 00:23:08,195
we get about 13 alarms a day.
440
00:23:08,195 --> 00:23:10,931
NARRATOR: The approach
controllers overlook the alert.
441
00:23:10,931 --> 00:23:16,737
But they contact the Cessna and
remind them of the nearby 727.
442
00:23:16,737 --> 00:23:18,572
Traffic in your vicinity.
443
00:23:18,572 --> 00:23:19,907
PSA jet has you in sight.
444
00:23:19,907 --> 00:23:21,642
He's descending for Lindbergh.
445
00:23:21,642 --> 00:23:26,046
NARRATOR: But at that exact
moment, the planes collide.
446
00:23:26,046 --> 00:23:27,548
Get over here.
447
00:23:27,548 --> 00:23:29,683
Investigators now
interview the tower
448
00:23:29,683 --> 00:23:32,252
controller to better
understand why he also
449
00:23:32,252 --> 00:23:35,889
failed to warn both pilots.
450
00:23:35,889 --> 00:23:40,027
They discover he relied on an
even less sophisticated radar.
451
00:23:40,027 --> 00:23:42,496
The tower controller did not
have the collision alert system
452
00:23:42,496 --> 00:23:43,664
at the time.
453
00:23:43,664 --> 00:23:45,232
When the controller
saw the planes
454
00:23:45,232 --> 00:23:50,804
within a mile of each other, he
made contact, warning the 727.
455
00:23:50,804 --> 00:23:55,843
PSA 182, traffic
12 o'clock, one mile.
456
00:23:55,843 --> 00:23:58,512
I think he's passing
off to our right.
457
00:23:58,512 --> 00:23:59,913
Yeah.
458
00:23:59,913 --> 00:24:02,716
If the pilot says he's
passing off to our right,
459
00:24:02,716 --> 00:24:05,619
this implies that he's still
maintaining visual separation.
460
00:24:05,619 --> 00:24:07,020
It was his responsibility.
461
00:24:07,020 --> 00:24:09,089
And you would not
worry about it.
462
00:24:09,089 --> 00:24:11,225
NARRATOR: After talking
to both controllers,
463
00:24:11,225 --> 00:24:14,595
investigators still have no
answer to the key question
464
00:24:14,595 --> 00:24:16,930
in the midair collision.
465
00:24:16,930 --> 00:24:19,132
Who crashed into whom?
466
00:24:19,132 --> 00:24:23,036
Now, let's have the
next acetate please.
467
00:24:23,036 --> 00:24:24,271
NARRATOR: But when
they calculate
468
00:24:24,271 --> 00:24:27,241
the two planes'
actual radar tracks,
469
00:24:27,241 --> 00:24:29,142
the answer becomes clear.
470
00:24:29,142 --> 00:24:34,615
The 727 has rear
ended the Cessna.
471
00:24:34,615 --> 00:24:37,651
The Cessna never
passed off to the right.
472
00:24:37,651 --> 00:24:40,721
He was always in front of PSA.
473
00:24:40,721 --> 00:24:42,789
I was looking at that
inbound over there.
474
00:24:42,789 --> 00:24:46,860
NARRATOR: The 91 ton
aircraft, flying at 160 knots,
475
00:24:46,860 --> 00:24:49,963
slammed into the much
slower and lighter Cessna.
476
00:24:49,963 --> 00:24:52,132
The PSA crew, when
they acknowledged
477
00:24:52,132 --> 00:24:54,935
they had the Cessna in
sight, at that moment
478
00:24:54,935 --> 00:25:00,107
became responsible for keeping
the airplanes separate.
479
00:25:00,107 --> 00:25:04,177
NARRATOR: So how did the veteran
727 crew lose sight of a plane
480
00:25:04,177 --> 00:25:05,913
directly in front of them?
481
00:25:10,642 --> 00:25:12,311
review the recovered
cockpit voice
482
00:25:12,311 --> 00:25:15,581
recording of PSA flight 182.
483
00:25:15,581 --> 00:25:17,182
All right, hit it.
484
00:25:17,182 --> 00:25:19,818
NARRATOR: They hope the pilots'
conversation will explain how
485
00:25:19,818 --> 00:25:22,821
they lost sight of the Cessna.
486
00:25:22,821 --> 00:25:24,823
BOB FOX: Were we
clear that Cessna?
487
00:25:24,823 --> 00:25:26,792
JIM MCFERON: Supposed to be.
488
00:25:26,792 --> 00:25:28,660
BOB FOX: Oh yeah, before
we turn down land,
489
00:25:28,660 --> 00:25:29,962
I saw him about 1 o'clock.
490
00:25:29,962 --> 00:25:32,765
Probably behind us now.
491
00:25:32,765 --> 00:25:34,266
Stop it.
492
00:25:34,266 --> 00:25:37,102
NARRATOR: 35 seconds before
impact, the PSA crew think
493
00:25:37,102 --> 00:25:38,904
they've passed the Cessna.
494
00:25:38,904 --> 00:25:41,740
It was right in front
of them the whole time.
495
00:25:41,740 --> 00:25:43,375
NARRATOR: Investigators
wonder if something
496
00:25:43,375 --> 00:25:47,813
was preventing the pilots from
seeing the much smaller plane.
497
00:25:47,813 --> 00:25:50,949
The 727, when it's
flying in level flight,
498
00:25:50,949 --> 00:25:53,752
is a slightly nose up condition.
499
00:25:53,752 --> 00:25:56,722
So that the pilots,
as they look out,
500
00:25:56,722 --> 00:25:59,124
they're looking over the
nose of the airplane.
501
00:25:59,124 --> 00:26:01,727
Was the nose of
the aircraft high?
502
00:26:01,727 --> 00:26:04,062
And they didn't see
the Cessna, they
503
00:26:04,062 --> 00:26:10,135
may not have realized the
Cessna was as close as it was.
504
00:26:10,135 --> 00:26:13,071
NARRATOR: The team conducts a
visibility study to determine
505
00:26:13,071 --> 00:26:15,941
how long the PSA crew
could see the Cessna
506
00:26:15,941 --> 00:26:18,644
through their windscreen.
507
00:26:18,644 --> 00:26:20,979
After measuring and
photographing each pilot's
508
00:26:20,979 --> 00:26:24,349
view, they plot the Cessna's
location on the photos
509
00:26:24,349 --> 00:26:26,885
in 10 second intervals.
510
00:26:26,885 --> 00:26:29,221
What they find is surprising.
511
00:26:29,221 --> 00:26:33,025
The PSA crew could see the
Cessna for a much longer period
512
00:26:33,025 --> 00:26:35,093
than they expected.
513
00:26:35,093 --> 00:26:39,965
170 seconds of clear view.
514
00:26:39,965 --> 00:26:42,401
NARRATOR: How did the pilots
lose track of a Cessna
515
00:26:42,401 --> 00:26:45,938
when it was in view
for almost 3 minutes?
516
00:26:45,938 --> 00:26:48,240
Searching for
answers, investigators
517
00:26:48,240 --> 00:26:51,376
go back further in time
on the cockpit recording.
518
00:26:51,376 --> 00:26:53,445
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER: Traffic
at 12 o'clock, three miles out,
519
00:26:53,445 --> 00:26:56,381
1,700.
520
00:26:56,381 --> 00:26:58,383
Got it.
521
00:26:58,383 --> 00:27:00,118
Traffic in sight.
522
00:27:00,118 --> 00:27:02,254
NARRATOR: 85 seconds
before impact,
523
00:27:02,254 --> 00:27:06,859
the 727's pilots spot the
Cessna flying ahead of them.
524
00:27:06,859 --> 00:27:08,794
OK, sir.
525
00:27:08,794 --> 00:27:09,962
Maintain visual separation.
526
00:27:09,962 --> 00:27:14,233
Contact Lindbergh tower, 133.3.
527
00:27:14,233 --> 00:27:17,069
NARRATOR: The crew must
now keep the Cessna in view
528
00:27:17,069 --> 00:27:20,072
while performing other tasks
in preparation for landing.
529
00:27:23,775 --> 00:27:27,446
Lindbergh, PSA 182, downwind.
530
00:27:27,446 --> 00:27:29,448
The wings need
to be configured.
531
00:27:29,448 --> 00:27:31,016
The landing gear
must be lowered.
532
00:27:31,016 --> 00:27:32,751
Systems have to be adjusted.
533
00:27:32,751 --> 00:27:34,887
So it's a busy place.
534
00:27:34,887 --> 00:27:36,755
NARRATOR: But at
this critical moment,
535
00:27:36,755 --> 00:27:39,458
no one is keeping an
eye on the Cessna.
536
00:27:39,458 --> 00:27:41,260
Is that the one
we're looking at?
537
00:27:41,260 --> 00:27:44,229
Yeah, but I don't see him now.
538
00:27:44,229 --> 00:27:48,267
The Cessna should be
right here in front of them.
539
00:27:48,267 --> 00:27:53,472
The Cessna was visible just
at about the windshield level
540
00:27:53,472 --> 00:27:55,107
of PSA.
541
00:27:55,107 --> 00:27:56,808
And it's really incredible.
542
00:27:56,808 --> 00:27:58,410
Somehow, they lost sight of it.
543
00:28:03,248 --> 00:28:05,951
OK, can you show
me how you normally
544
00:28:05,951 --> 00:28:07,953
adjust your seat, please?
545
00:28:07,953 --> 00:28:11,056
NARRATOR: To better understand
how the PSA crew lost sight
546
00:28:11,056 --> 00:28:13,859
of the Cessna, investigators
take another look
547
00:28:13,859 --> 00:28:16,929
at the cockpit visibility.
548
00:28:16,929 --> 00:28:18,797
Pilots come in all
sizes and shapes.
549
00:28:18,797 --> 00:28:22,234
They learn quickly to adjust
the seats to the position that's
550
00:28:22,234 --> 00:28:23,535
comfortable.
551
00:28:23,535 --> 00:28:25,537
Some pilots want to
sit lower so they can
552
00:28:25,537 --> 00:28:27,906
see their instruments better.
553
00:28:27,906 --> 00:28:30,242
NARRATOR: When they recalculate
the Cesnna's location
554
00:28:30,242 --> 00:28:33,111
on the windshield based on
the crew's seat positions,
555
00:28:33,111 --> 00:28:35,948
they make a shocking discovery.
556
00:28:35,948 --> 00:28:39,151
Instead of 3 minutes, the
crew would only have seen
557
00:28:39,151 --> 00:28:43,789
the Cessna for 5 to 10 seconds.
558
00:28:43,789 --> 00:28:47,225
Even if the crew had leaned
forward to check for the plane,
559
00:28:47,225 --> 00:28:49,962
investigators believe the
smaller plane may have been
560
00:28:49,962 --> 00:28:51,997
camouflaged by the background.
561
00:28:51,997 --> 00:28:54,266
They become harder to see.
562
00:28:54,266 --> 00:28:57,569
And the terrain makes
it even more so.
563
00:28:57,569 --> 00:28:59,438
Is that the one
we're looking at.
564
00:28:59,438 --> 00:29:03,809
Yeah, I don't see him now.
565
00:29:03,809 --> 00:29:06,078
NARRATOR: The fate
of flight 182 now
566
00:29:06,078 --> 00:29:08,981
depends on the captain
clearly communicating this
567
00:29:08,981 --> 00:29:10,148
to the tower.
568
00:29:10,148 --> 00:29:12,417
I think he's passed
off to it right.
569
00:29:12,417 --> 00:29:13,885
NARRATOR: The controller
would have been
570
00:29:13,885 --> 00:29:15,854
able to see that
the Cessna had not
571
00:29:15,854 --> 00:29:18,323
passed the 727 on his radar.
572
00:29:18,323 --> 00:29:20,859
So why didn't he take action?
573
00:29:20,859 --> 00:29:23,328
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER: OK,
we had him there a minute ago.
574
00:29:23,328 --> 00:29:26,031
NARRATOR: Investigators
compare two separate recordings
575
00:29:26,031 --> 00:29:30,035
of the conversation between
the captain and the controller.
576
00:29:30,035 --> 00:29:33,305
OK, Chris, let's
hear the cockpit first.
577
00:29:33,305 --> 00:29:35,474
JIM MCFERON: I think he's
passed off to our right.
578
00:29:35,474 --> 00:29:36,608
Passed.
579
00:29:36,608 --> 00:29:37,609
I thought I heard
passing before.
580
00:29:37,609 --> 00:29:38,777
Double check that, please.
581
00:29:44,549 --> 00:29:46,952
JIM MCFERON: I think he's
passed off to our right.
582
00:29:46,952 --> 00:29:48,253
He's still saying pass.
583
00:29:48,253 --> 00:29:49,454
Let's compare it with
the tower because I
584
00:29:49,454 --> 00:29:52,591
think I heard passing.
585
00:29:52,591 --> 00:29:56,161
NARRATOR: Investigators
make a startling discovery.
586
00:29:56,161 --> 00:29:58,430
BOB FOX: He's passing
off to our right.
587
00:29:58,430 --> 00:30:02,034
Passing, I was right.
588
00:30:02,034 --> 00:30:03,435
It does sound like passing.
589
00:30:06,571 --> 00:30:08,440
NARRATOR: Radio static
caused the radio
590
00:30:08,440 --> 00:30:13,011
controller to hear the word
"passing," not "passed."
591
00:30:13,011 --> 00:30:15,313
The air traffic
controller heard it as he's
592
00:30:15,313 --> 00:30:17,115
passing off to our right.
593
00:30:17,115 --> 00:30:18,917
That indicated that they still
have visual contact with him.
594
00:30:22,054 --> 00:30:23,321
You would believe
that the pilot
595
00:30:23,321 --> 00:30:25,090
was being able to
maintain the separation.
596
00:30:25,090 --> 00:30:26,958
It was his responsibility.
597
00:30:26,958 --> 00:30:30,962
And you would not
worry about it.
598
00:30:30,962 --> 00:30:34,399
NARRATOR: In the spring of
1979, investigators finally
599
00:30:34,399 --> 00:30:36,268
conclude who was at fault.
600
00:30:36,268 --> 00:30:40,238
The determination
of the board's report
601
00:30:40,238 --> 00:30:45,510
is very clear that the
crew obviously did not
602
00:30:45,510 --> 00:30:49,381
see the aircraft,
the Cessna, in time
603
00:30:49,381 --> 00:30:55,053
to divert it away from
a catastrophic accident.
604
00:30:55,053 --> 00:30:56,555
NARRATOR: Recommendations
in their report
605
00:30:56,555 --> 00:30:58,457
focus on improving
the air traffic
606
00:30:58,457 --> 00:31:00,092
control system in San Diego.
607
00:31:03,028 --> 00:31:08,333
PSA 182 also helped fuel the
search for new technology.
608
00:31:08,333 --> 00:31:11,069
Three years after the
accident, a safety device
609
00:31:11,069 --> 00:31:14,206
called TCAS, or Traffic
Collision Avoidance System,
610
00:31:14,206 --> 00:31:19,411
is developed and later installed
in all passenger aircraft.
611
00:31:19,411 --> 00:31:21,113
TODD CURTIS: All
airliners are now
612
00:31:21,113 --> 00:31:22,714
equipped with
fairly sophisticated
613
00:31:22,714 --> 00:31:24,483
collision avoidance systems.
614
00:31:24,483 --> 00:31:29,221
They have the ability in the
cockpit to get instant feedback
615
00:31:29,221 --> 00:31:32,090
to avoid other
airliners, including
616
00:31:32,090 --> 00:31:33,725
instructions as to
what they should
617
00:31:33,725 --> 00:31:36,995
do to avoid that airliner.
618
00:31:36,995 --> 00:31:38,497
279, good day.
619
00:31:38,497 --> 00:31:41,099
NARRATOR: Unfortunately, in
some corners of the world,
620
00:31:41,099 --> 00:31:44,569
aviation developments
don't come soon enough.
621
00:31:44,569 --> 00:31:48,673
In 1996, tragedy strikes
again when two passenger
622
00:31:48,673 --> 00:31:51,243
jets collide over India.
623
00:31:51,243 --> 00:31:54,146
[screaming]
624
00:32:00,244 --> 00:32:03,614
New Delhi, a gateway to India.
625
00:32:09,253 --> 00:32:13,690
Just past 6 o'clock, Saudi
Arabia Airlines Flight 763
626
00:32:13,690 --> 00:32:15,158
takes off into the sunset.
627
00:32:18,562 --> 00:32:19,396
Gear up.
628
00:32:22,165 --> 00:32:24,034
Gear up.
629
00:32:24,034 --> 00:32:25,502
Clear on left.
630
00:32:25,502 --> 00:32:28,005
NARRATOR: Captain Khalid
Al-Shubaily powers the Boeing
631
00:32:28,005 --> 00:32:31,008
747 away from the runway.
632
00:32:31,008 --> 00:32:37,247
His copilot, Nazir Khan,
handles all radio communication.
633
00:32:37,247 --> 00:32:40,250
289 passengers on
board are traveling
634
00:32:40,250 --> 00:32:41,485
to Duran, Saudi Arabia.
635
00:32:44,721 --> 00:32:48,125
279, good day.
636
00:32:48,125 --> 00:32:51,528
NARRATOR: Shortly after takeoff,
approach controller VK Dutta
637
00:32:51,528 --> 00:32:53,397
guides the plane away
from the airport.
638
00:32:56,166 --> 00:33:01,204
Saudi 763 approaching
flight level 100.
639
00:33:01,204 --> 00:33:06,576
Roger, climb flight level 140.
640
00:33:06,576 --> 00:33:10,614
Clear to climb 140, Saudi 763.
641
00:33:10,614 --> 00:33:13,183
NARRATOR: After
reaching 14,000 feet,
642
00:33:13,183 --> 00:33:17,721
the crew request permission
to continue their ascent.
643
00:33:17,721 --> 00:33:20,190
Roger, maintain
flight level 140.
644
00:33:20,190 --> 00:33:21,792
Standby for higher.
645
00:33:21,792 --> 00:33:24,361
NARRATOR: In order to coordinate
incoming and outgoing traffic,
646
00:33:24,361 --> 00:33:28,298
Dutta wants the Saudi
flight to stop climbing.
647
00:33:28,298 --> 00:33:32,336
Saudi 763 will maintain 140.
648
00:33:32,336 --> 00:33:34,738
NARRATOR: The controller is
concerned about another plane,
649
00:33:34,738 --> 00:33:37,607
a Kazakhstan
Airlines Aleutian 76
650
00:33:37,607 --> 00:33:40,210
passenger jet which is
coming in for landing
651
00:33:40,210 --> 00:33:41,445
at Indira Gandhi airport.
652
00:33:44,414 --> 00:33:47,517
He wants it to pass 1,000
feet above the Saudi flight
653
00:33:47,517 --> 00:33:48,352
before landing.
654
00:33:51,188 --> 00:33:56,126
After that, he'll have the
Saudis continue their climb.
655
00:33:56,126 --> 00:34:02,199
Kazakh 1907 now
reaching 150, 46
656
00:34:02,199 --> 00:34:04,067
miles from Delta Papa November.
657
00:34:06,603 --> 00:34:09,673
Roger, maintain
flight level 150.
658
00:34:09,673 --> 00:34:14,578
Identify traffic 12 o'clock
reciprocal, Saudi Boeing 747.
659
00:34:14,578 --> 00:34:18,482
NARRATOR: Dutta warns the Kazakh
flight of the nearby Saudi jet.
660
00:34:18,482 --> 00:34:19,783
PILOT: How many miles?
661
00:34:19,783 --> 00:34:25,455
Traffic is at 8
miles level 140.
662
00:34:25,455 --> 00:34:27,657
NARRATOR: But seconds later--
663
00:34:27,657 --> 00:34:30,727
[screaming] --a
massive explosion
664
00:34:30,727 --> 00:34:32,529
tears through the Saudi jet.
665
00:34:32,529 --> 00:34:34,064
[shouting]
666
00:34:40,337 --> 00:34:42,906
Both the Saudi and Kazakh
flights have vanished
667
00:34:42,906 --> 00:34:44,241
from the controller's radar.
668
00:34:46,676 --> 00:34:47,511
Saudi 763?
669
00:34:50,247 --> 00:34:54,384
Kazakh 1907, report position.
670
00:34:54,384 --> 00:34:58,188
So I run the sweep again.
671
00:34:58,188 --> 00:35:00,290
They were not there at all.
672
00:35:00,290 --> 00:35:03,160
[tense music]
673
00:35:06,430 --> 00:35:08,832
NARRATOR: A call from a
nearby US Air Force pilot
674
00:35:08,832 --> 00:35:10,634
confirms the worst.
675
00:35:10,634 --> 00:35:12,269
Two distinct
fires on the ground.
676
00:35:17,340 --> 00:35:19,242
Two planes have gone
down over Charkhi Dadri.
677
00:35:21,778 --> 00:35:24,314
NARRATOR: In the hours following
the horrific collision,
678
00:35:24,314 --> 00:35:27,584
recovery teams find the
wreckage of the Kazakh and Saudi
679
00:35:27,584 --> 00:35:31,555
aircrafts 4 and 1/2 miles apart.
680
00:35:31,555 --> 00:35:35,759
The two planes were
carrying 349 people.
681
00:35:35,759 --> 00:35:38,195
There are no survivors.
682
00:35:38,195 --> 00:35:41,498
It's the worst midair
collision of all time.
683
00:35:41,498 --> 00:35:42,833
The death toll is terrible.
684
00:35:42,833 --> 00:35:44,835
It's terrible if
it's several hundred.
685
00:35:44,835 --> 00:35:47,637
It's terrible if
it's even one person.
686
00:35:47,637 --> 00:35:49,940
But what has to
be true, no matter
687
00:35:49,940 --> 00:35:51,408
how many people are
killed in an event,
688
00:35:51,408 --> 00:35:54,444
is what are we going
to do about it?
689
00:35:54,444 --> 00:35:55,979
NARRATOR: The next
morning, captain
690
00:35:55,979 --> 00:35:59,983
KPS Nair is one of the first
investigators on the scene.
691
00:35:59,983 --> 00:36:03,920
I was just horrified.
692
00:36:03,920 --> 00:36:09,626
It is something which
I can't explain.
693
00:36:12,529 --> 00:36:14,564
NARRATOR: Investigators
have two separate crash
694
00:36:14,564 --> 00:36:16,333
sites to examine.
695
00:36:16,333 --> 00:36:22,339
But they know one cause
will explain both accidents.
696
00:36:22,339 --> 00:36:27,477
Thankfully, the black boxes
from both aircraft are found.
697
00:36:27,477 --> 00:36:30,614
While investigators wait for
the data to be recovered,
698
00:36:30,614 --> 00:36:33,783
they focus on conversations
between the two planes
699
00:36:33,783 --> 00:36:36,987
and the air traffic controller.
700
00:36:36,987 --> 00:36:40,257
Hi, I'm VK Dutta.
701
00:36:40,257 --> 00:36:41,658
Have a seat.
702
00:36:41,658 --> 00:36:43,393
NARRATOR: They want to
know everything that Dutta
703
00:36:43,393 --> 00:36:46,029
did on the night of the crash.
704
00:36:46,029 --> 00:36:48,298
Was traffic heavy?
705
00:36:48,298 --> 00:36:51,001
Evenings are always busy.
706
00:36:51,001 --> 00:36:53,036
NARRATOR: Unlike
most modern systems,
707
00:36:53,036 --> 00:36:56,406
Dutta's radar doesn't
track a plane's altitude.
708
00:36:56,406 --> 00:37:00,310
Instead, controllers write a
plane's last reported position
709
00:37:00,310 --> 00:37:01,278
on a strip of paper.
710
00:37:04,014 --> 00:37:05,615
VK DUTTA: This is
the Kazakh one.
711
00:37:05,615 --> 00:37:09,052
And this is the Saudi one.
712
00:37:09,052 --> 00:37:14,457
Kazakh 1907, now reaching 150.
713
00:37:14,457 --> 00:37:16,293
NARRATOR: Dutta was
supposed to ensure
714
00:37:16,293 --> 00:37:18,595
that the two planes
were 1,000 feet apart
715
00:37:18,595 --> 00:37:21,298
as they approached each other.
716
00:37:21,298 --> 00:37:23,400
Roger, maintain
flight level 140.
717
00:37:23,400 --> 00:37:25,302
Standby for higher.
718
00:37:25,302 --> 00:37:27,370
NARRATOR: To confirm
Dutta's instructions,
719
00:37:27,370 --> 00:37:30,974
investigators review the air
traffic control transcripts.
720
00:37:30,974 --> 00:37:33,043
They learned that
Dutta gave the two
721
00:37:33,043 --> 00:37:35,378
planes the proper directions.
722
00:37:35,378 --> 00:37:37,581
Roger, maintain
flight level 140.
723
00:37:37,581 --> 00:37:40,417
Standby for higher.
724
00:37:40,417 --> 00:37:43,486
NARRATOR: Since his radar
system doesn't display altitude,
725
00:37:43,486 --> 00:37:46,556
there was no way for him to
tell if the planes followed
726
00:37:46,556 --> 00:37:48,892
his orders.
727
00:37:48,892 --> 00:37:54,397
Mostly there and there,
as close as you can get it.
728
00:37:54,397 --> 00:37:56,366
NARRATOR: One of the
planes must have drifted
729
00:37:56,366 --> 00:37:58,535
from their assigned altitude.
730
00:37:58,535 --> 00:38:01,905
But which crew is responsible
for the fatal collision?
731
00:38:04,507 --> 00:38:07,844
Investigators in India catch
a break when engine pieces
732
00:38:07,844 --> 00:38:10,547
of the Saudi aircraft are
found near the beginning
733
00:38:10,547 --> 00:38:11,982
of the debris field.
734
00:38:11,982 --> 00:38:14,618
It reveals that they were
some of the first pieces
735
00:38:14,618 --> 00:38:18,888
to come off the plane
after the collision.
736
00:38:18,888 --> 00:38:21,024
KPS NAIR: The significant
point of contact
737
00:38:21,024 --> 00:38:27,664
was between the tail
end of the IL 76
738
00:38:27,664 --> 00:38:38,875
and the wing portion of
the Boeing 747 of Saudi.
739
00:38:38,875 --> 00:38:40,677
NARRATOR: The tail
of the Kazakh plane
740
00:38:40,677 --> 00:38:45,715
appears to have pierced through
the left wing of the Saudi jet.
741
00:38:45,715 --> 00:38:48,151
Surprisingly, the
Kazakh flight wasn't
742
00:38:48,151 --> 00:38:50,553
above the Saudi jet
when they collided,
743
00:38:50,553 --> 00:38:52,322
as air traffic
controllers thought.
744
00:38:56,126 --> 00:38:58,628
Between two aircraft,
the requirements
745
00:38:58,628 --> 00:39:04,934
specify a vertical minimum
separation of 1,000 feet.
746
00:39:04,934 --> 00:39:06,970
NARRATOR: Investigators
wonder which plane
747
00:39:06,970 --> 00:39:09,539
was at the wrong altitude.
748
00:39:09,539 --> 00:39:12,142
Unfortunately, the recovered
cockpit instruments
749
00:39:12,142 --> 00:39:14,844
provide little help in
verifying the aircraft's
750
00:39:14,844 --> 00:39:16,746
positions at impact.
751
00:39:16,746 --> 00:39:18,648
I can't find anything.
752
00:39:18,648 --> 00:39:20,050
Too much damage.
753
00:39:20,050 --> 00:39:21,418
I agree.
754
00:39:21,418 --> 00:39:23,453
Look at this.
755
00:39:23,453 --> 00:39:26,022
NARRATOR: Having learned all
they can from the crash site,
756
00:39:26,022 --> 00:39:27,857
the fate of the
investigation now
757
00:39:27,857 --> 00:39:33,763
lies in what details are stored
in the flight data recorders.
758
00:39:33,763 --> 00:39:36,433
Three months later,
data from both
759
00:39:36,433 --> 00:39:40,870
the Kazakh and Saudi black boxes
is successfully downloaded.
760
00:39:40,870 --> 00:39:43,873
In order to avoid any
suggestion of bias,
761
00:39:43,873 --> 00:39:45,975
the boxes are
analyzed in England
762
00:39:45,975 --> 00:39:49,713
by the experts at the Air
Accidents Investigation Branch.
763
00:39:49,713 --> 00:39:52,148
NAZIR KHAN: 279, good day.
764
00:39:52,148 --> 00:39:53,783
NARRATOR: They
concentrate on the data
765
00:39:53,783 --> 00:39:56,152
from a Saudi flight 763 first.
766
00:39:58,888 --> 00:40:04,127
Saudi 763 approaching
140 for higher.
767
00:40:04,127 --> 00:40:06,596
Roger, maintain
flight level 140.
768
00:40:06,596 --> 00:40:08,965
Stand by for higher.
769
00:40:08,965 --> 00:40:12,635
Saudi 763 will maintain 140.
770
00:40:12,635 --> 00:40:15,038
NARRATOR: Both the CVR and
the flight data recorder
771
00:40:15,038 --> 00:40:17,607
reveal that the
Saudi pilots received
772
00:40:17,607 --> 00:40:19,609
clear instructions
from the controller
773
00:40:19,609 --> 00:40:22,178
and followed them meticulously.
774
00:40:22,178 --> 00:40:27,484
It had leveled at its
assigned altitude of 14,000 feet
775
00:40:27,484 --> 00:40:30,253
and continued to fly level.
776
00:40:30,253 --> 00:40:32,889
NARRATOR: But when investigators
examined the Kazakh's flight
777
00:40:32,889 --> 00:40:36,793
data, they discovered that it
descended to just over 1,000
778
00:40:36,793 --> 00:40:40,630
feet below assigned altitude,
putting it within 10
779
00:40:40,630 --> 00:40:41,831
feet of the Saudi flight.
780
00:40:44,934 --> 00:40:48,171
To understand why the Kazakh
plane was below its assigned
781
00:40:48,171 --> 00:40:52,108
altitude, investigators turn
to the cockpit voice recorder.
782
00:40:52,108 --> 00:40:58,515
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER: Kazakh
1907, report level passing.
783
00:40:58,515 --> 00:41:02,252
Passing 240, Kazakh 1907.
784
00:41:02,252 --> 00:41:05,522
NARRATOR: Because the Aleutian
is a modified military plane,
785
00:41:05,522 --> 00:41:09,225
it has another unusual
feature, a position for a radio
786
00:41:09,225 --> 00:41:11,728
operator in the cockpit.
787
00:41:11,728 --> 00:41:14,130
Egor Repp handles
all communications
788
00:41:14,130 --> 00:41:16,766
for the Kazakh flight.
789
00:41:16,766 --> 00:41:19,602
As they near the airport,
Repp gets in touch
790
00:41:19,602 --> 00:41:23,239
with approach controller Dutta.
791
00:41:23,239 --> 00:41:28,945
I told Kazakh to descend
and maintain flight level 150.
792
00:41:28,945 --> 00:41:30,847
That is 15,000 feet.
793
00:41:30,847 --> 00:41:37,053
VK DUTTA: Kazakh
1907, now reach 150.
794
00:41:37,053 --> 00:41:38,888
NARRATOR: It's 1
minute before impact.
795
00:41:38,888 --> 00:41:41,958
And the Kazakh plane is
in position 1,000 feet
796
00:41:41,958 --> 00:41:43,193
higher than the Saudi plane.
797
00:41:46,095 --> 00:41:49,332
But investigators know that
instead of leveling off,
798
00:41:49,332 --> 00:41:51,234
the plane continued to descend.
799
00:41:53,903 --> 00:41:56,139
As it does, Dutta
issues a traffic
800
00:41:56,139 --> 00:41:58,074
warning to the Kazakh pilots.
801
00:41:58,074 --> 00:42:00,677
Identify traffic, 12
o'clock reciprocal Saudi
802
00:42:00,677 --> 00:42:04,314
Boeing 747 and 10 miles.
803
00:42:04,314 --> 00:42:06,249
Likely to cross in
another five miles.
804
00:42:06,249 --> 00:42:07,951
Report if in sight.
805
00:42:07,951 --> 00:42:10,720
NARRATOR: He tells them to
watch out for the Saudi flight.
806
00:42:10,720 --> 00:42:14,858
But the Kazakh jet just
keeps flying lower.
807
00:42:14,858 --> 00:42:16,159
Ahead?
808
00:42:16,159 --> 00:42:19,028
Ahead.
809
00:42:19,028 --> 00:42:21,364
NARRATOR: Suddenly, the
radio operator recognizes
810
00:42:21,364 --> 00:42:22,999
the plane is flying too low.
811
00:42:28,838 --> 00:42:29,973
Keep to 150.
812
00:42:29,973 --> 00:42:31,074
Do not descend.
813
00:42:31,074 --> 00:42:32,375
Accelerate.
814
00:42:32,375 --> 00:42:34,310
NARRATOR: But his
warning comes too late.
815
00:42:34,310 --> 00:42:40,283
Get to the 150,
because after 140.
816
00:42:40,283 --> 00:42:42,285
NARRATOR: Investigators
are stunned.
817
00:42:42,285 --> 00:42:45,655
Why weren't the pilots
monitoring their altitude?
818
00:42:48,191 --> 00:42:50,960
Report 8 miles.
819
00:42:50,960 --> 00:42:54,330
NARRATOR: They go back to
earlier in the recording.
820
00:42:54,330 --> 00:42:56,799
While Repp communicates
with the ground,
821
00:42:56,799 --> 00:42:59,335
neither the pilot
nor co-pilot confirm
822
00:42:59,335 --> 00:43:02,305
the altitude instructions.
823
00:43:02,305 --> 00:43:04,107
Switch on, engine inlet--
824
00:43:04,107 --> 00:43:07,410
NARRATOR: The pilots are busy
discussing arrival procedures.
825
00:43:07,410 --> 00:43:13,349
Repp appears to be the only
one focused on their altitude.
826
00:43:13,349 --> 00:43:14,851
Pull up the level.
827
00:43:14,851 --> 00:43:15,952
What level were we given?
828
00:43:19,789 --> 00:43:22,292
NARRATOR: The final report
points the finger squarely at
829
00:43:22,292 --> 00:43:26,095
the crew of the Kazakh plane.
830
00:43:26,095 --> 00:43:29,032
The Kazakh pilots' failure
to maintain altitude
831
00:43:29,032 --> 00:43:33,970
led to the deaths of 349 people.
832
00:43:33,970 --> 00:43:37,140
Investigators are also critical
of the outdated radar that
833
00:43:37,140 --> 00:43:38,708
was being used in New Delhi.
834
00:43:41,377 --> 00:43:45,248
Today, new radar systems allow
controllers across the country
835
00:43:45,248 --> 00:43:49,052
to see an airplane's flight
number, altitude, and heading,
836
00:43:49,052 --> 00:43:53,156
preventing midair collisions
from ever happening again.
837
00:43:53,156 --> 00:43:54,958
It's not a matter of
who did something wrong.
838
00:43:54,958 --> 00:43:56,759
It's a matter of
how can we change
839
00:43:56,759 --> 00:43:59,395
the way we do business to make
sure this can't happen again.
840
00:43:59,395 --> 00:44:00,396
Not that it is unlikely,
but that it can't.
64908
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