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the concept of space is familiar to all
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of us
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generally speaking the knowledge of the
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average person
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is limited to some basic facts about our
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system and the universe around it
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but the most exciting things on the
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cosmos take place in remote
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areas not readily available to our eyes
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and if we look beyond the boundaries of
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the solar system
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a fascinating picture of infinite space
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opens up to us
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today i invite you on a journey to those
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mysterious places realistically quite
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beyond our physical reach
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and as we get further away from our
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earth we will be braving the most
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forbidding
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areas of space our flight starts in the
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vicinity of titan
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then we will move on to the most
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dangerous asteroids
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and a bit later take a look at pluto
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right after that we will set out to
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observe some potentially habitable
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exoplanets
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check out the micro quasar ss433
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and then see what intergalactic space
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looks like
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as our journey draws to an end we will
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consider the future of our universe
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and try to predict what will happen
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after its demise
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i hope you have fastened your seat belts
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let's get going
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[Music]
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cosmo the first in outer space
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apart from the earth titan is the only
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celestial body in the solar system with
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liquid on its surface
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unlike our earth however this liquid
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isn't water
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but a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons for
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the most part
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methane and ethane oceans on titan were
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first
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seen in radar images which were beamed
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back by the cassini probe on the 21st of
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july 2006.
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in the period from 2004 to 2017
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the space probe approached titan on 127
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occasions
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thanks to these photos scientists were
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able to successfully map out
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the entire surface of this moon in fine
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detail
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analysis of the relief and its features
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revealed that the same processes were
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instrumental in its formation
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both on titans and the earth's surfaces
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the only difference lies in the fact
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that water was the main factor for
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relief formation on our earth
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whereas on titan it was liquid
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hydrocarbons
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as a result titan's surface is also
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covered by lakes
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seas rivers and bays just like that of
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our planet
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it also rains there on a regular basis
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too
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titans lakes of the most part rather
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vast
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but not really deep their number
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reaching 650
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the biggest of them are referred to as
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seas or mares and they have been dubbed
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after mythical sea creatures
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kraken mare lygia mre and pangamare
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there are dunes on titan's equator which
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is explained by the fact that the
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climate in that area is the driest
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these areas account for 17 percent of
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the overall surface of this moon
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with mountains and labyrinths making up
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14
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and one and a half percent respectively
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most of titan's surface
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or 65 percent to be precise is covered
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by planes
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as for mountain ridges they stretch for
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several dozens of kilometers
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with a height reaching several
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kilometers
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only 23 impact craters have been
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discovered on titan
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their diameter over 20 kilometers which
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is not more than 0.4 percent of the
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total area
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most craters are believed to have
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disappeared due to highly intensive
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erosion processes
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that have been taking place for several
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hundred million years
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due to some organic compounds which
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include atoms of nitrogen
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titan and its atmosphere are of an
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orange hue
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now let's talk about big liquid objects
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on titan
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the area of kraken mare the largest one
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discovered on its surface
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is approximately 400 000 square
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kilometers
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and its length measures about 1100
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kilometers located in the satellite's
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northern hemisphere
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this body of liquid is estimated to be
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up to 200 meters deep
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the second largest body of liquid on
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titan like
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mra is also situated in the northern
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hemisphere
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with its width measuring about 500
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kilometers and its depth reaching up to
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170 meters
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lygia mre covers an area of
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approximately a hundred thousand square
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kilometers the third and the smallest
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sea on titan
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pangamare is also the most northern of
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the three
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its diameter measures approximately 380
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kilometers
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these seas are most likely to be made up
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of liquid methane and ethane
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as both gases are rather abundant in
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titan's atmosphere
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regularly forming dense clouds
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it must be due to evaporation of methane
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and ethane from the surfaces of these
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maoris that these gases can be found in
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the satellite's atmosphere
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there are some dark spots to be seen in
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images of titan's surface
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they are likely to be drifting chunks of
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ice that have emerged from the bottom
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as a rule this kind of hydrocarbon ice
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floats in temperatures close to 183
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degrees celsius below zero
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if the temperature drops still lower
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nitrogen bubbles in the ice rocks will
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account for less than five percent
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which makes these rocks sink it is also
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highly probable that in some areas of
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titan there may be an ice shield
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enveloping liquid methane both below and
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above
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it's worth mentioning that the chemical
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composition of the liquid on titan
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is different depending on an area since
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it is liquid gases with different
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boiling points that account for most of
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the liquid on titan
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the chemical composition largely depends
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on temperature
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for example the chemical composition of
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the liquid at the pearls is different
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from that at the equator
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which is warmer apart from bodies of
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liquid on the surface
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there may also be a subsurface ocean of
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impressive proportions on titan
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and for all we know it may contain water
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this hypothesis was put forward as an
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inference from this idea
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following saturn's tidal effects the
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core may get heated up
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and a high enough temperature may be
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sustained for liquid water to be formed
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under titan's surface
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besides cassini's images from 2005 and
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2007 revealed that some features of
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relief had shifted approximately 30
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kilometers
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since titan is tidally locked to saturn
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that is it faces it with the same side
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at all times
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this shift may be accounted for by the
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fact that titan's ice shell is separated
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from the main body by a global liquid
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layer
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the subsurface water is thought to
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contain a considerable amount of
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ammonium which acts as an anti-freezing
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substance
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thus decreasing the water's critical
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freezing point
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coupled with a high pressure from
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titan's crust this may be an additional
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favorable condition for the subsurface
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ocean
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this ocean may well lie as deep as
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approximately 100 kilometers
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with its water rich in various sorts
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this liquid
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is most likely to be a mixture of salts
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and its chemical composition
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includes salts containing sodium
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potassium and sulfur
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the depth of the ocean is different
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depending on the area of titan
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with liquid freezing and forming an ice
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crust in certain areas
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the exceptionally high sword
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concentration makes it too harsh an
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environment to support
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any life as for titan's land
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there is a chance of encountering simple
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life forms on its surface
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titan's atmosphere is rather dense and
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chemically active
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containing diverse organic compounds
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this allows us to assume that there may
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be life in the atmosphere's upper layers
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it seems feasible that simple organisms
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could be sustained by gas hydrogen
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and also consume molecules of acetylene
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after digesting these in return they
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could produce
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methane it should be mentioned that
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relatively recently
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highly active organic molecules were
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discovered in titan's atmosphere
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the substance in question is called
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cyclopropanilidine
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this is an unstable and highly active
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material which cannot be observed on
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earth
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anywhere but in a laboratory environment
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scientists first came
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across it in 1985 and clouds of
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interstellar gas in space
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cyclopropanilidine is crucial in forming
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larger organic molecules
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its discovery on titan was the first
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case of finding it in the atmosphere of
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a planet rather than an interstellar
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environment
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this discovery will certainly help
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scientists to see titan's chemical
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evolution from a different angle
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there are also some alternative theories
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about life on this satellite
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according to these there could also be
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life forms in liquid methane rivers
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but this is feasible only on condition
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that these organisms live on hydrogen
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rather than oxygen
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and produce methane rather than carbon
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dioxide
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unlike organisms on our earth however
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since titan does not lie in the
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goldilocks zone and its surface
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temperature is as low as about 180
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degrees below
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zero these hypothetical organisms would
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differ a lot from those we used to see
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on our planet lipid cell membranes for
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instance
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which are typical earth dwellers
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wouldn't be able to survive in such
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conditions
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some really bizarre analogues would then
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be produced by evolution processes
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and we can't venture even a wild guess
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as to what they would be like
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be it as it may climatic conditions on
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titan really are
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able to sustain certain forms of
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microbial life
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this is the main object of interest for
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nasa's dragonfly spacecraft planned to
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be launched to titan in 2027 to
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investigate
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and who knows perhaps this mission is
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destined to reveal
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something even more fascinating than
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we've already found out
291
00:10:20,320 --> 00:10:24,320
the search for alien life forms is
292
00:10:22,399 --> 00:10:26,720
undoubtedly an arduous task
293
00:10:24,320 --> 00:10:28,560
that will probably not yield any results
294
00:10:26,720 --> 00:10:30,959
until the next millennium
295
00:10:28,560 --> 00:10:32,160
but its global significance can hardly
296
00:10:30,959 --> 00:10:34,320
be overestimated
297
00:10:32,160 --> 00:10:35,279
if at some point we succeed in our
298
00:10:34,320 --> 00:10:37,760
attempts
299
00:10:35,279 --> 00:10:39,839
this will be a major milestone and the
300
00:10:37,760 --> 00:10:40,959
beginning of a new era in the history of
301
00:10:39,839 --> 00:10:43,519
mankind
302
00:10:40,959 --> 00:10:44,880
it will not only allow humans to enhance
303
00:10:43,519 --> 00:10:47,200
their own knowledge
304
00:10:44,880 --> 00:10:49,600
but also begin a long and scrupulous
305
00:10:47,200 --> 00:10:52,000
process of fostering relationships
306
00:10:49,600 --> 00:10:54,399
with intelligent beings from another
307
00:10:52,000 --> 00:10:54,399
world
308
00:10:59,760 --> 00:11:03,120
large objects do approach our planets
309
00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:06,480
now and then
310
00:11:03,120 --> 00:11:09,600
for example on the 14th of november 2020
311
00:11:06,480 --> 00:11:11,920
asteroid 2020 vt4 with a diameter
312
00:11:09,600 --> 00:11:14,000
measuring about 10 meters past our earth
313
00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:16,399
at a distance of 383
314
00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:18,399
kilometers from the surface that is
315
00:11:16,399 --> 00:11:20,880
below the international space station
316
00:11:18,399 --> 00:11:22,880
and most satellites
317
00:11:20,880 --> 00:11:25,360
even though known potential threats are
318
00:11:22,880 --> 00:11:27,440
monitored by scientists at all times
319
00:11:25,360 --> 00:11:28,959
the problem is that most asteroids are
320
00:11:27,440 --> 00:11:30,959
rather dark objects
321
00:11:28,959 --> 00:11:33,120
whose dimensions are quite modest by
322
00:11:30,959 --> 00:11:34,399
space standards which makes them hard to
323
00:11:33,120 --> 00:11:36,800
detect
324
00:11:34,399 --> 00:11:38,880
however an explosion caused by an impact
325
00:11:36,800 --> 00:11:40,160
of a celestial body with a diameter of
326
00:11:38,880 --> 00:11:41,760
just 10 meters
327
00:11:40,160 --> 00:11:44,000
would be tantamount to the atomic
328
00:11:41,760 --> 00:11:46,560
bombing of hiroshima
329
00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:47,360
it may not leave any radioactive waste
330
00:11:46,560 --> 00:11:49,519
but a blast
331
00:11:47,360 --> 00:11:51,519
this powerful would wipe a little town
332
00:11:49,519 --> 00:11:53,839
right off the face of the earth
333
00:11:51,519 --> 00:11:54,560
an asteroid with a diameter measuring 50
334
00:11:53,839 --> 00:11:56,639
meters
335
00:11:54,560 --> 00:11:58,639
that is as big as a modern multi-storey
336
00:11:56,639 --> 00:12:01,120
building would unleash a power of
337
00:11:58,639 --> 00:12:03,279
several dozen kilotons on impact
338
00:12:01,120 --> 00:12:05,440
which would be enough to raise an entire
339
00:12:03,279 --> 00:12:07,760
city almost to the ground
340
00:12:05,440 --> 00:12:08,720
if an asteroid this large were to fall
341
00:12:07,760 --> 00:12:10,880
into an ocean
342
00:12:08,720 --> 00:12:11,760
it would cause a tsunami reaching up to
343
00:12:10,880 --> 00:12:13,680
10 meters
344
00:12:11,760 --> 00:12:15,920
which would drink destruction all the
345
00:12:13,680 --> 00:12:17,839
way it went traveling for hundreds and
346
00:12:15,920 --> 00:12:20,000
thousands of kilometers from the site of
347
00:12:17,839 --> 00:12:21,839
its impact
348
00:12:20,000 --> 00:12:23,519
where this asteroid's diameter to
349
00:12:21,839 --> 00:12:25,120
measure a kilometer or so
350
00:12:23,519 --> 00:12:27,440
it would cause mass destruction
351
00:12:25,120 --> 00:12:29,440
throughout an entire continent
352
00:12:27,440 --> 00:12:31,120
the force of the explosion on impact
353
00:12:29,440 --> 00:12:33,680
could reach as much as thousands of
354
00:12:31,120 --> 00:12:35,519
megatons and tnt equivalent
355
00:12:33,680 --> 00:12:37,760
and its consequences would haunt the
356
00:12:35,519 --> 00:12:39,519
planet for many years to come
357
00:12:37,760 --> 00:12:41,279
it is highly likely that the human
358
00:12:39,519 --> 00:12:43,360
civilization would not survive a
359
00:12:41,279 --> 00:12:45,279
calamity of this scale
360
00:12:43,360 --> 00:12:47,360
nor would other living creatures with
361
00:12:45,279 --> 00:12:49,360
the only exception of protozoans and
362
00:12:47,360 --> 00:12:51,600
exceptionally enduring organisms
363
00:12:49,360 --> 00:12:52,959
mass extinction events did take place in
364
00:12:51,600 --> 00:12:55,040
the history of our earth
365
00:12:52,959 --> 00:12:56,639
the most notorious of them cretaceous
366
00:12:55,040 --> 00:13:00,320
tertiary extinction event
367
00:12:56,639 --> 00:13:02,000
about 66 million years ago it is posited
368
00:13:00,320 --> 00:13:04,320
that dinosaurs and a number of other
369
00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:06,079
species died out as a result of it
370
00:13:04,320 --> 00:13:08,000
as for the most large-scale mass
371
00:13:06,079 --> 00:13:11,120
extinction event it took place
372
00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:12,880
approximately 251 million years ago
373
00:13:11,120 --> 00:13:14,720
coming in between the permian and the
374
00:13:12,880 --> 00:13:16,800
triassic periods
375
00:13:14,720 --> 00:13:19,440
based on results of paleontological
376
00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:20,079
diggings it was estimated that about 90
377
00:13:19,440 --> 00:13:22,800
percent of
378
00:13:20,079 --> 00:13:24,959
sea species and 70 percent land species
379
00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:26,880
died out as a result
380
00:13:24,959 --> 00:13:28,480
one of the things that caused both of
381
00:13:26,880 --> 00:13:30,320
these dramatic calamities
382
00:13:28,480 --> 00:13:31,760
is believed to be the fall of a large
383
00:13:30,320 --> 00:13:33,519
asteroid
384
00:13:31,760 --> 00:13:35,839
today the number of potentially
385
00:13:33,519 --> 00:13:37,519
dangerous objects is estimated to be in
386
00:13:35,839 --> 00:13:38,480
the region of one and a half to two
387
00:13:37,519 --> 00:13:40,480
thousand
388
00:13:38,480 --> 00:13:42,240
although this number may reach four to
389
00:13:40,480 --> 00:13:44,320
six thousand according to the data
390
00:13:42,240 --> 00:13:46,480
provided by the wise telescope
391
00:13:44,320 --> 00:13:48,399
since they're so small and dark these
392
00:13:46,480 --> 00:13:49,199
celestial objects are rather hard to
393
00:13:48,399 --> 00:13:51,360
spot
394
00:13:49,199 --> 00:13:53,760
for example the size of the asteroid
395
00:13:51,360 --> 00:13:55,519
dubbed 2008 dc3
396
00:13:53,760 --> 00:13:57,680
which burned up in the atmosphere just
397
00:13:55,519 --> 00:14:00,639
above sudan in 2008
398
00:13:57,680 --> 00:14:02,800
was anything from 2 to 5 meters it was
399
00:14:00,639 --> 00:14:04,560
spotted just 20 hours before it would
400
00:14:02,800 --> 00:14:07,360
have impacted the earth
401
00:14:04,560 --> 00:14:09,120
fortunately nobody was hurt there is a
402
00:14:07,360 --> 00:14:10,639
special rating scale known as the
403
00:14:09,120 --> 00:14:12,639
palermo scale
404
00:14:10,639 --> 00:14:14,000
it is a generalized scale reflecting
405
00:14:12,639 --> 00:14:16,560
potential impact risk
406
00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:18,320
posed by this or that celestial body
407
00:14:16,560 --> 00:14:19,279
which takes into account the body's
408
00:14:18,320 --> 00:14:21,839
kinetic energy
409
00:14:19,279 --> 00:14:23,519
and the probability of hitting the earth
410
00:14:21,839 --> 00:14:25,440
the higher the value the bigger the
411
00:14:23,519 --> 00:14:28,000
threat to our planet
412
00:14:25,440 --> 00:14:29,040
if a body's palermo scale value is below
413
00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:32,240
-2
414
00:14:29,040 --> 00:14:35,440
this body is practically safe asteroids
415
00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:36,639
with values between -2 and 0 do not pose
416
00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:39,360
any immediate threat
417
00:14:36,639 --> 00:14:41,279
but require monitoring at all times as
418
00:14:39,360 --> 00:14:43,680
for objects with a value above
419
00:14:41,279 --> 00:14:44,720
zero they are realistically dangerous
420
00:14:43,680 --> 00:14:46,560
for the earth
421
00:14:44,720 --> 00:14:48,320
at this point there isn't a single
422
00:14:46,560 --> 00:14:50,320
celestial object out there with a
423
00:14:48,320 --> 00:14:52,160
positive palermo scale value
424
00:14:50,320 --> 00:14:53,600
and there are only two asteroids in the
425
00:14:52,160 --> 00:14:57,360
yellow alert zone
426
00:14:53,600 --> 00:14:59,199
that is their value is between -2 and 0.
427
00:14:57,360 --> 00:15:00,800
both of them fall into the category of
428
00:14:59,199 --> 00:15:03,199
the apollo asteroids
429
00:15:00,800 --> 00:15:04,720
celestial bodies whose perihelion lies
430
00:15:03,199 --> 00:15:05,519
closer to the sun than the earth's
431
00:15:04,720 --> 00:15:07,680
aphelion
432
00:15:05,519 --> 00:15:09,440
and whose orbital semi-major axis is
433
00:15:07,680 --> 00:15:11,600
bigger than that of the earth
434
00:15:09,440 --> 00:15:14,240
thus these objects cross our planet's
435
00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:17,880
orbit from the outside
436
00:15:14,240 --> 00:15:21,279
the bennu asteroid designation 1999
437
00:15:17,880 --> 00:15:22,040
rq36 with a potential hazard index value
438
00:15:21,279 --> 00:15:26,079
minus
439
00:15:22,040 --> 00:15:29,199
1.69 poses a smaller threat to the two
440
00:15:26,079 --> 00:15:31,759
in the year 2135 it will find itself
441
00:15:29,199 --> 00:15:32,320
just 300 000 kilometers away from the
442
00:15:31,759 --> 00:15:34,240
earth
443
00:15:32,320 --> 00:15:36,880
which is slightly closer to us than the
444
00:15:34,240 --> 00:15:38,880
moon bennu's average diameter measures
445
00:15:36,880 --> 00:15:40,720
approximately 500 meters
446
00:15:38,880 --> 00:15:43,920
and the asteroid's mass is anything
447
00:15:40,720 --> 00:15:46,000
between 60 to 78 million tons
448
00:15:43,920 --> 00:15:48,079
if it were to collide with our earth the
449
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:50,480
resulting explosion would be tantamount
450
00:15:48,079 --> 00:15:51,360
to about a thousand megatons and tnt
451
00:15:50,480 --> 00:15:53,440
equivalent
452
00:15:51,360 --> 00:15:54,959
which would almost certainly cause major
453
00:15:53,440 --> 00:15:58,399
catastrophic disasters
454
00:15:54,959 --> 00:16:01,120
all over the planet in 2016
455
00:15:58,399 --> 00:16:03,199
nasa launched the osiris-rex probe to
456
00:16:01,120 --> 00:16:05,279
bennu in order to obtain samples of the
457
00:16:03,199 --> 00:16:07,120
minerals making up the asteroid
458
00:16:05,279 --> 00:16:09,360
the probe is scheduled to get back to
459
00:16:07,120 --> 00:16:11,360
the earth in 2023
460
00:16:09,360 --> 00:16:13,120
the more hazardous of the two asteroids
461
00:16:11,360 --> 00:16:16,880
is 1950 d a
462
00:16:13,120 --> 00:16:19,120
with a palomo scale value minus 1.42
463
00:16:16,880 --> 00:16:20,480
today it has the highest probability of
464
00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:22,800
hitting our earth
465
00:16:20,480 --> 00:16:23,680
its diameter measures about 1.3
466
00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:26,480
kilometers
467
00:16:23,680 --> 00:16:28,079
and its mass can be anything from 2 to 4
468
00:16:26,480 --> 00:16:30,880
billion tons
469
00:16:28,079 --> 00:16:32,000
1950 da's orbit is elongated and
470
00:16:30,880 --> 00:16:34,079
elliptical
471
00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:38,480
and it crosses the orbits of our earth
472
00:16:34,079 --> 00:16:41,199
and mars 1950 da's closest approach to
473
00:16:38,480 --> 00:16:43,360
the earth is expected in 2035
474
00:16:41,199 --> 00:16:45,720
but a hazardous approach will take place
475
00:16:43,360 --> 00:16:48,720
only as late as on the 16th of march
476
00:16:45,720 --> 00:16:48,720
2880
477
00:16:48,880 --> 00:16:53,199
what would await us if the asteroid did
478
00:16:51,360 --> 00:16:55,199
impact the earth
479
00:16:53,199 --> 00:16:57,360
let's assume no preventive measures have
480
00:16:55,199 --> 00:17:00,880
been successful to deflect this body
481
00:16:57,360 --> 00:17:02,880
and the disaster is inevitable
482
00:17:00,880 --> 00:17:04,000
an enormous chunk of rock with a
483
00:17:02,880 --> 00:17:06,240
diameter almost
484
00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:08,559
one and a half kilometers and a mass
485
00:17:06,240 --> 00:17:10,640
that could be two to four billion tons
486
00:17:08,559 --> 00:17:13,839
heading towards the earth at a speed of
487
00:17:10,640 --> 00:17:16,640
about 14 kilometers per second
488
00:17:13,839 --> 00:17:18,000
this would be the speed of 1950 da at
489
00:17:16,640 --> 00:17:20,079
the moment it hit the earth
490
00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:22,480
if an impact event did occur as
491
00:17:20,079 --> 00:17:24,319
estimated by nasa
492
00:17:22,480 --> 00:17:27,039
of course part of the matter making up
493
00:17:24,319 --> 00:17:29,120
1950 da would burn up and disperse in
494
00:17:27,039 --> 00:17:29,840
the atmosphere as the asteroid slowed
495
00:17:29,120 --> 00:17:31,600
down
496
00:17:29,840 --> 00:17:33,840
and the main body would be likely to
497
00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:35,039
break up into several large rocks and a
498
00:17:33,840 --> 00:17:38,160
great number of small
499
00:17:35,039 --> 00:17:39,840
bits depending on their size each of
500
00:17:38,160 --> 00:17:42,160
them would cause an explosion of not
501
00:17:39,840 --> 00:17:43,919
less than 20 kilotons on impact for the
502
00:17:42,160 --> 00:17:45,760
earth's crust
503
00:17:43,919 --> 00:17:47,919
that's the average power of a modern
504
00:17:45,760 --> 00:17:50,160
nuclear bomb with a comparatively modest
505
00:17:47,919 --> 00:17:52,480
charge the overall power of the
506
00:17:50,160 --> 00:17:54,559
explosions would most likely be over one
507
00:17:52,480 --> 00:17:57,039
and a half thousand megatons
508
00:17:54,559 --> 00:17:58,160
with a bombarded area larger than that
509
00:17:57,039 --> 00:18:00,160
of europe
510
00:17:58,160 --> 00:18:03,039
all constructions within the radius of
511
00:18:00,160 --> 00:18:04,080
300 to 500 kilometers would be raised to
512
00:18:03,039 --> 00:18:06,400
the ground
513
00:18:04,080 --> 00:18:08,480
and even reinforced underground bunkers
514
00:18:06,400 --> 00:18:10,240
wouldn't guarantee enough safety
515
00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:12,000
the energy of the shock wave would allow
516
00:18:10,240 --> 00:18:14,320
it to sweep around the earth several
517
00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:16,480
times while gradually slowing down
518
00:18:14,320 --> 00:18:18,320
and bringing more destruction on its way
519
00:18:16,480 --> 00:18:20,240
with every lap
520
00:18:18,320 --> 00:18:21,600
if the asteroid were to fall into an
521
00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:24,880
ocean a giant
522
00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:27,200
tsunami would rise 40 meters or higher
523
00:18:24,880 --> 00:18:28,080
tsunamis normally travel for thousands
524
00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:30,320
of kilometers
525
00:18:28,080 --> 00:18:32,559
and as they go their destructive forces
526
00:18:30,320 --> 00:18:34,160
practically don't diminish
527
00:18:32,559 --> 00:18:35,919
therefore coastal areas of the
528
00:18:34,160 --> 00:18:38,400
continents lying near the site of the
529
00:18:35,919 --> 00:18:40,240
impact would be submerged in water
530
00:18:38,400 --> 00:18:41,520
with cities and villages effectively
531
00:18:40,240 --> 00:18:43,520
wiped out
532
00:18:41,520 --> 00:18:46,080
multiple impacts of bits of rock would
533
00:18:43,520 --> 00:18:48,320
raise tons of dust in the atmosphere
534
00:18:46,080 --> 00:18:49,360
winds would scatter these dense clouds
535
00:18:48,320 --> 00:18:51,280
all over the sky
536
00:18:49,360 --> 00:18:53,120
and most sunlight would not reach the
537
00:18:51,280 --> 00:18:54,559
planet which would cause a sharp
538
00:18:53,120 --> 00:18:56,559
temperature fall
539
00:18:54,559 --> 00:18:57,600
this phenomenon is known as nuclear
540
00:18:56,559 --> 00:18:59,600
winter
541
00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:01,520
it is highly probable that an impact of
542
00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:02,080
this scale would affect not only the
543
00:19:01,520 --> 00:19:04,960
crust
544
00:19:02,080 --> 00:19:06,559
but the mantle as well the shock wave
545
00:19:04,960 --> 00:19:08,640
would wake up volcanoes
546
00:19:06,559 --> 00:19:10,000
and they would erupt all over the planet
547
00:19:08,640 --> 00:19:11,840
which in its turn would cause
548
00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:13,120
the second wave of tsunamis and
549
00:19:11,840 --> 00:19:15,200
earthquakes
550
00:19:13,120 --> 00:19:17,039
tons of ash released in the atmosphere
551
00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:18,320
would contribute to further temperature
552
00:19:17,039 --> 00:19:20,080
drops
553
00:19:18,320 --> 00:19:22,160
there is quite a popular belief that
554
00:19:20,080 --> 00:19:25,039
after an asteroid hit the earth it would
555
00:19:22,160 --> 00:19:26,880
affect its orbit or orbital period
556
00:19:25,039 --> 00:19:29,120
this would lead to dramatic climate
557
00:19:26,880 --> 00:19:32,240
changes and even render the planets
558
00:19:29,120 --> 00:19:34,480
completely incapable of sustaining life
559
00:19:32,240 --> 00:19:35,919
however according to some estimates an
560
00:19:34,480 --> 00:19:37,760
impact of even the biggest
561
00:19:35,919 --> 00:19:39,600
asteroid in the solar system would not
562
00:19:37,760 --> 00:19:41,360
be enough to do so
563
00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:43,440
an object realistically able to
564
00:19:41,360 --> 00:19:45,760
noticeably change the earth's orbit
565
00:19:43,440 --> 00:19:47,360
should be as big as the moon or pluto at
566
00:19:45,760 --> 00:19:49,520
the very least
567
00:19:47,360 --> 00:19:51,520
be it as it may if it were to happen the
568
00:19:49,520 --> 00:19:53,520
consequences of an impact of this scale
569
00:19:51,520 --> 00:19:56,000
would be much graver than just a change
570
00:19:53,520 --> 00:19:58,960
of orbit or orbital period
571
00:19:56,000 --> 00:20:00,760
the potential impact risk of 1950 das
572
00:19:58,960 --> 00:20:04,400
hitting our earth is just
573
00:20:00,760 --> 00:20:06,400
0.012 there is no room for complacency
574
00:20:04,400 --> 00:20:06,960
though as the impact probability may
575
00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:08,559
rise
576
00:20:06,960 --> 00:20:10,320
following a change of the asteroids
577
00:20:08,559 --> 00:20:12,240
orbit as a result of collisions with
578
00:20:10,320 --> 00:20:14,880
other celestial objects that may well
579
00:20:12,240 --> 00:20:16,720
take place
580
00:20:14,880 --> 00:20:18,799
for a long while it was believed that
581
00:20:16,720 --> 00:20:21,520
the humanity hadn't advanced enough to
582
00:20:18,799 --> 00:20:23,280
prevent any hazards of asteroid falls
583
00:20:21,520 --> 00:20:25,600
all we could do was just observe
584
00:20:23,280 --> 00:20:27,840
potentially hazardous objects
585
00:20:25,600 --> 00:20:29,840
actually doing something about them like
586
00:20:27,840 --> 00:20:31,919
destroying an asteroid or changing its
587
00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:33,520
orbit was confined to science fiction
588
00:20:31,919 --> 00:20:36,480
films and books
589
00:20:33,520 --> 00:20:39,200
however science doesn't stand still even
590
00:20:36,480 --> 00:20:40,880
in 2004 when a threat posed by apophis
591
00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:42,880
was considered grave enough
592
00:20:40,880 --> 00:20:44,880
it was proposed to cover its surface
593
00:20:42,880 --> 00:20:46,880
with light reflecting film
594
00:20:44,880 --> 00:20:48,799
this way sunlight pressure would change
595
00:20:46,880 --> 00:20:50,640
the asteroid's orbit
596
00:20:48,799 --> 00:20:52,640
other suggestions included nuclear
597
00:20:50,640 --> 00:20:54,400
bombings as well as special power
598
00:20:52,640 --> 00:20:56,500
thrusters powerful enough to shift
599
00:20:54,400 --> 00:20:57,919
orbits of celestial bodies
600
00:20:56,500 --> 00:21:01,120
[Music]
601
00:20:57,919 --> 00:21:03,600
in 2018 nasa in collaboration with
602
00:21:01,120 --> 00:21:05,600
spacex approved the dart program
603
00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:07,520
whose aim is to deflect the asteroid's
604
00:21:05,600 --> 00:21:09,280
trajectory by making it collide with an
605
00:21:07,520 --> 00:21:12,000
artificial spacecraft
606
00:21:09,280 --> 00:21:14,320
the binary near-earth asteroid didymos
607
00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:17,360
made up of two components with diameters
608
00:21:14,320 --> 00:21:19,679
measuring 800 and 150 meters is the
609
00:21:17,360 --> 00:21:21,600
target for the dart demonstration
610
00:21:19,679 --> 00:21:23,840
the launch of the spacecraft is planned
611
00:21:21,600 --> 00:21:25,840
for 2021.
612
00:21:23,840 --> 00:21:27,760
celestial bodies and the solar system
613
00:21:25,840 --> 00:21:29,679
may be closely monitored but there is
614
00:21:27,760 --> 00:21:30,559
always a risk of somebody previously
615
00:21:29,679 --> 00:21:32,799
unknown to us
616
00:21:30,559 --> 00:21:34,400
arriving from the galaxy's outskirts and
617
00:21:32,799 --> 00:21:36,240
heading towards the earth
618
00:21:34,400 --> 00:21:38,080
orbital periods of some comets and
619
00:21:36,240 --> 00:21:40,400
asteroids around the earth may last
620
00:21:38,080 --> 00:21:42,880
hundreds and even thousands of years and
621
00:21:40,400 --> 00:21:44,640
their small sizes and dark surfaces
622
00:21:42,880 --> 00:21:46,960
render these potentially dangerous
623
00:21:44,640 --> 00:21:49,039
visitors barely detectable
624
00:21:46,960 --> 00:21:51,840
still the odds of such a disaster as an
625
00:21:49,039 --> 00:21:54,000
impact event are extremely small
626
00:21:51,840 --> 00:21:55,600
and in fact there are many more dangers
627
00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:59,840
that may befall the human race
628
00:21:55,600 --> 00:21:59,840
on our own planet
629
00:22:04,720 --> 00:22:09,840
pluto is the largest transneptunian
630
00:22:07,360 --> 00:22:11,919
object in the solar system
631
00:22:09,840 --> 00:22:14,400
it is also the largest object in the
632
00:22:11,919 --> 00:22:16,640
kuiper belt
633
00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:19,520
just like most bodies in that region of
634
00:22:16,640 --> 00:22:20,320
space pluto is mostly made up of rock
635
00:22:19,520 --> 00:22:22,720
and dice
636
00:22:20,320 --> 00:22:25,440
and its mass is relatively small
637
00:22:22,720 --> 00:22:26,799
approximately 0.22 percent that of the
638
00:22:25,440 --> 00:22:28,960
earth
639
00:22:26,799 --> 00:22:30,880
just to get a slightly broader picture
640
00:22:28,960 --> 00:22:33,520
let's compare pluto with the moon
641
00:22:30,880 --> 00:22:35,360
pluto's mass is about six times smaller
642
00:22:33,520 --> 00:22:39,919
and its volume is about three times
643
00:22:35,360 --> 00:22:41,600
smaller pluto's total area is 17.7
644
00:22:39,919 --> 00:22:43,520
million square kilometers
645
00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:45,760
and we're briefly back to earth again to
646
00:22:43,520 --> 00:22:47,600
compare it with the area of russia
647
00:22:45,760 --> 00:22:49,320
the largest country in the world which
648
00:22:47,600 --> 00:22:52,159
is slightly smaller
649
00:22:49,320 --> 00:22:56,559
17.1 million square kilometers
650
00:22:52,159 --> 00:22:56,559
as for pluto's diameter it reaches
651
00:22:56,679 --> 00:23:02,640
2376.6 kilometers
652
00:22:58,720 --> 00:23:05,360
which is 1097.6 kilometers less than
653
00:23:02,640 --> 00:23:07,440
that of the moon
654
00:23:05,360 --> 00:23:09,919
as for pluto's atmosphere it is for the
655
00:23:07,440 --> 00:23:11,760
most part comprised of gases evaporating
656
00:23:09,919 --> 00:23:14,080
from the ice on its surface
657
00:23:11,760 --> 00:23:15,520
today we know that its chief component
658
00:23:14,080 --> 00:23:17,760
is nitrogen
659
00:23:15,520 --> 00:23:20,159
apart from that two other gases are
660
00:23:17,760 --> 00:23:21,919
methane and carbon monoxide
661
00:23:20,159 --> 00:23:23,280
under the influence of high-energy
662
00:23:21,919 --> 00:23:25,840
cosmic radiation
663
00:23:23,280 --> 00:23:26,880
other more complex compounds form from
664
00:23:25,840 --> 00:23:28,640
these elements
665
00:23:26,880 --> 00:23:30,720
on account of pluto's surface
666
00:23:28,640 --> 00:23:31,520
temperature these compounds are not
667
00:23:30,720 --> 00:23:34,720
volatile
668
00:23:31,520 --> 00:23:36,960
ethane ethylene and acetylene there are
669
00:23:34,720 --> 00:23:38,640
also the so-called tholins
670
00:23:36,960 --> 00:23:41,279
on settling on the dwarf planet's
671
00:23:38,640 --> 00:23:44,640
surface they have a peculiar property of
672
00:23:41,279 --> 00:23:47,039
giving it a brownish hue
673
00:23:44,640 --> 00:23:48,720
the average surface temperature on pluto
674
00:23:47,039 --> 00:23:53,440
is 50 kelvin
675
00:23:48,720 --> 00:23:56,799
that is 223.15 degrees celsius below
676
00:23:53,440 --> 00:23:58,480
zero with every kilometer higher up
677
00:23:56,799 --> 00:24:00,480
this indicator increases by
678
00:23:58,480 --> 00:24:03,039
approximately seven degrees
679
00:24:00,480 --> 00:24:03,520
and so the atmospheric temperature is 40
680
00:24:03,039 --> 00:24:06,000
degrees
681
00:24:03,520 --> 00:24:08,080
higher than that on the surface this
682
00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:08,640
could be accounted for by the greenhouse
683
00:24:08,080 --> 00:24:11,840
effect
684
00:24:08,640 --> 00:24:11,840
caused by methane
685
00:24:12,080 --> 00:24:15,200
we're used to thinking that pluto's
686
00:24:13,840 --> 00:24:18,320
orbit is stable and
687
00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:20,480
unwavering however on closer observation
688
00:24:18,320 --> 00:24:21,520
it transpired that pluto's movement is
689
00:24:20,480 --> 00:24:23,440
rather chaotic
690
00:24:21,520 --> 00:24:24,960
and can be defined in non-linear
691
00:24:23,440 --> 00:24:27,120
equations
692
00:24:24,960 --> 00:24:28,880
it takes a lot of observation to be able
693
00:24:27,120 --> 00:24:31,520
to detect that
694
00:24:28,880 --> 00:24:33,919
when carried out in short time spans
695
00:24:31,520 --> 00:24:35,039
observations reveal seemingly regular
696
00:24:33,919 --> 00:24:38,159
movement
697
00:24:35,039 --> 00:24:41,120
in reality pluto's orbit slightly shifts
698
00:24:38,159 --> 00:24:43,120
in every period eventually changes to
699
00:24:41,120 --> 00:24:44,840
such a point that it is impossible to
700
00:24:43,120 --> 00:24:47,520
retrace its initial
701
00:24:44,840 --> 00:24:50,240
trajectory this dwarf's planet's
702
00:24:47,520 --> 00:24:52,559
rotation is quite peculiar too
703
00:24:50,240 --> 00:24:54,080
namely it is retrograde which is also
704
00:24:52,559 --> 00:24:56,960
the case for both venus
705
00:24:54,080 --> 00:24:57,840
and uranus it means that they rotate in
706
00:24:56,960 --> 00:24:59,520
the direction
707
00:24:57,840 --> 00:25:01,679
opposite to that of the other planets
708
00:24:59,520 --> 00:25:06,960
around the sun
709
00:25:01,679 --> 00:25:06,960
a day on pluto lasts 6.4 earth days
710
00:25:07,279 --> 00:25:12,080
due to its remoteness and small mass
711
00:25:09,679 --> 00:25:13,760
pluto is a rather challenging celestial
712
00:25:12,080 --> 00:25:16,320
object to study
713
00:25:13,760 --> 00:25:17,840
even very big telescopes show it to us
714
00:25:16,320 --> 00:25:19,440
is a tiny spot
715
00:25:17,840 --> 00:25:21,200
seemingly not much different from a
716
00:25:19,440 --> 00:25:23,279
regular star
717
00:25:21,200 --> 00:25:24,960
we have been able to acquire a certain
718
00:25:23,279 --> 00:25:27,360
amount of data with the help of the
719
00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:29,600
hubble space telescope
720
00:25:27,360 --> 00:25:31,600
nevertheless the greatest and most
721
00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:32,559
important portion of information was
722
00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:34,240
made available
723
00:25:32,559 --> 00:25:36,080
after the launch of the new horizons
724
00:25:34,240 --> 00:25:38,480
mission
725
00:25:36,080 --> 00:25:40,559
the first photo of pluto was made back
726
00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:42,480
in september 2006
727
00:25:40,559 --> 00:25:43,919
when the space probe was testing its
728
00:25:42,480 --> 00:25:46,080
lori camera
729
00:25:43,919 --> 00:25:47,919
as the spacecraft approached pluto
730
00:25:46,080 --> 00:25:49,840
closer and closer
731
00:25:47,919 --> 00:25:52,000
more and more features of this dwarf
732
00:25:49,840 --> 00:25:54,400
planet were revealed to us
733
00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:56,559
thus the object's surface was seen to be
734
00:25:54,400 --> 00:25:58,880
far from homogeneous
735
00:25:56,559 --> 00:26:00,559
albedo that is diffuse reflection
736
00:25:58,880 --> 00:26:02,720
properties of the surface
737
00:26:00,559 --> 00:26:04,640
varies from ten to seventy percent
738
00:26:02,720 --> 00:26:06,880
depending on the area of the object
739
00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:07,919
which makes pluto the second object in
740
00:26:06,880 --> 00:26:10,480
the solar system
741
00:26:07,919 --> 00:26:11,760
after arriapatis in terms of contrast in
742
00:26:10,480 --> 00:26:14,000
albedo
743
00:26:11,760 --> 00:26:16,240
this diversity causes periodic
744
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:19,840
variations in pluto's luminosity and
745
00:26:16,240 --> 00:26:19,840
spectre as it rotates
746
00:26:20,000 --> 00:26:24,000
the dwarf planet's interior must be made
747
00:26:22,240 --> 00:26:27,360
up of 50 to 70 percent
748
00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:29,840
of rock and 30 to 50 percent of ice
749
00:26:27,360 --> 00:26:30,880
its dense rocky core must be embedded in
750
00:26:29,840 --> 00:26:34,799
an icy mantle
751
00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:36,960
about 300 kilometers thick
752
00:26:34,799 --> 00:26:38,880
according to spectral data there is
753
00:26:36,960 --> 00:26:41,200
water ice on pluto's surface
754
00:26:38,880 --> 00:26:43,679
as well but it is mostly camouflaged by
755
00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:46,159
a layer of more volatile ices
756
00:26:43,679 --> 00:26:47,039
there is also frozen methane and carbon
757
00:26:46,159 --> 00:26:49,120
monoxide
758
00:26:47,039 --> 00:26:50,799
as well as traces of other compounds
759
00:26:49,120 --> 00:26:51,520
generally forming with methane and
760
00:26:50,799 --> 00:26:55,039
nitrogen
761
00:26:51,520 --> 00:26:57,760
when exposed to powerful radiation
762
00:26:55,039 --> 00:26:59,760
in particular these are rethane nitriles
763
00:26:57,760 --> 00:27:02,320
and phthalins which make pluto look
764
00:26:59,760 --> 00:27:02,320
brownish
765
00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:08,720
on the fifteenth of july 2015 the new
766
00:27:07,120 --> 00:27:11,120
horizons space probe
767
00:27:08,720 --> 00:27:14,159
flew by pluto 12 and a half thousand
768
00:27:11,120 --> 00:27:15,919
kilometers away from its surface
769
00:27:14,159 --> 00:27:18,080
both sides of the dwarf planet were
770
00:27:15,919 --> 00:27:20,399
photographed during the flyby
771
00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:22,720
the one to be seen on closest approach
772
00:27:20,399 --> 00:27:24,880
and the opposite one
773
00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:26,960
thanks to these images a vast
774
00:27:24,880 --> 00:27:29,200
heart-shaped area measuring eighteen
775
00:27:26,960 --> 00:27:31,039
hundred by fifteen hundred kilometers
776
00:27:29,200 --> 00:27:34,000
was identified
777
00:27:31,039 --> 00:27:36,399
it was later nicknamed pluto's heart or
778
00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:38,559
tombow regio
779
00:27:36,399 --> 00:27:40,320
the left part of this area is believed
780
00:27:38,559 --> 00:27:42,080
to be a crater filled with crystal
781
00:27:40,320 --> 00:27:44,720
nitrogen
782
00:27:42,080 --> 00:27:46,240
also two mountain ranges were identified
783
00:27:44,720 --> 00:27:49,440
in this area
784
00:27:46,240 --> 00:27:50,159
the height of the first reaches 3500
785
00:27:49,440 --> 00:27:52,159
meters
786
00:27:50,159 --> 00:27:53,440
and it was given the name the tensing
787
00:27:52,159 --> 00:27:55,440
montes
788
00:27:53,440 --> 00:27:56,960
the height of the second one dubbed the
789
00:27:55,440 --> 00:28:01,679
hillary montes
790
00:27:56,960 --> 00:28:04,320
reaches up to 1500 meters
791
00:28:01,679 --> 00:28:05,120
the most notable geological object found
792
00:28:04,320 --> 00:28:08,399
on pluto
793
00:28:05,120 --> 00:28:10,399
is sputnik planitia this trench is
794
00:28:08,399 --> 00:28:15,039
likely to be an impact crater with a
795
00:28:10,399 --> 00:28:17,520
diameter measuring 1492 kilometers
796
00:28:15,039 --> 00:28:18,480
sputnik planitia is filled with frozen
797
00:28:17,520 --> 00:28:20,240
gases
798
00:28:18,480 --> 00:28:22,480
and is streaked with a great number of
799
00:28:20,240 --> 00:28:24,720
grooves which divided into irregular
800
00:28:22,480 --> 00:28:26,399
cell-like areas measuring dozens of
801
00:28:24,720 --> 00:28:29,679
kilometers
802
00:28:26,399 --> 00:28:32,320
there may also be cryovolcanism on pluto
803
00:28:29,679 --> 00:28:36,320
the last image taken by the spacecraft
804
00:28:32,320 --> 00:28:36,320
looks to be indicative of just that
805
00:28:36,720 --> 00:28:40,240
the potential cryo volcano that can be
806
00:28:39,039 --> 00:28:43,360
seen in this picture
807
00:28:40,240 --> 00:28:45,679
was dubbed right mons the surface in the
808
00:28:43,360 --> 00:28:46,559
picture is comparatively young by space
809
00:28:45,679 --> 00:28:49,520
standards
810
00:28:46,559 --> 00:28:49,840
and practically devoid of impact craters
811
00:28:49,520 --> 00:28:51,919
this
812
00:28:49,840 --> 00:28:54,159
shows that the crust in this area was
813
00:28:51,919 --> 00:28:56,720
formed relatively recently
814
00:28:54,159 --> 00:28:57,840
and if right mons really is a cryo
815
00:28:56,720 --> 00:29:01,279
volcano
816
00:28:57,840 --> 00:29:03,360
its enormous size of 144 kilometers
817
00:29:01,279 --> 00:29:06,320
across and four kilometers high
818
00:29:03,360 --> 00:29:10,640
easily makes it the largest cryovolcano
819
00:29:06,320 --> 00:29:10,640
in the outer area of the solar system
820
00:29:10,960 --> 00:29:14,399
among other interesting features
821
00:29:12,720 --> 00:29:16,559
discovered by new horizons
822
00:29:14,399 --> 00:29:18,960
there is a blue stratified haze
823
00:29:16,559 --> 00:29:21,279
enveloping the whole of the dwarf planet
824
00:29:18,960 --> 00:29:23,760
in the images the haze is seen to reach
825
00:29:21,279 --> 00:29:25,760
over 200 kilometers high
826
00:29:23,760 --> 00:29:27,919
and is registered by the ultraviolet
827
00:29:25,760 --> 00:29:32,080
spectrometer to persist to the point of
828
00:29:27,919 --> 00:29:34,000
300 kilometers above the surface
829
00:29:32,080 --> 00:29:36,080
the haze is likely to be made up of
830
00:29:34,000 --> 00:29:38,480
particles of non-volatile elements that
831
00:29:36,080 --> 00:29:41,440
originate from atmospheric gases
832
00:29:38,480 --> 00:29:43,520
the ones i've already spoken about these
833
00:29:41,440 --> 00:29:44,799
elements gradually settle on the dwarf
834
00:29:43,520 --> 00:29:46,399
planet's surface
835
00:29:44,799 --> 00:29:48,880
and that is the way this effect is
836
00:29:46,399 --> 00:29:51,120
produced
837
00:29:48,880 --> 00:29:52,279
the new horizons mission is scheduled to
838
00:29:51,120 --> 00:29:55,520
continue until
839
00:29:52,279 --> 00:29:56,880
2026 apart from studying the objects in
840
00:29:55,520 --> 00:29:58,880
the pluto system
841
00:29:56,880 --> 00:30:01,120
the spacecraft has already provided
842
00:29:58,880 --> 00:30:02,159
insights into other kuiper belt objects
843
00:30:01,120 --> 00:30:03,919
too
844
00:30:02,159 --> 00:30:05,919
and even though its fuel supply is
845
00:30:03,919 --> 00:30:06,720
insufficient for a dramatic change of
846
00:30:05,919 --> 00:30:09,279
course
847
00:30:06,720 --> 00:30:11,120
the radioisotope generator's energy
848
00:30:09,279 --> 00:30:12,640
should be enough to last it for another
849
00:30:11,120 --> 00:30:14,559
10 years
850
00:30:12,640 --> 00:30:15,840
immediately after the space probe had
851
00:30:14,559 --> 00:30:18,080
flown by pluto
852
00:30:15,840 --> 00:30:20,080
astronomers used the hubble telescope to
853
00:30:18,080 --> 00:30:21,919
look around for other objects that could
854
00:30:20,080 --> 00:30:23,279
be observed within the framework of the
855
00:30:21,919 --> 00:30:26,559
mission
856
00:30:23,279 --> 00:30:28,159
the first of them ultimatuly is a binary
857
00:30:26,559 --> 00:30:30,399
asteroid in the kuiper belt
858
00:30:28,159 --> 00:30:32,799
whose two components diameters measure
859
00:30:30,399 --> 00:30:35,279
19 and 14 kilometers
860
00:30:32,799 --> 00:30:39,039
it was closely passed by new horizons on
861
00:30:35,279 --> 00:30:42,200
the 1st of january 2019
862
00:30:39,039 --> 00:30:45,919
another object was the asteroid 2014
863
00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:49,200
pn70 measuring 40 kilometers across
864
00:30:45,919 --> 00:30:51,520
it was passed by the probe in march 2019
865
00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:53,919
excitingly apart from that having
866
00:30:51,520 --> 00:30:54,559
traveled 8 billion kilometers away from
867
00:30:53,919 --> 00:30:56,880
the earth
868
00:30:54,559 --> 00:30:58,559
new horizons reached a great vantage
869
00:30:56,880 --> 00:31:00,399
point for better observation of the
870
00:30:58,559 --> 00:31:03,679
stars closest to the sun
871
00:31:00,399 --> 00:31:06,880
proxima centauri and wolf 359
872
00:31:03,679 --> 00:31:08,720
in april 2020 the spacecraft was also
873
00:31:06,880 --> 00:31:10,640
used for double checking the distance to
874
00:31:08,720 --> 00:31:12,880
these stars
875
00:31:10,640 --> 00:31:13,840
apart from the objectives mentioned this
876
00:31:12,880 --> 00:31:15,840
amazing mission
877
00:31:13,840 --> 00:31:18,240
stands a good chance of being able to
878
00:31:15,840 --> 00:31:20,480
reach quite a few more in the future
879
00:31:18,240 --> 00:31:21,919
while the spacecraft keeps beaming back
880
00:31:20,480 --> 00:31:23,919
new images to the earth
881
00:31:21,919 --> 00:31:25,679
we will be able to conduct research
882
00:31:23,919 --> 00:31:27,919
based on the photos of the celestial
883
00:31:25,679 --> 00:31:29,919
bodies it has already passed
884
00:31:27,919 --> 00:31:31,200
for example the pictures of pluto's
885
00:31:29,919 --> 00:31:33,840
largest moon
886
00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:36,799
charon taken on their brief encounter
887
00:31:33,840 --> 00:31:36,799
with a space probe
888
00:31:41,440 --> 00:31:45,679
several centuries ago it was quite
889
00:31:43,519 --> 00:31:47,120
unimaginable to admit of discovering
890
00:31:45,679 --> 00:31:51,120
exoplanets
891
00:31:47,120 --> 00:31:52,960
however everything changed in 1992 as
892
00:31:51,120 --> 00:31:55,720
the polish astronomer alexander
893
00:31:52,960 --> 00:31:57,840
washington was studying the pulsar
894
00:31:55,720 --> 00:32:00,240
psr-1257 plus 12
895
00:31:57,840 --> 00:32:01,360
it was noticed that its pulsation period
896
00:32:00,240 --> 00:32:03,440
was irregular
897
00:32:01,360 --> 00:32:05,440
which was accounted for by the influence
898
00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:08,640
of two planets with a mass
899
00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:11,039
four times that of our earth this
900
00:32:08,640 --> 00:32:13,120
hypothesis was later confirmed
901
00:32:11,039 --> 00:32:15,760
which led to the conclusion that the
902
00:32:13,120 --> 00:32:18,320
first planetary system beyond ours
903
00:32:15,760 --> 00:32:20,159
had been discovered there are three
904
00:32:18,320 --> 00:32:22,080
objects in that system
905
00:32:20,159 --> 00:32:24,320
two of which have a mass similar to that
906
00:32:22,080 --> 00:32:26,399
of the earth and are comparatively close
907
00:32:24,320 --> 00:32:27,360
to their pulsar in the constellation
908
00:32:26,399 --> 00:32:29,519
virgo
909
00:32:27,360 --> 00:32:31,279
due to the fact that it is rather remote
910
00:32:29,519 --> 00:32:32,960
from us and the conditions for
911
00:32:31,279 --> 00:32:36,080
sustaining life are poor
912
00:32:32,960 --> 00:32:37,840
the psr1257 plus 12
913
00:32:36,080 --> 00:32:40,399
system is of little interest to
914
00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:41,200
scientists although its discovery led us
915
00:32:40,399 --> 00:32:43,440
to believe
916
00:32:41,200 --> 00:32:46,399
that the search for earth-like worlds
917
00:32:43,440 --> 00:32:49,360
may eventually be a success
918
00:32:46,399 --> 00:32:52,159
just three years later the first
919
00:32:49,360 --> 00:32:52,880
exoplanet orbiting a sun-like star was
920
00:32:52,159 --> 00:32:56,000
discovered
921
00:32:52,880 --> 00:33:00,159
50 light years away from the earth and
922
00:32:56,000 --> 00:33:02,960
was dubbed 51 pegasi b
923
00:33:00,159 --> 00:33:06,159
just several years later the number of
924
00:33:02,960 --> 00:33:10,960
confirmed exoplanets counted dozens
925
00:33:06,159 --> 00:33:14,880
and today 4173 exoplanets
926
00:33:10,960 --> 00:33:18,240
in 3096 different planetary systems
927
00:33:14,880 --> 00:33:20,000
unknown to science in addition a great
928
00:33:18,240 --> 00:33:22,000
number of earth-like objects
929
00:33:20,000 --> 00:33:23,360
is still awaiting the confirmation of
930
00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:25,600
their status
931
00:33:23,360 --> 00:33:28,720
which is possible after a secondary
932
00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:30,960
registration with telescopes on earth
933
00:33:28,720 --> 00:33:33,200
the number of celestial objects of this
934
00:33:30,960 --> 00:33:36,000
kind in the entire milky way
935
00:33:33,200 --> 00:33:37,440
may well be over a hundred billion with
936
00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:40,000
about one-fifth of them
937
00:33:37,440 --> 00:33:41,360
bearing resemblance to our earth
938
00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:43,279
interestingly
939
00:33:41,360 --> 00:33:44,399
most of the discovered earth-like
940
00:33:43,279 --> 00:33:48,760
exoplanets
941
00:33:44,399 --> 00:33:52,760
are located not very far from our system
942
00:33:48,760 --> 00:33:55,760
ros128b this planet was discovered in
943
00:33:52,760 --> 00:33:57,679
2017 by european scientists with the
944
00:33:55,760 --> 00:33:59,679
help of the high accuracy radial
945
00:33:57,679 --> 00:34:04,080
velocity planet searcher
946
00:33:59,679 --> 00:34:04,080
or halves at the observatory in chile
947
00:34:04,240 --> 00:34:07,279
the object is located in the single star
948
00:34:06,720 --> 00:34:10,879
system
949
00:34:07,279 --> 00:34:12,240
ros 128 which is the 13th closest star
950
00:34:10,879 --> 00:34:14,560
to us
951
00:34:12,240 --> 00:34:17,599
the object is a faint red dwarf with a
952
00:34:14,560 --> 00:34:20,079
mass of 0.15 that of the sun
953
00:34:17,599 --> 00:34:21,520
it was possible to discover this planet
954
00:34:20,079 --> 00:34:23,839
thanks to its gravity
955
00:34:21,520 --> 00:34:26,560
which leads to minor variations of the
956
00:34:23,839 --> 00:34:29,280
stellar spectrum of its parent star
957
00:34:26,560 --> 00:34:32,560
while observing these variations harps
958
00:34:29,280 --> 00:34:34,639
is able to spot planets around stars
959
00:34:32,560 --> 00:34:37,280
in this particular case it took the
960
00:34:34,639 --> 00:34:38,879
telescope approximately 10 years to
961
00:34:37,280 --> 00:34:41,760
collect sufficient data
962
00:34:38,879 --> 00:34:43,879
before discovering this planet this
963
00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:47,200
effort paid off
964
00:34:43,879 --> 00:34:48,240
ros-128b became the second earth-like
965
00:34:47,200 --> 00:34:51,760
exoplanet
966
00:34:48,240 --> 00:34:53,679
lying closest to us it is located 11
967
00:34:51,760 --> 00:34:56,879
light years away from the earth
968
00:34:53,679 --> 00:34:57,520
in the constellation virgo apart from
969
00:34:56,879 --> 00:34:59,680
that
970
00:34:57,520 --> 00:35:02,480
astronomers claim it to be the most
971
00:34:59,680 --> 00:35:05,760
moderate of all known exoplanets
972
00:35:02,480 --> 00:35:08,079
due to its mass its temperature and its
973
00:35:05,760 --> 00:35:10,720
rather calm parent star
974
00:35:08,079 --> 00:35:12,160
it takes this planet 10 days to orbit
975
00:35:10,720 --> 00:35:14,960
its star
976
00:35:12,160 --> 00:35:16,000
it finds itself in the habitable zone
977
00:35:14,960 --> 00:35:18,720
since the temperature
978
00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:19,680
of the photosphere and luminosity of ros
979
00:35:18,720 --> 00:35:22,400
128
980
00:35:19,680 --> 00:35:23,040
are low it is also classified as an
981
00:35:22,400 --> 00:35:27,760
earth-like
982
00:35:23,040 --> 00:35:30,240
type of planet and at the moment ros128b
983
00:35:27,760 --> 00:35:33,119
is one of the most likely candidates to
984
00:35:30,240 --> 00:35:37,200
be a potentially habitable exoplanet
985
00:35:33,119 --> 00:35:39,520
besides research done in 2018 confirmed
986
00:35:37,200 --> 00:35:41,359
that its climate is favorable enough to
987
00:35:39,520 --> 00:35:43,440
sustain life
988
00:35:41,359 --> 00:35:46,320
another exoplanet on the list of
989
00:35:43,440 --> 00:35:50,160
earth-like objects located closest to us
990
00:35:46,320 --> 00:35:52,320
is glieser 667cc
991
00:35:50,160 --> 00:35:54,079
this celestial body is part of the
992
00:35:52,320 --> 00:35:56,880
triple star stellar system
993
00:35:54,079 --> 00:35:58,160
glieser 667 in the constellation
994
00:35:56,880 --> 00:36:00,560
scorpius
995
00:35:58,160 --> 00:36:02,240
it consists of two orange dwarves and
996
00:36:00,560 --> 00:36:05,560
one red dwarf
997
00:36:02,240 --> 00:36:08,800
the first two components a and b lie
998
00:36:05,560 --> 00:36:11,040
12.6 astronomical units from each other
999
00:36:08,800 --> 00:36:15,359
with the third component orbiting them
1000
00:36:11,040 --> 00:36:17,920
at a distance of 230 astronomical units
1001
00:36:15,359 --> 00:36:20,119
the earth-like planet in this system was
1002
00:36:17,920 --> 00:36:23,280
discovered on november the 29th
1003
00:36:20,119 --> 00:36:25,119
2011 in the geneva observatory with the
1004
00:36:23,280 --> 00:36:28,640
help of the doppler method
1005
00:36:25,119 --> 00:36:29,280
the object is 22.7 light years away from
1006
00:36:28,640 --> 00:36:32,000
the earth
1007
00:36:29,280 --> 00:36:32,480
and is the second exoplanet orbiting its
1008
00:36:32,000 --> 00:36:36,880
host
1009
00:36:32,480 --> 00:36:40,000
star the mass of gliese 667cc
1010
00:36:36,880 --> 00:36:41,920
is about 3.8 times that of the earth
1011
00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:45,280
while its temperature range may be
1012
00:36:41,920 --> 00:36:47,520
rather similar to the terrestrial one
1013
00:36:45,280 --> 00:36:48,320
modeling at the planetary habitability
1014
00:36:47,520 --> 00:36:50,720
laboratory
1015
00:36:48,320 --> 00:36:51,599
managed by university of puerto rico
1016
00:36:50,720 --> 00:36:53,520
reveals
1017
00:36:51,599 --> 00:36:56,960
that the average surface temperature of
1018
00:36:53,520 --> 00:37:00,640
the atmosphere of gliese 667cc
1019
00:36:56,960 --> 00:37:03,119
must be approximately 27 degrees celsius
1020
00:37:00,640 --> 00:37:03,680
the planet receives about 90 percent of
1021
00:37:03,119 --> 00:37:05,599
energy
1022
00:37:03,680 --> 00:37:06,880
compared to that received by the earth
1023
00:37:05,599 --> 00:37:10,560
from the sun
1024
00:37:06,880 --> 00:37:12,640
also gliese 667cc is almost
1025
00:37:10,560 --> 00:37:14,480
certain to be locked in its orbit that
1026
00:37:12,640 --> 00:37:16,160
is it faces its star with one on the
1027
00:37:14,480 --> 00:37:18,400
same side
1028
00:37:16,160 --> 00:37:21,200
if the planet's orbit does not curve too
1029
00:37:18,400 --> 00:37:23,520
little and if its mass is not too big
1030
00:37:21,200 --> 00:37:25,200
the greenhouse effect produced by the
1031
00:37:23,520 --> 00:37:27,280
rather dense atmosphere
1032
00:37:25,200 --> 00:37:28,560
must be quite sufficient to create
1033
00:37:27,280 --> 00:37:30,200
favorable conditions
1034
00:37:28,560 --> 00:37:31,599
for primitive life forms
1035
00:37:30,200 --> 00:37:34,839
[Music]
1036
00:37:31,599 --> 00:37:37,839
the next deserving object in our list is
1037
00:37:34,839 --> 00:37:37,839
hd855
1038
00:37:38,000 --> 00:37:43,440
an exoplanet orbiting the orange dwarf
1039
00:37:42,280 --> 00:37:47,040
hd-85512
1040
00:37:43,440 --> 00:37:50,240
in the constellation velar its star
1041
00:37:47,040 --> 00:37:54,320
is a single k-type main sequence star
1042
00:37:50,240 --> 00:37:58,079
with the mass 0.69 that of our sun
1043
00:37:54,320 --> 00:38:01,359
as for its age it is more than 5.6
1044
00:37:58,079 --> 00:38:04,400
billion years old
1045
00:38:01,359 --> 00:38:07,680
the exoplanet discovered close to it
1046
00:38:04,400 --> 00:38:08,160
is located 36 light years away from the
1047
00:38:07,680 --> 00:38:11,920
earth
1048
00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:13,280
and its mass is 3.6 times that of our
1049
00:38:11,920 --> 00:38:18,079
planet
1050
00:38:13,280 --> 00:38:20,320
at the same time hd 85512b
1051
00:38:18,079 --> 00:38:21,839
be one of the smallest planets in the
1052
00:38:20,320 --> 00:38:25,119
habitable zone
1053
00:38:21,839 --> 00:38:27,119
it was spotted in august 2011 with a
1054
00:38:25,119 --> 00:38:29,760
harps telescope
1055
00:38:27,119 --> 00:38:30,720
the supposed steady-state temperature of
1056
00:38:29,760 --> 00:38:34,480
its surface
1057
00:38:30,720 --> 00:38:36,800
is something around 25 degrees celsius
1058
00:38:34,480 --> 00:38:38,160
if the planet's atmosphere is identical
1059
00:38:36,800 --> 00:38:41,440
to that of the earth
1060
00:38:38,160 --> 00:38:42,880
its surface temperature should reach 78
1061
00:38:41,440 --> 00:38:45,200
degrees celsius
1062
00:38:42,880 --> 00:38:46,160
it is also highly probable that there is
1063
00:38:45,200 --> 00:38:48,800
liquid water
1064
00:38:46,160 --> 00:38:51,119
on this celestial body which is why for
1065
00:38:48,800 --> 00:38:52,880
some time it was believed to become the
1066
00:38:51,119 --> 00:38:56,079
most likely place
1067
00:38:52,880 --> 00:38:58,560
where life would be discovered first
1068
00:38:56,079 --> 00:39:00,800
apart from the objects mentioned there
1069
00:38:58,560 --> 00:39:01,359
is a number of other celestial bodies in
1070
00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:03,920
space
1071
00:39:01,359 --> 00:39:04,400
located quite close to us which also
1072
00:39:03,920 --> 00:39:07,520
boasts
1073
00:39:04,400 --> 00:39:08,480
some unique features many of them may
1074
00:39:07,520 --> 00:39:11,280
well contain
1075
00:39:08,480 --> 00:39:12,400
various life forms and maybe not quite
1076
00:39:11,280 --> 00:39:15,359
as far from us
1077
00:39:12,400 --> 00:39:16,320
as we would imagine however we should
1078
00:39:15,359 --> 00:39:19,040
bear in mind
1079
00:39:16,320 --> 00:39:21,359
that some half a century ago man did not
1080
00:39:19,040 --> 00:39:22,960
possess a tenth of information known to
1081
00:39:21,359 --> 00:39:25,440
us today
1082
00:39:22,960 --> 00:39:26,480
and in the future the progress of our
1083
00:39:25,440 --> 00:39:28,560
discoveries
1084
00:39:26,480 --> 00:39:30,079
is going to escalate even more
1085
00:39:28,560 --> 00:39:34,480
dramatically
1086
00:39:30,079 --> 00:39:36,880
for example on december the 18th 2019
1087
00:39:34,480 --> 00:39:38,960
the k-op space telescope was
1088
00:39:36,880 --> 00:39:41,520
successfully launched in orbit by the
1089
00:39:38,960 --> 00:39:43,760
european space agency
1090
00:39:41,520 --> 00:39:44,960
it is specifically aimed at exploring
1091
00:39:43,760 --> 00:39:48,160
exoplanets
1092
00:39:44,960 --> 00:39:50,640
using the transit method it may be this
1093
00:39:48,160 --> 00:39:52,800
spacecraft is to contribute to the list
1094
00:39:50,640 --> 00:39:55,920
of earth-like exoplanets
1095
00:39:52,800 --> 00:39:56,640
and it may become the telescope to first
1096
00:39:55,920 --> 00:40:01,119
discover
1097
00:39:56,640 --> 00:40:03,839
alien life forms in the universe
1098
00:40:01,119 --> 00:40:06,079
science does not stand still and every
1099
00:40:03,839 --> 00:40:08,720
new day bears witness to the fact that
1100
00:40:06,079 --> 00:40:09,599
mankind continues to actively stride
1101
00:40:08,720 --> 00:40:11,520
forward
1102
00:40:09,599 --> 00:40:13,920
if this progress does not lose its
1103
00:40:11,520 --> 00:40:15,680
momentum sooner or later we are bound to
1104
00:40:13,920 --> 00:40:18,800
find an answer to the eternal
1105
00:40:15,680 --> 00:40:21,280
mind perturbing question are we alone
1106
00:40:18,800 --> 00:40:23,839
in the universe and i hope the answer we
1107
00:40:21,280 --> 00:40:24,720
get will prove that life is not a mere
1108
00:40:23,839 --> 00:40:26,640
accident
1109
00:40:24,720 --> 00:40:30,720
but a logical consequence of the
1110
00:40:26,640 --> 00:40:30,720
evolution in our universe
1111
00:40:37,040 --> 00:40:40,720
as a rule micro quasars are x-ray
1112
00:40:39,839 --> 00:40:42,800
binaries
1113
00:40:40,720 --> 00:40:44,240
that is stellar systems made up of two
1114
00:40:42,800 --> 00:40:46,560
components
1115
00:40:44,240 --> 00:40:47,599
one of them is a regular star similar to
1116
00:40:46,560 --> 00:40:50,000
our sun
1117
00:40:47,599 --> 00:40:53,359
the other component is a compact object
1118
00:40:50,000 --> 00:40:55,599
like a black hole or a neutron star
1119
00:40:53,359 --> 00:40:56,880
matter in such micro quasars is
1120
00:40:55,599 --> 00:40:58,880
constantly in the process of
1121
00:40:56,880 --> 00:41:00,560
accumulating in the compact object
1122
00:40:58,880 --> 00:41:04,240
which is accompanied by occasional
1123
00:41:00,560 --> 00:41:06,800
outflows of matter at great speeds
1124
00:41:04,240 --> 00:41:08,800
these outflows are known as jets and the
1125
00:41:06,800 --> 00:41:09,520
nature of these jets reminds one of
1126
00:41:08,800 --> 00:41:12,640
processes
1127
00:41:09,520 --> 00:41:14,720
taking place in regular quasars
1128
00:41:12,640 --> 00:41:16,640
now it is not a regular occurrence in
1129
00:41:14,720 --> 00:41:19,359
ordinary quasars
1130
00:41:16,640 --> 00:41:21,040
meanwhile as the mass of a micro quasar
1131
00:41:19,359 --> 00:41:21,760
is smaller than that of an ordinary
1132
00:41:21,040 --> 00:41:24,000
quasar
1133
00:41:21,760 --> 00:41:25,760
jets may originate here practically on a
1134
00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:27,920
daily basis
1135
00:41:25,760 --> 00:41:30,400
the principal difference between micro
1136
00:41:27,920 --> 00:41:31,119
quasars and ordinary quasars is in their
1137
00:41:30,400 --> 00:41:34,319
mass
1138
00:41:31,119 --> 00:41:34,960
and the frequency of matter outflows for
1139
00:41:34,319 --> 00:41:36,880
example
1140
00:41:34,960 --> 00:41:39,200
the mass of the compact components and
1141
00:41:36,880 --> 00:41:40,720
micro quasars is considerably smaller
1142
00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:41,920
than the mass of those in regular
1143
00:41:40,720 --> 00:41:44,960
quasars
1144
00:41:41,920 --> 00:41:45,920
it is just several cellular masses just
1145
00:41:44,960 --> 00:41:48,160
to compare
1146
00:41:45,920 --> 00:41:50,000
the average mass of a supermassive black
1147
00:41:48,160 --> 00:41:51,599
hole in the center of a quasar
1148
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:54,319
may be approximately as much as a
1149
00:41:51,599 --> 00:41:56,319
hundred million solar masses
1150
00:41:54,319 --> 00:41:59,520
as for the mass of the black hole likely
1151
00:41:56,319 --> 00:42:02,960
to be found in the center of ss-433
1152
00:41:59,520 --> 00:42:05,280
it must be just a few dozen solar masses
1153
00:42:02,960 --> 00:42:06,800
the accretion disk of a micro quasar is
1154
00:42:05,280 --> 00:42:08,960
intensely luminescent
1155
00:42:06,800 --> 00:42:10,640
with emissions in the optical and x-ray
1156
00:42:08,960 --> 00:42:13,119
bands
1157
00:42:10,640 --> 00:42:15,200
a regular quasar is an astronomical body
1158
00:42:13,119 --> 00:42:16,079
boasting the highest luminosity among
1159
00:42:15,200 --> 00:42:18,800
other objects
1160
00:42:16,079 --> 00:42:20,960
in the observable universe according to
1161
00:42:18,800 --> 00:42:23,359
contemporary scientific views
1162
00:42:20,960 --> 00:42:25,680
these celestial bodies are active cores
1163
00:42:23,359 --> 00:42:26,160
of galaxies where a supermassive black
1164
00:42:25,680 --> 00:42:28,560
hole
1165
00:42:26,160 --> 00:42:30,480
sucks in matter all around it thus
1166
00:42:28,560 --> 00:42:32,960
forming an accretion disk
1167
00:42:30,480 --> 00:42:35,119
as for the disk itself it is a source of
1168
00:42:32,960 --> 00:42:37,920
very powerful luminosity
1169
00:42:35,119 --> 00:42:40,160
just to give you an idea its luminosity
1170
00:42:37,920 --> 00:42:42,480
may sometimes be hundreds of times as
1171
00:42:40,160 --> 00:42:42,800
intense as that of all stars in a galaxy
1172
00:42:42,480 --> 00:42:46,319
like
1173
00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:48,880
ours combined to date
1174
00:42:46,319 --> 00:42:50,560
over 200 000 quasars have been
1175
00:42:48,880 --> 00:42:52,400
identified
1176
00:42:50,560 --> 00:42:53,760
we're able to observe some of these
1177
00:42:52,400 --> 00:42:56,400
quasars in the sky
1178
00:42:53,760 --> 00:42:58,560
even without using a telescope and so
1179
00:42:56,400 --> 00:43:00,800
the rate of discovering new objects of
1180
00:42:58,560 --> 00:43:02,240
one or the other category is another
1181
00:43:00,800 --> 00:43:04,319
principal parameter
1182
00:43:02,240 --> 00:43:05,839
by which regular quasars and micro
1183
00:43:04,319 --> 00:43:07,760
quasars differ
1184
00:43:05,839 --> 00:43:09,440
if we look at the list of known micro
1185
00:43:07,760 --> 00:43:12,560
quasars it contains
1186
00:43:09,440 --> 00:43:16,160
just a few entries so far the first
1187
00:43:12,560 --> 00:43:18,720
micro quasar was discovered back in 1978
1188
00:43:16,160 --> 00:43:20,240
when a source of unusual radio and x-ray
1189
00:43:18,720 --> 00:43:21,839
emissions was detected by two
1190
00:43:20,240 --> 00:43:22,480
astronomers from the university of
1191
00:43:21,839 --> 00:43:24,160
cambridge
1192
00:43:22,480 --> 00:43:26,160
as they were looking for debris left
1193
00:43:24,160 --> 00:43:28,560
over from supernovae
1194
00:43:26,160 --> 00:43:30,760
detected in the constellation aquila
1195
00:43:28,560 --> 00:43:33,280
this source was later dubbed
1196
00:43:30,760 --> 00:43:35,040
ss433
1197
00:43:33,280 --> 00:43:37,920
the object under scrutiny is an
1198
00:43:35,040 --> 00:43:40,000
eclipsing x-ray binary system
1199
00:43:37,920 --> 00:43:41,440
one of its components is likely to be a
1200
00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:44,000
black hole
1201
00:43:41,440 --> 00:43:46,160
as for the second component it is a star
1202
00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:48,720
of spectral type a
1203
00:43:46,160 --> 00:43:50,560
that is a main sequence dwarf star of a
1204
00:43:48,720 --> 00:43:52,960
whitish hue
1205
00:43:50,560 --> 00:43:56,240
it is assumed that this star's mass is
1206
00:43:52,960 --> 00:43:58,720
10 to 30 times that of our sun
1207
00:43:56,240 --> 00:44:00,319
and more likely than not the dwarf used
1208
00:43:58,720 --> 00:44:03,280
to be considerably heavier in the
1209
00:44:00,319 --> 00:44:05,440
earlier stages of its existence
1210
00:44:03,280 --> 00:44:08,400
its surface temperature is thought to be
1211
00:44:05,440 --> 00:44:11,440
anything from 7000 to eleven and a half
1212
00:44:08,400 --> 00:44:14,240
thousand degrees kelvin this temperature
1213
00:44:11,440 --> 00:44:16,000
range is typical for stars of this type
1214
00:44:14,240 --> 00:44:19,680
it is actually its temperature that
1215
00:44:16,000 --> 00:44:22,000
gives the star its pale yellow tint
1216
00:44:19,680 --> 00:44:23,280
in fact if we look at the stars closest
1217
00:44:22,000 --> 00:44:26,400
to the sun
1218
00:44:23,280 --> 00:44:30,079
then sirius altair and viga fall into
1219
00:44:26,400 --> 00:44:30,079
the same class as this star
1220
00:44:30,599 --> 00:44:34,160
ss-433 is located within the supernova
1221
00:44:33,520 --> 00:44:37,520
remnant
1222
00:44:34,160 --> 00:44:38,800
w-50 sometimes also called the manatee
1223
00:44:37,520 --> 00:44:41,119
nebula
1224
00:44:38,800 --> 00:44:42,480
the age of this nebula is estimated at
1225
00:44:41,119 --> 00:44:45,200
approximately 20
1226
00:44:42,480 --> 00:44:47,680
000 years and the distance between the
1227
00:44:45,200 --> 00:44:52,079
nebula and the earth measures about 18
1228
00:44:47,680 --> 00:44:54,880
000 light years the jets from ss-433
1229
00:44:52,079 --> 00:44:56,240
distort the clouds surrounding the w-50
1230
00:44:54,880 --> 00:44:59,040
nebula
1231
00:44:56,240 --> 00:45:01,240
according to a certain theory the w-50
1232
00:44:59,040 --> 00:45:04,079
nebula and the micro quasar
1233
00:45:01,240 --> 00:45:06,240
ss-433 are actually related
1234
00:45:04,079 --> 00:45:07,920
and came to be as a result of one in the
1235
00:45:06,240 --> 00:45:10,480
same supernova event
1236
00:45:07,920 --> 00:45:12,240
which supposedly took place around 20
1237
00:45:10,480 --> 00:45:14,240
000 years ago
1238
00:45:12,240 --> 00:45:17,520
it takes either of the two objects in
1239
00:45:14,240 --> 00:45:19,359
the system 13.1 days to orbit the common
1240
00:45:17,520 --> 00:45:22,800
mass center
1241
00:45:19,359 --> 00:45:25,200
in fact the way the ss-433 system works
1242
00:45:22,800 --> 00:45:28,160
is quite exciting with both components
1243
00:45:25,200 --> 00:45:30,319
constantly interacting with each other
1244
00:45:28,160 --> 00:45:31,599
matter from the second component that is
1245
00:45:30,319 --> 00:45:33,599
the regular star
1246
00:45:31,599 --> 00:45:36,000
flows to the first component or the
1247
00:45:33,599 --> 00:45:38,960
primary supposedly a black hole
1248
00:45:36,000 --> 00:45:40,240
thus forming an accretion disk around it
1249
00:45:38,960 --> 00:45:41,920
as it spirals
1250
00:45:40,240 --> 00:45:44,800
the matter heats up to extreme
1251
00:45:41,920 --> 00:45:46,560
temperatures and emits x-rays
1252
00:45:44,800 --> 00:45:47,920
some part of the smatter leaves the
1253
00:45:46,560 --> 00:45:50,640
system in two jets
1254
00:45:47,920 --> 00:45:52,240
at the rate of approximately 26 of the
1255
00:45:50,640 --> 00:45:56,880
speed of light
1256
00:45:52,240 --> 00:46:00,640
that is 79 000 kilometers per second
1257
00:45:56,880 --> 00:46:02,720
in 2019 thanks to the alma observatory
1258
00:46:00,640 --> 00:46:05,520
astronomers managed to get detailed
1259
00:46:02,720 --> 00:46:07,359
images of ss-433
1260
00:46:05,520 --> 00:46:09,680
it was clear from the emission structure
1261
00:46:07,359 --> 00:46:10,960
that the micro quasars jets themselves
1262
00:46:09,680 --> 00:46:13,040
are rather narrow
1263
00:46:10,960 --> 00:46:15,200
and their shape is irregular and has
1264
00:46:13,040 --> 00:46:17,200
nodes
1265
00:46:15,200 --> 00:46:19,280
further studies of the object showed
1266
00:46:17,200 --> 00:46:21,040
that the shape of the jets is distorted
1267
00:46:19,280 --> 00:46:23,440
as a result of precession
1268
00:46:21,040 --> 00:46:27,520
that is a process when the jets slowly
1269
00:46:23,440 --> 00:46:29,920
rotate on their axis as they spiral
1270
00:46:27,520 --> 00:46:32,240
the diameter of either of the two jets
1271
00:46:29,920 --> 00:46:33,680
ejected from the micro quasar in two
1272
00:46:32,240 --> 00:46:36,480
opposite directions
1273
00:46:33,680 --> 00:46:39,760
measures approximately 5 000 times the
1274
00:46:36,480 --> 00:46:42,960
diameter of the solar system
1275
00:46:39,760 --> 00:46:44,880
as ss-433 is relatively close to the
1276
00:46:42,960 --> 00:46:46,640
earth it is particularly valuable to
1277
00:46:44,880 --> 00:46:48,720
scientists studying the phenomenon of
1278
00:46:46,640 --> 00:46:50,560
micro quasars
1279
00:46:48,720 --> 00:46:52,480
images beamed back by the alma
1280
00:46:50,560 --> 00:46:53,839
observatory showed its jets for the
1281
00:46:52,480 --> 00:46:55,839
first time
1282
00:46:53,839 --> 00:46:58,160
and it also helped establish the
1283
00:46:55,839 --> 00:46:59,359
direction these jets point out is never
1284
00:46:58,160 --> 00:47:01,280
the same
1285
00:46:59,359 --> 00:47:02,720
just like a top the spinning toy
1286
00:47:01,280 --> 00:47:05,119
gradually slows down
1287
00:47:02,720 --> 00:47:06,640
they too rotate on their axis which is
1288
00:47:05,119 --> 00:47:08,720
perpendicular to the plane of the
1289
00:47:06,640 --> 00:47:10,720
accretion disk
1290
00:47:08,720 --> 00:47:12,480
the armor images boasted another
1291
00:47:10,720 --> 00:47:15,359
outstanding feature
1292
00:47:12,480 --> 00:47:17,599
the shape of ss-433 was predicted in
1293
00:47:15,359 --> 00:47:20,480
fine detail thanks to spectroscopic
1294
00:47:17,599 --> 00:47:24,319
measurements that had been done in 2018
1295
00:47:20,480 --> 00:47:26,559
using the global jet watch telescopes
1296
00:47:24,319 --> 00:47:28,240
and so the actual shape largely
1297
00:47:26,559 --> 00:47:31,119
corresponds to the new images
1298
00:47:28,240 --> 00:47:35,040
where ss433 is really seen to have a
1299
00:47:31,119 --> 00:47:35,040
shape reminding one of a corkscrew
1300
00:47:35,119 --> 00:47:39,200
it isn't a rare occasion when jets like
1301
00:47:37,280 --> 00:47:40,400
that originate here or there in the
1302
00:47:39,200 --> 00:47:43,040
universe
1303
00:47:40,400 --> 00:47:44,480
as a rule jets of plasma also known as
1304
00:47:43,040 --> 00:47:46,319
relativistic jets
1305
00:47:44,480 --> 00:47:50,240
are spewed out of the centers of active
1306
00:47:46,319 --> 00:47:52,559
galaxies quasars and radio galaxies
1307
00:47:50,240 --> 00:47:53,760
when this occurs there are usually two
1308
00:47:52,559 --> 00:47:56,319
jets as such
1309
00:47:53,760 --> 00:47:58,400
pointing in the opposite directions and
1310
00:47:56,319 --> 00:48:01,920
this is exactly what we can observe in
1311
00:47:58,400 --> 00:48:03,920
the case of ss433
1312
00:48:01,920 --> 00:48:05,599
today the phenomenon of jets like that
1313
00:48:03,920 --> 00:48:07,599
wants deeper studying
1314
00:48:05,599 --> 00:48:09,119
it is believed that jets originate
1315
00:48:07,599 --> 00:48:11,280
following the interaction between
1316
00:48:09,119 --> 00:48:14,880
magnetic fields and the accretion disk
1317
00:48:11,280 --> 00:48:17,520
around a black hole or a neutron star
1318
00:48:14,880 --> 00:48:18,720
as for their size it may be staggeringly
1319
00:48:17,520 --> 00:48:21,440
enormous
1320
00:48:18,720 --> 00:48:23,280
in the case of the radio galaxy 3c one
1321
00:48:21,440 --> 00:48:25,599
two zero for example
1322
00:48:23,280 --> 00:48:26,880
the jet stretches for at least several
1323
00:48:25,599 --> 00:48:30,319
kilo pass
1324
00:48:26,880 --> 00:48:32,160
away from its source it is highly
1325
00:48:30,319 --> 00:48:34,079
probable that in the future the regular
1326
00:48:32,160 --> 00:48:35,920
star in the ss433
1327
00:48:34,079 --> 00:48:38,000
system will shed its outer layer
1328
00:48:35,920 --> 00:48:39,760
completely as a result of the influence
1329
00:48:38,000 --> 00:48:42,720
of the compact object
1330
00:48:39,760 --> 00:48:43,040
its core meanwhile will remain hot and
1331
00:48:42,720 --> 00:48:45,440
thus
1332
00:48:43,040 --> 00:48:47,359
the star will qualify to be called a hot
1333
00:48:45,440 --> 00:48:49,839
sub dwarf
1334
00:48:47,359 --> 00:48:51,520
later the star is to be gradually sucked
1335
00:48:49,839 --> 00:48:53,839
in by the black hole
1336
00:48:51,520 --> 00:48:54,880
and sooner or later after this process
1337
00:48:53,839 --> 00:48:58,000
is completed
1338
00:48:54,880 --> 00:48:58,800
the ss433 system will assume a classical
1339
00:48:58,000 --> 00:49:02,400
look
1340
00:48:58,800 --> 00:49:04,319
it will comprise just the compact object
1341
00:49:02,400 --> 00:49:06,319
the process of this system's evolution
1342
00:49:04,319 --> 00:49:07,200
will of course continue for thousands of
1343
00:49:06,319 --> 00:49:09,359
years
1344
00:49:07,200 --> 00:49:10,960
so we have plenty of time to study this
1345
00:49:09,359 --> 00:49:14,079
phenomenon
1346
00:49:10,960 --> 00:49:14,960
and while the micro quasar ss-433 is
1347
00:49:14,079 --> 00:49:17,280
active
1348
00:49:14,960 --> 00:49:19,200
we will have many opportunities to carry
1349
00:49:17,280 --> 00:49:21,359
out detailed observation
1350
00:49:19,200 --> 00:49:24,079
that would help us understand the nature
1351
00:49:21,359 --> 00:49:31,839
of this celestial object
1352
00:49:24,079 --> 00:49:31,839
let's keep in touch
1353
00:49:34,960 --> 00:49:38,960
predictably enough the term
1354
00:49:36,559 --> 00:49:41,920
intergalactic space is generally used to
1355
00:49:38,960 --> 00:49:43,920
refer to parts of space between galaxies
1356
00:49:41,920 --> 00:49:45,920
it is believed that certain portions of
1357
00:49:43,920 --> 00:49:46,880
these areas are practically devoid of
1358
00:49:45,920 --> 00:49:48,559
any matter
1359
00:49:46,880 --> 00:49:50,720
which makes their composition quite
1360
00:49:48,559 --> 00:49:52,800
close to that of absolute vacuum
1361
00:49:50,720 --> 00:49:54,559
with some of its areas stretching as far
1362
00:49:52,800 --> 00:49:55,680
as millions of light years in all
1363
00:49:54,559 --> 00:49:58,000
directions
1364
00:49:55,680 --> 00:50:01,200
intergalactic space is for the most part
1365
00:49:58,000 --> 00:50:03,760
filled with ionized gas
1366
00:50:01,200 --> 00:50:04,720
generally this gas is hot hydrogen whose
1367
00:50:03,760 --> 00:50:06,720
density here
1368
00:50:04,720 --> 00:50:09,359
is 10 times less than that in
1369
00:50:06,720 --> 00:50:11,920
interstellar environment
1370
00:50:09,359 --> 00:50:14,079
namely less than one atom to one cubic
1371
00:50:11,920 --> 00:50:16,079
decimeter
1372
00:50:14,079 --> 00:50:17,599
there are also heavier elements to be
1373
00:50:16,079 --> 00:50:22,079
found here as well
1374
00:50:17,599 --> 00:50:22,079
like carbon oxygen and silicon
1375
00:50:23,520 --> 00:50:27,680
some part of intergalactic gas is
1376
00:50:25,599 --> 00:50:30,000
concentrated in clouds differing from
1377
00:50:27,680 --> 00:50:32,720
each other very much in terms of density
1378
00:50:30,000 --> 00:50:34,640
and temperature interestingly the
1379
00:50:32,720 --> 00:50:35,760
chemical composition of their gas is
1380
00:50:34,640 --> 00:50:38,880
diverse
1381
00:50:35,760 --> 00:50:42,240
it may contain atoms of hydrogen helium
1382
00:50:38,880 --> 00:50:45,280
carbon nitrogen oxygen sulfur
1383
00:50:42,240 --> 00:50:46,559
and various metals it is this gas that
1384
00:50:45,280 --> 00:50:51,440
more likely than not
1385
00:50:46,559 --> 00:50:51,440
feeds stellar formations in all galaxies
1386
00:50:51,520 --> 00:50:56,079
there are also much larger objects to be
1387
00:50:53,839 --> 00:50:58,559
found in intergalactic space
1388
00:50:56,079 --> 00:51:00,720
for example stars were spotted there
1389
00:50:58,559 --> 00:51:03,040
quite recently
1390
00:51:00,720 --> 00:51:05,040
the total number of intergalactic stars
1391
00:51:03,040 --> 00:51:08,559
in the observable universe may reach
1392
00:51:05,040 --> 00:51:09,359
several trillion within the milky way
1393
00:51:08,559 --> 00:51:13,040
alone
1394
00:51:09,359 --> 00:51:16,079
around 650 of these rogue stars have
1395
00:51:13,040 --> 00:51:18,400
been pinpointed so far
1396
00:51:16,079 --> 00:51:19,440
as a rule intergalactic mata doesn't
1397
00:51:18,400 --> 00:51:21,359
emit any light
1398
00:51:19,440 --> 00:51:22,880
and is mostly invisible to the potential
1399
00:51:21,359 --> 00:51:25,200
observer that is why
1400
00:51:22,880 --> 00:51:26,720
its discovery was actually made by pure
1401
00:51:25,200 --> 00:51:28,880
chance
1402
00:51:26,720 --> 00:51:31,680
it all started with quasars which were
1403
00:51:28,880 --> 00:51:33,839
discovered in the 1960s
1404
00:51:31,680 --> 00:51:35,200
very soon scientists noticed that the
1405
00:51:33,839 --> 00:51:38,319
light from the quasars had
1406
00:51:35,200 --> 00:51:40,240
certain missing pieces in some spectra
1407
00:51:38,319 --> 00:51:42,319
these particles were absorbed by
1408
00:51:40,240 --> 00:51:44,000
something in between quasars and
1409
00:51:42,319 --> 00:51:46,319
astronomers telescopes
1410
00:51:44,000 --> 00:51:48,480
it later transpired that this invisible
1411
00:51:46,319 --> 00:51:49,359
matter was the gas of the intergalactic
1412
00:51:48,480 --> 00:51:53,680
medium
1413
00:51:49,359 --> 00:51:55,920
the igm in the decades that followed
1414
00:51:53,680 --> 00:51:57,680
vast accumulations and filaments of gas
1415
00:51:55,920 --> 00:52:00,079
and heavier elements were discovered in
1416
00:51:57,680 --> 00:52:01,760
intergalactic space
1417
00:52:00,079 --> 00:52:03,280
and even though at first glance it
1418
00:52:01,760 --> 00:52:05,599
appears to be empty
1419
00:52:03,280 --> 00:52:06,960
its dimensions are so mind-blowing that
1420
00:52:05,599 --> 00:52:09,280
there must be more matter
1421
00:52:06,960 --> 00:52:11,440
evenly distributed around it than there
1422
00:52:09,280 --> 00:52:15,520
is mata in all the galaxies of the
1423
00:52:11,440 --> 00:52:15,520
observable universe combined
1424
00:52:16,400 --> 00:52:20,240
it is safe to assume that some part of
1425
00:52:18,319 --> 00:52:22,880
intergalactic gas has been left out
1426
00:52:20,240 --> 00:52:24,720
there after the hypothetical big bang
1427
00:52:22,880 --> 00:52:26,880
still as there are heavier elements in
1428
00:52:24,720 --> 00:52:28,800
its composition it may only mean that
1429
00:52:26,880 --> 00:52:30,160
many of these elements used to be part
1430
00:52:28,800 --> 00:52:33,280
of interstellar dust
1431
00:52:30,160 --> 00:52:35,520
lost by other galaxies
1432
00:52:33,280 --> 00:52:37,280
intergalactic gas actually plays an
1433
00:52:35,520 --> 00:52:39,680
important role in the process of the
1434
00:52:37,280 --> 00:52:41,359
universe's evolution
1435
00:52:39,680 --> 00:52:42,960
under the influence of a galaxy's
1436
00:52:41,359 --> 00:52:45,280
gravitational pull
1437
00:52:42,960 --> 00:52:46,160
gas is gradually sucked into galaxies at
1438
00:52:45,280 --> 00:52:48,880
the rate of one
1439
00:52:46,160 --> 00:52:50,800
solar mass a year which is quite close
1440
00:52:48,880 --> 00:52:53,760
to the rate of star formation in the
1441
00:52:50,800 --> 00:52:56,160
disk of the milky way
1442
00:52:53,760 --> 00:52:57,119
apart from that matter exchange among
1443
00:52:56,160 --> 00:53:00,160
all galaxies
1444
00:52:57,119 --> 00:53:02,160
occurs thanks to this process the point
1445
00:53:00,160 --> 00:53:04,000
is that stars in a given area of the
1446
00:53:02,160 --> 00:53:05,839
universe collapse and release
1447
00:53:04,000 --> 00:53:07,200
part of their matter in intergalactic
1448
00:53:05,839 --> 00:53:09,680
space
1449
00:53:07,200 --> 00:53:11,359
having been released the mata becomes
1450
00:53:09,680 --> 00:53:13,680
part of intergalactic gas
1451
00:53:11,359 --> 00:53:16,960
and so later takes part in the processes
1452
00:53:13,680 --> 00:53:19,440
of star formation in other galaxies
1453
00:53:16,960 --> 00:53:20,640
consequently star formation in galaxies
1454
00:53:19,440 --> 00:53:22,800
will not stop
1455
00:53:20,640 --> 00:53:28,000
while there is still intergalactic gas
1456
00:53:22,800 --> 00:53:30,319
around pulled by gravity
1457
00:53:28,000 --> 00:53:32,960
substantial portion of intergalactic gas
1458
00:53:30,319 --> 00:53:34,960
is matter remaining after supernovae
1459
00:53:32,960 --> 00:53:36,720
which is why temperatures in some areas
1460
00:53:34,960 --> 00:53:38,160
of intergalactic environments are
1461
00:53:36,720 --> 00:53:40,480
extremely high
1462
00:53:38,160 --> 00:53:43,119
sometimes reaching as much as several
1463
00:53:40,480 --> 00:53:45,200
million degrees celsius
1464
00:53:43,119 --> 00:53:47,599
the high temperature of some areas may
1465
00:53:45,200 --> 00:53:48,480
also be accounted for by electromagnetic
1466
00:53:47,599 --> 00:53:50,640
radiation
1467
00:53:48,480 --> 00:53:52,400
emitted by intergalactic black holes
1468
00:53:50,640 --> 00:53:54,000
following mata accretion on their
1469
00:53:52,400 --> 00:53:56,400
surfaces
1470
00:53:54,000 --> 00:53:58,480
or else by powerful streams of energy
1471
00:53:56,400 --> 00:53:59,839
emitted by still more massive black
1472
00:53:58,480 --> 00:54:02,480
holes
1473
00:53:59,839 --> 00:54:04,319
intergalactic gas plays the role of raw
1474
00:54:02,480 --> 00:54:06,480
material in star formation
1475
00:54:04,319 --> 00:54:09,119
while intergalactic space is some sort
1476
00:54:06,480 --> 00:54:11,040
of a tank used for its storage
1477
00:54:09,119 --> 00:54:12,160
the mechanism of intergalactic gas
1478
00:54:11,040 --> 00:54:14,640
recirculation
1479
00:54:12,160 --> 00:54:16,880
hasn't been studied deeply enough first
1480
00:54:14,640 --> 00:54:18,480
of all because unlike galaxies which are
1481
00:54:16,880 --> 00:54:21,680
bright and easily seen
1482
00:54:18,480 --> 00:54:23,200
this gas emits no light to speak of
1483
00:54:21,680 --> 00:54:25,599
in their attempt to study this
1484
00:54:23,200 --> 00:54:29,119
phenomenon astronomers have devised
1485
00:54:25,599 --> 00:54:31,680
supercomputer foggy foggy modelled the
1486
00:54:29,119 --> 00:54:34,079
patterns of intergalactic gas movements
1487
00:54:31,680 --> 00:54:36,079
and it is possible to observe how gas
1488
00:54:34,079 --> 00:54:38,400
traveled around galaxies in the course
1489
00:54:36,079 --> 00:54:40,160
of 13 billion years
1490
00:54:38,400 --> 00:54:42,079
most of this matter is carried to
1491
00:54:40,160 --> 00:54:42,960
intergalactic environment by stellar
1492
00:54:42,079 --> 00:54:44,799
wind
1493
00:54:42,960 --> 00:54:47,119
that is thanks to the process of mata
1494
00:54:44,799 --> 00:54:48,400
flow from stars to areas beyond their
1495
00:54:47,119 --> 00:54:50,400
galaxies
1496
00:54:48,400 --> 00:54:52,640
it should be mentioned that this occurs
1497
00:54:50,400 --> 00:54:54,640
when particles in a star's atmosphere
1498
00:54:52,640 --> 00:54:58,319
accelerate to speeds exceeding the
1499
00:54:54,640 --> 00:54:58,319
escape velocity of this star
1500
00:54:59,119 --> 00:55:02,480
stellar wind is crucial for stellar
1501
00:55:01,359 --> 00:55:04,720
evolution
1502
00:55:02,480 --> 00:55:06,319
as a result of this process the mass of
1503
00:55:04,720 --> 00:55:08,319
a star diminishes
1504
00:55:06,319 --> 00:55:10,559
and the intensity of this process has a
1505
00:55:08,319 --> 00:55:12,079
direct impact on this particular star's
1506
00:55:10,559 --> 00:55:14,720
lifespan
1507
00:55:12,079 --> 00:55:17,200
also stellar wind is capable of carrying
1508
00:55:14,720 --> 00:55:20,079
mata enormous distances through space
1509
00:55:17,200 --> 00:55:20,880
away from its departure point as it were
1510
00:55:20,079 --> 00:55:22,880
moreover
1511
00:55:20,880 --> 00:55:25,599
it may have an impact on matter around
1512
00:55:22,880 --> 00:55:27,760
it by sharing some of its kinetic energy
1513
00:55:25,599 --> 00:55:29,680
results of this process may be clearly
1514
00:55:27,760 --> 00:55:31,760
observed in the shapes of some galaxies
1515
00:55:29,680 --> 00:55:32,319
or nebulae for instance the emission
1516
00:55:31,760 --> 00:55:35,599
nebula
1517
00:55:32,319 --> 00:55:37,680
ngc 7635 nicknamed bubble
1518
00:55:35,599 --> 00:55:39,040
assumed its shape as a result of this
1519
00:55:37,680 --> 00:55:42,319
process
1520
00:55:39,040 --> 00:55:44,319
and in the case of galaxy m82 also known
1521
00:55:42,319 --> 00:55:46,559
as the cigar galaxy
1522
00:55:44,319 --> 00:55:48,880
we can observe how stellar wind from a
1523
00:55:46,559 --> 00:55:51,190
great number of stars caused clearly
1524
00:55:48,880 --> 00:55:53,040
seen matter rejections from the galaxy
1525
00:55:51,190 --> 00:55:54,960
[Music]
1526
00:55:53,040 --> 00:55:57,520
apart from the debris left over from
1527
00:55:54,960 --> 00:55:59,920
supernovae there is also intergalactic
1528
00:55:57,520 --> 00:56:01,760
dust to be found in this environment
1529
00:55:59,920 --> 00:56:04,079
today it is posited that it is
1530
00:56:01,760 --> 00:56:06,240
intergalactic dust that is to blame for
1531
00:56:04,079 --> 00:56:08,000
jinxing estimations of distances on the
1532
00:56:06,240 --> 00:56:11,040
intergalactic scale
1533
00:56:08,000 --> 00:56:14,000
for example when supernovae quasars or
1534
00:56:11,040 --> 00:56:16,400
other galaxies are being observed
1535
00:56:14,000 --> 00:56:18,160
among its many properties it is capable
1536
00:56:16,400 --> 00:56:21,280
of forming clouds
1537
00:56:18,160 --> 00:56:23,520
by 1980 four such nebulae had been
1538
00:56:21,280 --> 00:56:26,480
pinpointed within several megapass sects
1539
00:56:23,520 --> 00:56:26,480
from the milky way
1540
00:56:27,440 --> 00:56:32,720
as for intergalactic stars they are
1541
00:56:29,599 --> 00:56:34,160
rather difficult to detect and explore
1542
00:56:32,720 --> 00:56:35,920
some of them have been spotted in the
1543
00:56:34,160 --> 00:56:38,319
x-ray spectrum with the help of the
1544
00:56:35,920 --> 00:56:40,480
chandra x-ray observatory
1545
00:56:38,319 --> 00:56:42,880
many of them are binary systems made up
1546
00:56:40,480 --> 00:56:45,200
of one regular star as one component
1547
00:56:42,880 --> 00:56:47,520
and one compact heavy object like a
1548
00:56:45,200 --> 00:56:49,839
black hole is the other
1549
00:56:47,520 --> 00:56:50,559
when such celestial bodies lie close to
1550
00:56:49,839 --> 00:56:52,480
each other
1551
00:56:50,559 --> 00:56:54,799
the more massive component attracts
1552
00:56:52,480 --> 00:56:57,440
matter from the regular star
1553
00:56:54,799 --> 00:56:59,359
while flowing to its new host mata
1554
00:56:57,440 --> 00:57:01,280
spirals away from its source to form an
1555
00:56:59,359 --> 00:57:03,359
accretion disk
1556
00:57:01,280 --> 00:57:05,359
this disk compresses and heats up to
1557
00:57:03,359 --> 00:57:07,280
extremely high temperatures
1558
00:57:05,359 --> 00:57:08,559
and as a result it does not simply
1559
00:57:07,280 --> 00:57:12,240
become luminescent
1560
00:57:08,559 --> 00:57:14,319
but starts emitting x-rays it is next to
1561
00:57:12,240 --> 00:57:14,799
impossible to spot most objects of this
1562
00:57:14,319 --> 00:57:18,079
kind
1563
00:57:14,799 --> 00:57:20,079
using regular telescopes meanwhile
1564
00:57:18,079 --> 00:57:21,920
rogue stars inhabiting voids may
1565
00:57:20,079 --> 00:57:22,480
eventually prove to be quite a common
1566
00:57:21,920 --> 00:57:25,119
thing
1567
00:57:22,480 --> 00:57:27,359
rather than something extraordinary and
1568
00:57:25,119 --> 00:57:29,599
perhaps about half of starlight is
1569
00:57:27,359 --> 00:57:32,960
actually emitted by stars lying beyond
1570
00:57:29,599 --> 00:57:35,119
the boundaries of galaxies
1571
00:57:32,960 --> 00:57:37,119
it is hard to tell how big their number
1572
00:57:35,119 --> 00:57:39,200
may be
1573
00:57:37,119 --> 00:57:41,280
and today it is barely possible to
1574
00:57:39,200 --> 00:57:42,400
imagine that man will ever visit those
1575
00:57:41,280 --> 00:57:44,559
places
1576
00:57:42,400 --> 00:57:45,599
objects lurking in those mysterious
1577
00:57:44,559 --> 00:57:47,440
parts of space
1578
00:57:45,599 --> 00:57:49,200
may be of considerable interest to
1579
00:57:47,440 --> 00:57:51,359
science
1580
00:57:49,200 --> 00:57:53,599
and who knows perhaps it is
1581
00:57:51,359 --> 00:57:54,000
intergalactic space that will be scanned
1582
00:57:53,599 --> 00:57:56,319
with all
1583
00:57:54,000 --> 00:57:58,480
telescopes by scientists in a few
1584
00:57:56,319 --> 00:58:00,880
centuries time
1585
00:57:58,480 --> 00:58:02,480
still for now this environment is just
1586
00:58:00,880 --> 00:58:05,520
another mystery of the universe
1587
00:58:02,480 --> 00:58:07,680
quite beyond our reach at this point it
1588
00:58:05,520 --> 00:58:09,839
is places like this that really thwart
1589
00:58:07,680 --> 00:58:10,400
our ambition to completely figure out
1590
00:58:09,839 --> 00:58:13,280
space
1591
00:58:10,400 --> 00:58:14,960
and its properties and it is places like
1592
00:58:13,280 --> 00:58:23,839
this that drive us to take
1593
00:58:14,960 --> 00:58:23,839
keen interest in how it all works
1594
00:58:24,079 --> 00:58:28,400
the earliest theory of the genesis of
1595
00:58:26,160 --> 00:58:29,920
our world is what is known as theory of
1596
00:58:28,400 --> 00:58:33,200
the stationary universe
1597
00:58:29,920 --> 00:58:35,280
or steady-state universe supporters of
1598
00:58:33,200 --> 00:58:37,040
this theory claim that the universe has
1599
00:58:35,280 --> 00:58:39,280
no beginning and no end
1600
00:58:37,040 --> 00:58:41,200
it has always been and always will be in
1601
00:58:39,280 --> 00:58:43,920
its steady state of equilibrium
1602
00:58:41,200 --> 00:58:46,400
however very soon scientific estimations
1603
00:58:43,920 --> 00:58:48,720
prove this theory likely to be wrong
1604
00:58:46,400 --> 00:58:51,599
as there are some irreversible processes
1605
00:58:48,720 --> 00:58:55,119
taking place in the universe
1606
00:58:51,599 --> 00:58:57,119
in the 1910s and 1920s the big bang
1607
00:58:55,119 --> 00:58:59,040
theory was formulated and widely
1608
00:58:57,119 --> 00:59:01,440
popularized
1609
00:58:59,040 --> 00:59:02,960
today it is one of the most consistent
1610
00:59:01,440 --> 00:59:04,640
scientific theories
1611
00:59:02,960 --> 00:59:07,920
and it is able to account for the
1612
00:59:04,640 --> 00:59:10,079
universe's genesis and evolution
1613
00:59:07,920 --> 00:59:12,079
dozens of scientists contributed to the
1614
00:59:10,079 --> 00:59:14,319
development of the big bang theory
1615
00:59:12,079 --> 00:59:16,079
and albert einstein's works on the
1616
00:59:14,319 --> 00:59:18,559
general theory of relativity
1617
00:59:16,079 --> 00:59:20,400
laid the theories foundation the main
1618
00:59:18,559 --> 00:59:22,000
conclusion this theory enabled
1619
00:59:20,400 --> 00:59:23,680
scientists to arrive at
1620
00:59:22,000 --> 00:59:26,000
is the supposition that the fate of the
1621
00:59:23,680 --> 00:59:28,160
universe depends on dark energy
1622
00:59:26,000 --> 00:59:29,760
a theoretical type of energy causing
1623
00:59:28,160 --> 00:59:31,920
space to expand
1624
00:59:29,760 --> 00:59:33,520
be it as it may at this point it is
1625
00:59:31,920 --> 00:59:35,760
quite impossible to say anything
1626
00:59:33,520 --> 00:59:37,359
definite about this physical phenomenon
1627
00:59:35,760 --> 00:59:39,200
there are a great number of theories
1628
00:59:37,359 --> 00:59:41,920
about this and each of them has its
1629
00:59:39,200 --> 00:59:44,480
praiseworthy aspects and shortcomings
1630
00:59:41,920 --> 00:59:46,480
according to data we possess today the
1631
00:59:44,480 --> 00:59:48,079
age of the universe is calculated from
1632
00:59:46,480 --> 00:59:50,240
the moment of the big bang
1633
00:59:48,079 --> 00:59:52,319
and is estimated at slightly less than
1634
00:59:50,240 --> 00:59:54,799
14 billion years
1635
00:59:52,319 --> 00:59:56,880
the universe is constantly expanding and
1636
00:59:54,799 --> 00:59:58,079
depending on the density of dark energy
1637
00:59:56,880 --> 01:00:00,799
it will either expand
1638
00:59:58,079 --> 01:00:02,960
forever at a regularly increasing rate
1639
01:00:00,799 --> 01:00:04,240
or else the expansion will slow down and
1640
01:00:02,960 --> 01:00:06,319
reverse
1641
01:00:04,240 --> 01:00:08,319
in this case the universe is bound to
1642
01:00:06,319 --> 01:00:09,440
compress into an infinitely small
1643
01:00:08,319 --> 01:00:12,480
singularity
1644
01:00:09,440 --> 01:00:14,559
similar to what it originated from today
1645
01:00:12,480 --> 01:00:15,760
science is not ready to give a definite
1646
01:00:14,559 --> 01:00:17,599
answer to the question
1647
01:00:15,760 --> 01:00:20,559
which of these two possibilities will
1648
01:00:17,599 --> 01:00:21,040
prevail however it is ready to suggest
1649
01:00:20,559 --> 01:00:23,440
at least
1650
01:00:21,040 --> 01:00:25,040
two equally possible scenarios of what
1651
01:00:23,440 --> 01:00:27,520
may happen next
1652
01:00:25,040 --> 01:00:29,359
referred to as the big rip and the big
1653
01:00:27,520 --> 01:00:31,280
crunch
1654
01:00:29,359 --> 01:00:33,119
the universe's expansion rate is
1655
01:00:31,280 --> 01:00:35,359
proportional to distances between
1656
01:00:33,119 --> 01:00:36,960
objects the further some objects are
1657
01:00:35,359 --> 01:00:39,520
located from each other
1658
01:00:36,960 --> 01:00:41,200
the higher the expansion rate imagine a
1659
01:00:39,520 --> 01:00:43,680
balloon pumped with air
1660
01:00:41,200 --> 01:00:45,680
there are two dots on it if we pump
1661
01:00:43,680 --> 01:00:47,760
still more air into the balloon
1662
01:00:45,680 --> 01:00:48,720
the dots will get further away from each
1663
01:00:47,760 --> 01:00:50,240
other
1664
01:00:48,720 --> 01:00:53,119
that's the way the expansion of the
1665
01:00:50,240 --> 01:00:54,319
universe works it is space itself that
1666
01:00:53,119 --> 01:00:55,920
expands
1667
01:00:54,319 --> 01:00:58,079
the further the dots are initially
1668
01:00:55,920 --> 01:01:00,079
located the faster they get still
1669
01:00:58,079 --> 01:01:02,319
further apart
1670
01:01:00,079 --> 01:01:04,000
at a certain point this rate exceeds the
1671
01:01:02,319 --> 01:01:07,359
speed of light
1672
01:01:04,000 --> 01:01:09,599
this point is known as the event horizon
1673
01:01:07,359 --> 01:01:11,760
all objects beyond it disappear from
1674
01:01:09,599 --> 01:01:14,240
view and they drift away beyond the
1675
01:01:11,760 --> 01:01:17,680
reach of the most advanced telescopes
1676
01:01:14,240 --> 01:01:17,680
never to be observed again
1677
01:01:18,000 --> 01:01:24,079
just imagine first the remotest galaxies
1678
01:01:21,359 --> 01:01:26,720
and clusters will disappear from the sky
1679
01:01:24,079 --> 01:01:27,520
then one by one the milky way stars will
1680
01:01:26,720 --> 01:01:30,079
fade away
1681
01:01:27,520 --> 01:01:30,960
and to crown it all it will be the turn
1682
01:01:30,079 --> 01:01:35,920
for our sun
1683
01:01:30,960 --> 01:01:35,920
to go dim what a gloomy sight
1684
01:01:36,880 --> 01:01:41,119
if the big rip theory holds good the
1685
01:01:39,359 --> 01:01:43,680
universe's expansion rate will be
1686
01:01:41,119 --> 01:01:45,680
constantly on the increase
1687
01:01:43,680 --> 01:01:48,559
this will lead to expansion forces
1688
01:01:45,680 --> 01:01:51,280
gradually overcoming gravity forces
1689
01:01:48,559 --> 01:01:52,160
following that first galaxy clusters and
1690
01:01:51,280 --> 01:01:54,240
then galaxies
1691
01:01:52,160 --> 01:01:55,359
themselves and star clusters will be
1692
01:01:54,240 --> 01:01:57,119
broken up
1693
01:01:55,359 --> 01:01:59,280
after that it will be the turn for
1694
01:01:57,119 --> 01:02:01,520
stellar systems to disintegrate
1695
01:01:59,280 --> 01:02:03,119
as host stars will not have sufficient
1696
01:02:01,520 --> 01:02:05,119
pool to keep their planets and
1697
01:02:03,119 --> 01:02:07,760
satellites from floating away
1698
01:02:05,119 --> 01:02:10,079
at the next stage matter will be reduced
1699
01:02:07,760 --> 01:02:12,240
to atoms and these will be reduced to
1700
01:02:10,079 --> 01:02:15,280
subatomic particles
1701
01:02:12,240 --> 01:02:18,000
matter will effectively cease to exist
1702
01:02:15,280 --> 01:02:19,440
after this physical laws as we know them
1703
01:02:18,000 --> 01:02:21,440
will cease to be
1704
01:02:19,440 --> 01:02:23,440
and any further developments are quite
1705
01:02:21,440 --> 01:02:25,680
impossible to predict
1706
01:02:23,440 --> 01:02:26,480
observations today show that space
1707
01:02:25,680 --> 01:02:28,000
expands
1708
01:02:26,480 --> 01:02:30,480
and the expansion rate is on the
1709
01:02:28,000 --> 01:02:32,079
increase however we're not familiar with
1710
01:02:30,480 --> 01:02:34,079
the nature of dark energy
1711
01:02:32,079 --> 01:02:35,280
it may well have properties unknown to
1712
01:02:34,079 --> 01:02:37,359
us at this point
1713
01:02:35,280 --> 01:02:38,720
and these may reverse the expansion
1714
01:02:37,359 --> 01:02:40,880
processes
1715
01:02:38,720 --> 01:02:42,240
as a result the universe will start
1716
01:02:40,880 --> 01:02:44,000
contracting
1717
01:02:42,240 --> 01:02:46,160
this may well happen if general
1718
01:02:44,000 --> 01:02:46,720
gravitation created by all matter in the
1719
01:02:46,160 --> 01:02:49,119
universe
1720
01:02:46,720 --> 01:02:51,280
exceeds its expansion force this
1721
01:02:49,119 --> 01:02:52,640
scenario is what is known as the big
1722
01:02:51,280 --> 01:02:54,960
crunch
1723
01:02:52,640 --> 01:02:56,880
in this case processes in the universe
1724
01:02:54,960 --> 01:02:59,119
will run in the same manner until its
1725
01:02:56,880 --> 01:03:01,119
size decreases five times
1726
01:02:59,119 --> 01:03:02,720
galaxy clusters will come together as
1727
01:03:01,119 --> 01:03:04,400
one supercluster
1728
01:03:02,720 --> 01:03:06,559
which in essence will fill the entire
1729
01:03:04,400 --> 01:03:07,280
universe considerably shrunk by this
1730
01:03:06,559 --> 01:03:09,839
point
1731
01:03:07,280 --> 01:03:12,000
meanwhile inside the galaxies events
1732
01:03:09,839 --> 01:03:14,240
like births and deaths of stars
1733
01:03:12,000 --> 01:03:15,039
planet formation and so on will keep
1734
01:03:14,240 --> 01:03:17,119
taking place
1735
01:03:15,039 --> 01:03:19,359
just like before when the universe
1736
01:03:17,119 --> 01:03:21,280
contracts 20 times more
1737
01:03:19,359 --> 01:03:22,880
its volume will account for just one
1738
01:03:21,280 --> 01:03:25,680
percent of that of today's
1739
01:03:22,880 --> 01:03:28,079
and all galaxies will blend into one the
1740
01:03:25,680 --> 01:03:28,839
relic radiation temperature by that time
1741
01:03:28,079 --> 01:03:31,920
will measure
1742
01:03:28,839 --> 01:03:33,680
274 degrees kelvin and it will still
1743
01:03:31,920 --> 01:03:35,440
continue to grow
1744
01:03:33,680 --> 01:03:37,520
this means that there won't be any
1745
01:03:35,440 --> 01:03:40,240
liquid water left in the universe
1746
01:03:37,520 --> 01:03:42,640
and water is vital for biological life
1747
01:03:40,240 --> 01:03:44,880
as we know it
1748
01:03:42,640 --> 01:03:47,520
further contraction of space will cause
1749
01:03:44,880 --> 01:03:50,000
the universe to heat up even more
1750
01:03:47,520 --> 01:03:51,280
planets will first be burnt and then
1751
01:03:50,000 --> 01:03:53,520
melted
1752
01:03:51,280 --> 01:03:55,920
all matter will crumple into an enormous
1753
01:03:53,520 --> 01:03:58,480
cloud of boiling plasma
1754
01:03:55,920 --> 01:03:59,599
after that atoms and subatomic particles
1755
01:03:58,480 --> 01:04:01,280
will disperse
1756
01:03:59,599 --> 01:04:03,520
and eventually the universe will
1757
01:04:01,280 --> 01:04:07,200
collapse into a singularity similar to
1758
01:04:03,520 --> 01:04:09,039
the one it used to be when it was born
1759
01:04:07,200 --> 01:04:11,599
there is a theory which is a kind of a
1760
01:04:09,039 --> 01:04:14,400
spin-off of the big crunch theory
1761
01:04:11,599 --> 01:04:16,480
it is known as the big bounce theory
1762
01:04:14,400 --> 01:04:18,559
according to the big balance theory
1763
01:04:16,480 --> 01:04:20,160
on reaching the state of singularity
1764
01:04:18,559 --> 01:04:22,400
following the big crunch
1765
01:04:20,160 --> 01:04:24,319
the universe will be reborn as a result
1766
01:04:22,400 --> 01:04:26,640
of yet another big bang
1767
01:04:24,319 --> 01:04:28,720
and the cycle will repeat itself again
1768
01:04:26,640 --> 01:04:30,799
and again supposedly forever
1769
01:04:28,720 --> 01:04:33,280
as far as it is possible to speak about
1770
01:04:30,799 --> 01:04:36,319
eternity and conditions devoid of time
1771
01:04:33,280 --> 01:04:38,319
and space i will repeat myself
1772
01:04:36,319 --> 01:04:40,799
yet again by saying that our knowledge
1773
01:04:38,319 --> 01:04:41,599
about dark is too meager to speak about
1774
01:04:40,799 --> 01:04:44,319
the duration
1775
01:04:41,599 --> 01:04:44,720
of any of these scenarios for all we
1776
01:04:44,319 --> 01:04:47,039
know
1777
01:04:44,720 --> 01:04:49,119
the next big rip or big crunch for that
1778
01:04:47,039 --> 01:04:52,240
matter will take place in a period when
1779
01:04:49,119 --> 01:04:54,720
there are still stars and planets around
1780
01:04:52,240 --> 01:04:56,000
but what if it isn't the case what will
1781
01:04:54,720 --> 01:04:58,480
happen to the universe
1782
01:04:56,000 --> 01:05:01,039
if its ultimate fate is still extremely
1783
01:04:58,480 --> 01:05:03,680
remote in time
1784
01:05:01,039 --> 01:05:05,839
still the laws of physics imply that the
1785
01:05:03,680 --> 01:05:08,720
universe as we more or less know it
1786
01:05:05,839 --> 01:05:09,680
cannot exist forever there are four
1787
01:05:08,720 --> 01:05:12,079
clearly defined
1788
01:05:09,680 --> 01:05:14,160
epochs in cosmology and each of them is
1789
01:05:12,079 --> 01:05:15,359
associated with this or that particular
1790
01:05:14,160 --> 01:05:17,280
phenomenon
1791
01:05:15,359 --> 01:05:18,400
we live in the so-called stelliferous
1792
01:05:17,280 --> 01:05:20,079
era
1793
01:05:18,400 --> 01:05:22,240
there is a lot of interstellar gas in
1794
01:05:20,079 --> 01:05:24,640
the parts of the universe around us
1795
01:05:22,240 --> 01:05:25,440
it is used as raw material for stars to
1796
01:05:24,640 --> 01:05:27,359
form from
1797
01:05:25,440 --> 01:05:28,880
and used stars are born from this gas
1798
01:05:27,359 --> 01:05:30,640
and the process will continue
1799
01:05:28,880 --> 01:05:33,039
until all interstellar gas has been
1800
01:05:30,640 --> 01:05:35,280
depleted
1801
01:05:33,039 --> 01:05:38,079
this epoch is expected to be over in the
1802
01:05:35,280 --> 01:05:40,079
period from 1 to 100 trillion years from
1803
01:05:38,079 --> 01:05:41,680
now
1804
01:05:40,079 --> 01:05:43,680
by that time the sun and the
1805
01:05:41,680 --> 01:05:45,920
overwhelming majority of other stars
1806
01:05:43,680 --> 01:05:48,400
will have depleted their nuclear fuel
1807
01:05:45,920 --> 01:05:50,000
subsequently turning into white dwarfs
1808
01:05:48,400 --> 01:05:53,839
neutron stars or black
1809
01:05:50,000 --> 01:05:55,760
holes i've actually already spoken about
1810
01:05:53,839 --> 01:05:58,000
it in an earlier video
1811
01:05:55,760 --> 01:05:59,599
the next era is known as the degenerate
1812
01:05:58,000 --> 01:06:01,440
era
1813
01:05:59,599 --> 01:06:03,599
there will not be any main sequence
1814
01:06:01,440 --> 01:06:05,920
stars around anymore
1815
01:06:03,599 --> 01:06:07,839
most mata in the universe will remain in
1816
01:06:05,920 --> 01:06:10,160
the form of white and brown dwarves and
1817
01:06:07,839 --> 01:06:11,920
some mata will persist as neutron stars
1818
01:06:10,160 --> 01:06:13,920
and black holes
1819
01:06:11,920 --> 01:06:15,839
it will take a great amount of time for
1820
01:06:13,920 --> 01:06:18,559
all these objects to cool off
1821
01:06:15,839 --> 01:06:21,200
around a duodecillion or 10 to the power
1822
01:06:18,559 --> 01:06:23,119
of 39 years
1823
01:06:21,200 --> 01:06:25,440
white dwarves will gradually give off
1824
01:06:23,119 --> 01:06:28,400
their heat in the form of radiation
1825
01:06:25,440 --> 01:06:31,680
and become black dwarves as for brown
1826
01:06:28,400 --> 01:06:33,920
dwarves they will cool off too
1827
01:06:31,680 --> 01:06:35,119
reactions taking place in their interior
1828
01:06:33,920 --> 01:06:36,960
at a sluggish rate
1829
01:06:35,119 --> 01:06:39,280
will eventually stop completely
1830
01:06:36,960 --> 01:06:40,799
gradually most matter will be slurped by
1831
01:06:39,280 --> 01:06:42,319
black holes
1832
01:06:40,799 --> 01:06:44,720
at this stage of the universe's
1833
01:06:42,319 --> 01:06:47,119
evolution dark matter annihilation and
1834
01:06:44,720 --> 01:06:47,920
protons disintegration will be the major
1835
01:06:47,119 --> 01:06:50,400
processes
1836
01:06:47,920 --> 01:06:53,119
the proton is a subatomic particle that
1837
01:06:50,400 --> 01:06:55,280
atoms known to science are built of
1838
01:06:53,119 --> 01:06:57,280
it is considered one of the most durable
1839
01:06:55,280 --> 01:06:59,599
subatomic particles
1840
01:06:57,280 --> 01:07:02,240
its life expectancy as it were accounts
1841
01:06:59,599 --> 01:07:05,520
for approximately 100 geodesian
1842
01:07:02,240 --> 01:07:07,839
or 10 to the power of 41 years
1843
01:07:05,520 --> 01:07:10,000
now by the time this sierra comes to an
1844
01:07:07,839 --> 01:07:11,760
end mata in the universe will look like
1845
01:07:10,000 --> 01:07:13,839
a great ocean of freely floating
1846
01:07:11,760 --> 01:07:16,079
elementary particles with an occasional
1847
01:07:13,839 --> 01:07:17,760
neutron star or black hole tucked away
1848
01:07:16,079 --> 01:07:21,200
among them
1849
01:07:17,760 --> 01:07:23,599
the next era is the black hole era
1850
01:07:21,200 --> 01:07:25,839
according to some theories black holes
1851
01:07:23,599 --> 01:07:26,559
will form clusters and eventually blend
1852
01:07:25,839 --> 01:07:29,359
together
1853
01:07:26,559 --> 01:07:30,640
thus forming one single gargantuan black
1854
01:07:29,359 --> 01:07:32,880
hole
1855
01:07:30,640 --> 01:07:34,799
alternative theories suggest that black
1856
01:07:32,880 --> 01:07:36,480
holes will slowly evaporate while
1857
01:07:34,799 --> 01:07:38,559
emitting energy before vanishing
1858
01:07:36,480 --> 01:07:40,559
completely
1859
01:07:38,559 --> 01:07:42,720
black hole evaporation is a quantum
1860
01:07:40,559 --> 01:07:44,160
effect produced by what is known as
1861
01:07:42,720 --> 01:07:46,640
hawking radiation
1862
01:07:44,160 --> 01:07:47,599
the smaller hole the more intense of its
1863
01:07:46,640 --> 01:07:49,520
evaporation
1864
01:07:47,599 --> 01:07:51,359
which eventually strips the whole of all
1865
01:07:49,520 --> 01:07:53,440
its matter and energy
1866
01:07:51,359 --> 01:07:56,240
this process is supposed to persist for
1867
01:07:53,440 --> 01:07:58,240
10 to the power of 100 years
1868
01:07:56,240 --> 01:08:00,480
this number is also referred to as
1869
01:07:58,240 --> 01:08:03,280
google
1870
01:08:00,480 --> 01:08:05,599
be it as it may eventually only dead
1871
01:08:03,280 --> 01:08:06,640
expanses of space will be left in the
1872
01:08:05,599 --> 01:08:09,280
universe
1873
01:08:06,640 --> 01:08:11,440
this space will contain debris left over
1874
01:08:09,280 --> 01:08:12,960
from processes having taken place in the
1875
01:08:11,440 --> 01:08:16,719
previous sea parks
1876
01:08:12,960 --> 01:08:17,920
photons electrons positrons neutrinos
1877
01:08:16,719 --> 01:08:20,400
and quarks
1878
01:08:17,920 --> 01:08:22,400
electrons and positrons will collide
1879
01:08:20,400 --> 01:08:24,719
thus causing annihilation
1880
01:08:22,400 --> 01:08:26,640
the universe may exist in this state
1881
01:08:24,719 --> 01:08:28,960
practically forever
1882
01:08:26,640 --> 01:08:30,799
until the next big crunch or big rip at
1883
01:08:28,960 --> 01:08:33,040
the very least
1884
01:08:30,799 --> 01:08:34,719
either way the humanity will be long
1885
01:08:33,040 --> 01:08:37,279
gone at that time
1886
01:08:34,719 --> 01:08:39,040
its existence is likely to be terminated
1887
01:08:37,279 --> 01:08:41,040
in the stelliferous era
1888
01:08:39,040 --> 01:08:42,880
our planet meanwhile will remain
1889
01:08:41,040 --> 01:08:43,279
habitable for another billion years or
1890
01:08:42,880 --> 01:08:45,480
so
1891
01:08:43,279 --> 01:08:47,679
and after that it will be burned by the
1892
01:08:45,480 --> 01:08:50,319
ever-intensifying glow of the sun
1893
01:08:47,679 --> 01:08:51,199
about five or six billion years later
1894
01:08:50,319 --> 01:08:53,839
our sun
1895
01:08:51,199 --> 01:08:56,560
by then a red giant will shed its outer
1896
01:08:53,839 --> 01:08:58,640
layers and become a white dwarf
1897
01:08:56,560 --> 01:08:59,920
but what will happen after the universe
1898
01:08:58,640 --> 01:09:02,400
dies
1899
01:08:59,920 --> 01:09:04,640
disappointing as it is there is
1900
01:09:02,400 --> 01:09:05,759
absolutely no way we can answer this
1901
01:09:04,640 --> 01:09:08,159
question
1902
01:09:05,759 --> 01:09:10,560
the trouble is whatever the scenario
1903
01:09:08,159 --> 01:09:11,759
there won't be either time or space as
1904
01:09:10,560 --> 01:09:13,920
we know them
1905
01:09:11,759 --> 01:09:15,679
even if the big bounce theory or the big
1906
01:09:13,920 --> 01:09:18,400
crunch theory is right
1907
01:09:15,679 --> 01:09:20,080
or else a new big bang takes place thus
1908
01:09:18,400 --> 01:09:22,560
giving birth to a new universe
1909
01:09:20,080 --> 01:09:23,920
with a fresh set of galaxies and stars
1910
01:09:22,560 --> 01:09:26,799
we will simply never
1911
01:09:23,920 --> 01:09:28,480
find out just like we will never find
1912
01:09:26,799 --> 01:09:29,199
out what it used to be like in the
1913
01:09:28,480 --> 01:09:32,080
universe
1914
01:09:29,199 --> 01:09:35,440
before hours because the word must be
1915
01:09:32,080 --> 01:09:38,640
heard in silence there must be darkness
1916
01:09:35,440 --> 01:09:38,640
to see the stars
1917
01:09:40,400 --> 01:09:44,799
it goes without saying that what we've
1918
01:09:42,159 --> 01:09:46,640
just seen is an infinitely tiny portion
1919
01:09:44,799 --> 01:09:48,560
of fascinating things out there we could
1920
01:09:46,640 --> 01:09:50,719
have looked at in this film
1921
01:09:48,560 --> 01:09:51,759
their number is infinite and it's going
1922
01:09:50,719 --> 01:09:54,000
to take scientists
1923
01:09:51,759 --> 01:09:55,600
centuries on end to describe the nature
1924
01:09:54,000 --> 01:09:57,679
of each of them
1925
01:09:55,600 --> 01:10:00,640
but even objects we already know of
1926
01:09:57,679 --> 01:10:02,400
today can be baffling to many scientists
1927
01:10:00,640 --> 01:10:03,840
yet with information about them
1928
01:10:02,400 --> 01:10:05,600
regularly updated
1929
01:10:03,840 --> 01:10:08,239
we will definitely have something
1930
01:10:05,600 --> 01:10:17,840
exciting to share with you
1931
01:10:08,239 --> 01:10:17,840
let's keep in touch
1932
01:10:18,120 --> 01:10:24,820
[Music]
1933
01:10:30,159 --> 01:10:32,239
you
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