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be earth is in danger
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future cosmic events are going to blast
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burn for repost assurance
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universes incredibly violent there are
huge events going on all time
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one day life on Earth will become
impossible
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there will be disasters in the future
and one of them
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will destroy
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to save mankind will have to find other
places
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to call home it really has to be our
destiny to move off the earth
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if we are going to survive it's as
simple as that
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we need an insurance policy must do it
must get started now
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will need a lifeboat a new homes amongst
the stars
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and this is how we could do
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0
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the earth as far as we know it's the
only home
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to life in the universe
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birth such an ideal environment for life
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everything about her body's for biology
or
chemistry appalled here on earth
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literally are on the perfect space ship
of
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but are perfect space ship is careening
through a cosmic minefield
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I'll
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when every 30 million years old
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unnatural work cosmic disaster it's the
earth so hard
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that millions creatures go extinct
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extinction events tend to kill off the
dominant species
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10 right now data us
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certainly true that an extinction event
it's the large and powerful to get wiped
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out
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Diego so you know that if there's an
extension on earth
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we humans are vulnerable were in a
category at large and powerful
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of
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the only way for humankind to survive
global extinction
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used to spread our genes to more than
one planet
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we have no choice
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the law evolution geology and physics
the alternative
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is death an extension will have to build
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a giant space craft capable of crossing
interstellar space
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and colonizing distant worlds around
other stars
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duly sensually me
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a new dole's hard but is going to be a
space market has the
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in cab SLE all other divers the Abarth
inside this one ship
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the space arc will have to be huge big
enough to house the thousands of people
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needed to create a healthy gene pool on
the new plans
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too massive to construct on earth the
giant Kraft will have to be built in
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space
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far from the pool hurts gravity
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but building a shipyard in the sky
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was no small challenge
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nasa is tackling it head on
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generation Eddie with rockets copy SLs
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ICDs alas as a capability that's going
to allow us to put an industrial base
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between the earth in the moon after we
do that
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and we're out there routinely working in
space that's when we'll assemble the
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craft it'll take us to the stars
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yo bus johnson's job is to plan the
future of space exploration
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today he's observing test-firing mobile
one
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20 scale model SLs
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real deal takes all
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2032
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the SLS will become the most powerful
rocket
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ever launched the SLs
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is be it's going to give us the
capability to take lots of stuff up
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Beachwalk and it can be big for you and
you could potentially
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launch three of these big rockets versus
perhaps fifteen or twenty
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at the other rockets we have available
today to get the same amount of material
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out in space lesson visions
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SLs rockets taking prefabricated units
beyond rumors were
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where space engineers will assemble them
into a colossal
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industrial workshop
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miners will then fly out to different
bodies in the solar system
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to collect the ball materials needed to
build the space arc
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will have factories on the moon
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perhaps even beyond that on China rocks
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inside the asteroid belt
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asteroids have a fraction Earth's
gravity here
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it will be much easier to build massive
sections
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lift them to the arc as it begins to
take shape
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the inner solar system will provide all
we need to make the giant superstructure
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the space arc but there's something
missing
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colonizing a distant world will require
a propulsion system
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faster than anything we've ever built
spaces huge our solar system issued
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I even get to Mars would take almost a
year but
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its that's nothing compared to exploring
the distance between start
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near stars for our on are several light
years away
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even light the fastest thing in the
universe take several years to get there
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the Suns closest neighbor is a triple
star system
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called out the Suntory
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a spaceship burning conventional
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take tens of thousands of years to get
there
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the crew would die of old age long
before the ship arrived
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sold what fuel to use
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Wed
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science fiction appears to have the
solution but it sounds too good to be
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true
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0 every chechyan their heart of hearts
knows that is
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anti-matter anti-matter is the fuel for
an interstellar chip
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anti-matter Israel
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we create a few Adams anti-matter every
year and high-energy particle colliders
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it's the mirror image have all the
matter that we see around us
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it has an explosive property it would
make it
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the most efficient rocket fuel ever
created
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here's a cool thing about anti-matter
with anti-matter and matter
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meet very a highly charms
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that means that the matter
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ceases to exist
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they convert into pure energy
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its own 100 percent efficient process
scientists have calculated that a rocket
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powered by anti-matter could reach 15
percent
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speed of light that's fast enough to get
to the moon
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in 8 1/2 seconds I'll we will have
almost
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unlimited power we could travel anywhere
in the universe we want
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%uh our space arc
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could reach office and Tori in just over
28 years
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on well within the lifetime a bitumen
payload
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now this sounds like a great idea right
let's get together a lot anti-matter
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let's create some anti-matter
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and this combined with regular battery
we have this outstanding energy source
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by anti-matter every while
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and that is exactly was advantages
witness matter
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is going on I like bakery energy fill a
conventional fuel tank
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with a single pounded anti-matter and
you'll get an explosion
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more powerful than thousand Hiroshima
bombs
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0 anti-matter
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is just too hot to handle we need
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a reliable energy source back in power
are starship for years at a time
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and there are only a few Canada's that
can do this among them
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fusion power harnessing the power of the
Sun
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itself
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in the Suns hot day in school hydrogen
atoms collide
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smashing into each other with such force
the fuse
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releasing enormous amounts of energy
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this is nuclear fusion
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what we want to do in space travel is
miniaturize it
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and put it in a spacecraft and use that
as your power system
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and as your proportion system for deep
space exploration
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perfusion rocket is still two-thirds the
speed of one powered by anti-matter
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a vessel wall its fuel hydrogen gas
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can be found in past clouds in the space
between stars
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it would simply automatically fire in
our space using interstellar gas
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and principled it would never require
refueling
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our fusion powered space are heads for
its first target alpha centauri
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at 10 percent the speed of light
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it will take forty two years to complete
the journey and its precious load a few
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min pioneers
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must be delivered safe and well but the
crossing
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may be deadly are violent cosmos as a
million ways to kill
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on
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on
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a giant space arc fires its fusion
rockets
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inside the ship are thousands have human
volunteers
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there on a one-way mission to colonize
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a distant planet I
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one day we will have to make this
journey
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it's inevitable that we go off planet I
think we're gonna have to do it to
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survive as a species
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York's first target is the closest star
system to the Sun
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alpha centauri and the journey will be
long
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around forty years
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keeping the crew fit healthy severity
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but it won't be easy lot of things
happen to the human body when you go
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into space
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the moment you become weightless usually
get camp
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full headed feeling of you get dizzy
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back and make you feel nauseous where OJ
I'll spend six months
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on the International Space Station long
enough to experience
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the damaging effects in zero gravity and
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your bones are feeling any impact to
your body decides it doesn't need bones
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anymore
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and it'll begin to demilitarize your
bones and then your muscles through
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tissues
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or still naturally actually very quickly
on
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the human body evolved to live with
Earth's gravity way without it
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bones lose two percent of their mass for
every month spent in space
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when the cardiovascular system suffers
to
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body fluids cooled
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heart rates blood pressure rise
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resistance training helps reduce the
symptoms
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were scheduled for two hours of exercise
them space station's to keep our
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cardiovascular system fair to keep our
muscles and bones fed
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exercising can hold of the dangers
wasting process
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but a forty two-year journey to office
and Tori without gravity
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would be fatal obviously we need a
permanent solution to wait list
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there's nothing to prevent us in the
near future
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from creating artificial gravity
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the answer is centrifugal force
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it's the force thats text daredevil
bikers to vertical walls
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it keeps thrill seekers glued to their
seats and theme parks
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rotation produces this out workforce and
creating it
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the spaceship would be relatively simple
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by rotating a space capsule it means at
the Azana
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inside will experience artificial
gravity
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spinning the living quarters just the
right speed will hold of bone and muscle
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wasting
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but as they journey deep into space low
gravity
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is the least have the dangers are
pioneers face
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radiation is probably the biggest
challenge
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00:13:10,100 --> 00:13:15,409
we're gonna be exposed to much harsher
levels much higher levels of radiation
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the sun's surface shoots out a constant
stream
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00:13:18,169 --> 00:13:21,679
dangerous charged particles I'll
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protons and electrons traveling a close
to a million miles an hour
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00:13:25,990 --> 00:13:31,019
these teams will break your DNA bill
cause cancer
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any will kill you
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00:13:33,208 --> 00:13:34,809
the Earth's magnetosphere
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the atmosphere above our heads
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for taxes from the worst this radiation
but far from the earth
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the Pioneers will face radiation head on
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that really is the biggest technical
barrier to mankind sending
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people out farther and deeper into space
it's not propulsion is that computers
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00:13:54,299 --> 00:13:55,199
are navigation
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00:13:55,200 --> 00:14:00,400
it how we keep people healthy could be
on the boundary of our solar system
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the radiation threats gets worse
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large particles comment you even fast
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in some cases there are single protons
the actual pack as much about punch
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00:14:12,419 --> 00:14:18,639
as a hundred mile-an-hour fastball these
cosmic rays were joined by an even
215
00:14:18,639 --> 00:14:19,708
deadlier force
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00:14:19,708 --> 00:14:23,009
gamma rays blasted out like violence
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00:14:23,009 --> 00:14:26,879
cosmic events no the cosmic phenomena
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00:14:26,879 --> 00:14:31,860
from stars exploding
219
00:14:31,860 --> 00:14:37,240
two black holes eating up large parts
gallon
220
00:14:37,240 --> 00:14:42,870
Bruce radiation and particles that are
incredibly energetic
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00:14:42,870 --> 00:14:46,070
you've never seen the sparkle before
your body's not adapted to them
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00:14:46,070 --> 00:14:49,410
can't they come at you all the time and
their
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00:14:49,409 --> 00:14:53,990
very high energy
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galactic cosmic radiation
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ripped through the cells in our human
cargo
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liquefying their bodies
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00:15:07,120 --> 00:15:12,620
the only hope is to somehow shield
spacecraft
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00:15:12,620 --> 00:15:16,310
in science fiction starships create a
protective magnetic bubble
229
00:15:16,309 --> 00:15:21,000
similar to the magnetic field to protect
your but a deflector shield
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00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:25,629
to take a huge amount of energy to
sustain and like any electrical device
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00:15:25,629 --> 00:15:30,029
it would be prone to failure the safest
option
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00:15:30,029 --> 00:15:33,750
is to go low-tech coating the ship with
a thick layer
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a physical shield chilling is not a
simple problems not just a matter of
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00:15:37,929 --> 00:15:40,439
bringing a bunch letter anything like
that in fact
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what you find is a need to do something
like that I it absorbs the radiation and
236
00:15:45,059 --> 00:15:47,429
then it redeem its in in a more
dangerous form
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00:15:47,429 --> 00:15:51,229
on
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00:15:51,230 --> 00:15:54,399
medals won't work but scientists have
come up
239
00:15:54,399 --> 00:15:59,830
the brilliant alternative you
240
00:15:59,830 --> 00:16:02,889
this won the Best shield cosmic breeze
something simple
241
00:16:02,889 --> 00:16:05,649
water
242
00:16:05,649 --> 00:16:08,789
and it actually something you need to
bring with you as you venture into
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00:16:08,789 --> 00:16:10,029
interstellar space
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00:16:10,029 --> 00:16:14,360
the hydrogen atoms in water absorb
high-energy particles
245
00:16:14,360 --> 00:16:21,360
getting sufficient volume water can also
block tamarins
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00:16:21,759 --> 00:16:25,490
the living quarters at the park will
have the Vic outer skin
247
00:16:25,490 --> 00:16:27,289
filled with the ship's water
248
00:16:27,289 --> 00:16:30,809
and outside that a second skin filled
with the ship's
249
00:16:30,809 --> 00:16:35,768
hydrogen supply transfusion engines
250
00:16:35,769 --> 00:16:40,320
our astronauts are now safe from
radiation sickness and with artificial
251
00:16:40,320 --> 00:16:40,860
gravity
252
00:16:40,860 --> 00:16:45,169
their bodies will stay strong the
deadliest right now
253
00:16:45,169 --> 00:16:48,588
each other
254
00:16:48,589 --> 00:16:52,470
I'm
255
00:16:52,470 --> 00:16:59,250
good
256
00:16:59,250 --> 00:17:02,350
a cosmic catastrophe Monday light bus
257
00:17:02,350 --> 00:17:04,400
from the face of the earth
258
00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:10,079
to save mankind will need to escape to
the stars in a giant space arc
259
00:17:10,078 --> 00:17:12,490
search other new home
260
00:17:12,490 --> 00:17:16,299
its precious human cargo will be kept in
top physical condition
261
00:17:16,299 --> 00:17:19,619
with artificial gravity and hydrogen
rich shielding
262
00:17:19,619 --> 00:17:23,489
but what about their mental health
263
00:17:23,490 --> 00:17:27,439
one of the biggest challenges for people
in space or the people taking people
264
00:17:27,439 --> 00:17:28,890
putting them in a tin can
265
00:17:28,890 --> 00:17:32,910
incredibly dangerous environment having
to get along with each other for months
266
00:17:32,910 --> 00:17:33,910
or years
267
00:17:33,910 --> 00:17:37,290
and stay alive through the journey is
going to be
268
00:17:37,289 --> 00:17:40,480
an enormous challenge we know when
269
00:17:40,480 --> 00:17:43,740
people going submarines that they have
to be very carefully tested and those
270
00:17:43,740 --> 00:17:44,500
submarines
271
00:17:44,500 --> 00:17:48,670
are go out for missions that there are
done certainly no last year's
272
00:17:48,670 --> 00:17:51,670
we can start a new civilization with the
crew
273
00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:54,950
ravaged by cosmic boredom infighting
274
00:17:54,950 --> 00:17:57,580
and mental illness
275
00:17:57,579 --> 00:18:03,398
it would be better if the entire crew
were unconscious
276
00:18:03,398 --> 00:18:07,538
one possibility which course again is a
possibility in science fiction
277
00:18:07,538 --> 00:18:11,700
is to have people be asleep during most
of it
278
00:18:11,700 --> 00:18:15,670
could you put people into an induced
coma and then we come up in time to go
279
00:18:15,670 --> 00:18:19,430
do their science mission it might be
easier thing to do than to say
280
00:18:19,430 --> 00:18:22,500
well now you sit still for the next ten
years
281
00:18:22,500 --> 00:18:27,039
reaped the closest we come to suspended
animation in today's world
282
00:18:27,039 --> 00:18:30,930
is storing human embryos in liquid
nitrogen them
283
00:18:30,930 --> 00:18:34,340
but could be really save the human race
284
00:18:34,339 --> 00:18:40,589
with test-tube babies because of the
enormous hurdles facing space travel
285
00:18:40,589 --> 00:18:45,220
some people have advanced the idea well
why do we have to send humans into outer
286
00:18:45,220 --> 00:18:45,900
space
287
00:18:45,900 --> 00:18:49,820
wanna send embryos or sperm and egg
cells
288
00:18:49,819 --> 00:18:53,299
in theory we could transport frozen
embryos
289
00:18:53,299 --> 00:18:57,960
across vast distances space sidestepping
the need for food
290
00:18:57,960 --> 00:19:02,960
were complicated life-support systems
they could withstand the rigors of space
291
00:19:02,960 --> 00:19:04,450
travel and weightlessness
292
00:19:04,450 --> 00:19:07,140
but how will they be socialized
293
00:19:07,140 --> 00:19:10,490
you put a baby in a hit single place
along the Montgomery they wouldn't
294
00:19:10,490 --> 00:19:12,000
survive in fact we're
295
00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:16,380
very dependent we are social beings we
would have to develop
296
00:19:16,380 --> 00:19:19,470
intelligent robots to hatch the embryos
297
00:19:19,470 --> 00:19:22,779
and then teach them what it means to be
human
298
00:19:22,779 --> 00:19:26,420
is conceivable that perhaps a hundred
years into the future
299
00:19:26,420 --> 00:19:31,330
we will have brought by nannies that can
incorporate the laws of social
300
00:19:31,329 --> 00:19:33,919
interaction
301
00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:38,750
a robot really raise child or in our
rush to save humanity
302
00:19:38,750 --> 00:19:43,359
will we wind up for getting what it
means to be human
303
00:19:43,359 --> 00:19:46,389
raising human embryos
304
00:19:46,390 --> 00:19:50,509
maybe too much a damn good sold could we
freeze
305
00:19:50,509 --> 00:19:55,000
adults instead without affecting their
health it's a much bigger challenge
306
00:19:55,000 --> 00:19:58,980
but nature has almost solved
307
00:19:58,980 --> 00:20:02,829
a lot of animals on earth will go into
suspended animation or hibernation
308
00:20:02,829 --> 00:20:09,829
when conditions get bad is some cases
they can stay that way for a long time
309
00:20:10,099 --> 00:20:12,959
the alaskan wood frog survives cold
winters
310
00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:17,660
frozen nice
311
00:20:17,660 --> 00:20:20,590
at sub-zero temperatures its metabolism
slows
312
00:20:20,589 --> 00:20:27,589
effectively shuts down
313
00:20:29,420 --> 00:20:34,940
when the ice falls the frogs reanimate
314
00:20:34,940 --> 00:20:39,359
Harbaugh as though nothing happened
could humans
315
00:20:39,358 --> 00:20:42,069
ever do the same thing
316
00:20:42,069 --> 00:20:45,529
when you freeze somebody alive they have
are
317
00:20:45,529 --> 00:20:49,629
ice crystals which one which begin to
expand rupturing the cells
318
00:20:49,630 --> 00:20:54,470
and try and sells in too much
319
00:20:54,470 --> 00:20:58,309
so how the frog survive the deep freeze
320
00:20:58,309 --> 00:21:02,609
the answer is they have an antifreeze in
their plight and that is
321
00:21:02,609 --> 00:21:06,500
glucose so even though their surrounding
environment is
322
00:21:06,500 --> 00:21:09,829
solid ice inside theirselves
323
00:21:09,829 --> 00:21:13,679
are liquid the problem with humans is
324
00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:20,680
that amount if any freeze would kill us
325
00:21:21,660 --> 00:21:25,680
deep freezing humans isn't going to work
326
00:21:25,680 --> 00:21:26,950
but to hibernate
327
00:21:26,950 --> 00:21:30,940
we may not have to chill that loan
328
00:21:30,940 --> 00:21:34,750
Pittsburgh surgeons developed a
groundbreaking technique
329
00:21:34,750 --> 00:21:37,538
using chilled saline solution
330
00:21:37,538 --> 00:21:41,879
to rapidly lower their patient's body
temperature to just a few degrees above
331
00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:42,770
freezing
332
00:21:42,769 --> 00:21:45,829
at this temperature cellular activity
333
00:21:45,829 --> 00:21:50,409
stocks
334
00:21:50,410 --> 00:21:52,240
just like the wood frogs
335
00:21:52,240 --> 00:21:59,240
patients are effectively in suspended
animation
336
00:22:00,619 --> 00:22:04,058
weekend in operating rooms we can call
people down and put them in artificial
337
00:22:04,058 --> 00:22:07,529
common for a while so it sounds good
338
00:22:07,529 --> 00:22:11,940
and like everything else is with
exploring
339
00:22:11,940 --> 00:22:15,390
whether through freezing embryos were
putting adults into a cold
340
00:22:15,390 --> 00:22:19,280
deep sleep suspended animation may be
the best bet
341
00:22:19,279 --> 00:22:22,960
for keeping our precious human cargo
alive on the long trip
342
00:22:22,960 --> 00:22:26,509
alpha centauri the new but what if they
get there
343
00:22:26,509 --> 00:22:30,049
and find there's no place like home
344
00:22:30,049 --> 00:22:37,049
be good
345
00:22:39,450 --> 00:22:44,499
a spaceship filled with human volunteers
approaches the triple star system
346
00:22:44,499 --> 00:22:49,179
alpha centauri up
347
00:22:49,179 --> 00:22:51,150
the crew hopes to find the first
348
00:22:51,150 --> 00:22:55,750
many new worlds for mankind to call but
which
349
00:22:55,750 --> 00:22:59,440
if any of these stars will have the
right kind of planets
350
00:22:59,440 --> 00:23:03,220
we want to buy to hold that a similar or
as we can possibly
351
00:23:03,220 --> 00:23:07,200
because we're fine too for this plan
which 52
352
00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:10,429
for the surface gravity provide time for
the atmosphere
353
00:23:10,429 --> 00:23:13,580
this radiation environment the stars
354
00:23:13,579 --> 00:23:16,579
build the space craft displays and soon
355
00:23:16,579 --> 00:23:20,189
the outline of planets will be visible
356
00:23:20,190 --> 00:23:23,320
0 the brightest in the trio
357
00:23:23,319 --> 00:23:27,419
is alpha centauri okay 0 it slightly
bigger
358
00:23:27,420 --> 00:23:30,429
and slightly brighter than our signed
359
00:23:30,429 --> 00:23:33,809
throwing more heat into the space around
360
00:23:33,808 --> 00:23:37,528
well
361
00:23:37,528 --> 00:23:40,778
its smaller cooler neighbor Alpha
Centauri B
362
00:23:40,778 --> 00:23:45,450
live so close gravity pulls the two
stars into a wide
363
00:23:45,450 --> 00:23:48,720
slow binary forbid
364
00:23:48,720 --> 00:23:52,350
rotating once every eighty years on
365
00:23:52,349 --> 00:23:58,708
that's bad news for pioneers
366
00:23:58,709 --> 00:24:01,709
planets rarely form stable orbits around
367
00:24:01,709 --> 00:24:08,709
wide binary systems so there's little
chance of finding a place to settle you
368
00:24:11,940 --> 00:24:17,309
but the third star the trio offers hope
369
00:24:17,309 --> 00:24:20,509
Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf 4 a.m.
370
00:24:20,509 --> 00:24:26,829
work start too small and doomed to be
seen from earth with the naked eye
371
00:24:26,829 --> 00:24:31,199
yet astronomers have found earth-like
planets around this type of star
372
00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:34,980
throughout the Milky Way galaxy
373
00:24:34,980 --> 00:24:38,019
for finding that red dwarfs are ideal
number a
374
00:24:38,019 --> 00:24:42,769
ways in particular just they seem to be
absolutely teeming with their sites
375
00:24:42,769 --> 00:24:43,389
planets
376
00:24:43,390 --> 00:24:46,390
astronomers have already discovered one
377
00:24:46,390 --> 00:24:51,040
earth-sized planet around Proxima
Centauri it forbids too close to the
378
00:24:51,039 --> 00:24:51,639
stars
379
00:24:51,640 --> 00:24:54,920
sustain human life but there's a good
chance
380
00:24:54,920 --> 00:24:58,150
it may have sister planets that can
381
00:24:58,150 --> 00:25:01,600
if we were to look up into the night sky
and look at the nearest
382
00:25:01,599 --> 00:25:05,939
into work stars say Proxima Centauri I
would expect to see
383
00:25:05,940 --> 00:25:10,410
a system 326 very small planets
384
00:25:10,410 --> 00:25:17,410
an extremely compact or its meaning
orbital period of only a few days
385
00:25:18,319 --> 00:25:21,619
Proxima Centauri may well be home to a
rocky planets
386
00:25:21,619 --> 00:25:26,178
ideal for life by with a thick
atmosphere
387
00:25:26,179 --> 00:25:31,769
warm liquid oceans and a strong
magnetosphere to protect it
388
00:25:31,769 --> 00:25:35,559
the perfect refuge for mankind set up
our first
389
00:25:35,559 --> 00:25:37,849
new home
390
00:25:37,849 --> 00:25:40,269
but what if we find the planet
391
00:25:40,269 --> 00:25:43,329
that's a little less than perfect
392
00:25:43,329 --> 00:25:47,669
too cold perhaps with too much gravity
393
00:25:47,670 --> 00:25:51,920
or maybe the wrong kind of atmosphere
394
00:25:51,920 --> 00:25:54,920
we are genetically programmed to thrive
on the planet Earth
395
00:25:54,920 --> 00:25:59,320
with a specific amount of oxygen a
specific amount of carbon dioxide in a
396
00:25:59,319 --> 00:26:00,349
certain weight
397
00:26:00,349 --> 00:26:04,039
however once we land on a distant planet
398
00:26:04,039 --> 00:26:07,369
we're gonna have to change our bodies so
that we can thrive in different
399
00:26:07,369 --> 00:26:09,898
environments
400
00:26:09,898 --> 00:26:13,018
we're gonna have to be able to engineer
our sales we're gonna have to be able to
401
00:26:13,019 --> 00:26:14,278
evolve our cells
402
00:26:14,278 --> 00:26:17,940
rap that may mean taking genes from
other life forms
403
00:26:17,940 --> 00:26:21,399
to give ourselves some property that we
need that might just be the best
404
00:26:21,398 --> 00:26:23,750
solution
405
00:26:23,750 --> 00:26:25,829
scientists have searched high and low
406
00:26:25,829 --> 00:26:29,289
find people to the jeans for survival in
space
407
00:26:29,289 --> 00:26:32,970
and they may have found them in a
creature no bigger
408
00:26:32,970 --> 00:26:37,829
the grain have said
409
00:26:37,829 --> 00:26:41,649
right now at nasa we're doing
experiments on untangle animals called
410
00:26:41,650 --> 00:26:42,630
target greens
411
00:26:42,630 --> 00:26:48,059
card a greater tough they can survive a
range of temperatures
412
00:26:48,058 --> 00:26:52,190
from freezing to boiling point they can
live without food or water
413
00:26:52,190 --> 00:26:55,519
for a decade or more and crucially
whether DNA
414
00:26:55,519 --> 00:26:58,980
gets damaged by radiation it repairs
itself
415
00:26:58,980 --> 00:27:03,940
title microscopic thing can survive more
radiation
416
00:27:03,940 --> 00:27:07,350
them kill her developed somehow the DNA
no
417
00:27:07,349 --> 00:27:11,649
to repair itself we're trying to figure
out how we could modify human DNA
418
00:27:11,650 --> 00:27:14,759
to do the same thing one day
419
00:27:14,759 --> 00:27:20,308
DNA from these tiny creatures may allow
us to set foot on the planet
420
00:27:20,308 --> 00:27:24,389
battered by radiation from its parent
star
421
00:27:24,390 --> 00:27:27,700
genetic tinkering may hold the key too
much more
422
00:27:27,700 --> 00:27:31,660
allowing us to colonize a multitude
apostol
423
00:27:31,660 --> 00:27:35,548
alien worlds
424
00:27:35,548 --> 00:27:39,509
if the plan has a larger gravitational
field we may have to increase the
425
00:27:39,509 --> 00:27:42,119
strength of our bones is trying to my
muscles
426
00:27:42,119 --> 00:27:46,069
so we don't collapse every time we walk
under surface are the large
427
00:27:46,069 --> 00:27:51,579
planet
428
00:27:51,579 --> 00:27:55,529
we could you can adapt different
atmospheres
429
00:27:55,529 --> 00:28:00,119
who were you on my one planet different
oxygen level different carbon dioxide
430
00:28:00,119 --> 00:28:00,509
level
431
00:28:00,509 --> 00:28:04,548
we may have to alter our metabolism rate
432
00:28:04,548 --> 00:28:08,358
we are beginning to take control of our
own evolution we are designing
433
00:28:08,358 --> 00:28:11,378
gene therapies we're finding ways to
modifier biology
434
00:28:11,378 --> 00:28:15,578
is a wonderful chance here to really
take control over
435
00:28:15,578 --> 00:28:20,750
own destiny and drive ourselves to the
stars
436
00:28:20,750 --> 00:28:24,250
who knows what the future astronaut will
look like but I strongly suspect
437
00:28:24,250 --> 00:28:27,849
that they will look like you for me well
438
00:28:27,849 --> 00:28:29,529
1
439
00:28:29,529 --> 00:28:33,000
if we find habitable worlds around
proxima Suntory
440
00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:36,419
a shuttle fall genetically-altered
pioneers
441
00:28:36,419 --> 00:28:39,809
will be dispatched to the surface in
order to start
442
00:28:39,808 --> 00:28:43,799
a new human civilization
443
00:28:43,799 --> 00:28:49,409
but this is just the first stage a much
bigger plan we must continue to search
444
00:28:49,410 --> 00:28:49,880
out
445
00:28:49,880 --> 00:28:53,450
more world's traveling ever deeper and
faster
446
00:28:53,450 --> 00:28:58,609
into the Milky Way
447
00:28:58,608 --> 00:29:05,608
I'll on
448
00:29:10,789 --> 00:29:15,839
one day a cosmic event is going to get
beer so hard it will wipe out
449
00:29:15,839 --> 00:29:20,869
every human on the planet
450
00:29:20,869 --> 00:29:26,288
live on a deadly into the future he
would be is gonna have to leave player
451
00:29:26,288 --> 00:29:27,890
are only hope
452
00:29:27,890 --> 00:29:30,929
build the space arc that will take us to
new whirls
453
00:29:30,929 --> 00:29:33,650
around distant stars
454
00:29:33,650 --> 00:29:37,390
my is fragile and that's why I believe
we should be at least
455
00:29:37,390 --> 00:29:42,630
a to plant species
456
00:29:42,630 --> 00:29:49,520
the first target was by far the easiest
457
00:29:49,519 --> 00:29:53,389
it took forty two years for our space
arc to reach Proxima Centauri
458
00:29:53,390 --> 00:29:57,500
using fusion powered engines but now
459
00:29:57,500 --> 00:30:01,930
the arc must move on to find even more
distant worlds
460
00:30:01,930 --> 00:30:04,940
the crew can be held in suspended
animation
461
00:30:04,940 --> 00:30:10,169
but they'll still deteriorate with each
passing year
462
00:30:10,169 --> 00:30:15,700
need to go Baxter closer to the speed of
light
463
00:30:15,700 --> 00:30:18,779
but there's a small problem the laws of
physics
464
00:30:18,779 --> 00:30:21,980
me what albert Einstein figured out is
that if you start traveling near the
465
00:30:21,980 --> 00:30:22,789
speed of light
466
00:30:22,789 --> 00:30:29,059
things get a little bizarre you get near
the speed of light U-mass
467
00:30:29,059 --> 00:30:32,970
increases me that he had to have more
energy to keep you going
468
00:30:32,970 --> 00:30:37,640
by the time you getting near the speed
of light all the field turns into
469
00:30:37,640 --> 00:30:41,790
increasing the mass so all the fuel that
before would increase the speed a lot
470
00:30:41,789 --> 00:30:45,409
does increase the speed all it just
increases the mass eventually
471
00:30:45,410 --> 00:30:48,810
you don't speed up at all you just get
heavier and heavier has issued a
472
00:30:48,809 --> 00:30:50,940
propeller
473
00:30:50,940 --> 00:30:55,320
physics allows travel through space at
the kind of speed
474
00:30:55,319 --> 00:30:59,950
but there's a loophole that may allow us
to cut through hyperspace
475
00:30:59,950 --> 00:31:03,140
reach distant planets a whole lot faster
476
00:31:03,140 --> 00:31:06,410
the next thing showed us that space
itself
477
00:31:06,410 --> 00:31:10,400
expand faster than the speed of light
space and time
478
00:31:10,400 --> 00:31:13,940
is not nothing there's a substance to it
fabric
479
00:31:13,940 --> 00:31:18,049
if you will and you can stretch it and
you could be ended
480
00:31:18,049 --> 00:31:22,669
and science fiction galactic travelers
manipulate the fabric of space-time
481
00:31:22,670 --> 00:31:26,100
using work drives crossing the cosmos
482
00:31:26,099 --> 00:31:33,079
in minutes not pull any no imagine your
room under the carpet and you get to the
483
00:31:33,079 --> 00:31:34,029
other side a room
484
00:31:34,029 --> 00:31:37,299
one thing you can do is you can take the
carpet and
485
00:31:37,299 --> 00:31:41,430
folded up and bring all up close to you
didn't stop over DePaul
486
00:31:41,430 --> 00:31:45,110
carpet in the lead on ball behind you
and now you've moved across the room
487
00:31:45,109 --> 00:31:47,548
really quickly
488
00:31:47,548 --> 00:31:51,668
it would take a colossal amount of
energy to more all the space between you
489
00:31:51,669 --> 00:31:52,950
and your destination
490
00:31:52,950 --> 00:31:56,869
far more than we could ever hope to
generate but modern physics
491
00:31:56,868 --> 00:32:01,439
says the warp drive is possible if you
only work the space
492
00:32:01,440 --> 00:32:05,179
surrounding the ship so we know that
space expands
493
00:32:05,179 --> 00:32:08,210
space can also contract soap you have a
ship
494
00:32:08,210 --> 00:32:12,269
you can track space in front view expand
space behind you
495
00:32:12,269 --> 00:32:17,200
hickory a walk boggle n is built
directly shoulder to be moved up to ten
496
00:32:17,200 --> 00:32:17,859
times
497
00:32:17,858 --> 00:32:21,339
feel like
498
00:32:21,339 --> 00:32:24,449
this new generation work drive creates
we
499
00:32:24,450 --> 00:32:27,960
in space-time the travels faster than
the speed of light
500
00:32:27,960 --> 00:32:31,690
carrying the ship along with it like a
surfer
501
00:32:31,690 --> 00:32:34,559
riding a wave
502
00:32:34,559 --> 00:32:38,299
mathematicians have looked at the
numbers and a new generation work drive
503
00:32:38,299 --> 00:32:39,809
would work on people
504
00:32:39,809 --> 00:32:46,079
now nasa wants to get it to work in the
lab
505
00:32:46,079 --> 00:32:47,970
is an impossible or is a plausible
506
00:32:47,970 --> 00:32:51,058
I think we're in that category are
starting to to think about we've got
507
00:32:51,058 --> 00:32:52,398
some possibilities here
508
00:32:52,398 --> 00:32:57,349
are let's go see if we can't to do some
scientific efforts and see validation up
509
00:32:57,349 --> 00:32:58,369
the math and physics
510
00:32:58,369 --> 00:33:02,389
tara White is planning a future
experiment
511
00:33:02,390 --> 00:33:06,159
to see if he can workspace on a
microscopic scale
512
00:33:06,159 --> 00:33:10,760
he hopes to concentrate energy into a
single point in space
513
00:33:10,759 --> 00:33:14,759
and then measure the progress have laser
light
514
00:33:14,759 --> 00:33:19,230
crossing if the light completes the
journey faster than normal
515
00:33:19,230 --> 00:33:22,409
he'll have succeeded working space time
516
00:33:22,409 --> 00:33:26,419
their body always asks me about when's
this going to be ready to bolt on two
517
00:33:26,419 --> 00:33:27,380
spacecraft and
518
00:33:27,380 --> 00:33:32,100
there's a lot of sites we need to do
first not only just now starting to look
519
00:33:32,099 --> 00:33:32,699
into this
520
00:33:32,700 --> 00:33:35,308
we don't know if it's going to work or
not we might as well figured out if it
521
00:33:35,308 --> 00:33:35,849
does
522
00:33:35,849 --> 00:33:39,058
bomb and if it doesn't well we've
learned something interesting about math
523
00:33:39,058 --> 00:33:40,819
and science in the way the universe
works
524
00:33:40,819 --> 00:33:44,939
warp drive would fire us to Proxima
Centauri
525
00:33:44,940 --> 00:33:50,639
in just five months and to the 50 stars
be on
526
00:33:50,638 --> 00:33:56,048
just a few years but that's still just
our galactic backyard
527
00:33:56,048 --> 00:34:00,809
work trip to the far side of the Milky
Way
528
00:34:00,809 --> 00:34:03,000
would take 10,000
529
00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:06,900
the trip beyond it to the closest
galaxies hundreds
530
00:34:06,900 --> 00:34:08,700
thousands of years
531
00:34:08,699 --> 00:34:11,989
on the scale of the universe even work
drive
532
00:34:11,989 --> 00:34:15,139
seems pathetically slow
533
00:34:15,139 --> 00:34:20,368
but there is one last time
534
00:34:20,369 --> 00:34:23,000
another way to go faster than the speed
of light
535
00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:30,000
is to drill a hole in the fabric of
space and time
536
00:34:30,050 --> 00:34:35,818
this is called a wormhole
537
00:34:35,818 --> 00:34:38,789
wormhole is a theoretical tunnel
538
00:34:38,789 --> 00:34:44,130
rip through the fabric of space-time
connecting to distant points
539
00:34:44,130 --> 00:34:47,539
it's created by huge concentrations mass
540
00:34:47,539 --> 00:34:51,489
warping space-time ok
541
00:34:51,489 --> 00:34:54,799
think about is looking glass you put
your hand to the looking glass
542
00:34:54,800 --> 00:35:00,019
in your hand winds up on the other side
of the gals
543
00:35:00,018 --> 00:35:04,278
if our spacecraft could enter this
hospital shortcut we could jump
544
00:35:04,278 --> 00:35:08,248
thousands years and instant you were
trouble
545
00:35:08,248 --> 00:35:12,129
strong numbers have never seen one and
attempting
546
00:35:12,130 --> 00:35:16,259
to create one on would be fatal on
547
00:35:16,259 --> 00:35:19,719
to bend space it either mother the warm
all to make a tunnel
548
00:35:19,719 --> 00:35:24,598
give to produce huge amounts amass but
mass is attractive and we can prove
549
00:35:24,599 --> 00:35:28,059
that normal masses all you have that
either
550
00:35:28,059 --> 00:35:32,278
end up the were more will collapse to
form a black hole
551
00:35:32,278 --> 00:35:39,030
in time skill shorter then we take you
to go through the wormhole
552
00:35:39,030 --> 00:35:42,720
I don't think more moles were ever gonna
work that way transportation
553
00:35:42,719 --> 00:35:46,569
but you know what typically goals people
who say that something could happen in
554
00:35:46,570 --> 00:35:47,140
size
555
00:35:47,139 --> 00:35:51,460
turned out to be wrong so I take that
back things are likely
556
00:35:51,460 --> 00:35:55,949
but it may happen what drives
557
00:35:55,949 --> 00:35:57,358
wormholes
558
00:35:57,358 --> 00:36:02,748
distant dreams for now fusion is the
likely fuel to take us to the stars
559
00:36:02,748 --> 00:36:05,009
but it may take millions who years
560
00:36:05,010 --> 00:36:10,340
for a giant space arc to colonize enough
planets to guarantee our survival the
561
00:36:10,340 --> 00:36:14,269
only way to go faster with Fusion is to
make our space arc
562
00:36:14,269 --> 00:36:19,690
much smaller so small in fact there'd be
no room for people inside
563
00:36:19,690 --> 00:36:23,380
so is this really game over for
564
00:36:23,380 --> 00:36:30,380
could be saved humanity without humans
565
00:36:31,010 --> 00:36:32,069
and
566
00:36:32,068 --> 00:36:35,838
not so long ago
567
00:36:35,838 --> 00:36:40,328
astronomers weren't sure if the stars
they saw on the night sky
568
00:36:40,329 --> 00:36:44,140
at planets orbiting them 0 perhaps the
Sun was unique
569
00:36:44,139 --> 00:36:49,308
the earth along in the Milky Way ok
570
00:36:49,309 --> 00:36:52,420
but over the last twenty years we've
revealed
571
00:36:52,420 --> 00:36:56,108
mind-blowing truth 0 it seems that
572
00:36:56,108 --> 00:36:59,558
a large fraction of stars in the galaxy
have planets
573
00:36:59,559 --> 00:37:03,200
and in fact many of those stars have
multiple planets
574
00:37:03,199 --> 00:37:06,598
these XO planets range in size from
575
00:37:06,599 --> 00:37:09,650
gas giant planets bigger than Jupiter on
576
00:37:09,650 --> 00:37:12,710
to rocky worlds like the earth
577
00:37:12,710 --> 00:37:16,070
there everywhere we look our planet
Earth
578
00:37:16,070 --> 00:37:20,160
is not unique it's not even rarer their
art
579
00:37:20,159 --> 00:37:23,629
tons hordes flocks if you will
580
00:37:23,630 --> 00:37:28,210
above other earth-like planets out there
fluttering around the other stars
581
00:37:28,210 --> 00:37:32,789
some stars probably have multiple hurts
orbiting them that's how common
582
00:37:32,789 --> 00:37:36,619
earth-like planets are I'll
583
00:37:36,619 --> 00:37:39,829
look into the night sky top 5 stars
584
00:37:39,829 --> 00:37:45,219
one of those stars hasn't earth-size
planet around maybe our next home
585
00:37:45,219 --> 00:37:49,219
apply what we found to the rest of the
Milky Way and the results
586
00:37:49,219 --> 00:37:51,980
are staggering
587
00:37:51,980 --> 00:37:55,230
around sun-like stars up to 11
588
00:37:55,230 --> 00:37:57,090
billion warm
589
00:37:57,090 --> 00:38:00,480
wet hurts around red dwarf stars
590
00:38:00,480 --> 00:38:03,480
another 22 billion
591
00:38:03,480 --> 00:38:09,070
and gas giant XO planets may be home to
tens of billions more potential
592
00:38:09,070 --> 00:38:12,890
Earth's in the form up habitable X owns
593
00:38:12,889 --> 00:38:16,549
there are many earth-like planets that
we're gonna have as options
594
00:38:16,550 --> 00:38:20,610
places to go almost for the menus spring
up from the bus clearly
595
00:38:20,610 --> 00:38:25,309
finding new Earth's is not the problem
the problem is getting
596
00:38:25,309 --> 00:38:28,420
the universe is actually kinda
tantalizing us
597
00:38:28,420 --> 00:38:32,559
earth-like planets are common to all
over the place but they're so far away
598
00:38:32,559 --> 00:38:36,000
that the current technology can't
imagine how to get there
599
00:38:36,000 --> 00:38:39,900
a giant space arc powered by fusion
600
00:38:39,900 --> 00:38:43,430
engines and filled with thousands of
human volunteers
601
00:38:43,429 --> 00:38:48,859
should allow us to colonize habitable
worlds near our son
602
00:38:48,860 --> 00:38:53,289
but to go beyond that to the far reaches
the Milky Way
603
00:38:53,289 --> 00:38:57,400
we need plan be
604
00:38:57,400 --> 00:39:01,329
one radical solution would be to send
miniature robots
605
00:39:01,329 --> 00:39:05,090
to distant planets instead humans
606
00:39:05,090 --> 00:39:08,170
one think about how much we're learning
about the human brain and how it works
607
00:39:08,170 --> 00:39:09,769
and there's still a long way to go
608
00:39:09,769 --> 00:39:13,059
it does seem to be fairly inevitable
that someday we'll be able to put on
609
00:39:13,059 --> 00:39:14,190
hold ourselves
610
00:39:14,190 --> 00:39:19,800
into a robot the name it. that's so sad
because we want to get humans on those
611
00:39:19,800 --> 00:39:20,220
plans
612
00:39:20,219 --> 00:39:23,369
well one if you really wanna think
science fiction why not
613
00:39:23,369 --> 00:39:26,559
%uh ultimately pic machine adult human
gether and
614
00:39:26,559 --> 00:39:29,610
home plants
615
00:39:29,610 --> 00:39:32,870
spread their genes by selling huge
numbers of tiny
616
00:39:32,869 --> 00:39:37,150
mobile seeds into the whim
617
00:39:37,150 --> 00:39:41,320
many seats will be lost to the elements
but those that find warm
618
00:39:41,320 --> 00:39:45,660
Wed earth come to life
619
00:39:45,659 --> 00:39:48,339
imagine firing tiny now
620
00:39:48,340 --> 00:39:52,010
months into space like seeds with human
genomes
621
00:39:52,010 --> 00:39:57,460
burned onto their hard drives
622
00:39:57,460 --> 00:39:59,329
if they fall through the atmosphere
623
00:39:59,329 --> 00:40:02,659
a wet one planet suitable for humans
624
00:40:02,659 --> 00:40:05,230
the spring into action
625
00:40:05,230 --> 00:40:08,440
the land and make shelters from the
materials they find
626
00:40:08,440 --> 00:40:12,429
plan and somehow bill also make the
humans
627
00:40:12,429 --> 00:40:15,079
that live inside
628
00:40:15,079 --> 00:40:19,579
maybe wolf and thousands of these man
was shipped as their car maybe millions
629
00:40:19,579 --> 00:40:20,239
in them like
630
00:40:20,239 --> 00:40:23,679
seeds to a nearby star hoping that just
631
00:40:23,679 --> 00:40:29,289
a few other a few with them actually
reach their destination
632
00:40:29,289 --> 00:40:33,949
the technology to create a human from
scratch is clearly a long way off
633
00:40:33,949 --> 00:40:37,739
but it does raise intriguing
philosophical questions
634
00:40:37,739 --> 00:40:42,219
fight should really save humans 3.7
635
00:40:42,219 --> 00:40:45,679
million species on Earth we the only
ones
636
00:40:45,679 --> 00:40:49,619
worth saving
637
00:40:49,619 --> 00:40:53,259
well and we can send the full gamut of
life on Earth
638
00:40:53,260 --> 00:40:56,750
why not simply send bacteria to distant
worlds
639
00:40:56,750 --> 00:41:00,469
and let evolution do the rest
640
00:41:00,469 --> 00:41:04,129
and who knows maybe an alien species is
already done that
641
00:41:04,130 --> 00:41:08,050
on the earth may be in your backyard
there's another ship
642
00:41:08,050 --> 00:41:11,350
from my distance star system and you
would
643
00:41:11,349 --> 00:41:14,110
never know
644
00:41:14,110 --> 00:41:17,920
wherever we wind up and whatever we
ultimately become
645
00:41:17,920 --> 00:41:21,800
the time to start planning for our
survival
646
00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:23,350
is right now
647
00:41:23,349 --> 00:41:27,880
the human imagination is taking us in
some truly amazing paths
648
00:41:27,880 --> 00:41:34,880
and the main lead us to find a way for
interstellar travel could really work
649
00:41:35,599 --> 00:41:38,639
our feet is in many ways
650
00:41:38,639 --> 00:41:41,670
were not dinosaurs we have a space
program
651
00:41:41,670 --> 00:41:43,760
were smart
652
00:41:43,760 --> 00:41:47,300
if we have colonies on other planets the
earth can be wiped out
653
00:41:47,300 --> 00:41:49,320
and humanity won't be
654
00:41:49,320 --> 00:41:52,840
in that sense our future our long-term
future
655
00:41:52,840 --> 00:41:53,789
that in our own
55228
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