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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:31,920 --> 00:00:33,560 Namibia, 2 00:00:33,560 --> 00:00:35,080 Southern Africa. 3 00:00:42,800 --> 00:00:45,640 A vast, dried-up lakebed... 4 00:00:57,000 --> 00:00:58,840 ...where temperatures can reach 5 00:00:58,840 --> 00:01:01,120 almost 50 degrees Celsius. 6 00:01:12,920 --> 00:01:14,800 Overheating 7 00:01:14,800 --> 00:01:16,680 is dangerous for all. 8 00:01:24,400 --> 00:01:27,720 Nonetheless, in this cauldron of heat... 9 00:01:30,840 --> 00:01:33,880 ...mammals have found a way to survive. 10 00:01:44,200 --> 00:01:45,920 Across the planet, 11 00:01:45,920 --> 00:01:49,120 {\an8}mammals have learnt how to deal with heat... 12 00:01:51,120 --> 00:01:53,400 ...in the most remarkable ways. 13 00:02:11,640 --> 00:02:14,520 The Serra da Capivara in Brazil. 14 00:02:15,720 --> 00:02:18,720 A world of harsh, dry forest... 15 00:02:22,960 --> 00:02:25,320 ...and scorched cliff faces. 16 00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:32,760 Here, the dry season lasts 17 00:02:32,760 --> 00:02:34,760 for up to seven months. 18 00:02:37,600 --> 00:02:40,000 And what little rain that falls 19 00:02:40,000 --> 00:02:41,760 quickly disappears. 20 00:02:44,280 --> 00:02:45,680 Despite this, 21 00:02:45,680 --> 00:02:48,040 one mammal has made it home. 22 00:02:50,160 --> 00:02:53,400 A family of bearded capuchins. 23 00:03:03,840 --> 00:03:05,200 They have spent the night 24 00:03:05,200 --> 00:03:07,320 high up on the cliff faces, 25 00:03:07,320 --> 00:03:10,280 safe from any predators below. 26 00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:14,400 It may be early, 27 00:03:14,400 --> 00:03:17,320 but already temperatures are beginning to soar. 28 00:03:20,000 --> 00:03:21,080 The troop 29 00:03:21,080 --> 00:03:23,080 needs to find water. 30 00:03:25,640 --> 00:03:27,840 And none need it more 31 00:03:27,840 --> 00:03:29,000 than a mother. 32 00:03:30,600 --> 00:03:31,680 Without it, 33 00:03:31,680 --> 00:03:33,760 she won't be able to produce the milk 34 00:03:33,760 --> 00:03:35,600 essential for her young baby. 35 00:03:37,760 --> 00:03:41,200 But first, they must make the treacherous journey 36 00:03:41,200 --> 00:03:43,240 down to the forest floor. 37 00:03:58,200 --> 00:04:00,840 The newborn must hold on tight. 38 00:04:06,480 --> 00:04:09,160 Others forge ahead. 39 00:04:29,320 --> 00:04:32,240 For the first to reach the forest floor... 40 00:04:34,920 --> 00:04:37,400 ...the last few cashew fruit 41 00:04:37,400 --> 00:04:40,280 provide some welcome sustenance. 42 00:04:46,320 --> 00:04:49,360 But there's not enough to go around. 43 00:04:50,720 --> 00:04:53,200 Mother and baby must go without. 44 00:04:57,000 --> 00:04:58,800 At nearly 40 degrees, 45 00:04:58,800 --> 00:05:01,200 the heat is relentless. 46 00:05:10,320 --> 00:05:11,640 Desperate, 47 00:05:11,640 --> 00:05:13,520 the troop look for anything 48 00:05:13,520 --> 00:05:15,360 that might contain water. 49 00:05:32,040 --> 00:05:34,760 Could the trees provide the solution? 50 00:05:43,560 --> 00:05:45,120 Hidden in some trunks, 51 00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:47,400 there is a little water, 52 00:05:47,400 --> 00:05:49,800 left over from the last rains. 53 00:05:57,000 --> 00:05:58,360 But reaching it 54 00:05:58,360 --> 00:06:00,520 is a real monkey puzzle. 55 00:06:06,440 --> 00:06:08,360 Mammals, however, 56 00:06:08,360 --> 00:06:11,240 are experts at solving problems. 57 00:06:14,520 --> 00:06:17,640 An older male tries a different approach. 58 00:06:22,640 --> 00:06:24,520 Perhaps a bit more brains 59 00:06:24,520 --> 00:06:26,280 and a little less brawn. 60 00:06:39,400 --> 00:06:42,840 A stick produces a dribble of success. 61 00:06:46,840 --> 00:06:49,800 Having watched all the others try, 62 00:06:49,800 --> 00:06:52,520 the mother finally gets her turn. 63 00:07:30,840 --> 00:07:33,560 Her tail acts like a sponge... 64 00:07:34,680 --> 00:07:36,080 ...soaking up any water 65 00:07:36,080 --> 00:07:38,000 that has collected in the trunk. 66 00:07:42,120 --> 00:07:45,200 Being able to tap these hidden wells 67 00:07:45,200 --> 00:07:47,200 is more than just a clever trick. 68 00:07:49,240 --> 00:07:51,680 It's a life-saving lesson... 69 00:07:54,160 --> 00:07:57,440 ...and one the rest of her family quickly learn. 70 00:08:02,240 --> 00:08:04,920 Their ability to solve such problems 71 00:08:04,920 --> 00:08:07,240 will help the troop survive 72 00:08:07,240 --> 00:08:09,200 these long, hot, dry months. 73 00:08:15,400 --> 00:08:17,600 And, finally, the newborn 74 00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:20,240 can get a much-needed drink of its own. 75 00:08:32,280 --> 00:08:34,000 But there are places 76 00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:36,960 that are even hotter and even drier. 77 00:08:41,600 --> 00:08:43,080 Australia - 78 00:08:43,080 --> 00:08:46,200 the driest inhabited continent on Earth, 79 00:08:46,200 --> 00:08:49,240 with almost a million square miles of desert. 80 00:08:53,600 --> 00:08:57,480 A furnace where water is almost impossible to find. 81 00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:11,920 An Arabian camel. 82 00:09:13,280 --> 00:09:17,920 Introduced in the 1800s by early explorers, 83 00:09:17,920 --> 00:09:20,920 it's estimated that as many as one million 84 00:09:20,920 --> 00:09:22,720 now roam the outback. 85 00:09:30,800 --> 00:09:33,520 For this lone male in search of a mate, 86 00:09:33,520 --> 00:09:35,200 desert plants 87 00:09:35,200 --> 00:09:37,720 provide a few slim pickings. 88 00:09:40,880 --> 00:09:42,680 Any surplus nutrients 89 00:09:42,680 --> 00:09:45,920 can be stored in his most famous feature... 90 00:09:48,040 --> 00:09:49,440 ...his hump. 91 00:09:50,960 --> 00:09:52,440 Full of fat, 92 00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:54,520 it's a built-in energy store 93 00:09:54,520 --> 00:09:56,560 that can be tapped when needed. 94 00:10:01,720 --> 00:10:04,720 And as long as he can find food, 95 00:10:04,720 --> 00:10:08,040 he can go without drinking for months. 96 00:10:32,000 --> 00:10:33,560 At last, 97 00:10:33,560 --> 00:10:35,560 what he's been looking for. 98 00:10:39,200 --> 00:10:41,680 A herd of females. 99 00:10:56,320 --> 00:10:57,400 It's important 100 00:10:57,400 --> 00:10:59,640 that he makes a good first impression. 101 00:11:08,040 --> 00:11:10,720 And he has a special way of doing so... 102 00:11:13,320 --> 00:11:14,920 ...with a dulla. 103 00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:27,360 This inflatable sac 104 00:11:27,360 --> 00:11:29,600 is unique to camels, 105 00:11:29,600 --> 00:11:32,360 and accompanied by loud gurgling... 106 00:11:33,520 --> 00:11:36,160 ...is his way of attracting females. 107 00:11:53,240 --> 00:11:55,440 Has he done enough to impress? 108 00:12:01,240 --> 00:12:02,640 Apparently not. 109 00:12:02,640 --> 00:12:05,920 A raised tail is a polite way of saying, 110 00:12:05,920 --> 00:12:07,400 "No, thank you." 111 00:12:13,000 --> 00:12:15,680 Not so easy after all. 112 00:12:18,600 --> 00:12:20,400 Could she be the one? 113 00:12:29,360 --> 00:12:30,840 Looking good! 114 00:12:40,120 --> 00:12:42,120 Bad luck, Romeo. 115 00:12:46,000 --> 00:12:48,240 Despite his best efforts, 116 00:12:48,240 --> 00:12:50,400 it's not been his day. 117 00:12:57,040 --> 00:12:59,000 Camels have overcome 118 00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:01,600 the desert's greatest test - 119 00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:03,120 its lack of water. 120 00:13:05,560 --> 00:13:08,000 {\an8}But this is not the only challenge 121 00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:09,320 {\an8}faced by mammals 122 00:13:09,320 --> 00:13:11,720 {\an8}in hot and arid conditions. 123 00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:15,480 {\an8}Just as dangerous 124 00:13:15,480 --> 00:13:18,000 {\an8}is the risk of overheating. 125 00:13:34,320 --> 00:13:35,840 Sifaka lemurs... 126 00:13:36,880 --> 00:13:38,240 ...in one of the hottest 127 00:13:38,240 --> 00:13:41,000 and driest places in Madagascar. 128 00:13:44,160 --> 00:13:46,600 The trees provide some shade... 129 00:13:47,520 --> 00:13:50,480 ...and a little relief from the burning sun. 130 00:13:59,560 --> 00:14:01,320 But with midday temperatures 131 00:14:01,320 --> 00:14:03,880 that can exceed 45 degrees... 132 00:14:05,320 --> 00:14:08,800 ...the heat up here soon becomes unbearable... 133 00:14:17,840 --> 00:14:20,080 ...especially for the babies... 134 00:14:21,160 --> 00:14:23,800 ...the most vulnerable members of the group. 135 00:14:33,080 --> 00:14:34,640 But sifaka 136 00:14:34,640 --> 00:14:36,560 have an unusual and clever way 137 00:14:36,560 --> 00:14:38,000 to cool down... 138 00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:46,360 {\an8}...if only they can find the right tree. 139 00:15:17,160 --> 00:15:19,080 And once they have... 140 00:15:23,400 --> 00:15:24,880 ...they hug it. 141 00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:33,040 The Salvadora tree 142 00:15:33,040 --> 00:15:35,080 is one of their favourites. 143 00:15:41,240 --> 00:15:43,280 These trees draw up cool water 144 00:15:43,280 --> 00:15:44,920 from deep below ground... 145 00:15:46,080 --> 00:15:49,360 ...so their trunks are a few degrees cooler 146 00:15:49,360 --> 00:15:51,200 than everything else around. 147 00:15:55,240 --> 00:15:57,320 At the hottest time of day, 148 00:15:57,320 --> 00:16:01,880 some embraces can last for over four hours. 149 00:16:05,560 --> 00:16:07,920 And some trees are so popular... 150 00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:11,360 ...there isn't an inch to spare. 151 00:16:17,040 --> 00:16:19,040 This remarkable behaviour 152 00:16:19,040 --> 00:16:23,080 was first recorded by scientists in 2017. 153 00:16:39,120 --> 00:16:41,080 As the world becomes hotter, 154 00:16:41,080 --> 00:16:44,000 we may see cooling behaviours like this 155 00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:46,240 become more and more common. 156 00:16:56,040 --> 00:16:59,880 But some sifakas have gone one stage further. 157 00:17:06,760 --> 00:17:09,000 They know the best place 158 00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:10,520 is within the trunk 159 00:17:10,520 --> 00:17:12,480 of the Salvadora tree. 160 00:17:19,760 --> 00:17:22,640 Here, the temperature can be even cooler. 161 00:17:28,960 --> 00:17:31,400 And that can give real respite 162 00:17:31,400 --> 00:17:33,640 from the oven outside. 163 00:17:43,280 --> 00:17:46,040 Sifakas have learnt that tree-hugging 164 00:17:46,040 --> 00:17:49,120 is an effective way to keep cool. 165 00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:54,240 But some mammals 166 00:17:54,240 --> 00:17:58,160 face a far more dangerous source of heat than the sun. 167 00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:06,400 The dry eucalyptus forests of Australia. 168 00:18:08,320 --> 00:18:12,320 Home to one of the most bizarre of all mammals. 169 00:18:16,840 --> 00:18:18,400 An echidna. 170 00:18:22,320 --> 00:18:24,640 It's one of the most ancient of mammals 171 00:18:24,640 --> 00:18:26,520 and reproduces 172 00:18:26,520 --> 00:18:28,240 by laying eggs. 173 00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:37,480 She's out foraging, 174 00:18:37,480 --> 00:18:40,040 using her highly sensitive nose 175 00:18:40,040 --> 00:18:42,360 to look for ants and termites. 176 00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:57,040 To work at its best, 177 00:18:57,040 --> 00:18:59,240 her nose has to be kept moist. 178 00:18:59,240 --> 00:19:00,600 And this has led her 179 00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:03,760 to developing an unusual skill. 180 00:19:05,760 --> 00:19:08,240 She blows snot bubbles. 181 00:19:09,760 --> 00:19:11,760 As the moisture evaporates, 182 00:19:11,760 --> 00:19:13,760 it helps to cool her down. 183 00:19:21,120 --> 00:19:24,000 But this female is not alone. 184 00:19:37,360 --> 00:19:39,000 She can be followed 185 00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:41,640 by up to ten or more males... 186 00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:47,480 ...all vying for her attention. 187 00:19:50,320 --> 00:19:51,720 It's what is known 188 00:19:51,720 --> 00:19:54,000 as a love train. 189 00:20:05,400 --> 00:20:08,040 And it can run for weeks. 190 00:20:14,320 --> 00:20:17,520 One male has managed to get close. 191 00:20:19,320 --> 00:20:22,000 With such a prickly partner, 192 00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:24,520 a gentle touch is needed. 193 00:20:27,440 --> 00:20:29,720 But some romantic liaisons 194 00:20:29,720 --> 00:20:32,080 don't last long. 195 00:20:32,080 --> 00:20:34,280 With their sensitive noses, 196 00:20:34,280 --> 00:20:36,520 echidnas can detect 197 00:20:36,520 --> 00:20:38,880 the early signs of danger. 198 00:20:45,120 --> 00:20:46,600 A bushfire. 199 00:20:51,920 --> 00:20:53,400 Their best chance of safety 200 00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:55,560 {\an8}is to get underground. 201 00:21:03,360 --> 00:21:05,600 Echidnas often go underground 202 00:21:05,600 --> 00:21:08,360 to avoid the severe heat of the day. 203 00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:13,960 But they also have to do so 204 00:21:13,960 --> 00:21:16,040 to escape the heat of a bushfire. 205 00:21:25,720 --> 00:21:28,720 Between 2019 and 2020, 206 00:21:28,720 --> 00:21:30,080 Australia experienced 207 00:21:30,080 --> 00:21:33,800 its most catastrophic bushfire season on record. 208 00:21:43,760 --> 00:21:46,720 Over 100,000 square miles, 209 00:21:46,720 --> 00:21:49,680 an area larger than the United Kingdom, 210 00:21:49,680 --> 00:21:51,160 was devastated. 211 00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:57,760 But in such dangerous conditions, 212 00:21:57,760 --> 00:22:01,400 echidna have a remarkable survival skill. 213 00:22:04,440 --> 00:22:06,600 They go into a deep sleep 214 00:22:06,600 --> 00:22:09,000 known as a torpor. 215 00:22:11,680 --> 00:22:13,800 It's a form of hibernation, 216 00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:15,800 during which their heart rate 217 00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:18,400 may slow to only four beats a minute. 218 00:22:20,560 --> 00:22:23,040 Their core body temperature drops. 219 00:22:25,240 --> 00:22:27,640 And they may only take a breath 220 00:22:27,640 --> 00:22:29,680 once every three minutes. 221 00:22:32,160 --> 00:22:33,360 By doing this, 222 00:22:33,360 --> 00:22:37,480 they can live for days without food or water. 223 00:22:54,800 --> 00:22:57,280 After the fire has passed... 224 00:23:01,640 --> 00:23:05,280 ...the echidnas begin to emerge. 225 00:23:13,920 --> 00:23:16,560 Not all are unscathed. 226 00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:20,520 Melted spines 227 00:23:20,520 --> 00:23:22,000 show that this one 228 00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:23,880 has had a close call. 229 00:23:32,680 --> 00:23:33,800 But others 230 00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:35,800 show no ill effects. 231 00:23:38,720 --> 00:23:40,600 Their unique adaptations 232 00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:42,080 have kept them safe. 233 00:23:45,320 --> 00:23:49,120 But as global temperatures rise, 234 00:23:49,120 --> 00:23:51,960 forest fires are becoming more intense... 235 00:23:53,080 --> 00:23:54,560 ...and more frequent. 236 00:23:57,520 --> 00:24:00,640 The survival skills of echidnas 237 00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:02,840 will become even more crucial. 238 00:24:11,200 --> 00:24:13,560 Going underground to avoid the heat 239 00:24:13,560 --> 00:24:15,600 makes obvious sense, 240 00:24:15,600 --> 00:24:16,800 but one mammal 241 00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:19,560 does the exact opposite. 242 00:24:22,840 --> 00:24:25,480 Harris's antelope squirrel. 243 00:24:31,040 --> 00:24:33,160 Even during the height of summer, 244 00:24:33,160 --> 00:24:34,640 when ground temperatures 245 00:24:34,640 --> 00:24:37,320 can exceed 80 degrees Celsius... 246 00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:40,320 ...he will be out foraging 247 00:24:40,320 --> 00:24:43,480 amongst the cactus of the Arizona desert. 248 00:24:48,520 --> 00:24:50,320 By being out now, 249 00:24:50,320 --> 00:24:53,680 he avoids competition from other mammals. 250 00:24:53,680 --> 00:24:57,400 But the squirrels don't have it all their own way. 251 00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:04,280 A rattlesnake, 252 00:25:04,280 --> 00:25:05,840 which is looking for 253 00:25:05,840 --> 00:25:07,600 a rodent-sized meal. 254 00:25:17,400 --> 00:25:19,360 It's a stand-off... 255 00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:22,680 ...to see who can withstand 256 00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:24,160 the most heat. 257 00:25:29,160 --> 00:25:31,960 As the ground temperature continues to rise, 258 00:25:31,960 --> 00:25:34,160 the squirrel's core temperature 259 00:25:34,160 --> 00:25:36,680 reaches 43 degrees Celsius. 260 00:25:39,960 --> 00:25:42,320 That would be fatal for humans 261 00:25:42,320 --> 00:25:44,400 and most other animals. 262 00:25:47,480 --> 00:25:49,680 But the squirrels have a clever trick 263 00:25:49,680 --> 00:25:52,760 that can quickly reduce their body temperature. 264 00:25:56,920 --> 00:25:59,080 He heat-dumps. 265 00:26:01,720 --> 00:26:03,280 By spreading its hot body 266 00:26:03,280 --> 00:26:05,920 against the cooler sand in the shade, 267 00:26:05,920 --> 00:26:08,080 a squirrel can rapidly reduce 268 00:26:08,080 --> 00:26:10,000 its body temperature down 269 00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:12,800 by up to one degree a minute. 270 00:26:18,320 --> 00:26:20,960 The rattlesnake simply can't compete. 271 00:26:23,480 --> 00:26:25,640 It has to find shelter 272 00:26:25,640 --> 00:26:27,280 to avoid overheating. 273 00:26:33,960 --> 00:26:35,640 With the coast now clear, 274 00:26:35,640 --> 00:26:38,320 the squirrel can continue his search 275 00:26:38,320 --> 00:26:41,440 {\an8}for the fruit of the spiny cholla cactus. 276 00:26:48,280 --> 00:26:49,760 But this one 277 00:26:49,760 --> 00:26:53,200 has already lost all of its low-hanging fruit. 278 00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:56,880 There's only one thing for it. 279 00:27:00,640 --> 00:27:02,240 He will have to clamber up 280 00:27:02,240 --> 00:27:04,760 the spine-covered branches. 281 00:27:09,280 --> 00:27:11,360 He must be very cautious. 282 00:27:24,120 --> 00:27:25,680 But this fruit... 283 00:27:25,680 --> 00:27:27,400 ...is a stretch... 284 00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:29,440 ...too... far. 285 00:27:32,880 --> 00:27:34,200 Try again. 286 00:27:59,960 --> 00:28:02,040 But the price of success 287 00:28:02,040 --> 00:28:03,400 can be painful. 288 00:28:05,920 --> 00:28:06,960 He has to remove 289 00:28:06,960 --> 00:28:09,440 some very sharp spines. 290 00:28:18,880 --> 00:28:21,760 A final heat-dump 291 00:28:21,760 --> 00:28:24,480 before enjoying the fruit 292 00:28:24,480 --> 00:28:25,920 of his labour. 293 00:28:30,320 --> 00:28:31,880 This tiny squirrel 294 00:28:31,880 --> 00:28:35,400 has found a clever way to deal with the heat. 295 00:28:40,040 --> 00:28:42,400 But when you're nearly six metres tall 296 00:28:42,400 --> 00:28:44,520 and weigh almost two tonnes... 297 00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:48,800 ...it's altogether a much bigger problem. 298 00:28:58,280 --> 00:28:59,760 The Hoanib Valley 299 00:28:59,760 --> 00:29:02,240 on Namibia's Skeleton Coast. 300 00:29:08,160 --> 00:29:11,760 Home to some of nature's real giants. 301 00:29:16,880 --> 00:29:18,160 Giraffes. 302 00:29:25,600 --> 00:29:29,200 This herd is guarded by a dominant bull. 303 00:29:47,360 --> 00:29:50,120 They spend much of their day out in the open, 304 00:29:50,120 --> 00:29:51,600 searching for food. 305 00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:56,120 Their tongues are black 306 00:29:56,120 --> 00:29:59,440 with a pigment that acts as a sunblock. 307 00:30:08,520 --> 00:30:10,880 But this is only one of the ways 308 00:30:10,880 --> 00:30:13,480 by which a giraffe beats the heat. 309 00:30:24,160 --> 00:30:25,600 It's now about to use 310 00:30:25,600 --> 00:30:29,160 another of its heat-beating adaptations. 311 00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:35,840 A rival male. 312 00:30:42,720 --> 00:30:44,680 He approaches the females. 313 00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:52,680 The dominant bull moves to intercept. 314 00:31:01,680 --> 00:31:03,560 The bulls square up. 315 00:31:17,200 --> 00:31:19,480 These blows are violent enough 316 00:31:19,480 --> 00:31:22,160 to tear skin and break bone. 317 00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:33,680 They're now pushing themselves to the limit. 318 00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:36,320 Their core temperatures 319 00:31:36,320 --> 00:31:39,240 are rising to near-lethal levels. 320 00:31:41,120 --> 00:31:43,200 The reason they don't overheat 321 00:31:43,200 --> 00:31:46,320 is connected to their distinctive skin pattern. 322 00:31:48,520 --> 00:31:50,040 A thermal camera reveals 323 00:31:50,040 --> 00:31:52,440 that below each brown spot 324 00:31:52,440 --> 00:31:55,200 there is a dense network of blood vessels. 325 00:31:59,880 --> 00:32:02,640 As the giraffes' body temperatures rise... 326 00:32:04,040 --> 00:32:06,040 ...these blood vessels expand... 327 00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:09,200 ...releasing body heat... 328 00:32:10,160 --> 00:32:12,520 ...so enabling them to fight on. 329 00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:18,640 The force of each blow 330 00:32:18,640 --> 00:32:21,360 is visible as a white-hot slash. 331 00:32:41,800 --> 00:32:43,680 The dominant bull wins... 332 00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:47,120 ...and his rival retreats. 333 00:32:59,600 --> 00:33:02,560 In Trinidad lives a mammal 334 00:33:02,560 --> 00:33:05,520 that detects the heat that animals produce... 335 00:33:06,840 --> 00:33:08,960 ...and uses it to guide them 336 00:33:08,960 --> 00:33:11,720 to a drink of their victim's blood. 337 00:33:27,920 --> 00:33:31,200 The white-winged vampire bat. 338 00:33:34,720 --> 00:33:36,000 On the prowl 339 00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:37,640 for its next victim. 340 00:33:59,480 --> 00:34:02,120 This cockerel is fast asleep. 341 00:34:12,120 --> 00:34:13,720 But the bat must be careful. 342 00:34:15,240 --> 00:34:17,080 Cockerels are light sleepers. 343 00:34:23,960 --> 00:34:26,000 The bite must be delivered 344 00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:27,440 with precision. 345 00:34:33,680 --> 00:34:35,520 Heat-sensitive receptors 346 00:34:35,520 --> 00:34:37,160 enable vampire bats 347 00:34:37,160 --> 00:34:39,080 to detect subtle differences 348 00:34:39,080 --> 00:34:40,480 in temperature... 349 00:34:43,240 --> 00:34:45,600 ...so it can pinpoint exactly 350 00:34:45,600 --> 00:34:48,520 where the warm blood flows close to the skin. 351 00:34:58,880 --> 00:35:00,040 She bites. 352 00:35:07,280 --> 00:35:11,480 Her saliva contains a powerful anticoagulant 353 00:35:11,480 --> 00:35:13,400 known as draculin. 354 00:35:14,400 --> 00:35:16,440 It ensures that the blood 355 00:35:16,440 --> 00:35:18,720 continues to flow freely. 356 00:35:20,440 --> 00:35:22,520 This helps her feed quickly 357 00:35:22,520 --> 00:35:24,640 and avoids her being noticed. 358 00:35:33,040 --> 00:35:36,000 But blood isn't, in fact, very nutritious, 359 00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:37,480 so the bats have to drink 360 00:35:37,480 --> 00:35:39,400 over half their own body weight 361 00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:41,120 in one sitting. 362 00:35:42,880 --> 00:35:43,960 As a result, 363 00:35:43,960 --> 00:35:46,440 flight becomes nearly impossible. 364 00:35:50,120 --> 00:35:52,040 But her kidneys are remarkable... 365 00:35:54,160 --> 00:35:57,080 ...and quickly extract the water from her meal. 366 00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:01,840 So, within minutes, 367 00:36:01,840 --> 00:36:04,360 she vanishes into the darkness... 368 00:36:05,600 --> 00:36:09,160 ...leaving the cockerel none the wiser. 369 00:36:16,360 --> 00:36:18,000 While vampire bats use heat 370 00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:21,360 from the blood of their victims to find their meals, 371 00:36:21,360 --> 00:36:24,760 one mammal uses the heat from the sun. 372 00:36:26,560 --> 00:36:28,960 Uganda, in Africa, 373 00:36:28,960 --> 00:36:30,880 on the banks of the River Nile. 374 00:36:33,720 --> 00:36:35,960 A troop of baboons has gathered 375 00:36:35,960 --> 00:36:38,960 at the end of the long, hot dry season. 376 00:36:41,800 --> 00:36:42,880 They are waiting 377 00:36:42,880 --> 00:36:45,640 for a very special seasonal opportunity. 378 00:36:47,800 --> 00:36:49,200 It begins 379 00:36:49,200 --> 00:36:51,920 {\an8}with the annual emergence of flying termites. 380 00:36:58,000 --> 00:36:59,560 They provide the baboons 381 00:36:59,560 --> 00:37:02,400 with a small but much-needed treat. 382 00:37:12,240 --> 00:37:14,200 But the older members of the troop 383 00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:17,720 know there is another delicacy to be found here... 384 00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:24,600 ...one that provides them 385 00:37:24,600 --> 00:37:27,000 with a far more nourishing meal. 386 00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:34,680 A Nile crocodile. 387 00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:41,960 She laid her eggs... 388 00:37:43,400 --> 00:37:45,040 ...in the warm sand. 389 00:37:47,640 --> 00:37:51,240 The baboons would steal them if they could. 390 00:37:55,480 --> 00:37:57,480 But the crocodile, 391 00:37:57,480 --> 00:37:59,960 weighing nearly a quarter of a ton, 392 00:37:59,960 --> 00:38:03,400 is one of Africa's most formidable predators 393 00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:06,360 and well able to kill a baboon... 394 00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:13,720 ...so the utmost caution is required. 395 00:38:17,320 --> 00:38:19,080 Their plan is simple. 396 00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:25,600 They wait. 397 00:38:29,760 --> 00:38:32,240 Whilst the crocodile must stay in the sun, 398 00:38:32,240 --> 00:38:33,920 guarding its nest... 399 00:38:35,800 --> 00:38:39,000 ...the baboons keep their cool in the shade... 400 00:38:40,680 --> 00:38:43,280 ...waiting for just the right moment. 401 00:38:50,640 --> 00:38:53,080 The crocodile begins to gape. 402 00:38:58,800 --> 00:39:01,320 It's a way of losing heat. 403 00:39:05,760 --> 00:39:07,560 The sun 404 00:39:07,560 --> 00:39:08,960 gets stronger. 405 00:39:12,440 --> 00:39:15,000 But the crocodile stays on guard 406 00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:17,000 and risks overheating. 407 00:39:29,360 --> 00:39:31,720 Eventually, it gets so hot... 408 00:39:33,200 --> 00:39:35,600 ...that it takes to the water to cool down. 409 00:39:47,840 --> 00:39:51,160 But the baboons still do... 410 00:39:51,160 --> 00:39:52,600 ...nothing. 411 00:39:55,400 --> 00:39:58,400 Their waiting game has not yet finished. 412 00:40:02,320 --> 00:40:03,640 {\an8}There's no sense 413 00:40:03,640 --> 00:40:06,040 {\an8}in overexerting yourself in the heat... 414 00:40:07,560 --> 00:40:10,280 {\an8}...when you can let hungry monitor lizards 415 00:40:10,280 --> 00:40:11,840 {\an8}do the hard work. 416 00:40:34,960 --> 00:40:36,160 Finally, 417 00:40:36,160 --> 00:40:38,880 the moment they have been waiting for. 418 00:40:43,520 --> 00:40:46,240 Now they need to move fast. 419 00:40:46,240 --> 00:40:48,760 The crocodile won't be away for long. 420 00:41:10,960 --> 00:41:12,640 The oppressive heat 421 00:41:12,640 --> 00:41:16,040 has allowed the baboons to get the food they want. 422 00:41:23,720 --> 00:41:26,000 But there are few places in Africa 423 00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:27,800 where the battle to find food 424 00:41:27,800 --> 00:41:29,480 is more demanding 425 00:41:29,480 --> 00:41:32,640 than the Etosha salt pan in Namibia. 426 00:41:40,560 --> 00:41:44,240 As temperatures rise across this vast wilderness, 427 00:41:44,240 --> 00:41:46,040 mammals of many kinds 428 00:41:46,040 --> 00:41:49,160 are gathering around a shrinking water hole. 429 00:41:59,480 --> 00:42:01,200 For a female jackal... 430 00:42:02,720 --> 00:42:05,040 ...this is a good place to hunt. 431 00:42:08,760 --> 00:42:11,520 But it's almost too crowded. 432 00:42:16,120 --> 00:42:18,280 For a jackal to be successful, 433 00:42:18,280 --> 00:42:20,400 it needs to be clever. 434 00:42:22,080 --> 00:42:23,600 Just a ghost 435 00:42:23,600 --> 00:42:24,760 in the background. 436 00:42:31,720 --> 00:42:33,800 Some of the largest mammals on Earth 437 00:42:33,800 --> 00:42:35,720 dominate the water's edge. 438 00:42:44,680 --> 00:42:47,400 The jackal must bide her time. 439 00:43:01,920 --> 00:43:04,480 She spots possible prey. 440 00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:11,440 Guinea fowl. 441 00:43:48,800 --> 00:43:50,360 Thirst, however, 442 00:43:50,360 --> 00:43:52,240 dominates everything else. 443 00:43:53,920 --> 00:43:56,280 And hunters and hunted 444 00:43:56,280 --> 00:43:58,560 drink alongside one another. 445 00:44:04,720 --> 00:44:06,840 Temperatures are still rising. 446 00:44:10,760 --> 00:44:12,800 The drinkers start to quarrel... 447 00:44:20,240 --> 00:44:21,720 ...and she retreats. 448 00:44:27,320 --> 00:44:28,360 But then... 449 00:44:29,880 --> 00:44:32,680 ...things get even more difficult. 450 00:44:37,040 --> 00:44:38,600 A hyena. 451 00:44:44,560 --> 00:44:46,200 More than capable 452 00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:48,120 of killing a jackal. 453 00:44:56,600 --> 00:44:59,360 But driven by hunger and thirst... 454 00:45:04,360 --> 00:45:07,080 ...this female holds her ground... 455 00:45:18,640 --> 00:45:22,040 ...and now can get back to hunting. 456 00:45:26,240 --> 00:45:28,160 This time, she sets her sights 457 00:45:28,160 --> 00:45:29,760 on a flock of doves... 458 00:45:36,640 --> 00:45:39,880 ...and tries a more subtle approach. 459 00:45:43,600 --> 00:45:46,080 Hiding in plain sight. 460 00:45:50,480 --> 00:45:52,120 Lulling the birds 461 00:45:52,120 --> 00:45:54,960 into a false sense of security. 462 00:46:14,560 --> 00:46:17,200 She waits for the perfect moment. 463 00:46:26,960 --> 00:46:29,160 But they aren't so easily caught. 464 00:46:32,960 --> 00:46:34,120 Nonetheless... 465 00:46:35,360 --> 00:46:36,840 ...she's determined. 466 00:47:09,200 --> 00:47:11,400 Success at last. 467 00:47:16,720 --> 00:47:18,560 Her mate arrives... 468 00:47:20,000 --> 00:47:23,120 ...and he has brought their hungry pups with him. 469 00:47:30,640 --> 00:47:32,880 With so many mouths to feed... 470 00:47:34,120 --> 00:47:36,760 ...she will have to be hunting again soon. 471 00:47:43,800 --> 00:47:46,720 Mammals have an extraordinary ability 472 00:47:46,720 --> 00:47:48,040 to find water... 473 00:47:50,080 --> 00:47:51,480 ...stay cool... 474 00:47:53,040 --> 00:47:54,600 ...and use heat 475 00:47:54,600 --> 00:47:56,120 to their advantage. 476 00:47:57,600 --> 00:47:59,720 That has enabled them to flourish 477 00:47:59,720 --> 00:48:02,720 in some of the harshest and hottest environments 478 00:48:02,720 --> 00:48:04,200 on the planet. 479 00:48:10,080 --> 00:48:13,240 But if the world is indeed to become even hotter, 480 00:48:13,240 --> 00:48:14,600 as is predicted... 481 00:48:16,520 --> 00:48:19,360 ...then the challenges facing mammals 482 00:48:19,360 --> 00:48:22,720 will become greater than they have ever been. 483 00:48:38,040 --> 00:48:39,600 In Madagascar, 484 00:48:39,600 --> 00:48:41,760 the Mammals team hoped to be the first to film 485 00:48:41,760 --> 00:48:44,360 some recently discovered behaviour... 486 00:48:46,000 --> 00:48:48,840 ...sifaka lemurs tree-hugging. 487 00:48:50,240 --> 00:48:52,160 But to get there, 488 00:48:52,160 --> 00:48:54,920 it's a three-day drive over rough terrain. 489 00:48:57,080 --> 00:48:59,760 A little too much for producer Rob Pilley. 490 00:49:11,360 --> 00:49:13,600 Happy to be back on terra firma, 491 00:49:13,600 --> 00:49:15,400 the team set off on foot 492 00:49:15,400 --> 00:49:17,240 through the spiny forest. 493 00:49:18,680 --> 00:49:20,160 They've joined forces 494 00:49:20,160 --> 00:49:21,720 with local scientists 495 00:49:21,720 --> 00:49:23,720 from the ESSA research group. 496 00:49:25,240 --> 00:49:27,840 And thanks to their expertise, 497 00:49:27,840 --> 00:49:30,560 it doesn't take long to find the sifaka. 498 00:49:35,600 --> 00:49:37,360 They're a little wary of humans, 499 00:49:37,360 --> 00:49:40,080 so we have to go really slowly, approach them slowly. 500 00:49:40,080 --> 00:49:41,880 They're quite skittish. 501 00:49:44,400 --> 00:49:46,680 The sifaka are much more nimble 502 00:49:46,680 --> 00:49:48,360 moving through the forest 503 00:49:48,360 --> 00:49:51,280 than the crew carrying bulky kit. 504 00:49:52,360 --> 00:49:53,840 Keeping up with the troop 505 00:49:53,840 --> 00:49:56,200 is not without its snags. 506 00:49:56,200 --> 00:49:57,840 Ah, everything is out to get you, 507 00:49:57,840 --> 00:50:00,200 it's just this giant cactus forest. 508 00:50:00,200 --> 00:50:02,040 They are everywhere, the spines. 509 00:50:03,480 --> 00:50:05,040 And the dense scrub 510 00:50:05,040 --> 00:50:07,480 makes getting any shots a challenge. 511 00:50:09,000 --> 00:50:12,320 Yeah, it kind of makes you almost forced to shoot 512 00:50:12,320 --> 00:50:14,960 such high-angle shots when it's so dense 513 00:50:14,960 --> 00:50:16,680 cos we can't get further back. 514 00:50:16,680 --> 00:50:18,600 Also just manoeuvring around the forest, 515 00:50:18,600 --> 00:50:20,200 it's pretty hectic. 516 00:50:20,200 --> 00:50:22,520 Trying to go quietly without snagging your camera 517 00:50:22,520 --> 00:50:24,720 or your lens or a cable or... 518 00:50:24,720 --> 00:50:26,720 ...is, uh, not easy. 519 00:50:28,440 --> 00:50:30,120 Over the following days, 520 00:50:30,120 --> 00:50:33,080 the team struggle through the heat, 521 00:50:33,080 --> 00:50:36,160 with the lemurs giving them the run-around. 522 00:50:36,160 --> 00:50:39,720 We just found a group and they've just disappeared off. 523 00:50:39,720 --> 00:50:43,000 This is going to be a marathon, not a sprint. 524 00:50:43,000 --> 00:50:44,560 Lemurs Behaving Badly! 525 00:50:51,680 --> 00:50:54,040 As temperatures rise, 526 00:50:54,040 --> 00:50:56,240 the lemurs finally seem to settle. 527 00:51:02,400 --> 00:51:05,800 This could be a breakthrough for the team. 528 00:51:05,800 --> 00:51:08,320 Stu is up front. 529 00:51:08,320 --> 00:51:09,800 It's just possible 530 00:51:09,800 --> 00:51:11,000 that we have found 531 00:51:11,000 --> 00:51:13,720 the perfect tree-hugging group. 532 00:51:17,560 --> 00:51:18,760 Fingers crossed. 533 00:51:23,600 --> 00:51:24,960 Not this time. 534 00:51:26,280 --> 00:51:28,880 Just been given the run-around all morning by these lemurs - 535 00:51:28,880 --> 00:51:30,800 starburst, every direction. 536 00:51:30,800 --> 00:51:32,240 Couldn't get a single shot. 537 00:51:32,240 --> 00:51:34,320 It's like the worst day ever! 538 00:51:39,360 --> 00:51:40,720 Back at camp, 539 00:51:40,720 --> 00:51:43,440 it's 45 degrees in the shade. 540 00:51:45,960 --> 00:51:49,160 While Stuart finds a way to cool himself off... 541 00:51:49,160 --> 00:51:50,600 Whew! That's good! 542 00:51:50,600 --> 00:51:53,840 ...Jeandre is more worried about the equipment. 543 00:51:53,840 --> 00:51:56,720 We raised the laptop up on these hard drives 544 00:51:56,720 --> 00:51:59,120 to give it some cooling. It's just too hot. 545 00:51:59,120 --> 00:52:00,560 The cameras are melting. 546 00:52:00,560 --> 00:52:02,040 The little metal pins in the camera 547 00:52:02,040 --> 00:52:03,880 have literally melted. It's... 548 00:52:03,880 --> 00:52:05,520 I've never had that on a shoot. 549 00:52:08,760 --> 00:52:10,000 Despite the heat, 550 00:52:10,000 --> 00:52:11,520 the team are forced to work 551 00:52:11,520 --> 00:52:13,360 during the hottest part of the day 552 00:52:13,360 --> 00:52:14,680 if they want to film 553 00:52:14,680 --> 00:52:17,080 this unique tree-hugging behaviour. 554 00:52:21,200 --> 00:52:24,200 But as the lemurs lead them deeper into the forest, 555 00:52:24,200 --> 00:52:26,720 they notice something is amiss. 556 00:52:28,040 --> 00:52:30,920 In the heart of this protected area, 557 00:52:30,920 --> 00:52:33,480 there are signs that trees have been felled. 558 00:52:37,000 --> 00:52:39,560 We see for the last two, three years 559 00:52:39,560 --> 00:52:41,960 increasing cutting within the forest 560 00:52:41,960 --> 00:52:43,760 and we believe that it's because 561 00:52:43,760 --> 00:52:46,200 these people are so desperate 562 00:52:46,200 --> 00:52:49,680 and cut the trees for the forage for their animals 563 00:52:49,680 --> 00:52:51,680 and then for their daily needs. 564 00:52:52,960 --> 00:52:54,720 With ongoing drought, 565 00:52:54,720 --> 00:52:56,360 crops are failing, 566 00:52:56,360 --> 00:52:58,400 and local people are forced 567 00:52:58,400 --> 00:53:01,120 to turn to the forest to make ends meet. 568 00:53:03,440 --> 00:53:05,240 Across Madagascar, 569 00:53:05,240 --> 00:53:08,000 deforestation and the effects of climate change 570 00:53:08,000 --> 00:53:10,040 are only making life harder 571 00:53:10,040 --> 00:53:12,240 for both wildlife and people. 572 00:53:13,720 --> 00:53:16,240 It's a sobering reminder to the team 573 00:53:16,240 --> 00:53:19,000 of the problems faced by these lemurs, 574 00:53:19,000 --> 00:53:22,880 who are having to adapt to a rapidly changing world. 575 00:53:25,280 --> 00:53:26,520 Back on the trail, 576 00:53:26,520 --> 00:53:29,640 the team split up to cover more ground. 577 00:53:32,520 --> 00:53:34,080 Now separated, 578 00:53:34,080 --> 00:53:36,760 the researchers have a special way to keep in touch. 579 00:53:44,560 --> 00:53:47,560 Using calls similar to the animals 580 00:53:47,560 --> 00:53:49,760 lets them maintain a low profile. 581 00:53:50,840 --> 00:53:53,280 But as they push forward, 582 00:53:53,280 --> 00:53:54,560 the heat of the day 583 00:53:54,560 --> 00:53:57,680 is taking its toll on Jeandre and Rob. 584 00:53:58,920 --> 00:54:01,000 We... we all just have to stop for a bit, 585 00:54:01,000 --> 00:54:02,440 have a breather. 586 00:54:06,080 --> 00:54:08,080 And when they start moving again, 587 00:54:08,080 --> 00:54:11,000 they quickly realise they're lost. 588 00:54:11,000 --> 00:54:12,400 It all looks the same. 589 00:54:16,000 --> 00:54:17,320 I think it's up here. 590 00:54:19,000 --> 00:54:20,800 We're not really quite sure... 591 00:54:22,880 --> 00:54:24,040 ...where we are. 592 00:54:39,600 --> 00:54:40,840 Ow! 593 00:54:46,760 --> 00:54:48,040 In these conditions, 594 00:54:48,040 --> 00:54:50,880 it only takes a few hours for heatstroke to set in. 595 00:55:02,680 --> 00:55:04,840 Yeah, OK, they're ahead, they're ahead. That's good. 596 00:55:05,800 --> 00:55:07,400 There's a friendly face! 597 00:55:09,600 --> 00:55:11,320 So nice to see you. 598 00:55:11,320 --> 00:55:13,280 Somebody wandered off that way... 599 00:55:13,280 --> 00:55:15,080 Quickly, things can go really pear-shaped 600 00:55:15,080 --> 00:55:17,520 unless you're on your game, so... 601 00:55:17,520 --> 00:55:19,160 A lesson learned, definitely. 602 00:55:21,520 --> 00:55:23,360 Despite this close call, 603 00:55:23,360 --> 00:55:25,560 the team are determined to continue. 604 00:55:29,120 --> 00:55:30,960 It's the hottest day so far, 605 00:55:30,960 --> 00:55:33,040 which should work in their favour. 606 00:55:43,520 --> 00:55:44,840 At last, 607 00:55:44,840 --> 00:55:47,200 they find a group that is settling. 608 00:55:56,440 --> 00:56:00,440 Lemurs only tree-hug in the hottest conditions. 609 00:56:02,000 --> 00:56:05,120 All the crew can do now is wait. 610 00:56:42,160 --> 00:56:43,200 Finally... 611 00:56:45,320 --> 00:56:46,560 ...what they came for. 612 00:57:00,160 --> 00:57:03,840 Thanks to the work of this research team, 613 00:57:03,840 --> 00:57:08,040 {\an8}the efforts to protect the sifakas' home 614 00:57:08,040 --> 00:57:09,080 will continue. 615 00:57:10,120 --> 00:57:12,000 With the education 616 00:57:12,000 --> 00:57:15,000 and working together at different levels, 617 00:57:15,000 --> 00:57:17,320 from locals to national, 618 00:57:17,320 --> 00:57:18,840 to international levels, 619 00:57:18,840 --> 00:57:20,920 for common goals, 620 00:57:20,920 --> 00:57:25,120 then I be very optimistic, the future of Madagascar. 621 00:57:29,920 --> 00:57:32,080 Next time... 622 00:57:32,080 --> 00:57:34,080 ...forests, where we 623 00:57:34,080 --> 00:57:38,960 discover how nearly three quarters of all mammal species 624 00:57:38,960 --> 00:57:43,160 have made their home in this, 625 00:57:43,160 --> 00:57:47,360 the richest and most diverse habitat... 626 00:57:49,040 --> 00:57:50,640 ...on Earth. 42927

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