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Namibia,
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Southern Africa.
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A vast, dried-up lakebed...
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00:00:57,000 --> 00:00:58,840
..where temperatures can reach
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00:00:58,840 --> 00:01:01,120
almost 50 degrees Celsius.
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00:01:01,120 --> 00:01:03,320
DISTANT BRAYING
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00:01:12,920 --> 00:01:14,800
Overheating
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00:01:14,800 --> 00:01:16,680
is dangerous for all.
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Nonetheless,
in this cauldron of heat...
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..mammals have found
a way to survive.
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Across the planet,
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mammals have learnt
how to deal with heat...
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..in the most remarkable ways.
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00:02:11,640 --> 00:02:14,520
The Serra da Capivara in Brazil.
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00:02:15,720 --> 00:02:18,720
A world of harsh, dry forest...
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..and scorched cliff faces.
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Here, the dry season lasts
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for up to seven months.
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And what little rain that falls
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quickly disappears.
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Despite this,
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one mammal has made it home.
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A family of bearded capuchins.
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They have spent the night
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high up on the cliff faces,
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safe from any predators below.
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It may be early,
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but already temperatures
are beginning to soar.
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The troop
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needs to find water.
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And none need it more
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than a mother.
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Without it,
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she won't be able
to produce the milk
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essential for her young baby.
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But first, they must make
the treacherous journey
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down to the forest floor.
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The newborn must hold on tight.
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Others forge ahead.
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00:04:29,320 --> 00:04:32,240
For the first
to reach the forest floor...
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..the last few cashew fruit
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provide some welcome sustenance.
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But there's not enough
to go around.
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Mother and baby must go without.
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At nearly 40 degrees,
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the heat is relentless.
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Desperate,
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the troop look for anything
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that might contain water.
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Could the trees
provide the solution?
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Hidden in some trunks,
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there is a little water,
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left over from the last rains.
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But reaching it
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is a real monkey puzzle.
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Mammals, however,
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are experts at solving problems.
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An older male
tries a different approach.
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Perhaps a bit more brains
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and a little less brawn.
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A stick produces
a dribble of success.
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Having watched all the others try,
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the mother finally gets her turn.
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WATER SLOSHES
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Her tail acts like a sponge...
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..soaking up any water
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that has collected in the trunk.
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Being able to tap
these hidden wells
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is more than just a clever trick.
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It's a life-saving lesson...
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..and one the rest of her family
quickly learn.
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Their ability
to solve such problems
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will help the troop survive
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these long, hot, dry months.
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And, finally, the newborn
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can get a much-needed
drink of its own.
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But there are places
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that are even hotter and even drier.
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Australia -
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the driest inhabited
continent on Earth,
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with almost a million
square miles of desert.
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A furnace where water
is almost impossible to find.
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An Arabian camel.
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00:09:13,280 --> 00:09:17,920
Introduced in the 1800s
by early explorers,
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it's estimated
that as many as one million
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now roam the outback.
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For this lone male
in search of a mate,
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desert plants
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provide a few slim pickings.
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00:09:40,880 --> 00:09:42,680
Any surplus nutrients
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can be stored
in his most famous feature...
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..his hump.
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Full of fat,
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it's a built-in energy store
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that can be tapped when needed.
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00:10:01,720 --> 00:10:04,720
And as long as he can find food,
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he can go without
drinking for months.
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At last,
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what he's been looking for.
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GRUNTING
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A herd of females.
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It's important
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that he makes
a good first impression.
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GURGLING BELLOW
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And he has a special way
of doing so...
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00:11:13,320 --> 00:11:14,920
..with a dulla.
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00:11:16,280 --> 00:11:20,760
GURGLING
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00:11:22,080 --> 00:11:25,000
BELLOWING
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00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:27,360
This inflatable sac
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00:11:27,360 --> 00:11:29,600
is unique to camels,
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00:11:29,600 --> 00:11:32,360
and accompanied by loud gurgling...
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00:11:32,360 --> 00:11:33,520
GURGLING
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..is his way of attracting females.
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00:11:53,240 --> 00:11:55,440
Has he done enough to impress?
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00:11:59,880 --> 00:12:01,240
GRUNTING
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Apparently not.
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A raised tail
is a polite way of saying,
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"No, thank you."
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Not so easy after all.
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00:12:18,600 --> 00:12:20,400
Could she be the one?
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00:12:20,400 --> 00:12:22,040
GRUNTING
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BELLOWING
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00:12:29,360 --> 00:12:30,840
Looking good!
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BELLOWING
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Bad luck, Romeo.
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GURGLING
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Despite his best efforts,
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it's not been his day.
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00:12:57,040 --> 00:12:59,000
Camels have overcome
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00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:01,600
the desert's greatest test -
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its lack of water.
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00:13:05,560 --> 00:13:08,000
But this is not the only challenge
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faced by mammals
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00:13:09,320 --> 00:13:11,720
in hot and arid conditions.
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00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:15,480
Just as dangerous
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is the risk of overheating.
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Sifaka lemurs...
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..in one of the hottest
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00:13:38,240 --> 00:13:41,000
and driest places in Madagascar.
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The trees provide some shade...
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..and a little relief
from the burning sun.
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00:13:59,560 --> 00:14:01,320
But with midday temperatures
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that can exceed 45 degrees...
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00:14:05,320 --> 00:14:08,800
..the heat up here
soon becomes unbearable...
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00:14:17,840 --> 00:14:20,080
..especially for the babies...
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00:14:21,160 --> 00:14:23,800
..the most vulnerable
members of the group.
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00:14:33,080 --> 00:14:34,640
But sifaka
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have an unusual and clever way
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to cool down...
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00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:46,360
..if only they can
find the right tree.
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00:15:17,160 --> 00:15:19,080
And once they have...
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..they hug it.
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00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:33,040
The Salvadora tree
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is one of their favourites.
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These trees draw up cool water
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from deep below ground...
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..so their trunks
are a few degrees cooler
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than everything else around.
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00:15:55,240 --> 00:15:57,320
At the hottest time of day,
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00:15:57,320 --> 00:16:01,880
some embraces
can last for over four hours.
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And some trees are so popular...
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..there isn't an inch to spare.
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This remarkable behaviour
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00:16:19,040 --> 00:16:23,080
was first recorded
by scientists in 2017.
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As the world becomes hotter,
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we may see cooling
behaviours like this
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become more and more common.
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00:16:56,040 --> 00:16:59,880
But some sifakas
have gone one stage further.
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They know the best place
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00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:10,520
is within the trunk
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of the Salvadora tree.
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00:17:19,760 --> 00:17:22,640
Here, the temperature
can be even cooler.
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00:17:28,960 --> 00:17:31,400
And that can give real respite
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00:17:31,400 --> 00:17:33,640
from the oven outside.
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Sifakas have learnt
that tree-hugging
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is an effective way to keep cool.
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But some mammals
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face a far more dangerous
source of heat than the sun.
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The dry eucalyptus forests
of Australia.
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Home to one of the most
bizarre of all mammals.
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An echidna.
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It's one of the most
ancient of mammals
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and reproduces
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by laying eggs.
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SNIFFING
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She's out foraging,
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using her highly sensitive nose
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to look for ants and termites.
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00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:57,040
To work at its best,
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00:18:57,040 --> 00:18:59,240
her nose has to be kept moist.
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00:18:59,240 --> 00:19:00,600
And this has led her
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00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:03,760
to developing an unusual skill.
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00:19:05,760 --> 00:19:08,240
She blows snot bubbles.
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00:19:09,760 --> 00:19:11,760
As the moisture evaporates,
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00:19:11,760 --> 00:19:13,760
it helps to cool her down.
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00:19:21,120 --> 00:19:24,000
But this female is not alone.
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00:19:37,360 --> 00:19:39,000
She can be followed
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00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:41,640
by up to ten or more males...
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..all vying for her attention.
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00:19:50,320 --> 00:19:51,720
It's what is known
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as a love train.
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00:20:05,400 --> 00:20:08,040
And it can run for weeks.
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00:20:14,320 --> 00:20:17,520
One male has managed to get close.
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00:20:19,320 --> 00:20:22,000
With such a prickly partner,
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a gentle touch is needed.
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00:20:27,440 --> 00:20:29,720
But some romantic liaisons
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don't last long.
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With their sensitive noses,
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00:20:34,280 --> 00:20:36,520
echidnas can detect
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the early signs of danger.
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A bushfire.
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00:20:51,920 --> 00:20:53,400
Their best chance of safety
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00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:55,560
is to get underground.
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00:21:03,360 --> 00:21:05,600
Echidnas often go underground
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to avoid the severe heat of the day.
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But they also have to do so
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to escape the heat of a bushfire.
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00:21:25,720 --> 00:21:28,720
Between 2019 and 2020,
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00:21:28,720 --> 00:21:30,080
Australia experienced
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00:21:30,080 --> 00:21:33,800
its most catastrophic
bushfire season on record.
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Over 100,000 square miles,
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00:21:46,720 --> 00:21:49,680
an area larger
than the United Kingdom,
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00:21:49,680 --> 00:21:51,160
was devastated.
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But in such dangerous conditions,
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echidna have
a remarkable survival skill.
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They go into a deep sleep
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known as a torpor.
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00:22:11,680 --> 00:22:13,800
It's a form of hibernation,
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00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:15,800
during which their heart rate
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00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:18,400
may slow to only
four beats a minute.
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00:22:20,560 --> 00:22:23,040
Their core body temperature drops.
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00:22:25,240 --> 00:22:27,640
And they may only take a breath
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00:22:27,640 --> 00:22:29,680
once every three minutes.
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00:22:32,160 --> 00:22:33,360
By doing this,
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00:22:33,360 --> 00:22:37,480
they can live for days
without food or water.
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00:22:54,800 --> 00:22:57,280
After the fire has passed...
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00:23:01,640 --> 00:23:05,280
..the echidnas begin to emerge.
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00:23:13,920 --> 00:23:16,560
Not all are unscathed.
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00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:20,520
Melted spines
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00:23:20,520 --> 00:23:22,000
show that this one
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00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:23,880
has had a close call.
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00:23:32,680 --> 00:23:33,800
But others
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00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:35,800
show no ill effects.
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00:23:38,720 --> 00:23:40,600
Their unique adaptations
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00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:42,080
have kept them safe.
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00:23:45,320 --> 00:23:49,120
But as global temperatures rise,
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00:23:49,120 --> 00:23:51,960
forest fires
are becoming more intense...
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00:23:53,080 --> 00:23:54,560
..and more frequent.
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00:23:57,520 --> 00:24:00,640
The survival skills of echidnas
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00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:02,840
will become even more crucial.
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00:24:11,200 --> 00:24:13,560
Going underground to avoid the heat
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00:24:13,560 --> 00:24:15,600
makes obvious sense,
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00:24:15,600 --> 00:24:16,800
but one mammal
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00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:19,560
does the exact opposite.
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00:24:22,840 --> 00:24:25,480
Harris's antelope squirrel.
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00:24:31,040 --> 00:24:33,160
Even during the height of summer,
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00:24:33,160 --> 00:24:34,640
when ground temperatures
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00:24:34,640 --> 00:24:37,320
can exceed 80 degrees Celsius...
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00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:40,320
..he will be out foraging
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00:24:40,320 --> 00:24:43,480
amongst the cactus
of the Arizona desert.
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00:24:48,520 --> 00:24:50,320
By being out now,
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00:24:50,320 --> 00:24:53,680
he avoids competition
from other mammals.
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00:24:53,680 --> 00:24:57,400
But the squirrels don't
have it all their own way.
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00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:04,280
A rattlesnake,
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00:25:04,280 --> 00:25:05,840
which is looking for
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00:25:05,840 --> 00:25:07,600
a rodent-sized meal.
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00:25:17,400 --> 00:25:19,360
It's a stand-off...
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00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:22,680
..to see who can withstand
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00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:24,160
the most heat.
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00:25:29,160 --> 00:25:31,960
As the ground temperature
continues to rise,
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00:25:31,960 --> 00:25:34,160
the squirrel's core temperature
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00:25:34,160 --> 00:25:36,680
reaches 43 degrees Celsius.
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00:25:39,960 --> 00:25:42,320
That would be fatal for humans
274
00:25:42,320 --> 00:25:44,400
and most other animals.
275
00:25:47,480 --> 00:25:49,680
But the squirrels
have a clever trick
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00:25:49,680 --> 00:25:52,760
that can quickly reduce
their body temperature.
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00:25:56,920 --> 00:25:59,080
He heat-dumps.
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00:26:01,720 --> 00:26:03,280
By spreading its hot body
279
00:26:03,280 --> 00:26:05,920
against the cooler sand
in the shade,
280
00:26:05,920 --> 00:26:08,080
a squirrel can rapidly reduce
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00:26:08,080 --> 00:26:10,000
its body temperature down
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00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:12,800
by up to one degree a minute.
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00:26:18,320 --> 00:26:20,960
The rattlesnake
simply can't compete.
284
00:26:23,480 --> 00:26:25,640
It has to find shelter
285
00:26:25,640 --> 00:26:27,280
to avoid overheating.
286
00:26:33,960 --> 00:26:35,640
With the coast now clear,
287
00:26:35,640 --> 00:26:38,320
the squirrel can continue his search
288
00:26:38,320 --> 00:26:41,440
for the fruit
of the spiny cholla cactus.
289
00:26:48,280 --> 00:26:49,760
But this one
290
00:26:49,760 --> 00:26:53,200
has already lost
all of its low-hanging fruit.
291
00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:56,880
There's only one thing for it.
292
00:27:00,640 --> 00:27:02,240
He will have to clamber up
293
00:27:02,240 --> 00:27:04,760
the spine-covered branches.
294
00:27:09,280 --> 00:27:11,360
He must be very cautious.
295
00:27:24,120 --> 00:27:25,680
But this fruit...
296
00:27:25,680 --> 00:27:27,400
..is a stretch...
297
00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:29,440
..too...far.
298
00:27:32,880 --> 00:27:34,200
Try again.
299
00:27:59,960 --> 00:28:02,040
But the price of success
300
00:28:02,040 --> 00:28:03,400
can be painful.
301
00:28:05,920 --> 00:28:06,960
He has to remove
302
00:28:06,960 --> 00:28:09,440
some very sharp spines.
303
00:28:18,880 --> 00:28:21,760
A final heat-dump
304
00:28:21,760 --> 00:28:24,480
before enjoying the fruit
305
00:28:24,480 --> 00:28:25,920
of his labour.
306
00:28:30,320 --> 00:28:31,880
This tiny squirrel
307
00:28:31,880 --> 00:28:35,400
has found a clever way
to deal with the heat.
308
00:28:40,040 --> 00:28:42,400
But when you're nearly
six metres tall
309
00:28:42,400 --> 00:28:44,520
and weigh almost two tonnes...
310
00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:48,800
..it's altogether
a much bigger problem.
311
00:28:58,280 --> 00:28:59,760
The Hoanib Valley
312
00:28:59,760 --> 00:29:02,240
on Namibia's Skeleton Coast.
313
00:29:08,160 --> 00:29:11,760
Home to some of nature's
real giants.
314
00:29:16,880 --> 00:29:18,160
Giraffes.
315
00:29:25,600 --> 00:29:29,200
This herd is guarded
by a dominant bull.
316
00:29:47,360 --> 00:29:50,120
They spend much of their day
out in the open,
317
00:29:50,120 --> 00:29:51,600
searching for food.
318
00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:56,120
Their tongues are black
319
00:29:56,120 --> 00:29:59,440
with a pigment
that acts as a sunblock.
320
00:30:08,520 --> 00:30:10,880
But this is only one of the ways
321
00:30:10,880 --> 00:30:13,480
by which a giraffe beats the heat.
322
00:30:24,160 --> 00:30:25,600
It's now about to use
323
00:30:25,600 --> 00:30:29,160
another of
its heat-beating adaptations.
324
00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:35,840
A rival male.
325
00:30:42,720 --> 00:30:44,680
He approaches the females.
326
00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:52,680
The dominant bull
moves to intercept.
327
00:31:01,680 --> 00:31:03,560
The bulls square up.
328
00:31:17,200 --> 00:31:19,480
These blows are violent enough
329
00:31:19,480 --> 00:31:22,160
to tear skin and break bone.
330
00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:33,680
They're now pushing themselves
to the limit.
331
00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:36,320
Their core temperatures
332
00:31:36,320 --> 00:31:39,240
are rising to near-lethal levels.
333
00:31:41,120 --> 00:31:43,200
The reason they don't overheat
334
00:31:43,200 --> 00:31:46,320
is connected to
their distinctive skin pattern.
335
00:31:48,520 --> 00:31:50,040
A thermal camera reveals
336
00:31:50,040 --> 00:31:52,440
that below each brown spot
337
00:31:52,440 --> 00:31:55,200
there is a dense network
of blood vessels.
338
00:31:59,880 --> 00:32:02,640
As the giraffes'
body temperatures rise...
339
00:32:04,040 --> 00:32:06,040
..these blood vessels expand...
340
00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:09,200
..releasing body heat...
341
00:32:10,160 --> 00:32:12,520
..so enabling them to fight on.
342
00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:18,640
The force of each blow
343
00:32:18,640 --> 00:32:21,360
is visible as a white-hot slash.
344
00:32:40,280 --> 00:32:41,800
SNORTS
345
00:32:41,800 --> 00:32:43,680
The dominant bull wins...
346
00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:47,120
..and his rival retreats.
347
00:32:59,600 --> 00:33:02,560
In Trinidad lives a mammal
348
00:33:02,560 --> 00:33:05,520
that detects the heat
that animals produce...
349
00:33:06,840 --> 00:33:08,960
..and uses it to guide them
350
00:33:08,960 --> 00:33:11,720
to a drink of their victim's blood.
351
00:33:27,920 --> 00:33:31,200
The white-winged vampire bat.
352
00:33:34,720 --> 00:33:36,000
On the prowl
353
00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:37,640
for its next victim.
354
00:33:59,480 --> 00:34:02,120
This cockerel is fast asleep.
355
00:34:12,120 --> 00:34:13,720
But the bat must be careful.
356
00:34:15,240 --> 00:34:17,080
Cockerels are light sleepers.
357
00:34:23,960 --> 00:34:26,000
The bite must be delivered
358
00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:27,440
with precision.
359
00:34:33,680 --> 00:34:35,520
Heat-sensitive receptors
360
00:34:35,520 --> 00:34:37,160
enable vampire bats
361
00:34:37,160 --> 00:34:39,080
to detect subtle differences
362
00:34:39,080 --> 00:34:40,480
in temperature...
363
00:34:43,240 --> 00:34:45,600
..so it can pinpoint exactly
364
00:34:45,600 --> 00:34:48,520
where the warm blood
flows close to the skin.
365
00:34:58,880 --> 00:35:00,040
She bites.
366
00:35:07,280 --> 00:35:11,480
Her saliva contains
a powerful anticoagulant
367
00:35:11,480 --> 00:35:13,400
known as draculin.
368
00:35:14,400 --> 00:35:16,440
It ensures that the blood
369
00:35:16,440 --> 00:35:18,720
continues to flow freely.
370
00:35:20,440 --> 00:35:22,520
This helps her feed quickly
371
00:35:22,520 --> 00:35:24,640
and avoids her being noticed.
372
00:35:33,040 --> 00:35:36,000
But blood isn't,
in fact, very nutritious,
373
00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:37,480
so the bats have to drink
374
00:35:37,480 --> 00:35:39,400
over half their own body weight
375
00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:41,120
in one sitting.
376
00:35:42,880 --> 00:35:43,960
As a result,
377
00:35:43,960 --> 00:35:46,440
flight becomes nearly impossible.
378
00:35:50,120 --> 00:35:52,040
But her kidneys are remarkable...
379
00:35:54,160 --> 00:35:57,080
..and quickly extract
the water from her meal.
380
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:01,840
So, within minutes,
381
00:36:01,840 --> 00:36:04,360
she vanishes into the darkness...
382
00:36:05,600 --> 00:36:09,160
..leaving the cockerel
none the wiser.
383
00:36:09,160 --> 00:36:11,040
CLUCKS QUIETLY
384
00:36:16,360 --> 00:36:18,000
While vampire bats use heat
385
00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:21,360
from the blood of their victims
to find their meals,
386
00:36:21,360 --> 00:36:24,760
one mammal
uses the heat from the sun.
387
00:36:26,560 --> 00:36:28,960
Uganda, in Africa,
388
00:36:28,960 --> 00:36:30,880
on the banks of the River Nile.
389
00:36:33,720 --> 00:36:35,960
A troop of baboons has gathered
390
00:36:35,960 --> 00:36:38,960
at the end
of the long, hot dry season.
391
00:36:41,800 --> 00:36:42,880
They are waiting
392
00:36:42,880 --> 00:36:45,640
for a very special
seasonal opportunity.
393
00:36:47,800 --> 00:36:49,200
It begins
394
00:36:49,200 --> 00:36:51,920
with the annual emergence
of flying termites.
395
00:36:58,000 --> 00:36:59,560
They provide the baboons
396
00:36:59,560 --> 00:37:02,400
with a small but much-needed treat.
397
00:37:12,240 --> 00:37:14,200
But the older members of the troop
398
00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:17,720
know there is another delicacy
to be found here...
399
00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:24,600
..one that provides them
400
00:37:24,600 --> 00:37:27,000
with a far more nourishing meal.
401
00:37:29,080 --> 00:37:30,840
SCREECHES
402
00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:34,680
A Nile crocodile.
403
00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:41,960
She laid her eggs...
404
00:37:43,400 --> 00:37:45,040
..in the warm sand.
405
00:37:47,640 --> 00:37:51,240
The baboons would steal them
if they could.
406
00:37:51,240 --> 00:37:52,720
BARKS
407
00:37:55,480 --> 00:37:57,480
But the crocodile,
408
00:37:57,480 --> 00:37:59,960
weighing nearly a quarter of a ton,
409
00:37:59,960 --> 00:38:03,400
is one of Africa's
most formidable predators
410
00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:06,360
and well able to kill a baboon...
411
00:38:06,360 --> 00:38:07,600
SNARLS
412
00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:08,720
BARKS
413
00:38:08,720 --> 00:38:10,400
HISSES
414
00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:13,720
..so the utmost caution is required.
415
00:38:17,320 --> 00:38:19,080
Their plan is simple.
416
00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:25,600
They wait.
417
00:38:29,760 --> 00:38:32,240
Whilst the crocodile
must stay in the sun,
418
00:38:32,240 --> 00:38:33,920
guarding its nest...
419
00:38:35,800 --> 00:38:39,000
..the baboons keep their cool
in the shade...
420
00:38:40,680 --> 00:38:43,280
..waiting for just the right moment.
421
00:38:50,640 --> 00:38:53,080
The crocodile begins to gape.
422
00:38:58,800 --> 00:39:01,320
It's a way of losing heat.
423
00:39:05,760 --> 00:39:07,560
The sun
424
00:39:07,560 --> 00:39:08,960
gets stronger.
425
00:39:12,440 --> 00:39:15,000
But the crocodile stays on guard
426
00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:17,000
and risks overheating.
427
00:39:21,440 --> 00:39:23,120
GRUNTS QUIETLY
428
00:39:29,360 --> 00:39:31,720
Eventually, it gets so hot...
429
00:39:33,200 --> 00:39:35,600
..that it takes to the water
to cool down.
430
00:39:47,840 --> 00:39:51,160
But the baboons still do...
431
00:39:51,160 --> 00:39:52,600
..nothing.
432
00:39:55,400 --> 00:39:58,400
Their waiting game
has not yet finished.
433
00:40:02,320 --> 00:40:03,640
There's no sense
434
00:40:03,640 --> 00:40:06,040
in overexerting yourself
in the heat...
435
00:40:07,560 --> 00:40:10,280
..when you can
let hungry monitor lizards
436
00:40:10,280 --> 00:40:11,840
do the hard work.
437
00:40:34,960 --> 00:40:36,160
Finally,
438
00:40:36,160 --> 00:40:38,880
the moment
they have been waiting for.
439
00:40:41,360 --> 00:40:43,520
MONITOR LIZARD HISSES
440
00:40:43,520 --> 00:40:46,240
Now they need to move fast.
441
00:40:46,240 --> 00:40:48,760
The crocodile
won't be away for long.
442
00:41:01,480 --> 00:41:02,760
BABOONS BARK
443
00:41:02,760 --> 00:41:04,360
CROCODILE HISSES
444
00:41:10,960 --> 00:41:12,640
The oppressive heat
445
00:41:12,640 --> 00:41:16,040
has allowed the baboons
to get the food they want.
446
00:41:23,720 --> 00:41:26,000
But there are few places in Africa
447
00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:27,800
where the battle to find food
448
00:41:27,800 --> 00:41:29,480
is more demanding
449
00:41:29,480 --> 00:41:32,640
than the Etosha salt pan in Namibia.
450
00:41:40,560 --> 00:41:44,240
As temperatures rise
across this vast wilderness,
451
00:41:44,240 --> 00:41:46,040
mammals of many kinds
452
00:41:46,040 --> 00:41:49,160
are gathering around
a shrinking water hole.
453
00:41:51,880 --> 00:41:54,360
DISTANT BRAYING
454
00:41:59,480 --> 00:42:01,200
For a female jackal...
455
00:42:02,720 --> 00:42:05,040
..this is a good place to hunt.
456
00:42:08,760 --> 00:42:11,520
But it's almost too crowded.
457
00:42:11,520 --> 00:42:13,280
ELEPHANT TRUMPETS
458
00:42:16,120 --> 00:42:18,280
For a jackal to be successful,
459
00:42:18,280 --> 00:42:20,400
it needs to be clever.
460
00:42:22,080 --> 00:42:23,600
Just a ghost
461
00:42:23,600 --> 00:42:24,760
in the background.
462
00:42:31,720 --> 00:42:33,800
Some of the largest mammals on Earth
463
00:42:33,800 --> 00:42:35,720
dominate the water's edge.
464
00:42:37,400 --> 00:42:39,080
ELEPHANT RUMBLES
465
00:42:44,680 --> 00:42:47,400
The jackal must bide her time.
466
00:42:55,840 --> 00:42:57,600
BABY ELEPHANT TRUMPETS
467
00:43:00,400 --> 00:43:01,920
DISTANT SQUAWKING
468
00:43:01,920 --> 00:43:04,480
She spots possible prey.
469
00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:11,440
Guinea fowl.
470
00:43:12,400 --> 00:43:17,560
ELEPHANT RUMBLES
471
00:43:25,400 --> 00:43:28,600
SQUAWKING
472
00:43:48,800 --> 00:43:50,360
Thirst, however,
473
00:43:50,360 --> 00:43:52,240
dominates everything else.
474
00:43:53,920 --> 00:43:56,280
And hunters and hunted
475
00:43:56,280 --> 00:43:58,560
drink alongside one another.
476
00:44:04,720 --> 00:44:06,840
Temperatures are still rising.
477
00:44:06,840 --> 00:44:08,960
BRAYING
478
00:44:10,760 --> 00:44:12,800
The drinkers start to quarrel...
479
00:44:20,240 --> 00:44:21,720
..and she retreats.
480
00:44:27,320 --> 00:44:28,360
But then...
481
00:44:29,880 --> 00:44:32,680
..things get even more difficult.
482
00:44:37,040 --> 00:44:38,600
A hyena.
483
00:44:44,560 --> 00:44:46,200
More than capable
484
00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:48,120
of killing a jackal.
485
00:44:56,600 --> 00:44:59,360
But driven by hunger and thirst...
486
00:44:59,360 --> 00:45:01,000
JACKAL YELPS
487
00:45:04,360 --> 00:45:07,080
..this female holds her ground...
488
00:45:16,760 --> 00:45:18,640
JACKAL YELPS
489
00:45:18,640 --> 00:45:22,040
..and now can get back to hunting.
490
00:45:26,240 --> 00:45:28,160
This time, she sets her sights
491
00:45:28,160 --> 00:45:29,760
on a flock of doves...
492
00:45:36,640 --> 00:45:39,880
..and tries a more subtle approach.
493
00:45:43,600 --> 00:45:46,080
Hiding in plain sight.
494
00:45:50,480 --> 00:45:52,120
Lulling the birds
495
00:45:52,120 --> 00:45:54,960
into a false sense of security.
496
00:46:14,560 --> 00:46:17,200
She waits for the perfect moment.
497
00:46:26,960 --> 00:46:29,160
But they aren't so easily caught.
498
00:46:32,960 --> 00:46:34,120
Nonetheless...
499
00:46:35,360 --> 00:46:36,840
..she's determined.
500
00:47:09,200 --> 00:47:11,400
Success at last.
501
00:47:16,720 --> 00:47:18,560
Her mate arrives...
502
00:47:20,000 --> 00:47:23,120
..and he has brought
their hungry pups with him.
503
00:47:30,640 --> 00:47:32,880
With so many mouths to feed...
504
00:47:34,120 --> 00:47:36,760
..she will have
to be hunting again soon.
505
00:47:36,760 --> 00:47:40,200
PUP WHINES
506
00:47:43,800 --> 00:47:46,720
Mammals have
an extraordinary ability
507
00:47:46,720 --> 00:47:48,040
to find water...
508
00:47:50,080 --> 00:47:51,480
..stay cool...
509
00:47:53,040 --> 00:47:54,600
..and use heat
510
00:47:54,600 --> 00:47:56,120
to their advantage.
511
00:47:57,600 --> 00:47:59,720
That has enabled them to flourish
512
00:47:59,720 --> 00:48:02,720
in some of the harshest
and hottest environments
513
00:48:02,720 --> 00:48:04,200
on the planet.
514
00:48:10,080 --> 00:48:13,240
But if the world is indeed
to become even hotter,
515
00:48:13,240 --> 00:48:14,600
as is predicted...
516
00:48:16,520 --> 00:48:19,360
..then the challenges facing mammals
517
00:48:19,360 --> 00:48:22,720
will become greater
than they have ever been.
518
00:48:38,040 --> 00:48:39,600
In Madagascar,
519
00:48:39,600 --> 00:48:41,760
the Mammals team
hoped to be the first to film
520
00:48:41,760 --> 00:48:44,360
some recently
discovered behaviour...
521
00:48:46,000 --> 00:48:48,840
..sifaka lemurs tree-hugging.
522
00:48:50,240 --> 00:48:52,160
But to get there,
523
00:48:52,160 --> 00:48:54,920
it's a three-day drive
over rough terrain.
524
00:48:57,080 --> 00:48:59,760
A little too much
for producer Rob Pilley.
525
00:49:02,560 --> 00:49:04,240
HE RETCHES
526
00:49:11,360 --> 00:49:13,600
Happy to be back on terra firma,
527
00:49:13,600 --> 00:49:15,400
the team set off on foot
528
00:49:15,400 --> 00:49:17,240
through the spiny forest.
529
00:49:18,680 --> 00:49:20,160
They've joined forces
530
00:49:20,160 --> 00:49:21,720
with local scientists
531
00:49:21,720 --> 00:49:23,720
from the ESSA research group.
532
00:49:25,240 --> 00:49:27,840
And thanks to their expertise,
533
00:49:27,840 --> 00:49:30,560
it doesn't take long
to find the sifaka.
534
00:49:35,600 --> 00:49:37,360
WHISPERS: They're
a little wary of humans,
535
00:49:37,360 --> 00:49:40,080
so we have to go really slowly,
approach them slowly.
536
00:49:40,080 --> 00:49:41,880
They're quite skittish.
537
00:49:44,400 --> 00:49:46,680
The sifaka are much more nimble
538
00:49:46,680 --> 00:49:48,360
moving through the forest
539
00:49:48,360 --> 00:49:51,280
than the crew
carrying bulky kit.
540
00:49:52,360 --> 00:49:53,840
Keeping up with the troop
541
00:49:53,840 --> 00:49:56,200
is not without its snags.
542
00:49:56,200 --> 00:49:57,840
Ah, everything is out to get you,
543
00:49:57,840 --> 00:50:00,200
it's just this giant cactus forest.
544
00:50:00,200 --> 00:50:02,040
They are everywhere, the spines.
545
00:50:03,480 --> 00:50:05,040
And the dense scrub
546
00:50:05,040 --> 00:50:07,480
makes getting any shots a challenge.
547
00:50:09,000 --> 00:50:12,320
Yeah, it kind of makes you
almost forced to shoot
548
00:50:12,320 --> 00:50:14,960
such high-angle shots
when it's so dense
549
00:50:14,960 --> 00:50:16,680
cos we can't get further back.
550
00:50:16,680 --> 00:50:18,600
Also just manoeuvring
around the forest,
551
00:50:18,600 --> 00:50:20,200
it's pretty hectic.
552
00:50:20,200 --> 00:50:22,520
Trying to go quietly
without snagging your camera
553
00:50:22,520 --> 00:50:24,720
or your lens or a cable or...
554
00:50:24,720 --> 00:50:26,720
..is, uh, not easy.
555
00:50:28,440 --> 00:50:30,120
Over the following days,
556
00:50:30,120 --> 00:50:33,080
the team struggle through the heat,
557
00:50:33,080 --> 00:50:36,160
with the lemurs
giving them the run-around.
558
00:50:36,160 --> 00:50:39,720
We just found a group and
they've just disappeared off.
559
00:50:39,720 --> 00:50:43,000
This is going to be a marathon,
not a sprint.
560
00:50:43,000 --> 00:50:44,560
Lemurs Behaving Badly!
561
00:50:51,680 --> 00:50:54,040
As temperatures rise,
562
00:50:54,040 --> 00:50:56,240
the lemurs finally seem to settle.
563
00:51:00,640 --> 00:51:02,400
HE EXHALES
564
00:51:02,400 --> 00:51:05,800
This could be
a breakthrough for the team.
565
00:51:05,800 --> 00:51:08,320
WHISPERS: Stu is up front.
566
00:51:08,320 --> 00:51:09,800
It's just possible
567
00:51:09,800 --> 00:51:11,000
that we have found
568
00:51:11,000 --> 00:51:13,720
the perfect tree-hugging group.
569
00:51:17,560 --> 00:51:18,760
Fingers crossed.
570
00:51:23,600 --> 00:51:24,960
Not this time.
571
00:51:26,280 --> 00:51:28,880
Just been given the run-around
all morning by these lemurs -
572
00:51:28,880 --> 00:51:30,800
starburst, every direction.
573
00:51:30,800 --> 00:51:32,240
Couldn't get a single shot.
574
00:51:32,240 --> 00:51:34,320
It's like the worst day ever!
575
00:51:39,360 --> 00:51:40,720
Back at camp,
576
00:51:40,720 --> 00:51:43,440
it's 45 degrees in the shade.
577
00:51:45,960 --> 00:51:49,160
While Stuart finds a way
to cool himself off...
578
00:51:49,160 --> 00:51:50,600
Whew! That's good!
579
00:51:50,600 --> 00:51:53,840
..Jeandre is more worried
about the equipment.
580
00:51:53,840 --> 00:51:56,720
We raised the laptop up
on these hard drives
581
00:51:56,720 --> 00:51:59,120
to give it some cooling.
It's just too hot.
582
00:51:59,120 --> 00:52:00,560
The cameras are melting.
583
00:52:00,560 --> 00:52:02,040
The little metal pins in the camera
584
00:52:02,040 --> 00:52:03,880
have literally melted. It's...
585
00:52:03,880 --> 00:52:05,520
I've never had that on a shoot.
586
00:52:08,760 --> 00:52:10,000
Despite the heat,
587
00:52:10,000 --> 00:52:11,520
the team are forced to work
588
00:52:11,520 --> 00:52:13,360
during the hottest part of the day
589
00:52:13,360 --> 00:52:14,680
if they want to film
590
00:52:14,680 --> 00:52:17,080
this unique tree-hugging behaviour.
591
00:52:21,200 --> 00:52:24,200
But as the lemurs lead them
deeper into the forest,
592
00:52:24,200 --> 00:52:26,720
they notice something is amiss.
593
00:52:28,040 --> 00:52:30,920
In the heart
of this protected area,
594
00:52:30,920 --> 00:52:33,480
there are signs
that trees have been felled.
595
00:52:37,000 --> 00:52:39,560
We see for the last two, three years
596
00:52:39,560 --> 00:52:41,960
increasing cutting within the forest
597
00:52:41,960 --> 00:52:43,760
and we believe that it's because
598
00:52:43,760 --> 00:52:46,200
these people are so desperate
599
00:52:46,200 --> 00:52:49,680
and cut the trees for
the forage for their animals
600
00:52:49,680 --> 00:52:51,680
and then for their daily needs.
601
00:52:52,960 --> 00:52:54,720
With ongoing drought,
602
00:52:54,720 --> 00:52:56,360
crops are failing,
603
00:52:56,360 --> 00:52:58,400
and local people are forced
604
00:52:58,400 --> 00:53:01,120
to turn to the forest
to make ends meet.
605
00:53:03,440 --> 00:53:05,240
Across Madagascar,
606
00:53:05,240 --> 00:53:08,000
deforestation and the effects
of climate change
607
00:53:08,000 --> 00:53:10,040
are only making life harder
608
00:53:10,040 --> 00:53:12,240
for both wildlife and people.
609
00:53:13,720 --> 00:53:16,240
It's a sobering reminder to the team
610
00:53:16,240 --> 00:53:19,000
of the problems
faced by these lemurs,
611
00:53:19,000 --> 00:53:22,880
who are having to adapt
to a rapidly changing world.
612
00:53:25,280 --> 00:53:26,520
Back on the trail,
613
00:53:26,520 --> 00:53:29,640
the team split up
to cover more ground.
614
00:53:32,520 --> 00:53:34,080
Now separated,
615
00:53:34,080 --> 00:53:36,760
the researchers have
a special way to keep in touch.
616
00:53:38,680 --> 00:53:40,560
HE WHOOPS
617
00:53:41,800 --> 00:53:42,960
HE WHOOPS
618
00:53:42,960 --> 00:53:44,560
HE WHOOPS
619
00:53:44,560 --> 00:53:47,560
Using calls similar to the animals
620
00:53:47,560 --> 00:53:49,760
lets them maintain a low profile.
621
00:53:50,840 --> 00:53:53,280
But as they push forward,
622
00:53:53,280 --> 00:53:54,560
the heat of the day
623
00:53:54,560 --> 00:53:57,680
is taking its toll
on Jeandre and Rob.
624
00:53:58,920 --> 00:54:01,000
We...we all just have
to stop for a bit,
625
00:54:01,000 --> 00:54:02,440
have a breather.
626
00:54:06,080 --> 00:54:08,080
And when they start moving again,
627
00:54:08,080 --> 00:54:11,000
they quickly realise they're lost.
628
00:54:11,000 --> 00:54:12,400
It all looks the same.
629
00:54:16,000 --> 00:54:17,320
I think it's up here.
630
00:54:19,000 --> 00:54:20,800
We're not really quite sure...
631
00:54:22,880 --> 00:54:24,040
..where we are.
632
00:54:30,400 --> 00:54:31,880
HE WHOOPS
633
00:54:39,600 --> 00:54:40,840
Ow!
634
00:54:46,760 --> 00:54:48,040
In these conditions,
635
00:54:48,040 --> 00:54:50,880
it only takes a few hours
for heatstroke to set in.
636
00:54:50,880 --> 00:54:52,400
ROB WHOOPS
637
00:55:00,840 --> 00:55:02,680
WHOOPING
638
00:55:02,680 --> 00:55:04,840
Yeah, OK, they're ahead,
they're ahead. That's good.
639
00:55:05,800 --> 00:55:07,400
There's a friendly face!
640
00:55:07,400 --> 00:55:09,600
UNTRANSLATED
641
00:55:09,600 --> 00:55:11,320
So nice to see you.
642
00:55:11,320 --> 00:55:13,280
Somebody wandered off that way...
643
00:55:13,280 --> 00:55:15,080
Quickly, things
can go really pear-shaped
644
00:55:15,080 --> 00:55:17,520
unless you're on your game, so...
645
00:55:17,520 --> 00:55:19,160
A lesson learned, definitely.
646
00:55:21,520 --> 00:55:23,360
Despite this close call,
647
00:55:23,360 --> 00:55:25,560
the team are determined to continue.
648
00:55:29,120 --> 00:55:30,960
It's the hottest day so far,
649
00:55:30,960 --> 00:55:33,040
which should work in their favour.
650
00:55:43,520 --> 00:55:44,840
At last,
651
00:55:44,840 --> 00:55:47,200
they find a group that is settling.
652
00:55:56,440 --> 00:56:00,440
Lemurs only tree-hug
in the hottest conditions.
653
00:56:02,000 --> 00:56:05,120
All the crew can do now is wait.
654
00:56:42,160 --> 00:56:43,200
Finally...
655
00:56:45,320 --> 00:56:46,560
..what they came for.
656
00:57:00,160 --> 00:57:03,840
Thanks to the work
of this research team,
657
00:57:03,840 --> 00:57:08,040
the efforts to protect
the sifakas' home
658
00:57:08,040 --> 00:57:09,080
will continue.
659
00:57:10,120 --> 00:57:12,000
With the education
660
00:57:12,000 --> 00:57:15,000
and working together
at different levels,
661
00:57:15,000 --> 00:57:17,320
from locals to national,
662
00:57:17,320 --> 00:57:18,840
to international levels,
663
00:57:18,840 --> 00:57:20,920
for common goals,
664
00:57:20,920 --> 00:57:25,120
then I be very optimistic,
the future of Madagascar.
665
00:57:29,920 --> 00:57:32,080
Next time...
666
00:57:32,080 --> 00:57:34,080
..forests, where we
667
00:57:34,080 --> 00:57:38,960
discover how nearly three
quarters of all mammal species
668
00:57:38,960 --> 00:57:43,160
have made their home in this,
669
00:57:43,160 --> 00:57:47,360
the richest and most
diverse habitat...
670
00:57:49,040 --> 00:57:50,640
..on Earth.45030
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