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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:09,610 --> 00:00:11,440 WILDMAN: The truth behind a killer lake. 2 00:00:11,445 --> 00:00:13,785 It felt like a scene out of a horror movie. 3 00:00:15,849 --> 00:00:17,949 WILDMAN: An unlikely hero aboard the Titanic. 4 00:00:17,951 --> 00:00:19,386 [ Crashing ] 5 00:00:19,386 --> 00:00:22,055 PHINEAS: He knew he was going to go into these icy waters. 6 00:00:22,055 --> 00:00:24,355 He was ready to meet his maker. 7 00:00:24,358 --> 00:00:25,926 [ Man screaming ] 8 00:00:25,926 --> 00:00:27,426 WILDMAN: And the riddle of the pyramids 9 00:00:27,427 --> 00:00:31,127 is finally solved by a farmer in Nebraska. 10 00:00:31,131 --> 00:00:34,801 He possessed the power of the ancient pharaohs. 11 00:00:37,037 --> 00:00:39,237 WILDMAN: But first, this pilot’s jacket 12 00:00:39,239 --> 00:00:41,669 recalls the fate of an American adventurer 13 00:00:41,675 --> 00:00:45,012 in a strange region known as the Nevada Triangle. 14 00:00:45,012 --> 00:00:47,147 This is the story of a famous aviator 15 00:00:47,147 --> 00:00:49,677 who disappeared into thin air. 16 00:00:49,683 --> 00:00:52,019 ♪ 17 00:00:52,019 --> 00:00:53,749 WILDMAN: Amazing mysteries, 18 00:00:53,754 --> 00:00:55,155 bizarre phenomena, 19 00:00:55,155 --> 00:00:56,885 and chilling secrets. 20 00:00:56,890 --> 00:00:58,525 I’m Don Wildman. 21 00:00:58,525 --> 00:01:01,855 Join me on a journey beyond the unknown. 22 00:01:01,862 --> 00:01:03,730 ♪ 23 00:01:03,730 --> 00:01:06,366 It’s September 3, 2007. 24 00:01:06,366 --> 00:01:07,596 [ Telephone rings ] 25 00:01:07,601 --> 00:01:10,971 Authorities in Nevada get a distressing call ‐‐ 26 00:01:10,971 --> 00:01:14,241 a small single‐engine plane has gone missing. 27 00:01:14,241 --> 00:01:17,941 It took off from a private ranch for a short round‐trip flight 28 00:01:17,945 --> 00:01:20,581 and after 4 hours has not returned. 29 00:01:20,581 --> 00:01:23,550 At the controls was a well‐known millionaire 30 00:01:23,550 --> 00:01:25,190 named Steve Fossett. 31 00:01:27,387 --> 00:01:30,487 Steve Fossett was a highly experienced aviator. 32 00:01:30,490 --> 00:01:34,390 He was fearless, and he had a really adventurous spirit. 33 00:01:34,394 --> 00:01:38,565 WILDMAN: The 63‐year‐old expert airman holds numerous flying records, 34 00:01:38,565 --> 00:01:41,465 including one for the first nonstop solo flight 35 00:01:41,468 --> 00:01:43,198 around the world. 36 00:01:43,203 --> 00:01:48,173 The disappearance of such a seasoned pilot is puzzling. 37 00:01:48,175 --> 00:01:50,043 But then they learned Fossett was flying 38 00:01:50,043 --> 00:01:52,946 through one of the most mysterious sections of airspace 39 00:01:52,946 --> 00:01:54,846 in the country ‐‐ 40 00:01:54,848 --> 00:01:57,417 the Nevada Triangle. 41 00:01:57,417 --> 00:02:01,217 This 25,000‐mile swath of the American Southwest 42 00:02:01,221 --> 00:02:05,291 is bound by Reno to the north, Las Vegas to the south, 43 00:02:05,292 --> 00:02:07,861 and Fresno, California, to the west. 44 00:02:07,861 --> 00:02:12,031 And since the 1940s, as many as 2,000 aircraft 45 00:02:12,032 --> 00:02:16,169 have crashed or gone missing in the area. 46 00:02:16,169 --> 00:02:18,238 HANSEN: Nobody could figure out what had happened to them, 47 00:02:18,238 --> 00:02:20,068 what had caused this region 48 00:02:20,073 --> 00:02:22,476 to be so treacherous to airplanes. 49 00:02:22,476 --> 00:02:26,576 We might start high and parallel down. 50 00:02:26,580 --> 00:02:29,216 WILDMAN: For 5 weeks, officials scour 51 00:02:29,216 --> 00:02:32,746 the rugged mountainous terrain and dense forests, 52 00:02:32,753 --> 00:02:36,690 but Steve Fossett and his plane are nowhere to be found. 53 00:02:36,690 --> 00:02:39,390 In October, the search is called off. 54 00:02:39,393 --> 00:02:44,531 Steve Fossett had vanished into the Nevada Triangle. 55 00:02:44,531 --> 00:02:46,400 WILDMAN: In the weeks and months that follow, 56 00:02:46,400 --> 00:02:48,600 a host of theories emerge to explain 57 00:02:48,602 --> 00:02:51,271 what could have happened to the expert aviator 58 00:02:51,271 --> 00:02:54,141 and all the other aircraft that have crashed or disappeared 59 00:02:54,141 --> 00:02:56,041 in the Nevada Triangle. 60 00:02:56,043 --> 00:02:57,743 Some believe the answer can be found 61 00:02:57,744 --> 00:03:00,113 within a vast top‐secret military zone 62 00:03:00,113 --> 00:03:03,116 that lies in the heart of the Triangle ‐‐ 63 00:03:03,116 --> 00:03:06,446 Area 51. 64 00:03:06,453 --> 00:03:10,490 HANSEN: Because Area 51 is so top‐secret and heavily secured, 65 00:03:10,490 --> 00:03:12,025 some feared that pilots 66 00:03:12,025 --> 00:03:15,085 may have inadvertently wandered into its airspace 67 00:03:15,095 --> 00:03:17,898 and been intercepted by the U. S. Air Force. 68 00:03:17,898 --> 00:03:21,298 WILDMAN: Some even speculate that aliens might be to blame. 69 00:03:22,703 --> 00:03:27,307 HANSEN: Area 51 is known for UFO sightings, alien encounters, 70 00:03:27,307 --> 00:03:30,137 so this, of course, spurs the imagination. 71 00:03:32,145 --> 00:03:34,275 WILDMAN: But no one really knows. 72 00:03:34,281 --> 00:03:36,016 HANSEN: There was no conclusive evidence, 73 00:03:36,016 --> 00:03:38,476 and everyone was desperate for answers. 74 00:03:38,485 --> 00:03:41,555 WILDMAN: Then, a year after Fossett’s disappearance, 75 00:03:41,555 --> 00:03:43,557 the truth emerges, and with it, 76 00:03:43,557 --> 00:03:47,187 the key to unlocking the secrets of the Nevada Triangle. 77 00:03:47,194 --> 00:03:49,229 ♪ 78 00:03:49,229 --> 00:03:53,699 In September 2008, near Mammoth Lakes in California, 79 00:03:53,700 --> 00:03:57,370 a hiker makes an unexpected discovery in the woods ‐‐ 80 00:03:57,370 --> 00:04:02,909 an ID card bearing the name Steve Fossett. 81 00:04:02,909 --> 00:04:06,379 Just 2 days later, the wreckage of Fossett’s aircraft is found 82 00:04:06,379 --> 00:04:08,109 along with his remains. 83 00:04:08,115 --> 00:04:10,150 The discovery re‐ignites the debate 84 00:04:10,150 --> 00:04:11,280 over what really happened. 85 00:04:11,284 --> 00:04:13,053 HANSEN: People were more determined than ever 86 00:04:13,053 --> 00:04:16,857 to get to the bottom of this mystery. 87 00:04:16,857 --> 00:04:19,287 WILDMAN: The case is handed over to the acting chairman 88 00:04:19,292 --> 00:04:24,231 of the National Transportation Safety Board, Mark J. Rosenker. 89 00:04:24,231 --> 00:04:25,866 Rosenker and his team start 90 00:04:25,866 --> 00:04:28,096 by carefully examining the wreckage. 91 00:04:28,101 --> 00:04:32,071 Knowing Fossett’s skill set, they ruled out pilot error. 92 00:04:32,072 --> 00:04:34,207 So Rosenker turns his attention 93 00:04:34,207 --> 00:04:37,407 to another possible contributing factor ‐‐ 94 00:04:37,410 --> 00:04:39,546 the weather. 95 00:04:39,546 --> 00:04:41,146 The Nevada Triangle is plagued 96 00:04:41,148 --> 00:04:44,017 by a series of bizarre wind conditions. 97 00:04:44,017 --> 00:04:45,647 The wind in the Nevada Triangle 98 00:04:45,652 --> 00:04:48,421 creates these really intense wave‐like patterns 99 00:04:48,421 --> 00:04:51,158 that aircraft can get caught up in. 100 00:04:51,158 --> 00:04:53,388 WILDMAN: As air moves in from the Pacific Ocean, 101 00:04:53,393 --> 00:04:56,163 it flows over the peaks of the Sierra Nevadas. 102 00:04:56,163 --> 00:05:01,501 Then with tremendous force, it rushes down the other side. 103 00:05:01,501 --> 00:05:05,271 This creates a powerful downdraft. 104 00:05:05,272 --> 00:05:07,908 Rosenker examines meteorological records 105 00:05:07,908 --> 00:05:10,208 from the day of Fossett’s disappearance, 106 00:05:10,210 --> 00:05:12,510 and what he finds is that the downdrafts 107 00:05:12,512 --> 00:05:15,752 reached a staggering 400 miles per hour. 108 00:05:17,684 --> 00:05:20,821 HANSEN: Even an experienced pilot like himself 109 00:05:20,821 --> 00:05:23,021 was no match against these forces. 110 00:05:23,023 --> 00:05:24,891 [ Wind whistling ] 111 00:05:24,891 --> 00:05:26,326 ♪ 112 00:05:26,326 --> 00:05:29,026 WILDMAN: Rosenker and his team believe Fossett’s plane 113 00:05:29,029 --> 00:05:32,329 was swatted out of the sky by these fierce winds 114 00:05:32,332 --> 00:05:34,432 and crashed in the dense woods, 115 00:05:34,434 --> 00:05:37,170 which made it extremely difficult to find. 116 00:05:37,170 --> 00:05:40,470 It’s a fate that could have befallen scores of aviators 117 00:05:40,473 --> 00:05:41,773 over the years. 118 00:05:41,775 --> 00:05:43,977 HANSEN: This may very well have been the reason 119 00:05:43,977 --> 00:05:45,577 that so many planes had disappeared 120 00:05:45,579 --> 00:05:47,009 in the Nevada Triangle. 121 00:05:47,013 --> 00:05:49,449 ♪ 122 00:05:49,449 --> 00:05:54,149 WILDMAN: Today, a pilot jacket once worn by Steve Fossett sits on display 123 00:05:54,154 --> 00:05:57,123 at the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington. 124 00:05:57,123 --> 00:06:00,060 It’s a haunting reminder of not just one pilot, 125 00:06:00,060 --> 00:06:02,195 but many who may have been lost 126 00:06:02,195 --> 00:06:04,895 to a mysterious and natural power. 127 00:06:04,898 --> 00:06:08,228 ♪ 128 00:06:08,235 --> 00:06:12,973 This tall pleated hat recalls an act of extraordinary bravery 129 00:06:12,973 --> 00:06:15,475 [ People screaming ] in the face of certain death. 130 00:06:15,475 --> 00:06:19,375 This story is about the very last man 131 00:06:19,379 --> 00:06:21,609 to go down on the Titanic. 132 00:06:21,615 --> 00:06:26,152 ♪ 133 00:06:26,152 --> 00:06:29,122 WILDMAN: It’s April 10, 1912. 134 00:06:29,122 --> 00:06:32,792 The RMS Titanic embarks on her maiden voyage 135 00:06:32,792 --> 00:06:35,729 from Southampton, England, to New York City. 136 00:06:35,729 --> 00:06:38,829 On board are some of the richest and most powerful people 137 00:06:38,832 --> 00:06:40,432 in the world. 138 00:06:40,433 --> 00:06:45,171 Among them is real estate tycoon John Jacob Astor IV, 139 00:06:45,171 --> 00:06:48,041 mining magnate Benjamin Guggenheim, 140 00:06:48,041 --> 00:06:50,441 and the owners of Macy’s department store, 141 00:06:50,443 --> 00:06:53,246 Isidor and Ida Straus. 142 00:06:53,246 --> 00:06:56,416 No expense has been spared for their delight. 143 00:06:56,416 --> 00:07:00,286 PHINEAS: The Titanic was the crème de la crème of its era, 144 00:07:00,287 --> 00:07:05,217 with ballrooms and orchestras and piano bars... 145 00:07:05,225 --> 00:07:06,359 [ Chuckles ] 146 00:07:06,359 --> 00:07:10,129 ...every kind of delicacy of food. 147 00:07:10,130 --> 00:07:14,630 This ship was a floating 5‐star hotel. 148 00:07:14,634 --> 00:07:17,370 WILDMAN: Maintaining these luxurious accommodations 149 00:07:17,370 --> 00:07:21,570 is a staff of 908 dedicated crew members. 150 00:07:21,574 --> 00:07:25,712 Among them is the chief baker, Charles Joughin. 151 00:07:25,712 --> 00:07:28,748 PHINEAS: Charles was a very, very good baker 152 00:07:28,748 --> 00:07:32,078 extolled for the quality of his bakery goods. 153 00:07:32,085 --> 00:07:33,887 And we’re talking not just bread, 154 00:07:33,887 --> 00:07:35,956 but we’re also talking desserts 155 00:07:35,956 --> 00:07:37,356 and all kinds of things like that. 156 00:07:37,357 --> 00:07:39,687 He was a very accomplished chef. 157 00:07:39,693 --> 00:07:41,828 WILDMAN: But he’s about to assist the passengers 158 00:07:41,828 --> 00:07:43,758 in a way he never anticipated. 159 00:07:43,763 --> 00:07:46,266 ♪ 160 00:07:46,266 --> 00:07:49,836 Just after 11:30 P. M. on April 14th... 161 00:07:49,836 --> 00:07:51,896 [ Crashing ] 162 00:07:51,905 --> 00:07:53,239 [ Dishes rattling ] 163 00:07:53,239 --> 00:07:56,339 ...the Titanic strikes an iceberg and starts to sink. 164 00:07:56,343 --> 00:07:57,943 [ People screaming ] 165 00:07:57,944 --> 00:08:00,714 As passengers scramble to locate loved ones 166 00:08:00,714 --> 00:08:04,284 and board lifeboats, panic spreads. 167 00:08:04,284 --> 00:08:07,821 And that’s when Joughin springs into action. 168 00:08:07,821 --> 00:08:09,990 Instead of preparing to abandon ship, 169 00:08:09,990 --> 00:08:11,858 he gathers loaves of bread 170 00:08:11,858 --> 00:08:14,458 and hands them out to desperate passengers. 171 00:08:14,461 --> 00:08:17,661 PHINEAS: He was basically thinking, if they went off that ship, 172 00:08:17,664 --> 00:08:19,866 at least they would go with a loaf of bread 173 00:08:19,866 --> 00:08:22,796 because who knows when they would be rescued. 174 00:08:22,802 --> 00:08:26,039 [ Screaming continues ] 175 00:08:26,039 --> 00:08:30,076 WILDMAN: In a matter of moments, Joughin’s supply runs out. 176 00:08:30,076 --> 00:08:31,976 With the ship rapidly sinking, 177 00:08:31,978 --> 00:08:34,748 he rushes to his assigned lifeboat. 178 00:08:34,748 --> 00:08:36,578 The chef finds the craft packed 179 00:08:36,583 --> 00:08:39,619 full of terrified passengers and crew members, 180 00:08:39,619 --> 00:08:42,088 with still more waiting to board. 181 00:08:42,088 --> 00:08:44,488 Luckily, a seat has been saved for him. 182 00:08:44,491 --> 00:08:47,160 ♪ 183 00:08:47,160 --> 00:08:48,995 But just as he’s about to climb in, 184 00:08:48,995 --> 00:08:51,255 he notices a young woman and her child 185 00:08:51,264 --> 00:08:53,700 towards the back of the crowd. 186 00:08:53,700 --> 00:08:55,835 Sensing their impending doom, 187 00:08:55,835 --> 00:08:59,205 Joughin gives them his place on the tiny vessel. 188 00:08:59,205 --> 00:09:02,205 That a person would go into action like that, 189 00:09:02,208 --> 00:09:04,838 rather than just seeking to save himself, 190 00:09:04,844 --> 00:09:05,979 that’s a hero. 191 00:09:05,979 --> 00:09:08,279 ♪ 192 00:09:08,281 --> 00:09:11,751 WILDMAN: But it seems his selfless act has sealed his fate. 193 00:09:11,751 --> 00:09:15,351 The remaining lifeboats are all full. 194 00:09:15,355 --> 00:09:16,823 It’s only a matter of minutes 195 00:09:16,823 --> 00:09:21,193 before the ship is completely submerged in 28‐degree water. 196 00:09:21,194 --> 00:09:24,597 He knew he was going to go into these icy waters, 197 00:09:24,597 --> 00:09:28,697 and I think he was really ready to meet his maker. 198 00:09:28,701 --> 00:09:30,470 ♪ 199 00:09:30,470 --> 00:09:33,540 WILDMAN: So, to steel himself for the ordeal ahead, 200 00:09:33,540 --> 00:09:37,477 Joughin takes a few pulls from a bottle of whiskey. 201 00:09:37,477 --> 00:09:40,246 Then he climbs to the highest point of the stern, 202 00:09:40,246 --> 00:09:44,216 grabs ahold of the railing, and braces for the worst. 203 00:09:44,217 --> 00:09:46,317 Just as the ship goes underwater, 204 00:09:46,319 --> 00:09:50,689 he steps off into the frigid North Atlantic. 205 00:09:50,690 --> 00:09:53,590 He’s the last person to get off the Titanic, 206 00:09:53,593 --> 00:09:55,929 and he does it with incredible grace. 207 00:09:55,929 --> 00:09:59,766 He kept his face and head dry, probably had his baker’s hat on, 208 00:09:59,766 --> 00:10:02,226 you know, and he just kept treading water. 209 00:10:02,235 --> 00:10:03,970 [ Bubbling ] 210 00:10:03,970 --> 00:10:07,907 WILDMAN: For more than 2 hours, Joughin floats in the icy water. 211 00:10:07,907 --> 00:10:09,275 [ Ship horn blares ] 212 00:10:09,275 --> 00:10:15,045 Finally, the RMS Carpathia arrives to rescue the survivors. 213 00:10:15,048 --> 00:10:18,718 Remarkably, among them is Charles Joughin. 214 00:10:18,718 --> 00:10:20,548 ♪ 215 00:10:20,553 --> 00:10:22,655 After the baker is pulled from the water, 216 00:10:22,655 --> 00:10:25,985 the ship’s doctors assess his injuries. 217 00:10:25,992 --> 00:10:30,230 Strangely, Joughin only suffers from swollen feet. 218 00:10:30,230 --> 00:10:32,465 The physicians are baffled. 219 00:10:32,465 --> 00:10:35,935 Almost everyone else who’d been in the water froze to death 220 00:10:35,935 --> 00:10:37,995 in less than 30 minutes. 221 00:10:38,004 --> 00:10:40,573 It’s a miracle that anybody 222 00:10:40,573 --> 00:10:42,876 could get in water that temperature 223 00:10:42,876 --> 00:10:46,176 and not have immediately hypothermia. 224 00:10:46,179 --> 00:10:50,279 WILDMAN: So how did the brave baker survive? 225 00:10:50,283 --> 00:10:51,718 Many think it was due 226 00:10:51,718 --> 00:10:55,418 to the precious extra minutes he stayed out of the water. 227 00:10:55,421 --> 00:10:57,821 Others believe the alcohol in his system 228 00:10:57,824 --> 00:11:00,126 may have warmed his blood. 229 00:11:00,126 --> 00:11:02,826 But some credit karma. 230 00:11:02,829 --> 00:11:04,359 PHINEAS: I can’t help but think 231 00:11:04,364 --> 00:11:08,034 because he did so much to help everybody, 232 00:11:08,034 --> 00:11:12,539 he survived with just a little bit of chill to his feet. 233 00:11:12,539 --> 00:11:17,277 ♪ 234 00:11:17,277 --> 00:11:21,047 WILDMAN: After the tragedy, Joughin continues to bake on ships 235 00:11:21,047 --> 00:11:25,017 and goes on to serve aboard World War II troop transports. 236 00:11:25,018 --> 00:11:30,518 He’s even portrayed in the 1997 blockbuster film "Titanic." 237 00:11:30,523 --> 00:11:34,060 It’s a fitting honor for one of the ship’s unsung heroes. 238 00:11:34,060 --> 00:11:37,430 This man put everyone ahead of himself. 239 00:11:37,430 --> 00:11:38,998 It’s an amazing story. 240 00:11:38,998 --> 00:11:42,068 ♪ 241 00:11:42,068 --> 00:11:44,998 WILDMAN: Today, a chef’s toque recovered from the wreckage, 242 00:11:45,004 --> 00:11:47,473 like the one worn by Charles Joughin, 243 00:11:47,473 --> 00:11:50,843 is on display at Titanic: The Artifact Exhibition 244 00:11:50,843 --> 00:11:53,079 in Las Vegas, Nevada. 245 00:11:53,079 --> 00:11:57,617 It recalls the baker who served up hope in the face of disaster. 246 00:11:57,617 --> 00:12:03,256 ♪ 247 00:12:03,256 --> 00:12:05,456 This enigmatic item was the key 248 00:12:05,458 --> 00:12:09,095 that unlocked a long‐lost secret of the pharaohs. 249 00:12:09,095 --> 00:12:12,465 PORGES: The answer to one of history’s biggest mysteries 250 00:12:12,465 --> 00:12:14,595 might be even simpler than you think. 251 00:12:14,601 --> 00:12:19,771 ♪ 252 00:12:19,772 --> 00:12:21,541 WILDMAN: Egypt. 253 00:12:21,541 --> 00:12:23,676 For centuries, the pyramids have stood 254 00:12:23,676 --> 00:12:27,246 as perhaps the most famous structures in the world. 255 00:12:27,247 --> 00:12:29,377 And looming over the ancient wonders 256 00:12:29,382 --> 00:12:32,282 is the largest of them all ‐‐ 257 00:12:32,285 --> 00:12:34,387 the Great Pyramid of Giza. 258 00:12:34,387 --> 00:12:36,687 ♪ 259 00:12:36,689 --> 00:12:40,559 The massive stone monument was built around 2500 B. C. 260 00:12:40,560 --> 00:12:44,230 as a tomb for the pharaoh Khufu. 261 00:12:44,230 --> 00:12:48,300 The pyramid has a footprint the size of 10 football fields, 262 00:12:48,301 --> 00:12:52,905 and the tip towers nearly 500 feet above the sand. 263 00:12:52,905 --> 00:12:57,535 It is made up of an estimated 2.3 million stone blocks, 264 00:12:57,543 --> 00:13:00,747 each weighing up to 15 tons. 265 00:13:00,747 --> 00:13:04,617 PORGES: For more than 3,000 years, the Great Pyramid held the title 266 00:13:04,617 --> 00:13:07,687 as the tallest man‐made structure on the planet. 267 00:13:07,687 --> 00:13:11,957 ♪ 268 00:13:11,958 --> 00:13:13,726 WILDMAN: The structure’s colossal size 269 00:13:13,726 --> 00:13:17,156 lies at the heart of its most enduring mystery. 270 00:13:17,163 --> 00:13:19,766 How could something so big have been built 271 00:13:19,766 --> 00:13:21,766 when the ancient Egyptians had access 272 00:13:21,768 --> 00:13:24,268 to only the most rudimentary technology? 273 00:13:24,270 --> 00:13:28,140 ♪ 274 00:13:28,141 --> 00:13:29,609 Many historians contend 275 00:13:29,609 --> 00:13:32,679 that the Egyptians used a simple crane‐like device 276 00:13:32,679 --> 00:13:36,179 made of a weighted pole balanced on a crossbeam 277 00:13:36,182 --> 00:13:38,818 called a shadoof. 278 00:13:38,818 --> 00:13:42,488 Others believe the blocks were levered onto wooden slats 279 00:13:42,488 --> 00:13:46,125 and then hauled up giant ramps of sand. 280 00:13:46,125 --> 00:13:51,125 And some have even suggested a more out‐of‐this‐world idea ‐‐ 281 00:13:51,130 --> 00:13:54,200 that the Egyptians had help from aliens. 282 00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:56,000 PORGES: This theory might seem outlandish, 283 00:13:56,002 --> 00:13:58,402 but almost everything about this ancient monument 284 00:13:58,404 --> 00:14:00,306 just feels impossible. 285 00:14:00,306 --> 00:14:03,836 ♪ 286 00:14:03,843 --> 00:14:05,912 WILDMAN: But perhaps the most intriguing theory 287 00:14:05,912 --> 00:14:08,612 comes from the unlikeliest of places. 288 00:14:08,614 --> 00:14:10,616 ♪ 289 00:14:10,616 --> 00:14:13,916 It’s 1988 in rural Nebraska. 290 00:14:13,920 --> 00:14:15,650 Herman Ostry is a farmer 291 00:14:15,655 --> 00:14:18,524 who lives in the tiny community of Bruno. 292 00:14:18,524 --> 00:14:21,027 PORGES: He was largely a soy and corn farmer, 293 00:14:21,027 --> 00:14:22,857 and he kept some animals. 294 00:14:22,862 --> 00:14:26,232 ♪ 295 00:14:26,232 --> 00:14:30,470 WILDMAN: But this small‐time homesteader has a big problem. 296 00:14:30,470 --> 00:14:32,100 A road construction project 297 00:14:32,105 --> 00:14:35,308 has diverted a nearby creek towards his farm, 298 00:14:35,308 --> 00:14:38,878 and it seems every month, the waters overrun the banks 299 00:14:38,878 --> 00:14:42,478 and flood his barn with devastating consequences. 300 00:14:42,482 --> 00:14:45,382 Ostry needed a dry barn to keep feed, 301 00:14:45,385 --> 00:14:47,487 to keep animals, and to store equipment. 302 00:14:47,487 --> 00:14:50,957 ♪ 303 00:14:50,957 --> 00:14:52,187 WILDMAN: Ostry lacks the money 304 00:14:52,191 --> 00:14:55,191 to build a new barn elsewhere on his property, 305 00:14:55,194 --> 00:14:57,497 and he can’t afford to pay for the heavy equipment 306 00:14:57,497 --> 00:15:00,727 needed to move the structure to drier ground. 307 00:15:00,733 --> 00:15:03,870 It seems his barn is doomed to a soggy fate. 308 00:15:03,870 --> 00:15:06,870 ♪ 309 00:15:06,873 --> 00:15:09,208 But a solution is about to present itself 310 00:15:09,208 --> 00:15:11,177 that will save Ostry’s farm 311 00:15:11,177 --> 00:15:14,907 and perhaps unravel one of the world’s greatest riddles. 312 00:15:14,914 --> 00:15:16,849 PORGES: Ostry was about to discover 313 00:15:16,849 --> 00:15:20,819 that he possessed the power of the ancient pharaohs. 314 00:15:20,820 --> 00:15:23,220 ♪ 315 00:15:25,958 --> 00:15:27,727 ♪ 316 00:15:27,727 --> 00:15:30,457 WILDMAN: How did the Egyptians build the pyramids? 317 00:15:30,463 --> 00:15:33,933 The answer may be found in the unlikeliest of places ‐‐ 318 00:15:33,933 --> 00:15:36,869 rural Nebraska. 319 00:15:36,869 --> 00:15:39,169 One night, while farmer Herman Ostry 320 00:15:39,172 --> 00:15:40,772 is eating dinner with his family, 321 00:15:40,773 --> 00:15:44,310 his son Mike makes a seemingly ridiculous suggestion. 322 00:15:44,310 --> 00:15:46,746 PORGES: He suggested, "Well, if we get enough people together, 323 00:15:46,746 --> 00:15:49,346 we can just pick up the barn and move it." 324 00:15:49,348 --> 00:15:52,048 WILDMAN: The joke gives Ostry an idea. 325 00:15:52,051 --> 00:15:54,787 The gears began to turn in Ostry’s mind, 326 00:15:54,787 --> 00:15:57,417 and he thought maybe there’s something there. 327 00:15:57,423 --> 00:16:00,660 ♪ 328 00:16:00,660 --> 00:16:04,360 WILDMAN: The farmer and his son do some back‐of‐the‐napkin calculations 329 00:16:04,363 --> 00:16:07,833 and realize their crazy plan might just work. 330 00:16:07,834 --> 00:16:11,904 PORGES: He estimated the entire structure weighed about 9 tons, 331 00:16:11,904 --> 00:16:14,841 and he figured that if 344 people 332 00:16:14,841 --> 00:16:16,309 could help him lift his barn, 333 00:16:16,309 --> 00:16:19,345 each person would only have to carry about 58 pounds, 334 00:16:19,345 --> 00:16:21,305 which is totally feasible. 335 00:16:21,314 --> 00:16:23,316 ♪ 336 00:16:23,316 --> 00:16:25,376 WILDMAN: To pull off the tremendous task, 337 00:16:25,384 --> 00:16:28,754 Ostry creates a massive grid of steel tubing. 338 00:16:28,754 --> 00:16:33,025 Sticking out from the sides are 344 metal handles, 339 00:16:33,025 --> 00:16:34,755 one of which is on display 340 00:16:34,760 --> 00:16:36,996 at the Butler Country Historical Museum 341 00:16:36,996 --> 00:16:40,196 in David City, Nebraska. 342 00:16:40,199 --> 00:16:42,129 He then bolts the entire contraption 343 00:16:42,134 --> 00:16:45,071 to the barn’s vertical beams. 344 00:16:45,071 --> 00:16:46,939 With the giant tool complete, 345 00:16:46,939 --> 00:16:49,108 the farmer recruits the necessary labor 346 00:16:49,108 --> 00:16:51,208 from his high school alumni association. 347 00:16:53,179 --> 00:16:54,509 On July 30th, 348 00:16:54,514 --> 00:16:57,383 more than a thousand people show up at Ostry’s Farm 349 00:16:57,383 --> 00:17:00,553 to catch a glimpse of the novel spectacle. 350 00:17:00,553 --> 00:17:03,556 More than 340 volunteers take their places 351 00:17:03,556 --> 00:17:06,526 around the 16,000‐pound structure. 352 00:17:06,526 --> 00:17:08,026 PORGES: Everybody was hoping for the best, 353 00:17:08,027 --> 00:17:12,197 but nobody had any idea if this kind of crazy plan would work. 354 00:17:12,198 --> 00:17:15,268 WILDMAN: Finally, Ostry gives the order to lift. 355 00:17:15,268 --> 00:17:18,098 ♪ 356 00:17:18,104 --> 00:17:20,640 As the old barn is raised into the air, 357 00:17:20,640 --> 00:17:23,376 it creaks and groans under the strain. 358 00:17:23,376 --> 00:17:25,776 Then slowly but surely, 359 00:17:25,778 --> 00:17:28,578 the team makes its way across the property. 360 00:17:28,581 --> 00:17:33,119 PORGES: The crowd lifted up the barn and moved it a couple feet, 361 00:17:33,119 --> 00:17:35,219 and they put it down, and they lifted up again 362 00:17:35,221 --> 00:17:37,121 and moved it a couple more feet 363 00:17:37,123 --> 00:17:40,192 until they got it where they needed to go. 364 00:17:40,192 --> 00:17:42,662 WILDMAN: After a journey of more than 100 feet, 365 00:17:42,662 --> 00:17:46,132 the crowd places the structure down on a new foundation 366 00:17:46,132 --> 00:17:47,800 safely away from the flooding creek. 367 00:17:47,800 --> 00:17:52,070 ♪ 368 00:17:52,071 --> 00:17:54,571 Ostry’s barn goes down in the record books 369 00:17:54,574 --> 00:17:57,276 as the largest man‐made structure ever moved 370 00:17:57,276 --> 00:18:00,506 by human strength alone. 371 00:18:00,513 --> 00:18:04,817 But one group disagrees ‐‐ Egyptologists. 372 00:18:04,817 --> 00:18:07,447 Some historians and archeologists suggest 373 00:18:07,453 --> 00:18:10,489 that ancient Egyptians used thousands of men 374 00:18:10,489 --> 00:18:14,389 working in unison to lift the giant stone blocks into place 375 00:18:14,393 --> 00:18:17,330 and build the pyramids of Giza, 376 00:18:17,330 --> 00:18:20,930 just like the team of volunteers did thousands of years later 377 00:18:20,933 --> 00:18:22,268 in Nebraska. 378 00:18:22,268 --> 00:18:25,037 This was an amazing and practical demonstration 379 00:18:25,037 --> 00:18:28,067 of what people working together can accomplish. 380 00:18:28,074 --> 00:18:31,844 ♪ 381 00:18:31,844 --> 00:18:35,848 WILDMAN: Simple pipes, just like these, played a crucial role 382 00:18:35,848 --> 00:18:39,748 in solving a mysterious and deadly disaster. 383 00:18:39,752 --> 00:18:44,390 WILLIAMS: This is a story of mass carnage, scientific investigation, 384 00:18:44,390 --> 00:18:46,290 and the hunt for a silent killer. 385 00:18:46,292 --> 00:18:50,229 ♪ 386 00:18:50,229 --> 00:18:51,759 WILDMAN: For hundreds of years, 387 00:18:51,764 --> 00:18:54,400 the West African nation of Cameroon 388 00:18:54,400 --> 00:18:58,100 has been home to a sinister legend. 389 00:18:58,104 --> 00:18:59,505 As the story goes, 390 00:18:59,505 --> 00:19:02,765 Lake Nyos, in the mountainous northwest of the country, 391 00:19:02,775 --> 00:19:06,345 is possessed by a powerful force. 392 00:19:06,345 --> 00:19:09,075 Folklore and legend spoke of an evil spirit 393 00:19:09,081 --> 00:19:10,249 who had in the past 394 00:19:10,249 --> 00:19:14,219 invoked carnage on the lakeside community, 395 00:19:14,220 --> 00:19:20,960 WILDMAN: And in 1986, the ominous curse seems to become a reality. 396 00:19:20,960 --> 00:19:24,130 On August 21st, residents of a nearby village 397 00:19:24,130 --> 00:19:27,066 hear a deafening blast from Lake Nyos. 398 00:19:27,066 --> 00:19:30,096 [ Boom ] 399 00:19:30,102 --> 00:19:32,071 There was a mysterious explosion 400 00:19:32,071 --> 00:19:34,740 and also the smell of sulfur in the air. 401 00:19:34,740 --> 00:19:36,776 ♪ 402 00:19:36,776 --> 00:19:41,876 WILDMAN: Nervous residents see a cloud rise up from the lake. 403 00:19:41,881 --> 00:19:44,681 Then, to their terror, as the vapor expands... 404 00:19:44,684 --> 00:19:45,751 [ Bird cawing ] 405 00:19:45,751 --> 00:19:47,921 ...birds start to drop from the sky. 406 00:19:49,055 --> 00:19:53,259 Moments later, livestock fall dead in the fields. 407 00:19:53,259 --> 00:19:56,059 It was a scene of almost biblical proportion. 408 00:19:56,062 --> 00:19:58,397 ♪ 409 00:19:58,397 --> 00:20:00,766 WILDMAN: Soon, the villagers themselves are enveloped 410 00:20:00,766 --> 00:20:03,536 by the forbidding haze and struggle to breathe. 411 00:20:03,536 --> 00:20:05,066 [ Man breathing heavily ] 412 00:20:05,071 --> 00:20:08,071 [ People screaming ] 413 00:20:08,074 --> 00:20:10,710 Then, as quickly as it started, 414 00:20:10,710 --> 00:20:13,145 the mist dissipates. 415 00:20:13,145 --> 00:20:15,905 It’s left a scene of unparalleled devastation 416 00:20:15,915 --> 00:20:16,916 in its wake. 417 00:20:16,916 --> 00:20:19,646 ♪ 418 00:20:19,652 --> 00:20:22,955 Almost 2,000 people have perished. 419 00:20:22,955 --> 00:20:26,425 It felt like a scene out of a horror movie. 420 00:20:26,425 --> 00:20:29,455 WILDMAN: As the villagers try to make sense of the tragedy, 421 00:20:29,462 --> 00:20:33,632 they noticed that the stunning blue waters of Lake Nyos 422 00:20:33,632 --> 00:20:37,236 have turned an eerie orange color. 423 00:20:37,236 --> 00:20:41,506 It seems the centuries‐old legend has finally come true. 424 00:20:41,507 --> 00:20:43,976 At a loss to explain the carnage, 425 00:20:43,976 --> 00:20:47,476 the locals blame an evil spirit. 426 00:20:47,480 --> 00:20:52,150 WILDMAN: So what terrible secret lies at the heart of this deadly lake? 427 00:20:54,887 --> 00:20:56,817 ♪ 428 00:20:56,822 --> 00:21:01,127 WILDMAN: It’s 1986 in the African nation of Cameroon. 429 00:21:01,127 --> 00:21:04,427 On the shores of Lake Nyos, a tragedy is unfolding. 430 00:21:04,430 --> 00:21:05,998 [ Boom ] 431 00:21:05,998 --> 00:21:08,367 A mysterious cloud has taken the lives 432 00:21:08,367 --> 00:21:11,797 of more than 1,000 people. 433 00:21:11,804 --> 00:21:14,807 Desperate to solve the mystery of the deadly lake, 434 00:21:14,807 --> 00:21:17,137 the Cameroonian government calls in a team 435 00:21:17,143 --> 00:21:19,783 of international experts to investigate. 436 00:21:21,747 --> 00:21:25,917 The scientists start by testing the lake’s water, 437 00:21:25,918 --> 00:21:28,318 and the results point to a likely cause 438 00:21:28,320 --> 00:21:30,620 for the pestilent cloud. 439 00:21:30,623 --> 00:21:34,960 The lake contains an unusually high concentration 440 00:21:34,960 --> 00:21:37,329 of carbon dioxide. 441 00:21:37,329 --> 00:21:40,029 This clearly was not normal. 442 00:21:41,667 --> 00:21:44,297 WILDMAN: It appears the elevated level of gas 443 00:21:44,303 --> 00:21:48,173 is related to a geological quirk of Lake Nyos. 444 00:21:48,174 --> 00:21:51,343 The body of water is what is known as a crater lake, 445 00:21:51,343 --> 00:21:54,213 as it sits atop a bed of volcanic rock 446 00:21:54,213 --> 00:21:57,817 studded with vents that lead deep underground. 447 00:21:57,817 --> 00:22:01,717 These vents release carbon dioxide into the water. 448 00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:05,520 Normally, the CO2 would then rise to the surface of a lake 449 00:22:05,524 --> 00:22:07,793 and be released into the air slowly 450 00:22:07,793 --> 00:22:11,497 through a process known as lake turnover. 451 00:22:11,497 --> 00:22:14,597 But Lake Nyos is an unusually still lake 452 00:22:14,600 --> 00:22:17,100 with little lake turnover. 453 00:22:17,102 --> 00:22:22,672 Over time, it became saturated with dangerous levels of CO2. 454 00:22:22,675 --> 00:22:24,944 This was an important scientific discovery. 455 00:22:24,944 --> 00:22:28,180 ♪ 456 00:22:28,180 --> 00:22:31,116 WILDMAN: The experts conclude that on the day of the tragedy, 457 00:22:31,116 --> 00:22:34,216 a rockslide on one of the lake’s banks 458 00:22:34,220 --> 00:22:36,520 [ Boom ] churned up the water, 459 00:22:36,522 --> 00:22:38,622 causing a large amount of the gas 460 00:22:38,624 --> 00:22:41,060 to be released at once. 461 00:22:41,060 --> 00:22:45,230 That sudden surge of CO2 formed a dense cloud 462 00:22:45,231 --> 00:22:49,268 that then suffocated everything in its path. 463 00:22:49,268 --> 00:22:51,698 WILLIAMS: At the time, it was a new phenomenon 464 00:22:51,704 --> 00:22:55,474 that scientists had not really seen in the natural world. 465 00:22:55,474 --> 00:22:58,177 ♪ 466 00:22:58,177 --> 00:23:01,707 WILDMAN: To ensure a similar disaster doesn’t happen again, 467 00:23:01,714 --> 00:23:04,516 scientists propose a simple fix. 468 00:23:04,516 --> 00:23:10,155 In 2001, a team installs a system of PVC pipes 469 00:23:10,155 --> 00:23:13,255 to siphon the deadly CO2 from the bottom of the lake 470 00:23:13,259 --> 00:23:17,396 and safely and gradually release it into the air. 471 00:23:17,396 --> 00:23:21,866 It’s a process called degassing. 472 00:23:21,867 --> 00:23:24,336 WILLIAMS: It now gave scientists an important tool 473 00:23:24,336 --> 00:23:28,336 to prevent other such tragedies from across the world. 474 00:23:28,340 --> 00:23:30,009 WILDMAN: As a result of their efforts, 475 00:23:30,009 --> 00:23:33,009 there hasn’t been a deadly incident since. 476 00:23:33,012 --> 00:23:35,012 The livestock and the vegetation 477 00:23:35,014 --> 00:23:37,917 and the waters of Lake Nyos returned to normal, 478 00:23:37,917 --> 00:23:42,087 and the community is back to its beautiful, serene state. 479 00:23:42,087 --> 00:23:45,257 ♪ 480 00:23:45,257 --> 00:23:49,087 WILDMAN: Today, these pieces of PVC piping are on display 481 00:23:49,094 --> 00:23:52,498 at the Plumbing Museum in Watertown, Massachusetts. 482 00:23:52,498 --> 00:23:55,498 They’re a reminder of an explosive disaster 483 00:23:55,501 --> 00:23:58,001 and an immersively inventive solution. 484 00:23:58,003 --> 00:24:01,573 ♪ 485 00:24:01,573 --> 00:24:04,810 This item recalls a doomed mission to space 486 00:24:04,810 --> 00:24:08,547 and a chilling Cold War conspiracy. 487 00:24:08,547 --> 00:24:11,547 This is a story of a race to the stars ‐‐ 488 00:24:11,550 --> 00:24:14,887 one of manned space flights’ most enduring mysteries. 489 00:24:14,887 --> 00:24:17,656 ♪ 490 00:24:17,656 --> 00:24:21,086 WILDMAN: October 4, 1957. 491 00:24:21,093 --> 00:24:22,761 The Soviet Union has just put 492 00:24:22,761 --> 00:24:26,398 the world’s first man‐made satellite into orbit ‐‐ 493 00:24:26,398 --> 00:24:28,267 Sputnik. 494 00:24:28,267 --> 00:24:30,436 The achievement sends shock waves 495 00:24:30,436 --> 00:24:33,605 through the United States and the world. 496 00:24:33,605 --> 00:24:37,035 Now the two superpowers are locked in a heated race 497 00:24:37,042 --> 00:24:41,380 to see who can be the first to send a man into space. 498 00:24:41,380 --> 00:24:44,316 COSTELLO: When the Soviets put Sputnik up into orbit, 499 00:24:44,316 --> 00:24:47,616 it was a huge event. 500 00:24:47,619 --> 00:24:49,019 But the ultimate challenge 501 00:24:49,021 --> 00:24:51,821 was putting a man up into orbit and having him survive. 502 00:24:51,824 --> 00:24:54,860 ♪ 503 00:24:54,860 --> 00:24:56,328 WILDMAN: And across the globe, 504 00:24:56,328 --> 00:25:00,298 people are fascinated by the intensifying space race ‐‐ 505 00:25:00,299 --> 00:25:06,099 perhaps none more so than 2 amateur astronomers in Italy, 506 00:25:06,105 --> 00:25:10,609 brothers Achille and Giovanni Judica‐Cordiglia. 507 00:25:10,609 --> 00:25:12,578 Using scavenged parts, 508 00:25:12,578 --> 00:25:15,147 Achille and Giovanni build a radio receiver 509 00:25:15,147 --> 00:25:16,647 capable of listening in 510 00:25:16,648 --> 00:25:19,248 on American and Soviet satellite transmissions. 511 00:25:19,251 --> 00:25:20,486 [ Radio tuning ] 512 00:25:20,486 --> 00:25:22,286 COSTELLO: Anytime anything was launched into orbit, 513 00:25:22,287 --> 00:25:25,987 they would get a glimpse of what was happening above. 514 00:25:25,991 --> 00:25:29,191 WILDMAN: For months, the brothers intercepted radio signals 515 00:25:29,194 --> 00:25:31,196 from orbiting satellites. [ Radio tuning ] 516 00:25:31,196 --> 00:25:33,966 They’re even able to listen in on the sounds of monkeys 517 00:25:33,966 --> 00:25:35,866 launched into orbit on test flights. 518 00:25:35,868 --> 00:25:39,198 ♪ 519 00:25:39,204 --> 00:25:41,273 But in May 1960, 520 00:25:41,273 --> 00:25:44,877 Achille and Giovanni pick up an unexpected transmission. 521 00:25:44,877 --> 00:25:46,945 [ Static, indistinct speaking in Russian ] 522 00:25:46,945 --> 00:25:51,615 They hear a heartbeat and a voice speaking in Russian. 523 00:25:51,617 --> 00:25:54,686 ♪ 524 00:25:54,686 --> 00:25:57,356 The brothers think it’s the sound of a cosmonaut 525 00:25:57,356 --> 00:26:01,356 speaking with Soviet mission control. 526 00:26:01,360 --> 00:26:04,460 But there’s one problem ‐‐ 527 00:26:04,463 --> 00:26:06,231 the Soviets have not announced 528 00:26:06,231 --> 00:26:10,169 that they’ve launched someone into space. 529 00:26:10,169 --> 00:26:12,237 COSTELLO: Anytime an astronaut or a cosmonaut 530 00:26:12,237 --> 00:26:13,837 reaches a certain milestone, 531 00:26:13,839 --> 00:26:17,509 it’s seen as a huge achievement that gets a lot of coverage. 532 00:26:17,509 --> 00:26:22,047 So, why is this not something the Soviets are talking about? 533 00:26:22,047 --> 00:26:24,817 WILDMAN: As the brothers try to make sense of the transmission, 534 00:26:24,817 --> 00:26:27,686 they hear something even more disturbing. 535 00:26:27,686 --> 00:26:29,716 ♪ 536 00:26:29,721 --> 00:26:33,121 The sounds suggest the cosmonaut is gasping for breath. 537 00:26:33,125 --> 00:26:35,461 [ Panting ] 538 00:26:35,461 --> 00:26:38,561 As they listen, the gasping gets faster and faster, 539 00:26:38,564 --> 00:26:43,068 and then the heartbeat suddenly stops. 540 00:26:43,068 --> 00:26:45,468 The siblings come to the shocking conclusion 541 00:26:45,471 --> 00:26:49,371 that whomever they’ve heard has died. 542 00:26:49,374 --> 00:26:52,744 COSTELLO: You can imagine the feeling of hearing this recording 543 00:26:52,744 --> 00:26:55,114 and you get the last moments of life 544 00:26:55,114 --> 00:26:57,282 carried across the airwaves. 545 00:26:57,282 --> 00:27:01,920 ♪ 546 00:27:01,920 --> 00:27:04,456 WILDMAN: In February 1961, 547 00:27:04,456 --> 00:27:07,556 the brothers take their findings to Italian newspapers, 548 00:27:07,559 --> 00:27:11,829 and the story hits the press with spectacular results. 549 00:27:11,830 --> 00:27:14,199 COSTELLO: It sets off a wave of speculation 550 00:27:14,199 --> 00:27:16,468 among both journalists and experts. 551 00:27:16,468 --> 00:27:20,105 ♪ 552 00:27:20,105 --> 00:27:23,875 WILDMAN: The Soviets, for their part, deny the brothers’ claims. 553 00:27:23,876 --> 00:27:27,406 And experts suggest that what Achille and Giovanni heard 554 00:27:27,412 --> 00:27:30,082 wasn’t a dying cosmonaut, 555 00:27:30,082 --> 00:27:33,952 but one of the many animals that had been sent into orbit. 556 00:27:33,952 --> 00:27:36,688 But the brothers are steadfast in their belief 557 00:27:36,688 --> 00:27:40,626 that they heard a cosmonaut speaking Russian. 558 00:27:40,626 --> 00:27:43,395 This must have been incredibly frustrating for the brothers. 559 00:27:43,395 --> 00:27:45,355 ♪ 560 00:27:45,364 --> 00:27:50,269 WILDMAN: Then, almost a year later, on April 12, 1961, 561 00:27:50,269 --> 00:27:53,299 the Soviet Union announces that they’ve successfully sent 562 00:27:53,305 --> 00:27:57,676 the first man into space ‐‐ cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. 563 00:27:57,676 --> 00:28:01,206 Gagarin’s flight was a tremendous feat for the Soviets. 564 00:28:01,213 --> 00:28:03,013 ♪ 565 00:28:03,015 --> 00:28:06,618 WILDMAN: Despite this, the brothers stand by their story 566 00:28:06,618 --> 00:28:10,756 that another cosmonaut may have made it there first. 567 00:28:10,756 --> 00:28:11,986 So what’s the truth 568 00:28:11,990 --> 00:28:14,626 behind these mysterious Russian transmissions? 569 00:28:14,626 --> 00:28:16,426 ♪ 570 00:28:19,164 --> 00:28:21,066 ♪ 571 00:28:21,066 --> 00:28:24,796 WILDMAN: In 1960, two amateur radio hams in Italy 572 00:28:24,803 --> 00:28:27,206 make an extraordinary claim ‐‐ 573 00:28:27,206 --> 00:28:30,106 that they detected secret radio transmissions 574 00:28:30,108 --> 00:28:32,277 from a manned Soviet spaceship 575 00:28:32,277 --> 00:28:35,477 a full year before cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin 576 00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:39,280 became the first man in space. 577 00:28:39,284 --> 00:28:42,754 More than two decades later, in 1986, 578 00:28:42,754 --> 00:28:45,891 the long‐secret files of the Soviet space program 579 00:28:45,891 --> 00:28:48,260 are declassified. 580 00:28:48,260 --> 00:28:51,096 And they reveal evidence of a shocking cover‐up. 581 00:28:51,096 --> 00:28:53,665 ♪ 582 00:28:53,665 --> 00:28:55,565 In early 1960, 583 00:28:55,567 --> 00:28:58,537 a Russian cosmonaut named Valentin Bondarenko 584 00:28:58,537 --> 00:29:01,707 was participating in a series of space flight simulations 585 00:29:01,707 --> 00:29:04,376 at a rocket facility just outside Moscow 586 00:29:04,376 --> 00:29:07,176 when tragedy struck. 587 00:29:07,179 --> 00:29:10,279 The oxygen tanks that supplied Bondarenko’s capsule 588 00:29:10,282 --> 00:29:11,717 caught fire, 589 00:29:11,717 --> 00:29:15,647 and the unfortunate cosmonaut was killed in the ensuing blaze. 590 00:29:15,654 --> 00:29:19,992 Then the Russian space agency covered up the accident. 591 00:29:19,992 --> 00:29:23,161 After Bondarenko’s death, he was subsequently erased 592 00:29:23,161 --> 00:29:26,999 from any lists or photographs of the cosmonauts training. 593 00:29:26,999 --> 00:29:31,536 ♪ 594 00:29:31,536 --> 00:29:34,706 WILDMAN: In light of this revelation, many now believe 595 00:29:34,706 --> 00:29:37,776 that what Achille and Giovanni actually heard 596 00:29:37,776 --> 00:29:40,276 wasn’t the first man in space, 597 00:29:40,279 --> 00:29:45,579 but the final moments of an unfortunate Russian cosmonaut. 598 00:29:45,584 --> 00:29:47,819 Bondarenko’s death was conclusive evidence 599 00:29:47,819 --> 00:29:50,656 of a lost cosmonaut. 600 00:29:50,656 --> 00:29:53,086 The brothers’ claims seem to be true. 601 00:29:53,091 --> 00:29:56,561 ♪ 602 00:29:56,561 --> 00:30:00,031 WILDMAN: Today, this glove used in the Russian space program 603 00:30:00,032 --> 00:30:04,602 is on display at the Cosmosphere in Hutchinson, Kansas. 604 00:30:04,603 --> 00:30:06,805 It’s a testament to a forgotten soul 605 00:30:06,805 --> 00:30:10,635 who risked it all for mankind’s quest to the stars. 606 00:30:10,642 --> 00:30:14,012 ♪ 607 00:30:14,012 --> 00:30:17,049 This ornate artifact played a starring role 608 00:30:17,049 --> 00:30:19,217 in a centuries‐long treasure hunt, 609 00:30:19,217 --> 00:30:22,547 one that was linked to a sinister and supernatural force. 610 00:30:22,554 --> 00:30:28,860 This is a story about explorers, a lost city, and a deadly curse. 611 00:30:28,860 --> 00:30:33,865 ♪ 612 00:30:33,865 --> 00:30:36,695 WILDMAN: It’s 1939 in New York. 613 00:30:36,702 --> 00:30:38,570 29‐year‐old Theodore Morde 614 00:30:38,570 --> 00:30:41,770 is an American reporter with a thirst for excitement. 615 00:30:41,773 --> 00:30:43,842 His coverage of the Spanish Civil War 616 00:30:43,842 --> 00:30:45,342 for the Associated Press 617 00:30:45,344 --> 00:30:48,780 has made him one of the most read journalists of the day. 618 00:30:48,780 --> 00:30:51,380 BIANCO: When Morde reported on the Spanish Civil War, 619 00:30:51,383 --> 00:30:52,517 he put himself in danger 620 00:30:52,517 --> 00:30:54,417 covering both sides of the conflict. 621 00:30:54,419 --> 00:30:57,756 ♪ 622 00:30:57,756 --> 00:31:00,016 WILDMAN: One day, Morde makes an announcement 623 00:31:00,025 --> 00:31:03,695 that terrifies and excites his readers in equal measure. 624 00:31:03,695 --> 00:31:04,925 He says he has teamed up 625 00:31:04,930 --> 00:31:07,065 with the Museum of the American Indian 626 00:31:07,065 --> 00:31:11,435 to lead an expedition deep into the rainforest of Honduras. 627 00:31:11,436 --> 00:31:14,136 There, he will search for the long‐lost remains 628 00:31:14,139 --> 00:31:15,839 of an ancient civilization. 629 00:31:15,841 --> 00:31:18,410 ♪ 630 00:31:18,410 --> 00:31:22,710 It’s known only as the City of the Monkey God. 631 00:31:22,714 --> 00:31:25,384 BIANCO: Even hearing the name of it makes you think 632 00:31:25,384 --> 00:31:28,754 the city’s got secrets that you want to figure out. 633 00:31:28,754 --> 00:31:31,323 WILDMAN: The City of the Monkey God was first mentioned 634 00:31:31,323 --> 00:31:33,023 in the 16th century writings 635 00:31:33,024 --> 00:31:36,161 of Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés. 636 00:31:36,161 --> 00:31:39,898 The conquistador describes tales of a ruined city 637 00:31:39,898 --> 00:31:42,528 brimming with untouched riches. 638 00:31:42,534 --> 00:31:45,003 BIANCO: Hernán Cortés had heard about the lost city 639 00:31:45,003 --> 00:31:46,403 from native Hondurans. 640 00:31:46,405 --> 00:31:48,807 He thought it might be a city full of gold. 641 00:31:48,807 --> 00:31:51,737 ♪ 642 00:31:51,743 --> 00:31:53,078 WILDMAN: But the promise of wealth 643 00:31:53,078 --> 00:31:56,748 allegedly comes with an ominous warning. 644 00:31:56,748 --> 00:31:59,548 The city is said to be cursed. [ Thunder crashes ] 645 00:31:59,551 --> 00:32:03,088 All who seek it are doomed to an untimely death. 646 00:32:03,088 --> 00:32:04,388 ♪ 647 00:32:04,389 --> 00:32:05,889 Over the centuries, 648 00:32:05,891 --> 00:32:09,091 numerous fortune seekers search for the City of the Monkey God 649 00:32:09,094 --> 00:32:11,897 to claim its riches for themselves. 650 00:32:11,897 --> 00:32:16,327 And just as the curse predicts, they all meet a grisly fate. 651 00:32:16,334 --> 00:32:20,505 BIANCO: A lot of explorers came back with a mysterious illness. 652 00:32:20,505 --> 00:32:23,335 They were getting sores all over their face. 653 00:32:23,341 --> 00:32:26,811 It was scary and untreatable with the medicine of the time. 654 00:32:26,812 --> 00:32:30,415 ♪ 655 00:32:30,415 --> 00:32:32,745 WILDMAN: But Morde believes he can succeed 656 00:32:32,751 --> 00:32:34,951 where Cortés and others failed, 657 00:32:34,953 --> 00:32:38,290 and he’s not afraid of any curse. 658 00:32:38,290 --> 00:32:41,159 So, in 1940, Morde travels to Honduras 659 00:32:41,159 --> 00:32:43,428 and heads off into the rainforest. 660 00:32:43,428 --> 00:32:46,628 5 months later, he returns to the United States 661 00:32:46,631 --> 00:32:48,631 and makes a staggering claim. 662 00:32:48,633 --> 00:32:53,972 Theodore Morde said he had found the Lost City of the Monkey God. 663 00:32:53,972 --> 00:32:56,908 WILDMAN: As proof, he shows off hundreds of artifacts 664 00:32:56,908 --> 00:32:58,438 he claims to have discovered 665 00:32:58,443 --> 00:33:01,246 in the ruins of the ancient metropolis, 666 00:33:01,246 --> 00:33:04,416 including tools, sculptured idols, 667 00:33:04,416 --> 00:33:07,446 and even this intricate ceramic drinking vessel 668 00:33:07,452 --> 00:33:08,787 now on display 669 00:33:08,787 --> 00:33:10,917 at the National Museum of the American Indian 670 00:33:10,922 --> 00:33:14,059 in Washington, D. C. 671 00:33:14,059 --> 00:33:15,789 But Morde remains tight‐lipped 672 00:33:15,794 --> 00:33:18,396 about the location of the ancient metropolis. 673 00:33:18,396 --> 00:33:20,126 BIANCO: He didn’t want to reveal the location 674 00:33:20,131 --> 00:33:22,267 because people would go and loot it. 675 00:33:22,267 --> 00:33:24,467 So he planned to go back to the city, 676 00:33:24,469 --> 00:33:28,269 do a more thorough excavation, and then reveal where it was. 677 00:33:28,273 --> 00:33:31,343 ♪ 678 00:33:31,343 --> 00:33:34,579 WILDMAN: But before he can return to the lost city, 679 00:33:34,579 --> 00:33:37,449 Theodore Morde commits suicide. 680 00:33:37,449 --> 00:33:40,149 It’s an act that leads many to conclude 681 00:33:40,151 --> 00:33:44,089 that he, too, has fallen victim to the very curse he doubted. 682 00:33:44,089 --> 00:33:46,658 People were kind of scared. 683 00:33:46,658 --> 00:33:49,728 It seemed like the curse had gotten him. 684 00:33:49,728 --> 00:33:52,228 WILDMAN: It seems Morde has taken the location 685 00:33:52,230 --> 00:33:55,567 of the City of the Monkey God with him to the grave. 686 00:33:55,567 --> 00:33:57,435 ♪ 687 00:33:57,435 --> 00:33:59,095 And as decades pass, 688 00:33:59,104 --> 00:34:02,674 interest in this lost locale fades. 689 00:34:02,674 --> 00:34:06,878 But then, in 2012, everything changes. 690 00:34:06,878 --> 00:34:08,947 An explorer named Douglas Preston 691 00:34:08,947 --> 00:34:11,247 and a group of archeologists 692 00:34:11,249 --> 00:34:15,119 are in the Honduran rainforest when they find a stone altar 693 00:34:15,120 --> 00:34:20,220 and dozens of statues of snakes, shamans, and monkeys. 694 00:34:20,225 --> 00:34:23,061 But the discoveries don’t stop there. 695 00:34:23,061 --> 00:34:25,997 Preston and his team go on to uncover the remnants 696 00:34:25,997 --> 00:34:29,597 of a full‐sized metropolis. 697 00:34:29,601 --> 00:34:33,438 It’s the City of the Monkey God. 698 00:34:33,438 --> 00:34:35,206 BIANCO: Preston was elated. 699 00:34:35,206 --> 00:34:37,936 It was basically the equivalent of finding King Tut’s tomb. 700 00:34:37,943 --> 00:34:41,846 WILDMAN: But the revelation carries a heavy price. 701 00:34:41,846 --> 00:34:44,046 Within days of finding the city, 702 00:34:44,049 --> 00:34:47,519 the explorers come down with a debilitating sickness. 703 00:34:47,519 --> 00:34:50,388 BIANCO: First, the team just noticed they had some kind of weird, 704 00:34:50,388 --> 00:34:53,018 slightly painful spots on their faces. 705 00:34:53,024 --> 00:34:56,561 But then those got worse and worse until they developed 706 00:34:56,561 --> 00:35:02,968 into full‐fledged sores that bled and hurt. 707 00:35:02,968 --> 00:35:05,698 WILDMAN: Unable to explain their strange symptoms, 708 00:35:05,704 --> 00:35:10,508 members of the expedition face a terrifying possibility. 709 00:35:10,508 --> 00:35:11,708 It could be the curse. 710 00:35:11,710 --> 00:35:13,810 ♪ 711 00:35:16,548 --> 00:35:18,348 ♪ 712 00:35:18,350 --> 00:35:21,686 WILDMAN: It’s 2012 in the jungles of Honduras. 713 00:35:21,686 --> 00:35:25,286 Explorer Douglas Preston and a group of archeologists 714 00:35:25,290 --> 00:35:26,520 have just uncovered 715 00:35:26,524 --> 00:35:29,794 the legendary Lost City of the Monkey God. 716 00:35:29,794 --> 00:35:32,864 Within days of their discovery, they fall sick 717 00:35:32,864 --> 00:35:36,034 and fear they have become prey to a deadly curse 718 00:35:36,034 --> 00:35:38,770 that purportedly protects these ancient ruins. 719 00:35:38,770 --> 00:35:40,805 [ Thunder crashes ] 720 00:35:40,805 --> 00:35:42,035 [ Siren wails ] 721 00:35:42,040 --> 00:35:44,576 Preston and his colleagues return to the U. S. 722 00:35:44,576 --> 00:35:47,706 and are rushed to the National Institute of Health Laboratory 723 00:35:47,712 --> 00:35:49,412 in Bethesda, Maryland. 724 00:35:49,414 --> 00:35:52,484 There, physicians rule out the supernatural. 725 00:35:52,484 --> 00:35:57,322 The doctors told Preston that he wasn’t cursed. 726 00:35:57,322 --> 00:36:01,860 WILDMAN: But the reality isn’t exactly comforting. 727 00:36:01,860 --> 00:36:05,160 The sores are caused by a flesh‐eating parasite. 728 00:36:05,163 --> 00:36:07,899 The disease, called leishmaniasis, 729 00:36:07,899 --> 00:36:10,168 is transmitted by a biting insect 730 00:36:10,168 --> 00:36:12,968 native to the Honduran rainforest ‐‐ 731 00:36:12,971 --> 00:36:15,440 the sandfly. 732 00:36:15,440 --> 00:36:18,840 BIANCO: Those sandflies had actually been what was causing symptoms 733 00:36:18,843 --> 00:36:21,513 that people had experienced for hundreds of years. 734 00:36:21,513 --> 00:36:24,449 ♪ 735 00:36:24,449 --> 00:36:28,619 WILDMAN: The team is treated successfully and returns to full health. 736 00:36:28,620 --> 00:36:30,520 News of Douglas Preston’s discovery 737 00:36:30,522 --> 00:36:32,322 makes headlines around the world. 738 00:36:32,323 --> 00:36:33,925 BIANCO: This is an amazing story. 739 00:36:33,925 --> 00:36:36,025 It’s crazy that there’s still some spots 740 00:36:36,027 --> 00:36:38,127 that we just don’t know that much about. 741 00:36:38,129 --> 00:36:42,067 ♪ 742 00:36:42,067 --> 00:36:44,167 WILDMAN: Today, this ceramic drinking vessel, 743 00:36:44,169 --> 00:36:47,238 discovered by Theodore Morde in 1940, 744 00:36:47,238 --> 00:36:48,438 is on display 745 00:36:48,440 --> 00:36:50,440 at the National Museum of the American Indian 746 00:36:50,442 --> 00:36:52,642 in Washington, D. C. 747 00:36:52,644 --> 00:36:54,713 It recalls a lost city 748 00:36:54,713 --> 00:36:57,515 and the truth behind its legendary curse. 749 00:36:57,515 --> 00:37:00,275 ♪ 750 00:37:00,285 --> 00:37:01,486 This bottle is linked 751 00:37:01,486 --> 00:37:05,616 to a ruthless quest for world supremacy. 752 00:37:05,623 --> 00:37:08,626 This is the story of a glass bottle, 753 00:37:08,626 --> 00:37:11,126 a mysterious note, 754 00:37:11,129 --> 00:37:14,329 and a nation aspiring to be the dominant power in the world. 755 00:37:14,332 --> 00:37:19,602 ♪ 756 00:37:19,604 --> 00:37:23,007 WILDMAN: It’s January 21, 2018, 757 00:37:23,007 --> 00:37:26,337 on Wedge Island in Western Australia. 758 00:37:26,344 --> 00:37:30,281 A woman named Tonya Illman is walking along the beach 759 00:37:30,281 --> 00:37:32,817 when a glint in the sand catches her eye. 760 00:37:32,817 --> 00:37:35,747 HYDE: She saw something that was partially buried in sand. 761 00:37:35,754 --> 00:37:37,589 Could be a little bit of discarded rubbish, 762 00:37:37,589 --> 00:37:41,389 but she was intrigued and went to look closer. 763 00:37:41,392 --> 00:37:44,696 WILDMAN: It’s an old and weathered glass bottle. 764 00:37:44,696 --> 00:37:47,326 Then she notices something unexpected ‐‐ 765 00:37:47,332 --> 00:37:49,432 there’s an item stuffed inside. 766 00:37:49,434 --> 00:37:52,504 It was a piece of paper rolled up with twine. 767 00:37:52,504 --> 00:37:54,472 ♪ 768 00:37:54,472 --> 00:37:57,709 WILDMAN: Illman carefully pulls the bound paper out of the bottle 769 00:37:57,709 --> 00:38:00,178 and unties the string. 770 00:38:00,178 --> 00:38:01,308 To her amazement, 771 00:38:01,312 --> 00:38:04,516 written on the paper is some sort of message. 772 00:38:04,516 --> 00:38:06,816 The writing appears to be in German, 773 00:38:06,818 --> 00:38:10,248 but most astounding of all is the date of the top ‐‐ 774 00:38:10,255 --> 00:38:13,491 June 1886. 775 00:38:13,491 --> 00:38:18,361 If genuine, the tiny scroll is 132 years old. 776 00:38:18,363 --> 00:38:19,898 She couldn’t believe what she saw. 777 00:38:19,898 --> 00:38:23,368 ♪ 778 00:38:23,368 --> 00:38:26,868 WILDMAN: So Illman takes the note to an expert to be translated. 779 00:38:26,871 --> 00:38:29,941 The contents of the message are baffling. 780 00:38:29,941 --> 00:38:33,511 HYDE: It contained a request for the people who found the bottle 781 00:38:33,511 --> 00:38:35,647 to write down their exact location 782 00:38:35,647 --> 00:38:39,477 and to return this information to Germany. 783 00:38:39,484 --> 00:38:44,823 WILDMAN: The strange note also refers to someone named Paula. 784 00:38:44,823 --> 00:38:47,358 Illman thought she might have something really special. 785 00:38:47,358 --> 00:38:49,358 What on Earth could this mean? 786 00:38:49,360 --> 00:38:52,560 WILDMAN: What Illman doesn’t realize is that the cryptic instructions 787 00:38:52,564 --> 00:38:56,568 are linked to a sinister bid for world domination. 788 00:38:56,568 --> 00:38:59,838 So who exactly sent this message and why? 789 00:38:59,838 --> 00:39:02,138 ♪ 790 00:39:04,843 --> 00:39:06,611 ♪ 791 00:39:06,611 --> 00:39:10,949 WILDMAN: January 21, 2018 ‐‐ Western Australia. 792 00:39:10,949 --> 00:39:13,779 A mysterious glass bottle is found on a beach. 793 00:39:13,785 --> 00:39:18,223 Inside is a cryptic message dated 1886. 794 00:39:18,223 --> 00:39:21,826 It’s the oldest message in a bottle ever found. 795 00:39:21,826 --> 00:39:23,026 It’s also linked 796 00:39:23,027 --> 00:39:27,365 to a chilling conspiracy to take over the world. 797 00:39:27,365 --> 00:39:30,425 The story begins in the 1870s. 798 00:39:30,435 --> 00:39:34,472 Europe’s colonial empires are jockeying for supremacy. 799 00:39:34,472 --> 00:39:36,841 Great Britain has long dominated, 800 00:39:36,841 --> 00:39:40,945 but another nation is desperate to usurp the United Kingdom ‐‐ 801 00:39:40,945 --> 00:39:42,375 Germany. 802 00:39:42,380 --> 00:39:44,816 The newly established Imperial Germany, 803 00:39:44,816 --> 00:39:46,776 led by Kaiser Wilhelm I, 804 00:39:46,784 --> 00:39:50,722 wanted to expand their political and economic might. 805 00:39:50,722 --> 00:39:53,322 WILDMAN: To become the world’s next superpower, 806 00:39:53,324 --> 00:39:55,526 Germany is looking for ways to surpass 807 00:39:55,526 --> 00:39:57,756 Britain’s mighty naval technology 808 00:39:57,762 --> 00:39:59,931 and gain an edge in global trade. 809 00:39:59,931 --> 00:40:02,100 ♪ 810 00:40:02,100 --> 00:40:04,936 So officials turn to a cunning naval scientist 811 00:40:04,936 --> 00:40:07,536 named Georg von Neumayer. 812 00:40:07,538 --> 00:40:11,075 Neumayer wanted to help his country with economic expansion. 813 00:40:11,075 --> 00:40:14,175 WILDMAN: The expert navigator devises an ingenious plan 814 00:40:14,178 --> 00:40:17,108 to map the currents across the world’s oceans. 815 00:40:17,115 --> 00:40:18,549 The goal? 816 00:40:18,549 --> 00:40:22,519 To track the fastest sea routes for Germany’s trade fleet. 817 00:40:22,520 --> 00:40:24,656 ♪ 818 00:40:24,656 --> 00:40:28,826 To achieve this, he plots out a unique worldwide experiment. 819 00:40:28,826 --> 00:40:30,995 The captains of German merchant ships 820 00:40:30,995 --> 00:40:33,855 will drop thousands of bottles into the water. 821 00:40:33,865 --> 00:40:36,167 The hope is that each of these bottles 822 00:40:36,167 --> 00:40:37,597 will be carried on the currents 823 00:40:37,602 --> 00:40:40,471 to the far‐flung corners of the world. 824 00:40:40,471 --> 00:40:43,941 Each bottle has a note with the name of the ship of origin 825 00:40:43,942 --> 00:40:47,478 and clear instructions for the person who picks it up. 826 00:40:47,478 --> 00:40:49,678 The slips contained a request 827 00:40:49,681 --> 00:40:52,350 for the people who found them at the other end 828 00:40:52,350 --> 00:40:54,686 to send them back to the Naval Observatory 829 00:40:54,686 --> 00:40:58,016 with the information of exactly where they had been recovered. 830 00:40:58,022 --> 00:41:00,825 ♪ 831 00:41:00,825 --> 00:41:02,585 WILDMAN: As the messages are returned 832 00:41:02,593 --> 00:41:04,429 from the bottles thrown overboard, 833 00:41:04,429 --> 00:41:08,599 the information can be used to chart faster shipping routes. 834 00:41:08,599 --> 00:41:10,935 It’s a wild plan. 835 00:41:10,935 --> 00:41:12,795 But it works. 836 00:41:12,804 --> 00:41:17,442 More than 600 bottles eventually make their way back to Germany. 837 00:41:17,442 --> 00:41:20,242 HYDE: This allowed Germany to see where the bottles had gone 838 00:41:20,244 --> 00:41:22,480 and to track global currents. 839 00:41:22,480 --> 00:41:25,980 This really helped shed light on the ocean’s currents, 840 00:41:25,984 --> 00:41:29,053 thus helping to dominate global trade. 841 00:41:29,053 --> 00:41:30,553 WILDMAN: And one of the bottles 842 00:41:30,555 --> 00:41:33,891 thrown off a German merchant ship named the Paula 843 00:41:33,891 --> 00:41:37,228 eventually washes up on the shores of Western Australia, 844 00:41:37,228 --> 00:41:40,198 where it remains hidden in the sand for more than a century. 845 00:41:40,198 --> 00:41:42,698 ♪ 846 00:41:42,700 --> 00:41:45,100 HYDE: It’s a miracle that it survived so long, 847 00:41:45,103 --> 00:41:47,505 especially with the message inside it. 848 00:41:47,505 --> 00:41:51,435 WILDMAN: Tonya Illman’s incredible find goes down in history 849 00:41:51,442 --> 00:41:54,345 as the oldest message in a bottle ever discovered. 850 00:41:54,345 --> 00:41:57,875 ♪ 851 00:41:57,882 --> 00:41:59,917 And today, it’s on display 852 00:41:59,917 --> 00:42:03,247 at the Western Australian Maritime Museum in Fremantle. 853 00:42:03,254 --> 00:42:04,689 It recalls the tale 854 00:42:04,689 --> 00:42:07,859 of an extraordinary quest to rule the seas 855 00:42:07,859 --> 00:42:10,289 long‐buried in the sands of time. 856 00:42:10,294 --> 00:42:12,704 ♪ 63936

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