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The National Science Foundation,
where discoveries begin.
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Beneath the earth we know ...
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lie other worlds ...
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hidden from sight ...
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lost in time.
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But sometimes we can
glimpse a lost world ...
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through remnants of the past.
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We definitely got a skull.
Lower right. What do you think?
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It's hard to say.
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This story begins with a
discovery of unidentified bones.
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Depositional environment?
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A team of paleontologists will try
to figure out whose bones they are ...
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and what world they came from.
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So we got a time frame.
That's a start.
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They were discovered in Kansas ―
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mostly farmland today.
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But once, Kansas lay
beneath a vast sea.
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It was 82 million years ago ...
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during the age of the dinosaurs.
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But there was another world
of giants on Earth ...
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a submerged world ...
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where enormous reptiles ruled seas
filled with incredible creatures.
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These ...
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were the most dangerous
seas of all time.
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No living thing was safe.
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The great marine reptiles
disappeared long ago ...
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and time has buried their world.
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But any of us might still
encounter a sea monster.
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Buddy!
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As if from nowhere,
the distant past returns.
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The scientists hope to find not just
the fossil of an ancient creature ...
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but a story recorded in its bones.
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Grab your tools.
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Rain washed some of the
chalk away and exposed it.
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This is great ... Okay ―
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They recognize it as
something special ...
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a rare Dolichorhynchops ―
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a dolly, for short.
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It was a marine reptile
of the late Cretaceous ...
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a little bigger than a dolphin ...
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and a fast swimmer.
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To unravel any story
the bones may tell ...
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the investigators will draw on every ―
thing they know about marine reptiles.
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Yeah, it looks like Hesperornis.
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Their fossils have been found
around the world over decades.
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It could have been over 30 feet long.
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The matrix materials we've got
in the lab seem to indicate ―
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These finds will help the team
piece together the story of the dolly ...
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and picture the moment in time
when it swam in the sea.
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In many ways, the dolly's world
was far different from ours.
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The climate was warmer.
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Sea levels were higher, and
more of Earth was submerged.
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This dolly would have lived
in a vast inland sea ...
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that cut North America in two.
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Marine reptiles were also found
in the waters around Europe ...
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which was a scattering of islands ...
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and throughout the world's oceans.
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In time they died out ...
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and sea levels retreated ...
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exposing vast areas of seabed.
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Fossils from the ancient oceans
turned up on every continent.
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A discovery in the
Australian outback ...
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offers clues to how the dolly's
life may have begun.
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It seems to be laying out in
a pretty consistent pattern.
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95% of the fossils we're finding
here are the bones of juveniles.
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So many small bones in one area ...
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suggests that marine reptiles gathered
in protected shallows to give birth.
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And in North America, that's
how the story of this dolly ...
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begins to unfold.
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Imagine that one of the
creatures in the shallows ...
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is a pregnant Dolichorhynchops.
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She gives birth to a male ...
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18 inches long and colored
like his mother ...
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and a female ...
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darker in color with light
patches below her eyes.
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And it's her life we begin to follow.
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She and her brother are air breathers.
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Instinct tells them what they have
to do in their first minute alive.
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From the beginning ...
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the little female and her brother
practice skills they'll need one day ...
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when they'll have to leave the safety of
the shallows for the dangerous seas beyond.
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If she survives the perils to come ...
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she'll return here one day
and have young of her own.
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Already she finds
competition for food.
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There's the Hesperornis ...
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a bird that can't fly and
has a beak full of sharp teeth.
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And the Styxosaurus ...
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a distant cousin of the dolly's ...
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with a super-sized neck.
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An adult can reach
35 feet in length ...
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more than half of it neck.
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Its shape makes it
a slower swimmer ...
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but it's great for catching fish.
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The little dolly soon comes
across creatures that move ...
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by pumping jets of water
from their shells.
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They're called ammonites ...
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and they thrive in the ancient sea.
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They have rock-hard armor
and perhaps another defense.
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Swim too close, like
the little female ...
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and get a face full of ink.
101
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But that doesn't stop
a young Platecarpus ...
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when it wants a snack.
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Ammonites were once abundant.
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Their fossils have been
uncovered often ...
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even by a road crew in Texas.
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Ammonites. A lot of 'em.
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There were many kinds of ammonites ...
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and we know when
most of them lived ...
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so their fossils are
like markers in time.
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Identify an ammonite and you can date
other less common fossils nearby.
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That helps place dollies in the
long history of marine reptiles.
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It began some
250 million years ago ...
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in the Triassic period ...
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with land reptiles
that moved into the sea.
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They developed webbed feet,
then flippers.
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Some had elaborate armor.
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Into the Jurassic,
they continued to evolve.
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To see at great depths ...
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some had eyes the size
of dinner plates ―
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top predators who grew
immense and powerful ...
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reaching their peak
in the late Cretaceous ...
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near the end of the dinosaur age ...
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the very time when the
Dolichorhynchops lived.
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Months have passed.
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The female and her brother
are now juveniles ...
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but they're still in the
safety of the shallows ...
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and unaware of the huge
predators in the sea beyond.
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For now, they are mastering the art
of catching their favorite prey ―
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herring-like fish called Enchodus.
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00:13:22,938 --> 00:13:26,983
Then one day, everything
changes for the dollies.
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Perhaps it's a change of seasons ...
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that causes the Enchodus
to head out to sea on a migration.
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The dollies must follow
their main source of food.
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00:13:39,705 --> 00:13:42,624
And that means the young
female and her brother ...
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must now set out on the
journey of their lives ...
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trailing their mother
from the shallows ...
137
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out into the Western Interior Sea.
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00:13:55,304 --> 00:13:58,223
It's about the size
of the Mediterranean ...
139
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and only a few hundred feet deep ...
140
00:14:03,437 --> 00:14:06,940
but somewhere ahead
are enormous predators.
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00:14:14,531 --> 00:14:16,449
We know because ...
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where those predators once swam ...
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the layered earth
holds their remains ...
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as if a vast graveyard.
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Exposed to wind and rain ...
146
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it gradually reveals what's within.
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00:14:36,428 --> 00:14:40,682
A remarkable discovery was made
by Charles Sternberg and his sons ...
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pioneering fossil collectors
in the American Midwest.
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I covered it so nobody else
would notice and disturb it.
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Ah. Yeah.
151
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Skull looks like some
kind of tylosaur. Big one.
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Levi, be sure to look over there.
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It was a creature like this ...
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the dollies might encounter
in deeper water ...
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waters filled with dangers.
156
00:15:19,805 --> 00:15:23,141
The Tusoteuthis was
a massive hunter ...
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like the giant squid of today ...
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up to 30 feet long and
abundant in the inland sea.
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It was too big to be attacked
by the Platecarpus ...
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who settles for smaller prey.
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Platecarpus itself was fierce ...
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but not in the same league
as its larger relative ...
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the creature the
Sternbergs had found.
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Few ocean predators ever would compare
with the beast they were uncovering.
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00:16:24,828 --> 00:16:27,121
Think I've got some tail
vertebrae over here.
166
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Could be lower limb bones.
Part of a paddle.
167
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Skull here. Paddle there.
168
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Tail vertebra over there.
169
00:16:37,508 --> 00:16:39,675
This fella could be giant-sized.
170
00:16:42,429 --> 00:16:45,640
It was a giant with no enemy ...
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a great reptile called Tylosaurus ...
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one of the largest and most
ferocious creatures of any age.
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A fossil of a closely related
beast tells us more.
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Its eyes were as big as grapefruits.
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Cone-shaped teeth filled its jaws ...
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and the roof of its mouth
perfect for seizing prey.
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The tylosaurs were out there ...
178
00:17:51,290 --> 00:17:54,292
but there were other predators
more easily spotted.
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00:18:01,800 --> 00:18:06,095
As fish go, Xiphactinus was gigantic ...
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up to 17 feet long.
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More than twice the size
of the little female dolly ...
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it was a hunter that
could kill quickly ...
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and this day one did.
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We know what happened from a fossil
excavated in the badlands of Kansas ...
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by Charles Sternberg's son George.
186
00:18:48,847 --> 00:18:50,848
Mr. Sternberg?
187
00:18:50,933 --> 00:18:52,850
I called from the newspaper.
188
00:18:52,935 --> 00:18:55,853
There's a lot of talk about
what you found out here.
189
00:18:55,938 --> 00:18:58,356
- Glad you could come.
- Well, thank you.
190
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- Caught a pretty big fish here.
- What is it, exactly?
191
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This is a 13-foot Xiphactinus.
But there's more to it.
192
00:19:04,571 --> 00:19:08,241
As I went through
digging out the fossil ...
193
00:19:08,325 --> 00:19:11,410
I noticed something beneath the ribs.
194
00:19:11,495 --> 00:19:14,789
I found some vertebrae,
kept on going.
195
00:19:14,873 --> 00:19:17,875
Turned out to be an
entire animal inside.
196
00:19:33,350 --> 00:19:36,519
The victim was a six-foot fish
called a Gillicus ―
197
00:19:37,980 --> 00:19:42,483
such a mouthful that swallowing
it killed the Xiphactinus ...
198
00:19:42,568 --> 00:19:45,486
a prehistoric victim of gluttony.
199
00:20:04,506 --> 00:20:08,676
Weeks pass, and the dollies
are now far from any shore ―
200
00:20:09,845 --> 00:20:13,848
venturing into a sea
turned magical by night.
201
00:20:15,517 --> 00:20:19,186
Microscopic plankton
give off an eerie glow.
202
00:20:28,155 --> 00:20:31,699
Under cover of darkness,
the Enchodus rest ...
203
00:20:31,783 --> 00:20:34,327
not quite sleeping.
204
00:20:58,894 --> 00:21:02,897
Below, there's a mass spawning
of straight-shelled ammonites.
205
00:21:28,382 --> 00:21:31,425
The dollies keep their eyes
trained for predators.
206
00:21:32,636 --> 00:21:36,013
And one is about
to change their lives.
207
00:21:46,942 --> 00:21:48,943
There's hundreds of
sharks' teeth here.
208
00:21:49,027 --> 00:21:51,612
After a long day hunting fossils ...
209
00:21:51,697 --> 00:21:55,449
two amateur collectors unearthed
a wealth of sharks' teeth.
210
00:22:05,001 --> 00:22:07,545
So many have been found
around the world ...
211
00:22:07,629 --> 00:22:11,924
that it's clear sharks were thriving
during the age of the sea monsters.
212
00:22:15,011 --> 00:22:18,013
The Cretoxyrhina
is as big and lethal ...
213
00:22:18,098 --> 00:22:20,141
as the Great White of our day.
214
00:22:25,689 --> 00:22:30,860
It slices its victims into bite-size
chunks, using razor-sharp teeth.
215
00:22:41,663 --> 00:22:43,748
There is evidence
from a Dutch quarry ...
216
00:22:43,832 --> 00:22:48,294
that ancient sharks fed on even
the largest marine reptiles ...
217
00:22:48,378 --> 00:22:50,671
leaving tooth marks on their bones.
218
00:23:07,147 --> 00:23:10,399
The female and her brother
are being watched.
219
00:23:17,699 --> 00:23:20,576
But it's their mother
who becomes the target.
220
00:23:31,463 --> 00:23:35,090
Their mother is gone,
but it isn't over.
221
00:23:36,343 --> 00:23:38,803
A smaller shark goes
after the young female.
222
00:23:40,430 --> 00:23:42,765
She's wounded ...
223
00:23:42,849 --> 00:23:45,100
but she survives the initial charge.
224
00:23:55,195 --> 00:23:57,196
Perhaps the shark was not as lucky.
225
00:24:04,913 --> 00:24:07,081
Her injury will heal ...
226
00:24:07,165 --> 00:24:11,418
though she'll always carry a shark's
tooth embedded in her flipper.
227
00:24:14,339 --> 00:24:17,007
The two youngsters must now
continue on their own.
228
00:24:34,818 --> 00:24:37,695
If the female and her brother
are going to survive ...
229
00:24:37,779 --> 00:24:40,781
they'll have to find food
and their way ...
230
00:24:40,866 --> 00:24:42,867
in this vast inland sea.
231
00:24:58,967 --> 00:25:03,137
Finally, they see
something familiar ―
232
00:25:04,389 --> 00:25:08,392
a school of Enchodus
trailed by other dollies ...
233
00:25:28,288 --> 00:25:30,456
and by the flightless Hesperornis.
234
00:25:38,506 --> 00:25:40,716
But nearly anything in the sea ―
235
00:25:43,720 --> 00:25:46,055
can be a meal for a tylosaur.
236
00:25:46,139 --> 00:25:48,891
This one died with a full stomach.
237
00:25:50,268 --> 00:25:52,978
Yeah, it looks like a, uh, Hesperornis.
238
00:25:53,063 --> 00:25:55,731
Big as a pelican. Maybe bigger.
239
00:25:57,859 --> 00:26:00,486
The stomach contents
of a single tylosaur ...
240
00:26:00,570 --> 00:26:02,321
reveal its enormous appetite.
241
00:26:02,405 --> 00:26:06,283
This looks like the bone of a
three-to-five foot long teleost fish.
242
00:26:06,368 --> 00:26:08,953
Got a bone here from
a small mosasaur.
243
00:26:09,037 --> 00:26:11,246
Probably the size of an alligator.
244
00:26:12,624 --> 00:26:15,542
And it seems like
he swallowed a shark.
245
00:26:17,253 --> 00:26:19,380
Big eater, this guy.
246
00:26:29,557 --> 00:26:31,725
For several weeks,
the travelers push on.
247
00:26:35,897 --> 00:26:38,941
The female's flipper
is slowly healing ...
248
00:26:39,025 --> 00:26:42,194
the embedded tooth now
surrounded my scar tissue.
249
00:27:18,523 --> 00:27:21,942
The young female is drawn away
by a potential meal of squid.
250
00:27:25,822 --> 00:27:28,824
One escapes among
a colony of crinoids ―
251
00:27:28,908 --> 00:27:32,202
prehistoric relatives of sea stars ―
252
00:27:32,287 --> 00:27:34,788
perhaps swept up from
the bottom by currents.
253
00:28:05,653 --> 00:28:09,406
The female has put herself
directly in the sights of a giant.
254
00:28:09,491 --> 00:28:12,910
Taking the exposed parts
of the skeleton together ―
255
00:28:12,994 --> 00:28:17,372
skull to tail ― I make the
specimen about a 29-footer.
256
00:28:17,457 --> 00:28:19,374
Yeah.
257
00:28:24,339 --> 00:28:26,465
There's something in the stomach.
258
00:28:34,849 --> 00:28:37,935
They had found the
monster's last meal ...
259
00:28:38,019 --> 00:28:40,187
entombed within its ribs.
260
00:28:45,318 --> 00:28:47,236
Because dollies are fast ...
261
00:28:47,320 --> 00:28:50,489
a tylosaur's best bet is
to catch one by surprise.
262
00:29:11,219 --> 00:29:13,428
The female escapes.
263
00:29:13,513 --> 00:29:16,056
But her brother doesn't
see the danger coming.
264
00:29:22,689 --> 00:29:25,816
The Sternbergs had discovered
a story locked in time ...
265
00:29:25,900 --> 00:29:29,528
of two ancient lives intersecting.
266
00:29:31,573 --> 00:29:34,741
But why did the predator die
so soon after eating the dolly?
267
00:29:36,744 --> 00:29:41,165
Tylosaurs were likely territorial
and aggressive, even with each other.
268
00:29:41,249 --> 00:29:44,543
Perhaps an older tylosaur
suddenly appeared.
269
00:29:58,516 --> 00:30:01,476
The younger tylosaur
is threatened and tiring ...
270
00:30:01,561 --> 00:30:04,104
slowed down by the large meal
in his stomach.
271
00:30:06,941 --> 00:30:08,942
The female dolly is forgotten.
272
00:30:53,196 --> 00:30:55,989
The younger tylosaur
is mortally wounded.
273
00:30:58,326 --> 00:31:00,327
But his story isn't over.
274
00:31:04,040 --> 00:31:07,000
His final fate was recorded in stone.
275
00:31:11,005 --> 00:31:13,257
A shark's tooth lay near the fossil.
276
00:31:13,341 --> 00:31:14,716
Look at this.
277
00:31:25,144 --> 00:31:27,646
The female moves on with the others.
278
00:31:30,858 --> 00:31:33,819
Soon the scavenging will begin.
279
00:32:02,098 --> 00:32:05,767
The young dolly has seen the
deaths of her mother and brother ...
280
00:32:05,852 --> 00:32:07,769
but she survived.
281
00:32:17,655 --> 00:32:20,282
Each year, marine
reptiles gather again ...
282
00:32:20,366 --> 00:32:23,660
in the birthing grounds
of the shallows.
283
00:32:23,745 --> 00:32:26,538
Among them is the dolly
with the wounded flipper ...
284
00:32:26,622 --> 00:32:28,915
now fully grown.
285
00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:33,462
She's completed her journey and
returned to the waters of her birth.
286
00:32:33,546 --> 00:32:36,673
And after several seasons,
she becomes a mother.
287
00:32:38,801 --> 00:32:42,054
Her young will grow
larger and stronger ...
288
00:32:42,138 --> 00:32:45,974
and, one day, set out on their own
journey through the inland sea.
289
00:32:48,102 --> 00:32:50,520
Day by day, month by month ...
290
00:32:50,605 --> 00:32:52,564
life plays out.
291
00:32:58,196 --> 00:33:01,114
She sees several litters
of her offspring mature ...
292
00:33:01,199 --> 00:33:03,658
and depart on lives of their own.
293
00:33:07,580 --> 00:33:12,292
Eventually, a year comes when the
mother can't finish the migration.
294
00:33:13,503 --> 00:33:15,545
One quiet day ...
295
00:33:15,630 --> 00:33:18,507
when old age has
weakened her body ...
296
00:33:18,591 --> 00:33:21,385
her life comes to a gentle end.
297
00:33:38,486 --> 00:33:42,739
Millions of years' worth of days
and nights and seasons pass ...
298
00:33:42,824 --> 00:33:45,867
as she lies undisturbed.
299
00:33:45,952 --> 00:33:48,120
Sea levels rise and fall.
300
00:33:55,002 --> 00:33:58,547
Around the world, continents shift ...
301
00:33:58,631 --> 00:34:02,050
and volcanic activity
changes the face of the Earth.
302
00:34:08,724 --> 00:34:12,519
New species appear,
and old species vanish ―
303
00:34:12,603 --> 00:34:15,605
including the last
of the sea monsters.
304
00:34:26,617 --> 00:34:30,620
Beneath the shifting land, the
remains of the great ocean reptiles ...
305
00:34:30,705 --> 00:34:33,290
are turned by time into rock.
306
00:34:34,500 --> 00:34:36,209
Buddy!
307
00:34:36,294 --> 00:34:38,712
- And lie hidden until exposed.
- Buddy!
308
00:34:41,007 --> 00:34:43,091
This time, by a summer rain.
309
00:34:47,472 --> 00:34:49,389
It might be a complete specimen.
310
00:34:49,474 --> 00:34:51,391
How are we gonna take it out?
311
00:34:51,476 --> 00:34:54,936
We may have to plaster the whole
thing and take it out in a jacket.
312
00:34:56,230 --> 00:34:58,148
Hey. Come check this out.
313
00:35:00,485 --> 00:35:03,528
There was something unusual
about one of the rear flippers ―
314
00:35:09,202 --> 00:35:12,913
a shark's tooth embedded
between the bones.
315
00:35:49,325 --> 00:35:51,701
After 82 million years ...
316
00:35:51,786 --> 00:35:55,789
the female DoIichorhynchops
has returned to tell her story.
317
00:36:01,295 --> 00:36:05,048
There are countless other creatures still
buried within the layers of the Earth ―
318
00:36:07,009 --> 00:36:10,262
waiting for us to find them ...
319
00:36:10,346 --> 00:36:15,433
waiting to tell us stories of
our world when it was theirs.
320
00:36:47,174 --> 00:36:50,927
♪ Looking for clues, traces and signs ♪
321
00:36:51,012 --> 00:36:55,849
♪ Scraping away the dirt
and dust of time ♪
322
00:36:56,851 --> 00:37:01,104
♪ Oh, yes, a long time ♪
323
00:37:02,857 --> 00:37:06,776
♪ Digging out the mud that conceals ♪
324
00:37:06,861 --> 00:37:09,821
♪ Take it away and it reveals ♪
325
00:37:09,905 --> 00:37:13,617
♪ Hidden stories, hidden lives ♪
326
00:37:13,701 --> 00:37:18,455
♪ Hidden stories hidden lives ♪
327
00:37:18,539 --> 00:37:22,042
♪ These are the marks and scars of time ♪
328
00:37:22,126 --> 00:37:24,753
♪ We're digging at the mud ♪
329
00:37:26,380 --> 00:37:30,008
♪ These are the fragments
of the long-gone days ♪
330
00:37:30,092 --> 00:37:32,886
♪ We're digging out of the mud ♪
331
00:37:38,059 --> 00:37:41,811
♪ Opening stories of a different life ♪
332
00:37:50,488 --> 00:37:54,157
♪ Beneath the surface the unknown lies ♪
333
00:37:54,241 --> 00:37:59,996
♪ Stripping away the mark
and scars of time ♪
334
00:38:00,081 --> 00:38:04,167
♪ Oh, the mark and scars of time ♪
335
00:38:06,003 --> 00:38:09,839
♪ Scraping away what layers remain ♪
336
00:38:09,924 --> 00:38:13,009
♪ To touch the level that contains ♪
337
00:38:13,094 --> 00:38:16,930
♪ Different stories, different lives ♪
338
00:38:17,014 --> 00:38:21,685
♪ Different stories different lives ♪
339
00:38:21,769 --> 00:38:25,313
♪ These are the marks and scars of time ♪
340
00:38:25,398 --> 00:38:27,899
♪ We're digging at the mud ♪
341
00:38:29,610 --> 00:38:33,363
♪ These are the fragments
of the long-gone days ♪
342
00:38:33,447 --> 00:38:36,116
♪ We're digging out of the mud ♪
343
00:38:41,288 --> 00:38:45,333
♪ Opening stories of a different life ♪
344
00:38:45,418 --> 00:38:49,087
♪ These are the marks and scars of time ♪
345
00:38:49,171 --> 00:38:51,631
♪ We're digging at the mud ♪
346
00:38:53,092 --> 00:38:57,053
♪ These are the fragments
of the long-gone days ♪
347
00:38:57,138 --> 00:38:59,764
♪ We're digging out of the mud ♪
348
00:39:04,979 --> 00:39:08,648
♪ Opening stories of a different life ♪
349
00:39:12,778 --> 00:39:15,321
♪ Of a different life ♪28383
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