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WWW.MY-SUBS.CO
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{n8}Video shows flames and smoke
engulfing the Zaporizhzhia power plant.
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Zaporizhzhia
is the biggest nuclear plant in Europe.
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{n8}Two of the six units were shelled
by heavy weapons.
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{n8}He's saying,
"Stop shooting immediately."
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{n8}"You threaten the security
of the whole world."
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We're hearing
that Russian forces
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have actually taken over
that massive nuclear plant.
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{n8}Putin is using civil infrastructure
and militarizing it, weaponizing it.
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He's aware that it's impossible
to shoot back
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if the weapons are being used from
the territory of a nuclear power plant.
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He does not even need an actual bomb.
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Six blocks.
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{n8}It means six Chernobyls.
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{n8}It means the biggest danger in Europe.
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{n8}They already occupied
at that time Chernobyl.
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{n8}Ukrainian officials say
Russian forces have now taken control
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{n8}of that infamous Chernobyl nuclear plant.
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{n8}The scene of the world's
worst nuclear disaster in 1986.
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They... They could say,
"We could do this catastrophe again."
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{n8}It's insane.
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{n8}ZAPORIZHZHIA
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{n8}FORBIDDEN ZONE - RESTRICTED ZONE
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{n8}Russia is dangerously close
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to risking another
Chernobyl-like catastrophe,
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and in some ways,
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{n8}risking the creation of this dirty bomb
of nuclear destruction
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{n8}right there on the Ukrainian battlefield.
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{n8}In the summer of 1980,
the National Security Advisor, Brzezinski,
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{n8}who worked for President Carter,
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{n8}got this call at home
in the middle of the night.
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{n8}It was Brzezinski's
military assistant, Colonel Bill Odom,
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{n8}and he said, "We've just gotten an alert
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{n8}that there are like 200 Soviet missiles
headed toward the United States."
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Brzezinski says,
"Well, get better confirmation."
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Odom calls him back
and he says, "I was mistaken."
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"It's not 200."
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"It's like 2,000."
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In later years,
Brzezinski, talking about it,
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said he chose not to wake up his wife.
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{n8}Washington would be gone
in a matter of minutes.
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{n8}He thought she was better off
dying in her sleep.
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{n8}And he gets ready to wake up
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{n8}the President of the United States
and say, "You have a choice to make."
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And just before he does that,
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he gets another call
from his military advisor saying,
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"Ah. It's a false alarm."
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There was a 40-cent
computer chip that went bad
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that told the system that we were
under attack by the Soviet Union.
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If President Carter had decided to launch,
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the United States would have launched
a full-scale attack against Russia
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that probably would have triggered
retaliation by Russia against us.
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That could have been the end of the world.
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The history of nuclear weapons
over the last 77 years
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will tell us that we've gotten very close
to catastrophe numerous times.
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And when we've survived,
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it's because we've gotten
incredibly lucky.
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Close calls are just
a feature of having nuclear weapons.
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{n8}There have been literally dozens
over the years.
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{n8}Dozens just that
the Pentagon acknowledges.
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They've taken the shape of explosions...
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{n8}lost nuclear material,
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{n8}misplaced weapons, and close calls.
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By the early 1970s,
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{n8}there's an effort
to regulate the nuclear conflict
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{n8}to reduce nuclear danger.
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But when Jimmy Carter was president,
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a lot of people had a generalized sense
that the Soviet Union was on the advance.
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The Soviets had invaded Afghanistan.
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{n8}They violated an understanding
since the end of World War II.
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{n8}They had moved
into a part of the world, militarily,
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{n8}that had not been part
of the sphere created
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{n8}when they liberated Eastern Europe
from Nazi occupation.
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The Soviet invasion
of Afghanistan
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seemed to crystallize that the Soviets
wanted world domination.
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{n8}And with news that the Soviets had more
nuclear missiles than the United States,
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{n8}the sense was, "We are falling behind."
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"They are a threat."
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We have opened a dangerous window
of vulnerability to the Soviet Union.
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Ronald Reagan
was a former actor.
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He is a two-term governor of California,
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and he builds his constituency
of conservatives
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who are unhappy with this idea
of détente with the Soviet Union,
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or relaxation of tensions.
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{n8}The question of war and peace has emerged
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{n8}as a central issue in this campaign,
and the give and take...
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{n8}Reagan was among
the harshest critics of détente.
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We cannot shirk our responsibility
as the leader of the free world
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because we're the only one that can do it,
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and therefore the burden
of maintaining the peace falls on us.
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And to maintain that peace,
requires strength.
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It's the same kind of fear
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that had dominated American politics
in 1959 and 1960.
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It was happening all over again.
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Ronald Reagan
rode the wave of that fear
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into the White House.
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{n8}The early 1980s,
some people call it the second Cold War
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{n8}because it came on the heels
of a period of détente.
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♪ Ahh, eighties... ♪
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Since 1970, the Soviet Union
has invested $300 billion more
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in its military forces than we have.
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To allow this imbalance to continue
is a threat to our national security.
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♪ Eighties ♪
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♪ Get out of my way
I'm not for sale... ♪
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The Cold War and the fear
of World War III and nuclear war
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really permeated the '80s.
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And it saturated into popular culture.
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Warning! Warning! Nuclear attack!
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{n8}Movies and books
and popular music
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{n8}help us process through our anxieties.
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{n8}For 40 years, both sides
observed the unwritten rules
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{n8}of the deadliest game
the world has ever known.
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{n8}There were a lot of movies
about World War III, about nuclear war.
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{n8}This time,
they are playing with, at best,
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{n8}the destruction of life as we know it.
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You cannot win a nuclear war!
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♪ Eighties ♪
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♪ I'm living in the eighties... ♪
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It was the wallpaper of everybody's life.
So it was always in the background.
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When Ronald Reagan
became president in January 1981,
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Leonid Brezhnev
was still the general secretary.
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The nuclear arsenals were enormous.
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But there was also a lack of communication
at the senior levels of both governments.
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Reagan felt that the combination
of mutual assured destruction and détente
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had put the Americans in a box,
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that we were afraid to do anything,
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because we were obsessed
with strategic stability.
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Reagan says, "I'm going to approve
new nuclear weapons systems
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as a way of putting the screws
to the Soviets,
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to force them to negotiate."
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The modernization of our strategic
and conventional forces
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will assure that deterrence works
and peace prevails.
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As a result, the Soviet leadership
was quite paranoid.
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They believed that the United States
and its allies
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were plotting a nuclear first strike
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to decapitate
the leadership in the Kremlin
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and to then achieve world domination.
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{n8}In May 1981, Yuri Andropov,
who was chairman of the KGB,
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{n8}proposed they embark
on a major new intelligence operation.
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Andropov orders this operation
to try and enhance their ability
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to identify whether
the United States is, in fact,
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getting ready to launch a...
a nuclear war against them.
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Operation RYAN
was the largest intelligence operation
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the Soviet Union conducted
after World War II.
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RYAN is an English version
of a Russian acronym
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that stands for "Nuclear Rocket Attack."
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And its intention was to find indications
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of a US first nuclear strike
against the Soviet Union.
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Their embassy guys are being told
to monitor American hospitals.
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Are we stockpiling blood? Plasma?
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All the things you'd expect if you were
getting ready to launch a nuclear war.
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{n8}Bureaucracies are bureaucracies.
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{n8}And so if the head of the KGB
tells these guys,
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{n8}"I want you looking for these signs,"
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{n8}they're gonna find them
regardless of what they mean.
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{n8}In November of '82,
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{n8}Andropov replaces Brezhnev
as the new general secretary.
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{n8}Then in 1983, the deployments
of US Pershing II missiles to West Germany
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{n8}are scheduled for the end of the year.
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The Army says
that the Pershing II
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can fly up to a thousand miles
in under 10 minutes,
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and drop a nuclear warhead
on a target with surgical precision.
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Pershing missiles give the Soviets
like seven minutes' warning
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before the missile hits the Kremlin.
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So they're scared to death about
the deployment of these Pershing missiles,
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which are in response
to the Soviets' deployment
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of SS-20 intermediate-range missiles
in the western Soviet Union.
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Although the Soviet leaders
earlier this year
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declared they'd frozen deployment
of this dangerous missile,
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they have, in fact, continued deployment.
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The SS-20 was deemed
to be a first-strike weapon itself.
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It could reach any target
in NATO Europe in minutes.
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The SS-20 was capable
of flying a couple of thousand kilometers,
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certainly to Berlin or to Paris.
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{n8}And that, of course,
was for us in... in... in Germany,
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{n8}almost an existential, uh, question.
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Tensions were
at an all-time high.
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{n8}1983 was probably the most dangerous year
of the Cold War since 1962.
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{n8}Ladies and gentlemen,
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{n8}the President of the United States,
Ronald Reagan.
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In early 1983,
things are heating up a lot.
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And then Ronald Reagan
gave two nationally televised speeches
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that seemed to confirm
the Soviets' worst fears
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and the premise of Operation RYAN.
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The first speech became known
as the Evil Empire speech.
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I urge you to beware
the temptation of pride,
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the temptation of blithely
declaring yourselves above it all
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and label both sides equally at fault,
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to ignore the facts of history
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and the aggressive impulses
of an evil empire,
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to simply call the arms race
a giant misunderstanding,
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and thereby remove yourself
from the struggle
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between right and wrong and good and evil.
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The Evil Empire speech really,
uh, I think,
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had a significant impact
on the Soviet leadership.
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The speech kind of gets them
where it hurts.
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HIS STATEMENTS WERE THE REVIVAL OF
THE WORST RHETORIC OF THE COLD WAR TIMES
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It attacks their legitimacy
as a normal country
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and as the equivalent
of the United States.
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Legitimacy that they desperately sought.
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And then he delivers a speech
announcing that we're gonna build
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this Strategic Defense Initiative.
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If it works,
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it renders
the Soviet Missile Force useless.
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During the past decade and a half,
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the Soviets have built up
a massive arsenal
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of new strategic nuclear weapons.
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Weapons that can strike directly
at the United States.
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{n8}Reagan was alarmed to learn
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{n8}that the United States did not
actually have a way of protecting itself
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{n8}from a potential nuclear attack.
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Reagan says,
"Wouldn't it be so much better
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00:15:31,805 --> 00:15:34,266
that instead of relying
on nuclear deterrence,
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00:15:34,350 --> 00:15:36,644
we could destroy
nuclear missiles in flight?"
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It is time for a bold,
new stroke in strategic planning.
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00:15:44,401 --> 00:15:46,695
High Frontier addresses this need
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00:15:46,779 --> 00:15:50,199
by proposing a triple-layered,
non-nuclear defense.
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00:15:51,241 --> 00:15:52,952
{n8}Scientist Ed Teller suggested
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{n8}that the solution
to Reagan's nuclear fears
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00:15:55,371 --> 00:15:56,914
might be through space lasers.
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00:15:59,249 --> 00:16:02,544
You could put lasers on top of satellites
and place them in orbit,
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00:16:02,628 --> 00:16:05,422
and this would be a way
to shoot down weapons
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00:16:05,506 --> 00:16:09,677
before they returned to the atmosphere,
thereby preventing a nuclear holocaust.
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00:16:10,511 --> 00:16:14,390
What if free people
could live secure in the knowledge
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00:16:14,473 --> 00:16:18,519
that their security did not rest
upon the threat of instant US retaliation
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00:16:18,602 --> 00:16:20,396
to deter a Soviet attack?
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00:16:20,479 --> 00:16:24,191
That we could intercept and destroy
strategic ballistic missiles
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00:16:24,274 --> 00:16:27,027
before they reached our own soil
or that of our allies?
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00:16:27,569 --> 00:16:31,532
The official name for this program
was the Strategic Defense Initiative.
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00:16:32,449 --> 00:16:34,868
But it came to be known
as Star Wars among its critics,
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00:16:34,952 --> 00:16:38,038
who were many, particularly
in the scientific and technical community,
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00:16:38,872 --> 00:16:40,874
because it seemed like science fiction.
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00:16:43,544 --> 00:16:46,797
{n8}The technology
was nowhere near possible,
233
00:16:46,880 --> 00:16:50,259
{n8}and, in my view,
still is not 40 years later.
234
00:16:52,594 --> 00:16:56,015
But the Soviets
find this extremely threatening,
235
00:16:56,098 --> 00:16:59,059
not because it was going
to happen anytime soon,
236
00:16:59,143 --> 00:17:01,395
but because they were worried
about a new attitude
237
00:17:01,478 --> 00:17:04,189
among the Americans that said,
"All the old deals are off."
238
00:17:05,399 --> 00:17:06,734
My fellow Americans,
239
00:17:06,817 --> 00:17:09,653
tonight we're launching an effort
which holds the promise
240
00:17:09,737 --> 00:17:11,905
of changing the course of human history.
241
00:17:14,616 --> 00:17:19,204
Then came a sequence of events
that just ratcheted up the tensions
242
00:17:19,288 --> 00:17:22,624
between East and West very dramatically.
243
00:17:26,003 --> 00:17:32,760
{n8}FleetEx '83
was a very large US naval exercise
244
00:17:32,843 --> 00:17:39,433
in a part of the North Pacific Ocean
that's bounded by Soviet territory.
245
00:17:45,397 --> 00:17:49,443
The US intent was to demonstrate
to the Soviet Union,
246
00:17:49,526 --> 00:17:51,779
"We can operate even in your backyard."
247
00:17:51,862 --> 00:17:53,363
"You can't do anything about it."
248
00:17:55,949 --> 00:18:01,080
During the exercise,
US Navy fighters overflew Soviet territory
249
00:18:01,872 --> 00:18:03,248
in the Kuril Islands.
250
00:18:04,583 --> 00:18:09,922
It was a secret hiding place for their
nuclear ballistic missile submarines,
251
00:18:10,005 --> 00:18:14,301
and penetrating airspace
can be deemed an act of war.
252
00:18:16,595 --> 00:18:20,516
{n8}There is a MiG-23 fighter base
on the Kuril Islands,
253
00:18:20,599 --> 00:18:23,477
{n8}and the Soviets
never launch their fighters.
254
00:18:24,603 --> 00:18:26,230
They looked incompetent.
255
00:18:26,939 --> 00:18:29,942
{n8}The leadership in Moscow
cracked the whip on them and said,
256
00:18:30,025 --> 00:18:31,777
{n8}"You guys better get your act together."
257
00:18:31,860 --> 00:18:34,029
And over the next couple of months,
258
00:18:34,113 --> 00:18:37,449
they started massive fighter reactions
259
00:18:37,533 --> 00:18:40,077
to all of these reconnaissance aircraft.
260
00:18:40,994 --> 00:18:42,996
Increasingly provocative,
261
00:18:43,080 --> 00:18:47,751
where they were getting
into firing position behind the planes,
262
00:18:47,835 --> 00:18:51,088
in some cases even arming their missiles.
263
00:18:52,589 --> 00:18:55,300
The air-to-air situation
got really dangerous.
264
00:18:57,928 --> 00:19:01,473
And then, on the night
of the 1st of September, 1983,
265
00:19:01,557 --> 00:19:07,437
Korean Airlines Flight 007
was en route to Seoul, South Korea.
266
00:19:07,521 --> 00:19:11,775
That flight had 269 people aboard,
passengers and crew.
267
00:19:11,859 --> 00:19:13,235
It's a civilian plane.
268
00:19:14,361 --> 00:19:18,532
And it departed Anchorage,
and they got off course.
269
00:19:20,742 --> 00:19:23,996
And ultimately overflew
the Kamchatka Peninsula,
270
00:19:24,079 --> 00:19:25,581
which is part of the Soviet Union
271
00:19:25,664 --> 00:19:30,252
and the location of a Soviet
ballistic missile submarine base.
272
00:19:31,628 --> 00:19:34,840
That's the holy of the holiest
for the Soviet Union.
273
00:19:34,923 --> 00:19:36,550
Those are the crown jewels.
274
00:19:36,633 --> 00:19:39,303
You don't let anybody
fly over one of your submarine bases.
275
00:19:41,597 --> 00:19:44,349
{n8}I went into work
maybe 1:30 in the morning.
276
00:19:45,809 --> 00:19:47,853
The NCO of the watch said,
277
00:19:47,936 --> 00:19:51,023
"The Soviets are conducting
a really weird exercise."
278
00:19:51,607 --> 00:19:53,609
They were reacting to something.
279
00:19:55,444 --> 00:19:58,655
What came to mind,
"Maybe it's an airliner."
280
00:20:03,869 --> 00:20:05,287
And I told him,
281
00:20:05,370 --> 00:20:07,247
"Call the Transport Ministry
282
00:20:07,331 --> 00:20:11,168
and see if they have any
transpacific airliners off course."
283
00:20:12,419 --> 00:20:17,341
{n8}Roger, Korean Air 007 climb and
maintain at 350, leaving 330 at this time.
284
00:20:17,424 --> 00:20:19,384
Tokyo, roger.
285
00:20:20,385 --> 00:20:22,638
The aircraft
crossed Sakhalin Island.
286
00:20:23,931 --> 00:20:28,018
It was intercepted
by a Soviet air defense fighter.
287
00:20:29,019 --> 00:20:30,019
I see it.
288
00:20:31,146 --> 00:20:32,773
Roger, understood. I'm flying behind.
289
00:20:35,192 --> 00:20:39,321
{n8}The Soviet Air Defense forces knew
that if someone violates our border,
290
00:20:39,404 --> 00:20:40,989
{n8}we have to shoot them down
291
00:20:41,073 --> 00:20:47,454
because the US Navy violated our border
just a few months ago during FleetEx '83,
292
00:20:47,537 --> 00:20:48,914
and we didn't react.
293
00:20:50,749 --> 00:20:54,336
I was still bugging
the Transport Ministry in Tokyo,
294
00:20:54,419 --> 00:20:56,421
"Are you missing anybody?
Are you missing anybody?"
295
00:20:56,505 --> 00:20:59,675
And finally they said,
"Yes, we are missing someone."
296
00:21:00,759 --> 00:21:04,137
At the same time, we were intercepting
what the Soviets were saying.
297
00:21:04,221 --> 00:21:05,514
Z.G.
298
00:21:07,432 --> 00:21:09,184
I have executed the launch.
299
00:21:11,019 --> 00:21:12,646
The target is destroyed.
300
00:21:16,316 --> 00:21:18,527
Suddenly the pieces fit together.
301
00:21:19,736 --> 00:21:24,283
A civilian airliner had been shot down,
and almost certainly everybody was dead.
302
00:21:25,284 --> 00:21:28,453
It was... extremely distressing.
303
00:21:29,705 --> 00:21:31,039
Just on a human level.
304
00:21:35,460 --> 00:21:38,171
The Americans say
as many as eight Soviet Fighters
305
00:21:38,255 --> 00:21:41,174
tracked Flight 007
for two and a half hours.
306
00:21:41,258 --> 00:21:42,759
Then came the crunch.
307
00:21:42,843 --> 00:21:48,307
A 1960s vintage Sukhoi jet was ordered
to fire a missile at the unarmed jumbo.
308
00:21:48,390 --> 00:21:50,017
Meanwhile, at Seoul's airport,
309
00:21:50,100 --> 00:21:53,186
big crowds were waiting
to meet the jumbo that never came.
310
00:22:11,204 --> 00:22:15,167
{n8}There were
over 60 Americans, I believe, on board,
311
00:22:15,250 --> 00:22:17,461
{n8}including a US Congressman,
312
00:22:17,544 --> 00:22:19,004
{n8}Larry McDonald,
313
00:22:20,047 --> 00:22:23,967
{n8}who was a very anti-communist kind of guy.
314
00:22:24,843 --> 00:22:26,803
There is an elitist core in this country
315
00:22:26,887 --> 00:22:30,349
that has seen value
in subsidizing communism,
316
00:22:30,432 --> 00:22:31,892
of protecting communism.
317
00:22:31,975 --> 00:22:33,477
- It has?
- Sure.
318
00:22:33,560 --> 00:22:37,981
Everyone obviously perished
on the flight, including a US Congressman,
319
00:22:38,065 --> 00:22:41,610
which led to some speculation
that maybe he was the target.
320
00:22:42,736 --> 00:22:46,782
Those of us in Air Force intelligence
held to the view that...
321
00:22:47,866 --> 00:22:49,868
this was a terrible loss of life.
322
00:22:49,951 --> 00:22:52,120
Tragic, but it was a mistake
323
00:22:53,038 --> 00:22:58,085
borne of all of these building tensions
month after month.
324
00:22:59,002 --> 00:23:03,090
{n8}Major Osipovich
was the Soviet Air Defense pilot
325
00:23:03,173 --> 00:23:07,052
{n8}who shot down Korean Airlines Flight 007.
326
00:23:08,345 --> 00:23:10,847
I could see two rows of windows,
which were lit up.
327
00:23:12,474 --> 00:23:14,810
I wondered if it was a civilian aircraft.
328
00:23:14,893 --> 00:23:17,145
Military cargo planes
don't have such windows.
329
00:23:18,855 --> 00:23:20,857
I wondered what kind of plane it was.
330
00:23:22,192 --> 00:23:23,568
But I had no time to think.
331
00:23:24,277 --> 00:23:25,445
I had a job to do.
332
00:23:26,113 --> 00:23:27,531
He never shows any regret.
333
00:23:27,614 --> 00:23:30,450
He absolutely believes
he did the right thing.
334
00:23:30,534 --> 00:23:33,203
He was gonna take that plane down,
come hell or high water.
335
00:23:34,204 --> 00:23:38,291
My orders were to destroy the intruder.
I fulfilled my mission.
336
00:23:40,001 --> 00:23:42,003
From a career standpoint,
337
00:23:42,087 --> 00:23:46,800
{n8}it was safer for that pilot
to shoot down that plane
338
00:23:47,717 --> 00:23:49,177
{n8}than to not shoot it
339
00:23:49,261 --> 00:23:53,098
and then have it found out that it was,
in fact, a reconnaissance plane.
340
00:23:59,688 --> 00:24:02,482
As early as the 2nd of September,
341
00:24:02,566 --> 00:24:06,820
CIA's presidential daily briefing
that went to Reagan
342
00:24:06,903 --> 00:24:09,865
did tell the same story we were telling.
343
00:24:14,870 --> 00:24:16,621
We knew pretty quickly
344
00:24:16,705 --> 00:24:20,584
that the Soviets had not deliberately
shot down this commercial airliner
345
00:24:20,667 --> 00:24:22,836
or that that had not been their intent.
346
00:24:24,212 --> 00:24:25,630
We were trying to say,
347
00:24:25,714 --> 00:24:30,969
"Look, this is a catastrophic mistake
that the Soviets have made,"
348
00:24:31,470 --> 00:24:33,180
because we had the radio signals
349
00:24:33,263 --> 00:24:36,099
between the pilot
and the Air Defense Center and so on.
350
00:24:39,519 --> 00:24:41,062
{n8}My fellow Americans,
351
00:24:41,146 --> 00:24:44,733
I'm coming before you tonight
about the Korean airline massacre.
352
00:24:45,734 --> 00:24:47,944
Reagan made
a nationally televised speech,
353
00:24:48,028 --> 00:24:50,822
in which he called the Soviets barbarians,
354
00:24:50,906 --> 00:24:53,241
and this was a criminal act.
355
00:24:53,325 --> 00:24:55,494
It was an act of barbarism,
356
00:24:55,577 --> 00:24:58,038
born of a society
which wantonly disregards
357
00:24:58,121 --> 00:25:01,208
individual rights
and the value of human life,
358
00:25:01,291 --> 00:25:04,920
and seeks constantly
to expand and dominate other nations.
359
00:25:05,003 --> 00:25:07,214
The line from Washington became,
360
00:25:08,423 --> 00:25:09,341
very rapidly,
361
00:25:09,424 --> 00:25:13,553
that this was an intentional act
on the Soviets' part,
362
00:25:13,637 --> 00:25:18,558
and it just shows
how corrupt and evil they really are.
363
00:25:19,643 --> 00:25:25,065
We do have evidence that's come out
in the decade since, that Andropov,
364
00:25:25,148 --> 00:25:27,776
once he found out
that it was a civilian airliner,
365
00:25:27,859 --> 00:25:29,486
was incensed.
366
00:25:30,695 --> 00:25:35,075
He was very angry at the military
because we're in this fraught period.
367
00:25:35,158 --> 00:25:37,452
"We've got all this tension
with the United States."
368
00:25:37,536 --> 00:25:38,745
"What are you guys doing?"
369
00:25:38,828 --> 00:25:41,706
You know? "You can't go around
shooting down civilian airliners."
370
00:25:42,374 --> 00:25:46,711
He pivoted off of that point
fairly quickly.
371
00:25:47,921 --> 00:25:49,761
It was undeniably proved
372
00:25:49,798 --> 00:25:52,467
that the invasion
of the South Korean aircraft
373
00:25:52,551 --> 00:25:54,344
into the Soviet airspace
374
00:25:55,011 --> 00:25:58,223
was a deliberate,
neatly-planned operation.
375
00:25:59,349 --> 00:26:02,435
The Kremlin
essentially decided to circle the wagons
376
00:26:02,519 --> 00:26:05,981
and not criticize the Soviet military,
377
00:26:06,773 --> 00:26:10,151
and instead create a party line,
378
00:26:10,235 --> 00:26:15,991
which was, "This was an intentional
American intelligence collection flight."
379
00:26:16,074 --> 00:26:20,036
"The nefarious Americans
are so devious and clever
380
00:26:20,120 --> 00:26:25,333
that they must have outfitted
this aircraft with intelligence sensors."
381
00:26:26,251 --> 00:26:31,339
I think this provocation by
the CIA agencies was performed, clearly,
382
00:26:31,423 --> 00:26:33,091
for provocative purposes now,
383
00:26:33,174 --> 00:26:35,635
when important
international events are taking place,
384
00:26:35,719 --> 00:26:40,515
and we are filled with indignation
about this provocation
385
00:26:40,599 --> 00:26:44,769
that was clearly intended
against our country and world's détente.
386
00:26:46,688 --> 00:26:49,357
And then,
just a couple of weeks later...
387
00:26:51,109 --> 00:26:54,362
...at the Soviets'
National Missile Defense Center,
388
00:26:54,446 --> 00:26:56,448
sixty miles outside of Moscow,
389
00:26:57,198 --> 00:27:01,786
{n8}Lieutenant Colonel Stanislav Petrov
was called into duty that night,
390
00:27:01,870 --> 00:27:05,206
{n8}because the regular
watch officer was sick.
391
00:27:05,915 --> 00:27:09,044
Petrov was not an operational officer.
392
00:27:09,961 --> 00:27:11,963
He's an engineer scientist.
393
00:27:12,047 --> 00:27:14,633
He was in charge of algorithm development
394
00:27:14,716 --> 00:27:18,219
for signals coming in
from satellites and other sensors.
395
00:27:19,763 --> 00:27:24,434
The Soviets' relatively new
and untested missile warning satellites
396
00:27:24,517 --> 00:27:27,062
had only been on orbit for about a year.
397
00:27:36,196 --> 00:27:39,824
{n8}It was completely unexpected,
as such things usually are.
398
00:27:40,617 --> 00:27:42,452
{n8}The sirens sounded very loudly,
399
00:27:42,535 --> 00:27:46,331
{n8}and I just sat there
for a few seconds staring at the screen
400
00:27:46,414 --> 00:27:49,751
with the word "launch"
displayed in bold red letters.
401
00:27:50,669 --> 00:27:53,171
A minute later, this siren went off again.
402
00:27:53,755 --> 00:27:55,882
The second missile was launched,
403
00:27:55,965 --> 00:27:58,426
then the third,
and the fourth, and the fifth.
404
00:27:58,510 --> 00:28:01,238
His computers are telling him
there are five nuclear weapons
405
00:28:01,262 --> 00:28:03,264
coming in against Russia.
406
00:28:03,973 --> 00:28:06,976
{n8}The regulations would say that
he should alert the president of Russia
407
00:28:07,060 --> 00:28:08,520
{n8}that there's an incoming attack.
408
00:28:08,603 --> 00:28:12,899
We knew that every second of delay
took away valuable time
409
00:28:12,982 --> 00:28:16,277
that the Soviet Union's military
and political leadership needed.
410
00:28:17,362 --> 00:28:21,616
And then I made my decision.
I would not trust the computer.
411
00:28:21,700 --> 00:28:24,911
{n8}He thought, "This doesn't make sense,
412
00:28:24,994 --> 00:28:27,372
{n8}because if the US is going to attack us,
413
00:28:27,455 --> 00:28:30,417
{n8}they're not going to attack us
with small numbers."
414
00:28:30,959 --> 00:28:33,378
They wouldn't
just launch one or two.
415
00:28:33,461 --> 00:28:35,130
They'd launch them all.
416
00:28:38,883 --> 00:28:40,927
I picked up the telephone handset,
417
00:28:41,010 --> 00:28:42,804
spoke to my superiors,
418
00:28:42,887 --> 00:28:45,265
and reported that the alarm was false.
419
00:28:46,141 --> 00:28:50,478
But I myself was not sure
until the very last moment.
420
00:28:52,188 --> 00:28:54,774
Honestly, 50-50.
421
00:28:56,609 --> 00:29:00,864
And finally, Petrov gets reports
from the Arctic radar stations
422
00:29:00,947 --> 00:29:04,993
that there are, in fact,
no US ICBMs flying over the pole.
423
00:29:05,577 --> 00:29:08,204
What his early warning system
is, is seeing,
424
00:29:08,288 --> 00:29:12,208
is actually reflections off clouds
that make it look like it's an attack.
425
00:29:13,626 --> 00:29:16,004
He is now credited
as the man who saved the world
426
00:29:16,087 --> 00:29:18,798
because if he had reported this
up the chain of the command,
427
00:29:18,882 --> 00:29:23,261
the president of Russia could have
responded with a nuclear attack.
428
00:29:24,012 --> 00:29:27,974
Unfortunately for Petrov,
his career was destroyed by this incident.
429
00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:33,229
He exposed the flaws
of these new satellite systems,
430
00:29:33,313 --> 00:29:37,150
and that embarrassed a lot of people
higher up the food chain than him.
431
00:29:38,485 --> 00:29:42,030
So the Soviets were determined
to keep this secret,
432
00:29:42,113 --> 00:29:48,495
but it's emblematic of the tension-filled
environment in 1983.
433
00:29:51,915 --> 00:29:55,668
{n8}Soviet forces did things
in November of 1983
434
00:29:55,752 --> 00:29:58,671
{n8}they never had done before,
including during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
435
00:30:00,048 --> 00:30:06,679
{n8}Able Archer '83 was the latest installment
in a NATO nuclear war exercise.
436
00:30:08,389 --> 00:30:11,142
Some forces
within the Kremlin said,
437
00:30:11,226 --> 00:30:16,147
"You know, they say it's an exercise,
but this might be a prelude to war."
438
00:30:16,731 --> 00:30:18,233
The Able Archer exercise,
439
00:30:18,316 --> 00:30:20,860
it was meant to test communications
440
00:30:20,944 --> 00:30:23,530
and procedures
for releasing nuclear weapons
441
00:30:23,613 --> 00:30:25,490
in the event of World War III.
442
00:30:25,573 --> 00:30:29,035
Three, two, one, mark.
443
00:30:30,161 --> 00:30:31,579
WarGames, basically.
444
00:30:31,663 --> 00:30:33,540
WarGames, essentially. Yes.
445
00:30:33,623 --> 00:30:35,124
{n8}All right!
446
00:30:36,167 --> 00:30:39,963
{n8}It was one
of the first of these exercises
447
00:30:40,046 --> 00:30:42,841
{n8}to really play out
a very realistic scenario
448
00:30:42,924 --> 00:30:45,468
{n8}from tension, to conventional war,
449
00:30:45,552 --> 00:30:49,264
{n8}to limited nuclear war,
to all-out nuclear war.
450
00:30:49,889 --> 00:30:55,728
{n8}The climax of this exercise
was around the 8th of November,
451
00:30:55,812 --> 00:30:58,606
{n8}when the national command authorities,
452
00:30:58,690 --> 00:31:01,401
{n8}that is to say, Margaret Thatcher
and Ronald Reagan,
453
00:31:01,484 --> 00:31:06,698
would be present to authorize
the launch of nuclear weapons.
454
00:31:07,282 --> 00:31:11,703
And just as that was occurring,
NATO changed the codes.
455
00:31:13,371 --> 00:31:17,584
{n8}The Soviets had been able to intercept
a lot of what was going on.
456
00:31:18,251 --> 00:31:22,005
{n8}So when we change
the codes suddenly on them,
457
00:31:22,088 --> 00:31:23,339
what does that say to them?
458
00:31:23,423 --> 00:31:26,259
You change the codes
if you're going to war.
459
00:31:27,677 --> 00:31:29,304
From the Soviet standpoint,
460
00:31:29,387 --> 00:31:32,015
it just looked like
this is the real thing.
461
00:31:32,724 --> 00:31:38,313
They were definitely ready
for a full thermonuclear war.
462
00:31:38,396 --> 00:31:43,109
Their nuclear alert posture
was unprecedented.
463
00:31:44,235 --> 00:31:47,488
Loading fighter bombers with nuclear bombs
464
00:31:47,572 --> 00:31:49,490
and having them sit on alert.
465
00:31:50,867 --> 00:31:57,123
{n8}They sent a number of their ballistic
missile submarines up to the Arctic
466
00:31:57,707 --> 00:32:01,210
{n8}to their wartime launch locations
under the Arctic ice cap.
467
00:32:05,089 --> 00:32:08,593
Andropov at the time
was very, very ill.
468
00:32:08,676 --> 00:32:10,136
He was in the hospital.
469
00:32:11,471 --> 00:32:13,932
He had an aide with him 24/7
470
00:32:14,015 --> 00:32:16,768
that had their version
of the nuclear football with him,
471
00:32:17,852 --> 00:32:20,939
which alarmed
the senior military leadership.
472
00:32:22,065 --> 00:32:25,944
They were afraid Andropov
might start pushing buttons.
473
00:32:28,071 --> 00:32:32,367
{n8}The head of the Soviet general staff
actually went to his bunker under Moscow.
474
00:32:32,450 --> 00:32:33,785
{n8}It was as serious as that.
475
00:32:51,803 --> 00:32:56,349
{n8}Oleg Gordievsky
was a career KGB officer.
476
00:32:58,101 --> 00:33:01,521
He also had been spying
for the British for some years.
477
00:33:02,355 --> 00:33:08,403
{n8}Gordievsky was deeply disenchanted
with the KGB and the Soviet system,
478
00:33:08,486 --> 00:33:13,199
{n8}and decided to become an agent
for British intelligence.
479
00:33:13,866 --> 00:33:19,414
He was reporting to MI6
on this extreme paranoia
480
00:33:19,497 --> 00:33:23,501
that permeated the leadership
in the Kremlin, Andropov in particular.
481
00:33:24,293 --> 00:33:27,213
Gordievsky, during Able Archer '83,
482
00:33:27,296 --> 00:33:30,800
is telling MI6,
"The Kremlin thinks this is real."
483
00:33:31,801 --> 00:33:34,429
{n8}When I told the British,
they simply couldn't believe
484
00:33:34,512 --> 00:33:37,473
{n8}that the Soviet leadership
was so stupid and narrow-minded
485
00:33:37,557 --> 00:33:39,684
{n8}as to believe in something so impossible.
486
00:33:40,268 --> 00:33:43,354
I said to them,
"Okay, I'll get you the documents."
487
00:33:44,272 --> 00:33:48,276
{n8}And MI6 provided
Gordievsky's intelligence to CIA.
488
00:33:50,236 --> 00:33:53,114
{n8}CIA did not pass that along to anyone,
489
00:33:53,740 --> 00:33:57,744
{n8}certainly not to anyone that I'm aware of
in the Pentagon or in NATO.
490
00:33:58,369 --> 00:34:00,788
There was enough evidence that the Soviets
491
00:34:00,872 --> 00:34:03,207
were taking unprecedented steps
492
00:34:03,291 --> 00:34:07,420
{n8}that it got to the attention
of Brigadier General Leonard Perroots,
493
00:34:07,503 --> 00:34:12,550
{n8}who was the chief intelligence officer
for the US Air Force in Europe.
494
00:34:12,633 --> 00:34:13,968
Some very strong feelings...
495
00:34:14,052 --> 00:34:18,181
Perroots briefed his leadership
and the NATO leadership,
496
00:34:18,264 --> 00:34:22,351
that the Soviets are doing some things
we haven't seen before.
497
00:34:22,435 --> 00:34:23,811
This is alarming.
498
00:34:25,480 --> 00:34:28,191
He was asked by his leadership,
499
00:34:28,274 --> 00:34:30,276
"Well, should we reciprocate?"
500
00:34:31,652 --> 00:34:35,406
"Should we heighten our nuclear
alert posture here in Europe?"
501
00:34:35,490 --> 00:34:39,035
And Perroots' gut feeling was, "No."
502
00:34:40,203 --> 00:34:43,456
"Let's just bring Able Archer
to a conclusion."
503
00:34:43,539 --> 00:34:44,832
"Let's not escalate."
504
00:34:45,917 --> 00:34:49,087
It's Perroots' understanding
of the adversary
505
00:34:49,170 --> 00:34:51,339
that diffuses this crisis.
506
00:34:52,048 --> 00:34:55,384
{n8}We see time and again in this '83 crisis,
507
00:34:55,468 --> 00:35:00,014
{n8}it's the individuals that have the courage
to stand up and make a call,
508
00:35:00,098 --> 00:35:03,351
not the system necessarily that works.
509
00:35:11,442 --> 00:35:15,071
When it was brought to
the attention of Reagan in the aftermath,
510
00:35:15,154 --> 00:35:17,365
{n8}that prompted him to realize
the Soviet Union
511
00:35:17,448 --> 00:35:20,034
{n8}was more scared of the United States
than anyone realized,
512
00:35:20,118 --> 00:35:23,204
{n8}and that we were in an environment
in which it was very easy
513
00:35:23,287 --> 00:35:24,705
{n8}to misinterpret information.
514
00:35:30,086 --> 00:35:33,131
{n8}At this moment,
there was an important film
515
00:35:33,214 --> 00:35:35,883
{n8}that was put together
called The Day After.
516
00:35:35,967 --> 00:35:38,511
{n8}- Sunday.
- This is not an exercise.
517
00:35:38,594 --> 00:35:40,221
{n8}The movie beyond imagining.
518
00:35:40,304 --> 00:35:41,722
{n8}It's not gonna happen, huh?
519
00:35:41,806 --> 00:35:44,642
{n8}Nah. People are crazy, but not that crazy.
520
00:35:44,725 --> 00:35:46,227
{n8}Over 300 missiles inbound now.
521
00:35:50,148 --> 00:35:53,901
{n8}Nothing like The Day After
had ever been seen on network television,
522
00:35:53,985 --> 00:35:54,985
{n8}that's for sure.
523
00:35:55,027 --> 00:35:58,990
{n8}The purpose of network television
is to sell advertising
524
00:35:59,615 --> 00:36:03,578
{n8}and to be as inoffensive and mindless
525
00:36:03,661 --> 00:36:07,081
{n8}and infantilizing as possible.
526
00:36:09,792 --> 00:36:14,005
The head of ABC Circle Films
was responsible for The Day After,
527
00:36:14,088 --> 00:36:17,550
and he had the idea of,
what would it be like
528
00:36:17,633 --> 00:36:20,887
to make a movie that would depict,
529
00:36:20,970 --> 00:36:24,599
without taking sides
or specifying who started it,
530
00:36:24,682 --> 00:36:29,187
nuclear war between the United States
and the Soviet Union.
531
00:36:29,270 --> 00:36:33,232
We were offered cooperation
by the Defense Department.
532
00:36:33,316 --> 00:36:37,612
They were gonna give us helicopters
and God knows what all else,
533
00:36:37,695 --> 00:36:42,450
provided that we showed
that the Soviet Union started the war.
534
00:36:43,201 --> 00:36:45,536
And we said, "No, no, no,
that's not the point."
535
00:36:45,620 --> 00:36:47,538
I didn't want to make propaganda.
536
00:36:47,622 --> 00:36:48,956
Any more news?
537
00:36:49,040 --> 00:36:51,626
They just hit one of our ships
in the Persian Gulf.
538
00:36:52,668 --> 00:36:55,338
- Who's they?
- The Russians. Who do you think?
539
00:36:55,421 --> 00:36:57,590
We hit 'em back.
One of their ships, you know?
540
00:36:58,966 --> 00:37:01,886
It was presented in the simplest way.
541
00:37:01,969 --> 00:37:04,680
A farm family out in the Midwest
542
00:37:05,181 --> 00:37:08,935
who happened to have a missile site
next to their farm.
543
00:37:09,018 --> 00:37:10,603
And they were eating lunch one day,
544
00:37:10,686 --> 00:37:13,773
and suddenly
they see the missiles taking off.
545
00:37:17,151 --> 00:37:20,529
And they say,
"Oh, the moment has finally come
546
00:37:20,613 --> 00:37:23,157
where we are exchanging a nuclear strike."
547
00:37:23,241 --> 00:37:27,536
And, "Oh, within moments,
our farm will be destroyed."
548
00:37:34,126 --> 00:37:38,589
What the movie did
was to imagine for people
549
00:37:38,673 --> 00:37:43,219
what they couldn't or wouldn't
imagine for themselves.
550
00:37:51,602 --> 00:37:53,145
Good evening. Here's what's happening.
551
00:37:53,229 --> 00:37:56,148
Most of you who watched the ABC movie,
The Day After,
552
00:37:56,232 --> 00:37:59,735
are probably still feeling
just a little numb right now.
553
00:37:59,819 --> 00:38:03,990
The next day,
I was astonished to learn
554
00:38:04,073 --> 00:38:07,326
that a hundred million people
had seen the movie.
555
00:38:08,494 --> 00:38:13,082
{n8}It has the distinction of being
the most watched movie
556
00:38:13,165 --> 00:38:15,084
ever made for television.
557
00:38:16,127 --> 00:38:18,004
It was completely devastating.
558
00:38:18,587 --> 00:38:21,882
It was a horrible thing
to see the reality,
559
00:38:21,966 --> 00:38:23,676
and how fast it could happen.
560
00:38:23,759 --> 00:38:27,096
{n8}Those of us who watch it
in the viewing public
561
00:38:27,179 --> 00:38:32,059
{n8}are not the ones who really should
get the education from that film.
562
00:38:32,143 --> 00:38:35,271
{n8}It's more the people who have
the authority to push the button.
563
00:38:47,283 --> 00:38:52,580
{n8}Reagan got an early, uh, screening of it,
and it... it bothered him.
564
00:38:52,663 --> 00:38:53,831
{n8}Um...
565
00:38:53,914 --> 00:38:56,751
{n8}Reagan kept diaries,
which I think surprises a lot of folks
566
00:38:56,834 --> 00:39:01,088
because he sort of had this genial,
not very thoughtful way about him.
567
00:39:02,715 --> 00:39:06,552
And yet every night, he would sit down
and actually write in a diary that he kept
568
00:39:06,635 --> 00:39:07,678
as president.
569
00:39:07,762 --> 00:39:10,931
And he wrote in that diary,
"It disturbed me greatly."
570
00:39:14,977 --> 00:39:18,189
He had spent most of his life
in entertainment and movies,
571
00:39:18,272 --> 00:39:22,151
and that night, he wrote that this
is something that really stayed with him.
572
00:39:33,704 --> 00:39:35,748
Just suppose with me for a moment,
573
00:39:36,332 --> 00:39:39,460
that an Ivan and an Anya
could find themselves,
574
00:39:39,543 --> 00:39:41,045
say, in a waiting room,
575
00:39:41,128 --> 00:39:46,675
or sharing a shelter from the rain
or a storm with a Jim and Sally,
576
00:39:47,551 --> 00:39:51,389
and there was no language barrier
to keep them from getting acquainted.
577
00:39:53,224 --> 00:39:57,853
Would they then debate the differences
between their respective governments?
578
00:39:58,437 --> 00:40:00,648
Or would they find themselves
comparing notes
579
00:40:00,731 --> 00:40:03,859
just about their children
and what each other did for a living?
580
00:40:04,652 --> 00:40:07,571
If the Soviet government wants peace,
581
00:40:08,280 --> 00:40:09,824
then there will be peace.
582
00:40:10,574 --> 00:40:14,787
Together, we can strengthen peace,
reduce the level of arms,
583
00:40:14,870 --> 00:40:18,332
and know in doing so,
that we have helped fulfill
584
00:40:18,416 --> 00:40:20,751
the hopes and dreams
of those we represent,
585
00:40:21,585 --> 00:40:24,171
and indeed, of people everywhere.
586
00:40:25,965 --> 00:40:28,259
Let us begin now.
587
00:40:29,593 --> 00:40:30,593
Thank you.
588
00:40:35,391 --> 00:40:37,268
Reagan, from the beginning,
589
00:40:37,351 --> 00:40:40,521
had the view that he would
use his first term
590
00:40:40,604 --> 00:40:42,982
to right the balance of power
591
00:40:43,065 --> 00:40:45,317
and make it clear that the United States
592
00:40:45,401 --> 00:40:48,696
was superior to the Soviet Union
in military power.
593
00:40:52,700 --> 00:40:55,494
People would have laughed
at this notion at the time,
594
00:40:55,578 --> 00:40:58,122
but Reagan's writing made clear
595
00:40:58,205 --> 00:41:01,542
that what he wanted to be as president
was a peacemaker.
596
00:41:03,127 --> 00:41:05,671
And he had a duality of intent.
597
00:41:06,881 --> 00:41:08,132
On the one hand,
598
00:41:08,215 --> 00:41:10,634
he wanted the Soviet Union to disappear.
599
00:41:11,552 --> 00:41:13,804
And he thought
that could happen on his watch
600
00:41:13,888 --> 00:41:16,140
if he followed the right policies.
601
00:41:16,223 --> 00:41:19,935
But at the same time, he also wanted
to avoid a conflict with the Russians,
602
00:41:20,019 --> 00:41:22,104
even as he was trying to bring them down.
603
00:41:23,272 --> 00:41:25,566
The White House's
desire to start the thaw,
604
00:41:25,649 --> 00:41:28,152
comes after three years
of a Reagan administration
605
00:41:28,235 --> 00:41:31,822
for whom countering what is seen
as the Soviet threat to world peace
606
00:41:31,906 --> 00:41:34,783
has been the central plank
of all foreign policy.
607
00:41:36,952 --> 00:41:40,164
{n8}I was, I guess, the most senior
foreign service officer
608
00:41:40,247 --> 00:41:43,000
{n8}with extensive experience
in the Soviet Union.
609
00:41:43,834 --> 00:41:46,545
I was Ambassador to Czechoslovakia
at the time.
610
00:41:47,129 --> 00:41:50,508
They brought me back,
telling me that the president
611
00:41:50,591 --> 00:41:53,636
had decided that it was time to negotiate.
612
00:41:54,220 --> 00:41:56,305
He thought he had, you might say,
613
00:41:56,388 --> 00:41:59,934
enough chips on the table
to start negotiating.
614
00:42:01,977 --> 00:42:07,525
Reagan was trying to find a way
to set up a meeting with Andropov in 1984.
615
00:42:07,608 --> 00:42:10,069
Andropov would die
before Reagan could meet him.
616
00:42:10,861 --> 00:42:14,698
But he finally gets a partner
that he can talk to.
617
00:42:14,782 --> 00:42:16,325
Mikhail Gorbachev.
618
00:42:23,499 --> 00:42:26,627
Mikhail Gorbachev,
the Kremlin's new number two,
619
00:42:26,710 --> 00:42:28,504
and heir apparent to the top job.
620
00:42:28,587 --> 00:42:29,797
He opened a diplomatic
621
00:42:29,880 --> 00:42:32,508
and public relations offensive
in Britain over the weekend.
622
00:42:32,591 --> 00:42:36,053
At 53,
this rising star of the politburo,
623
00:42:36,136 --> 00:42:38,597
exudes charm, smiles easily,
624
00:42:38,681 --> 00:42:42,351
has a keen sense of humor,
and an attractive wife.
625
00:42:43,394 --> 00:42:47,231
Margaret Thatcher
came to the conclusion very early,
626
00:42:47,314 --> 00:42:49,358
that Gorbachev was for real.
627
00:42:49,441 --> 00:42:52,736
I like Mr. Gorbachev.
We can do business together.
628
00:42:52,820 --> 00:42:55,406
{n8}He represented a different generation.
629
00:42:55,489 --> 00:42:57,908
{n8}He wanted real change.
630
00:43:00,077 --> 00:43:06,500
Mikhail Gorbachev was born during
Stalin's time in the region of Stavropol,
631
00:43:06,584 --> 00:43:12,506
which is the south of Russia rather close
to the borders of the Soviet Union.
632
00:43:14,883 --> 00:43:18,178
His father
was a combine harvester.
633
00:43:19,346 --> 00:43:24,101
There were victims of injustice
in Gorbachev's own family.
634
00:43:25,811 --> 00:43:31,025
{n8}His grandfather on the father's side
never accepted the collectivization.
635
00:43:31,108 --> 00:43:34,737
So he was arrested and exiled to Siberia,
636
00:43:34,820 --> 00:43:39,116
where they worked
in tremendously difficult conditions.
637
00:43:39,742 --> 00:43:42,369
{n8}His other grandfather on his mother's side
638
00:43:42,453 --> 00:43:48,042
{n8}was one of the leaders of the collective
farm movement imposed by Stalin.
639
00:43:50,169 --> 00:43:54,590
Despite the fact that he was a communist,
a dedicated communist,
640
00:43:54,673 --> 00:43:56,425
he too was arrested.
641
00:43:57,384 --> 00:44:00,387
But then he said, "Do not blame Stalin.
Stalin is good."
642
00:44:00,471 --> 00:44:03,474
"It's the bad people who have done this."
643
00:44:04,391 --> 00:44:08,103
So Gorbachev had this experience
644
00:44:08,187 --> 00:44:12,983
of seeing the complexity
of life in the Soviet Union.
645
00:44:14,068 --> 00:44:17,154
Mikhail Gorbachev
won a four-year scholarship
646
00:44:17,237 --> 00:44:19,657
to the best university
in the Soviet Union,
647
00:44:19,740 --> 00:44:20,908
Moscow University,
648
00:44:20,991 --> 00:44:25,329
{n8}by harvesting more wheat
than any other 17-year-old
649
00:44:25,412 --> 00:44:28,207
{n8}in the entire Soviet Union
with his family.
650
00:44:31,210 --> 00:44:34,588
So Mikhail Gorbachev
makes his way to Moscow University,
651
00:44:34,672 --> 00:44:37,007
which is a big thing
for a country boy to do.
652
00:44:37,091 --> 00:44:39,802
{n8}He meets his future wife there, Raisa,
653
00:44:40,552 --> 00:44:44,807
{n8}and he enters in the stream
of the Communist Party.
654
00:44:45,766 --> 00:44:48,310
{n8}Gorbachev was
a relatively young leader
655
00:44:48,394 --> 00:44:54,024
{n8}when Khrushchev
made his famous speech against Stalin,
656
00:44:54,108 --> 00:45:00,072
and he saw that the perfection
that the ideology promised
657
00:45:00,155 --> 00:45:01,156
was not there.
658
00:45:02,282 --> 00:45:05,911
After Khrushchev's speech,
he was asking more questions.
659
00:45:05,994 --> 00:45:08,474
TO THE SUPREME SOVIET OF THE USSR
MIKHAIL SERGEYEVICH GORBACHEV
660
00:45:08,539 --> 00:45:12,418
Gorbachev goes back to Stavropol
and becomes the local party chief.
661
00:45:14,169 --> 00:45:18,006
{n8}And eventually Yuri Andropov
takes a liking to Gorbachev.
662
00:45:18,799 --> 00:45:21,260
And Gorbachev is elevated to Moscow,
663
00:45:21,343 --> 00:45:23,721
which is the center
of the political universe
664
00:45:23,804 --> 00:45:25,013
in the Soviet Union.
665
00:45:50,497 --> 00:45:54,460
Many people expected
that when Andropov died,
666
00:45:54,543 --> 00:45:56,295
he would be succeeded by Gorbachev.
667
00:45:56,378 --> 00:46:00,799
{n8}But that did not happen.
He was succeeded by Konstantin Chernenko,
668
00:46:00,883 --> 00:46:07,681
{n8}a Brezhnev loyalist and associate
who, again, died in '85.
669
00:46:10,726 --> 00:46:14,480
I saw Brezhnev in Vienna in 1979
when I was there with Carter,
670
00:46:14,980 --> 00:46:18,066
and the KGB guys next to him
are basically holding him up.
671
00:46:18,776 --> 00:46:20,736
And then Andropov, who was dying.
672
00:46:20,819 --> 00:46:23,864
{n8}And then you got Chernenko,
who was also ancient.
673
00:46:23,947 --> 00:46:28,160
{n8}I mean, when Reagan was criticized for not
meeting with his Soviet counterparts,
674
00:46:28,243 --> 00:46:31,121
{n8}his response was,
"How can I? They keep dying on me."
675
00:46:31,205 --> 00:46:32,605
{n8}Another Soviet leader,
676
00:46:32,664 --> 00:46:35,626
{n8}who was too old and too sick
when he took power to hold on to it,
677
00:46:35,709 --> 00:46:36,543
{n8}has died.
678
00:46:36,627 --> 00:46:39,296
{n8}And now a 54-year-old has taken over.
679
00:46:39,379 --> 00:46:42,758
{n8}Someone who, theoretically, at least,
will be around for a generation.
680
00:46:43,425 --> 00:46:45,969
Get used to the name Mikhail Gorbachev.
681
00:46:49,389 --> 00:46:52,184
Gorbachev represented
a totally different, more vigorous,
682
00:46:52,267 --> 00:46:55,103
energetic, smart leader.
683
00:46:59,316 --> 00:47:00,836
When Gorbachev came in,
684
00:47:00,901 --> 00:47:04,571
the overall number
of nuclear warheads on both sides,
685
00:47:04,655 --> 00:47:06,782
{n8}American and Soviet, was enormous,
686
00:47:06,865 --> 00:47:11,119
{n8}from nuclear mines
to intercontinental ballistic missiles.
687
00:47:13,747 --> 00:47:17,543
Nuclear weapons are expensive
and, for the Soviet Union,
688
00:47:17,626 --> 00:47:23,924
it was the kind of burden that distorted
the structure of the Soviet economy.
689
00:47:24,007 --> 00:47:29,263
A lot of money, a lot of resources,
a lot of expertise,
690
00:47:29,346 --> 00:47:32,140
a lot of human minds went into that.
691
00:47:33,684 --> 00:47:35,444
We in the United States,
692
00:47:35,477 --> 00:47:38,313
spend roughly 4 to 5% of GDP on defense.
693
00:47:39,022 --> 00:47:40,816
By the time Gorbachev came to power,
694
00:47:40,899 --> 00:47:44,736
the Soviet Union was spending
around 20% of its GDP on defense.
695
00:47:45,487 --> 00:47:47,698
{n8}And meanwhile,
there were all kinds of shortages.
696
00:47:51,243 --> 00:47:54,955
The Soviets were under
increasing economic pressure
697
00:47:55,038 --> 00:47:59,585
as early as the late 1960s,
because they invested so much in military.
698
00:48:00,335 --> 00:48:03,046
Low growth
has left officials freely acknowledging
699
00:48:03,130 --> 00:48:06,800
that the Soviet economy is facing
its worst crisis since the war.
700
00:48:08,385 --> 00:48:12,097
He saw,
"If we can get rid of the weapons,
701
00:48:12,180 --> 00:48:14,182
if we can get rid of the Cold War,
702
00:48:14,266 --> 00:48:18,061
that money will become available
to restore the countryside
703
00:48:18,145 --> 00:48:19,271
to what it should be,
704
00:48:19,354 --> 00:48:22,983
and people will once again be able
to feed themselves in this country."
705
00:48:25,110 --> 00:48:26,510
In addition to that,
706
00:48:26,570 --> 00:48:32,951
he really believed that nuclear war
was totally and absolutely inadmissible.
707
00:48:34,244 --> 00:48:39,958
When he was secretary
of the Komsomol organization in Stavropol,
708
00:48:40,042 --> 00:48:43,420
he and his colleagues were shown
709
00:48:43,503 --> 00:48:47,424
{n8}a documentary of a nuclear test.
710
00:48:55,557 --> 00:48:57,559
They also said in that documentary
711
00:48:57,643 --> 00:49:02,773
that even though nuclear weapons
were enormously devastating,
712
00:49:02,856 --> 00:49:05,108
it's not kind of the end of the world.
713
00:49:06,193 --> 00:49:12,824
That civil defense and certain steps
to be taken can provide protection
714
00:49:12,908 --> 00:49:15,118
even in case of nuclear attack.
715
00:49:17,162 --> 00:49:18,538
Gorbachev didn't believe that.
716
00:49:18,622 --> 00:49:21,124
When he saw that documentary,
717
00:49:21,792 --> 00:49:23,543
he said to his friends,
718
00:49:23,627 --> 00:49:29,508
"Well, folks, this whole thing is wrong.
Such weapons should not exist."
719
00:49:33,971 --> 00:49:37,516
Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power
in March 1985.
720
00:49:38,225 --> 00:49:41,436
Ronald Reagan is going
into his second term.
721
00:49:41,520 --> 00:49:43,647
And they decide to meet.
722
00:49:45,607 --> 00:49:49,695
But Reagan didn't know whether
the new Soviet leader, Gorbachev,
723
00:49:49,778 --> 00:49:51,613
would be a reformer or not.
724
00:49:52,531 --> 00:49:54,992
I said, "Let's push the envelope."
725
00:49:55,075 --> 00:49:58,161
{n8}"Let's test him.
Let's see how far he will go."
726
00:49:59,121 --> 00:50:02,833
Reagan wanted to learn
about Gorbachev most of all,
727
00:50:02,916 --> 00:50:05,127
and, in effect, "How can I deal with him?"
728
00:50:06,128 --> 00:50:09,923
He spent a lot of time
really learning about the Soviet Union.
729
00:50:10,632 --> 00:50:14,219
He would read enormous amounts of material
730
00:50:14,302 --> 00:50:16,555
before he first met Gorbachev.
731
00:50:17,222 --> 00:50:21,351
I wrote a few of the chapters myself,
and he would comment on them.
732
00:50:21,435 --> 00:50:25,689
And what struck me was how often
he would underline something and write,
733
00:50:25,772 --> 00:50:28,025
"Thanks, Jack, for pointing this out."
734
00:50:29,401 --> 00:50:33,405
He was a man who knew very well
that he didn't know everything,
735
00:50:33,905 --> 00:50:37,492
and he was quite willing
and grateful to be instructed.
736
00:50:40,787 --> 00:50:45,876
{n8}The first time the two meet,
it's autumn 1985.
737
00:50:45,959 --> 00:50:47,711
Freezing cold in Geneva.
738
00:50:48,754 --> 00:50:50,839
There's immense tension,
739
00:50:50,922 --> 00:50:52,674
{n8}and nobody knows how this is gonna go
740
00:50:52,758 --> 00:50:55,594
{n8}because Reagan is the old
cold warrior, isn't he?
741
00:50:55,677 --> 00:50:58,805
{n8}The guy who's called the Soviet Union
an evil empire.
742
00:50:59,848 --> 00:51:04,478
Gorbachev has privately described Reagan
as a dinosaur.
743
00:51:05,520 --> 00:51:07,064
Reagan born in 1911.
744
00:51:07,147 --> 00:51:09,149
Gorbachev a young man, dynamic.
745
00:51:09,232 --> 00:51:11,952
The first meeting between the leaders
of the two most powerful forces
746
00:51:12,027 --> 00:51:15,030
in the history of civilization
in more than six years now,
747
00:51:15,113 --> 00:51:17,157
and it will be a dramatic opening session.
748
00:51:17,240 --> 00:51:21,328
The two men will meet one-on-one
with only their translators present.
749
00:51:22,954 --> 00:51:27,793
I participated
as an interpreter in that summit.
750
00:51:27,876 --> 00:51:30,962
I think both of them did their best
751
00:51:31,046 --> 00:51:35,884
to establish an atmosphere
of a frank discussion.
752
00:51:40,013 --> 00:51:42,784
Everything's
going on in a very careful way
753
00:51:42,808 --> 00:51:44,851
while looking at all the problems
754
00:51:44,935 --> 00:51:47,562
that are of concern
both to the Soviet people
755
00:51:47,646 --> 00:51:49,064
and the American people.
756
00:51:49,564 --> 00:51:51,108
The people of other countries.
757
00:51:51,817 --> 00:51:54,402
But it was not without problems.
758
00:51:55,112 --> 00:52:01,660
Reagan began the first conversation
with a kind of anti-communist diatribe,
759
00:52:01,743 --> 00:52:07,249
where he criticized very sharply
Marxism-Leninism as an evil doctrine
760
00:52:07,332 --> 00:52:10,627
that spreads problems around the world.
761
00:52:11,503 --> 00:52:14,089
Gorbachev took it on the chin, so to say.
762
00:52:14,172 --> 00:52:19,136
He didn't want to continue
an ideological discussion, and he said so.
763
00:52:20,178 --> 00:52:24,808
He said, "Mr. President,
there are so many problems in the world
764
00:52:24,891 --> 00:52:26,601
and between our countries."
765
00:52:27,477 --> 00:52:33,275
"Let us discuss those problems
and let us see what we can do
766
00:52:33,358 --> 00:52:37,195
to bring our countries
closer together and, in particular,
767
00:52:37,279 --> 00:52:39,781
to end the nuclear arms race."
768
00:52:46,371 --> 00:52:50,375
And it emerges
that they've actually got on really well
769
00:52:50,458 --> 00:52:52,711
and actually understood each other.
770
00:52:52,794 --> 00:52:56,923
And that really is the beginning
of the great turn in the relationship
771
00:52:57,007 --> 00:53:00,135
between the United States
and the Soviet Union.
772
00:53:00,719 --> 00:53:05,056
I leave Geneva today,
and our fireside summit,
773
00:53:05,765 --> 00:53:07,726
determined to pursue every opportunity
774
00:53:07,809 --> 00:53:11,771
to build a safer world
of peace and freedom.
775
00:53:12,355 --> 00:53:15,942
General Secretary Gorbachev,
we ask you to join us
776
00:53:16,026 --> 00:53:19,446
in getting the job done,
as I'm sure you will.
777
00:53:22,782 --> 00:53:25,702
Then you can use
the word "turning point."
778
00:53:26,536 --> 00:53:29,748
Gorbachev said,
"There's a line that divides my life,
779
00:53:30,832 --> 00:53:33,668
and that's before Chernobyl
and after Chernobyl."
780
00:53:40,675 --> 00:53:43,529
Official announcement
from the Council of Ministers.
781
00:53:43,553 --> 00:53:46,681
There has been an accident
at the Chernobyl Atomic Power Station.
782
00:53:46,765 --> 00:53:48,934
One of the atomic reactors was damaged.
783
00:53:50,644 --> 00:53:53,104
I learned
about the Chernobyl accident
784
00:53:53,188 --> 00:53:55,607
three days after it actually happened
785
00:53:56,733 --> 00:53:58,902
from a very short,
786
00:53:58,985 --> 00:54:01,780
terse announcement from the Soviet media.
787
00:54:01,863 --> 00:54:03,323
THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF THE CCCP
788
00:54:06,409 --> 00:54:10,205
{n8}I lived in the major city in Ukraine,
789
00:54:10,288 --> 00:54:15,961
{n8}roughly 500 kilometers downstream
on Pripyat River from Chernobyl.
790
00:54:17,420 --> 00:54:22,759
I immediately knew that something
really significant happened
791
00:54:22,842 --> 00:54:27,389
because the Soviet media
normally didn't report on any accidents.
792
00:54:33,687 --> 00:54:37,023
The initial situation
was enormously confusing.
793
00:54:37,107 --> 00:54:38,525
Extremely confusing.
794
00:54:39,776 --> 00:54:45,657
A group of scientists and military people
was sent to Chernobyl.
795
00:54:45,740 --> 00:54:48,493
GOVERNMENT COMMISSION
SENT TO DISASTER SITE
796
00:54:48,576 --> 00:54:54,040
The information that they sent to Moscow
was very scant.
797
00:55:03,174 --> 00:55:05,468
The extent of what happened
798
00:55:05,552 --> 00:55:09,431
and some of the mechanics
of what happened,
799
00:55:09,514 --> 00:55:12,767
became clearer as time went by.
800
00:55:15,729 --> 00:55:19,107
{n8}The worst that can happen
involves a loss of cooling water
801
00:55:19,190 --> 00:55:20,984
{n8}around the fuel rods.
802
00:55:21,067 --> 00:55:24,571
{n8}Even if the plant operation
is immediately shut down,
803
00:55:24,654 --> 00:55:28,283
{n8}the uncovered fuel rods
would reach an extraordinary heat,
804
00:55:28,366 --> 00:55:31,911
{n8}soon melting themselves
right through the reactor vessel,
805
00:55:31,995 --> 00:55:34,289
{n8}the beginning of a total meltdown.
806
00:55:38,001 --> 00:55:40,670
A very important part of the story
807
00:55:40,754 --> 00:55:46,468
was how unprepared the leadership
of the country, the society as a whole,
808
00:55:46,551 --> 00:55:50,388
was for nuclear accidents
like the one that happened at Chernobyl.
809
00:55:52,599 --> 00:55:55,685
The Soviet Union
and the party apparatus
810
00:55:55,769 --> 00:56:00,565
could do nothing to control
the radiation released by Chernobyl.
811
00:56:02,067 --> 00:56:06,112
I had small children
at that time. We kept them inside.
812
00:56:06,821 --> 00:56:11,493
It-it was for... for some time,
uh, really an impression
813
00:56:11,576 --> 00:56:13,578
that the world was coming to an end.
814
00:56:17,665 --> 00:56:21,795
The Soviets tried to keep
the whole accident under wraps,
815
00:56:21,878 --> 00:56:26,007
but the direction of the wind
that was blowing across the Baltic Sea,
816
00:56:26,091 --> 00:56:30,387
toward Norway, toward Finland,
activated the nuclear alarms
817
00:56:30,470 --> 00:56:33,014
at the nuclear power plants
in Sweden, in particular.
818
00:56:33,598 --> 00:56:37,477
{n8}In Sweden, about 600 people
were evacuated from a nuclear plant
819
00:56:37,560 --> 00:56:38,812
north of Stockholm.
820
00:56:38,895 --> 00:56:42,148
Authorities there thought at first
the radiation levels must be coming
821
00:56:42,232 --> 00:56:44,484
from a leak in their own reactor.
822
00:56:44,567 --> 00:56:48,238
Some Western scientists suggest
the type of pollution detected
823
00:56:48,321 --> 00:56:50,573
could indicate a nuclear meltdown.
824
00:56:52,951 --> 00:56:57,455
{n8}So the world learned about
the accident in Chernobyl from Sweden,
825
00:56:57,539 --> 00:57:00,959
before it learned about the accident
from the Soviet Union.
826
00:57:03,378 --> 00:57:06,798
{n8}The fact that it was
from the West this was first reported,
827
00:57:07,882 --> 00:57:10,093
{n8}this showed the disadvantages,
828
00:57:10,176 --> 00:57:14,597
{n8}to put it mildly,
of Soviet cover-ups and Soviet secrecy.
829
00:57:15,723 --> 00:57:17,434
In an unprecedented step,
830
00:57:17,517 --> 00:57:19,978
the Kremlin acknowledged
there's been an accident,
831
00:57:20,061 --> 00:57:24,607
but only after Scandinavian scientists
had picked up high radiation levels.
832
00:57:26,568 --> 00:57:30,697
The government succeeded
in getting away with proverbial murder
833
00:57:30,780 --> 00:57:33,366
when it comes to control
over the information.
834
00:57:33,450 --> 00:57:36,453
On May 6th,
Soviet television presented coverage
835
00:57:36,536 --> 00:57:39,831
of the first official news conference
about the Chernobyl accident.
836
00:57:39,914 --> 00:57:43,501
The conference began with prepared
statements from government officials.
837
00:57:45,962 --> 00:57:48,214
It took Gorbachev
more than two weeks
838
00:57:48,298 --> 00:57:51,259
to address the public
about what happened at Chernobyl.
839
00:57:54,179 --> 00:57:56,866
We were recently stricken by a disaster.
840
00:57:56,890 --> 00:58:00,101
The Chernobyl nuclear power accident.
841
00:58:00,185 --> 00:58:03,646
It deeply affected the Soviet people,
and disturbed world opinion.
842
00:58:08,818 --> 00:58:14,949
While the situation
was not really clear about what happened
843
00:58:15,033 --> 00:58:19,954
and the extent of the medical
and other damage,
844
00:58:20,038 --> 00:58:23,333
he has said that it would have been
irresponsible for him
845
00:58:23,416 --> 00:58:25,210
to talk about these things.
846
00:58:26,294 --> 00:58:30,131
He was the top leader of the Soviet Union.
847
00:58:30,215 --> 00:58:34,302
So everything that a top leader says
in such situations,
848
00:58:34,969 --> 00:58:39,682
has to be very carefully weighed
and has to be very fully informed.
849
00:58:39,766 --> 00:58:41,226
RADIATION LEVELS HAVE DROPPED
850
00:58:41,309 --> 00:58:43,102
So you always have to bear in mind
851
00:58:43,186 --> 00:58:45,855
{n8}that in such situations,
there is always a danger of panic.
852
00:58:45,939 --> 00:58:48,059
{n8}IT DOES NOT POSE A DANGER
TO THE HEALTH OF THE PEOPLE.
853
00:59:12,674 --> 00:59:15,260
Mostly men, but women as well,
854
00:59:15,343 --> 00:59:19,847
were mobilized to deal
with the consequences of the disaster.
855
00:59:23,601 --> 00:59:25,061
Cleanup workers.
856
00:59:26,729 --> 00:59:29,315
The people whom I knew,
who went to Chernobyl,
857
00:59:29,399 --> 00:59:31,901
continue to have all sorts
of health issues
858
00:59:31,985 --> 00:59:34,988
related to being present
in the exclusion zone
859
00:59:35,071 --> 00:59:37,865
during the first days,
weeks after the accident.
860
00:59:41,911 --> 00:59:44,706
There is no question
that quite a few people,
861
00:59:44,789 --> 00:59:49,502
particularly those who were
involved in the cleanup operation,
862
00:59:49,586 --> 00:59:51,713
and then the response to that accident,
863
00:59:51,796 --> 00:59:54,382
lost their health, even in my family.
864
00:59:55,133 --> 01:00:00,054
There is a person
who was very closely involved
865
01:00:00,138 --> 01:00:05,810
in the cleanup operations who was
in the immediate vicinity of the reactor.
866
01:00:09,522 --> 01:00:11,482
There is very little agreement
867
01:00:11,566 --> 01:00:16,154
on the medical consequences
of the irradiation
868
01:00:16,237 --> 01:00:18,114
except of one particular issue,
869
01:00:18,197 --> 01:00:23,119
and that issue is the thyroid cancers
among children.
870
01:00:28,666 --> 01:00:32,378
Children turned out
to be the most affected category
871
01:00:32,462 --> 01:00:34,922
as the result of those explosions.
872
01:00:37,842 --> 01:00:43,181
I remember
children had annual check-ups in hospitals
873
01:00:43,264 --> 01:00:46,976
{n8}but I think that I was too young
to understand anything.
874
01:00:50,021 --> 01:00:53,191
We didn't understand
the horror of this disaster.
875
01:00:55,401 --> 01:00:58,237
A lot of children had bad diseases.
876
01:01:00,990 --> 01:01:04,786
In my classroom,
children died because of cancer.
877
01:01:12,502 --> 01:01:15,672
I interpreted
some of his discussions
878
01:01:15,755 --> 01:01:21,386
with doctors from the United States
and Japan who volunteered to help
879
01:01:21,469 --> 01:01:25,848
in dealing with the medical consequences
of that accident.
880
01:01:25,932 --> 01:01:32,146
And so I saw that it really touched him
very deeply, in a very emotional way.
881
01:01:33,398 --> 01:01:38,152
Even though, at that time,
nominally, we were still in a Cold War,
882
01:01:38,236 --> 01:01:44,617
the United States, Japan, other countries,
were quite willing to help.
883
01:01:47,662 --> 01:01:54,662
Ultimately, it linked in his mind
with the idea that nuclear weapons
884
01:01:54,752 --> 01:01:56,546
were just wrong,
885
01:01:56,629 --> 01:02:01,384
and that the problem
of reducing them radically,
886
01:02:01,467 --> 01:02:02,677
needed to be addressed.
887
01:02:06,806 --> 01:02:09,308
Chernobyl was very important
for Gorbachev.
888
01:02:10,351 --> 01:02:13,855
It strengthened his belief
in greater freedom of information
889
01:02:13,938 --> 01:02:16,858
because there was a real cover-up
after Chernobyl.
890
01:02:19,193 --> 01:02:21,863
The conclusion
that Gorbachev drew was,
891
01:02:21,946 --> 01:02:24,323
that the government has to be more open,
892
01:02:24,407 --> 01:02:27,785
that one of the reasons
for that technical failure
893
01:02:27,869 --> 01:02:32,373
was that the government agency
that was involved,
894
01:02:32,457 --> 01:02:38,379
was totally insulated
in terms of giving out any information...
895
01:02:38,463 --> 01:02:39,338
LENIN
896
01:02:39,422 --> 01:02:44,260
...and therefore glasnost began
to happen right after Chernobyl.
897
01:02:45,386 --> 01:02:47,722
{n8}GLASNOST NOW
898
01:02:47,805 --> 01:02:50,850
{n8}Glasnost means
not just freedom of the press,
899
01:02:50,933 --> 01:02:53,019
{n8}but the accountability of the government.
900
01:02:53,102 --> 01:02:54,353
And the government,
901
01:02:54,979 --> 01:02:58,816
including the Communist Party
and the various government agencies,
902
01:02:58,900 --> 01:03:04,447
had not been accountable to the people
for years and decades before Chernobyl.
903
01:03:06,616 --> 01:03:08,993
But things can change.
904
01:03:10,369 --> 01:03:13,706
A lot of people predicted
that the Soviet Union was gonna collapse.
905
01:03:14,415 --> 01:03:15,792
The tough question was when.
906
01:03:17,043 --> 01:03:20,963
The one thing nobody anticipated
was that a Soviet leader himself
907
01:03:21,047 --> 01:03:23,299
would begin to tear apart
the Soviet Union.
908
01:03:25,176 --> 01:03:28,638
The hard decisions
that Kennedy had taken,
909
01:03:28,721 --> 01:03:32,308
{n8}and that Reagan had taken,
they were finally now coming to fruition.
910
01:03:32,391 --> 01:03:37,563
{n8}Are these the beginnings
of profound changes in the Soviet state?
911
01:03:38,689 --> 01:03:42,985
Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall.
912
01:03:46,948 --> 01:03:50,409
{n8}We were about to see
the end of the Cold War.
80704
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