Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:12,888 --> 00:00:15,307
As a veteran
New York Times reporter,
2
00:00:15,390 --> 00:00:17,851
I've witnessed manyof history's painful moments.
3
00:00:20,562 --> 00:00:22,481
This ranks high on that list.
4
00:00:25,484 --> 00:00:28,403
Every week,at this desert crossroads,
5
00:00:28,487 --> 00:00:30,447
smugglers pack thousands
6
00:00:30,531 --> 00:00:32,449
of desperate young peopleonto trucks,
7
00:00:32,533 --> 00:00:35,410
bound for a journeythey may never survive.
8
00:00:37,788 --> 00:00:43,544
They come from places like Senegal,Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Gambia.
9
00:00:43,627 --> 00:00:49,091
But they all have one destinationin common: the shores of Europe.
10
00:00:53,929 --> 00:00:56,640
What I want to knowis how much of this mass
11
00:00:56,723 --> 00:00:59,851
of human migrationis being pushed by climate change.
12
00:01:07,109 --> 00:01:09,444
This isn't the Sahara Desert.
13
00:01:09,528 --> 00:01:11,697
It's my home state: California.
14
00:01:13,657 --> 00:01:17,452
I've lived here most of my life,and I've never seen it this dry.
15
00:01:18,537 --> 00:01:22,082
I look down and it looks
like we're just in Brownsville.
16
00:01:22,165 --> 00:01:23,792
Well, we're definitely
17
00:01:23,875 --> 00:01:25,836
in the worst drought
in modern history.
18
00:01:26,670 --> 00:01:30,132
I'm with Felicia Marcus,the state's top water official.
19
00:01:30,215 --> 00:01:33,885
Her board decides when and howto ration water in California.
20
00:01:34,845 --> 00:01:37,306
Folsom Lake should have water in it,
21
00:01:38,181 --> 00:01:41,351
and as we get closer,
you'll just see how much is exposed.
22
00:01:42,185 --> 00:01:44,187
There's the dam. Oh my God!
23
00:01:45,272 --> 00:01:46,815
This should be full of water.
24
00:01:46,898 --> 00:01:49,443
-What we're over right now?
-Yeah, right over here.
25
00:01:49,526 --> 00:01:52,654
And they do dry down
during the summer, but not to this.
26
00:01:52,738 --> 00:01:54,406
This is the drought.
27
00:01:55,657 --> 00:01:57,159
Wow.
28
00:02:03,498 --> 00:02:05,292
Those are floating docks,
29
00:02:05,375 --> 00:02:07,628
well, they're supposedto be floating.
30
00:02:11,673 --> 00:02:14,968
That parking lotis usually right next to the water.
31
00:02:18,388 --> 00:02:22,184
And this reservoir is oneof California's main water supplies!
32
00:02:25,395 --> 00:02:29,066
Is this where climate changemeets drought?
33
00:02:29,149 --> 00:02:32,944
This is absolutely what our future
looks like under climate change.
34
00:02:33,612 --> 00:02:36,406
We're seeing today what happens
when a drought
35
00:02:36,490 --> 00:02:39,493
goes on for four years
and there's no snowpack.
36
00:02:39,576 --> 00:02:40,952
According to Felicia,
37
00:02:41,036 --> 00:02:45,832
the big fear now is a mega-drought,one lasting decades.
38
00:02:45,916 --> 00:02:49,294
If high emissions continue,there's an 80% chance of that
39
00:02:49,378 --> 00:02:51,546
in the second half of this century.
40
00:02:51,630 --> 00:02:56,843
An 80% chance parts of our statewould basically be uninhabitable.
41
00:02:56,927 --> 00:02:58,804
It's the Godzilla
of all wake up calls.
42
00:03:52,816 --> 00:03:54,818
The tide of migrants fleeing war
43
00:03:54,901 --> 00:03:58,572
torn African and Middle Easterncountries continues to crash...
44
00:03:58,655 --> 00:04:00,574
We're in the middle of a crisis.
45
00:04:00,657 --> 00:04:04,911
Europe is suffering the worstmigration crisis since World War II.
46
00:04:04,995 --> 00:04:07,497
Nearly two million peoplein the last year alone
47
00:04:07,581 --> 00:04:08,957
have been on the move.
48
00:04:10,834 --> 00:04:13,170
Syrian refugeesdominate the headlines,
49
00:04:13,253 --> 00:04:15,630
but that is not the whole story.
50
00:04:31,354 --> 00:04:34,608
This shelter is hometo migrants from Africa.
51
00:04:35,442 --> 00:04:38,361
I'm told its occupancyhas recently doubled.
52
00:04:44,910 --> 00:04:46,453
Why did you originally come?
53
00:04:46,536 --> 00:04:50,207
What were the forces that
brought you here?
54
00:04:50,916 --> 00:04:53,794
Because there
is nothing where we live.
55
00:04:53,877 --> 00:04:56,087
And there is no rain.
56
00:04:56,171 --> 00:04:58,924
So people can't stay
if there is nothing to eat.
57
00:04:59,007 --> 00:05:00,884
-No rain.
-No rain.
58
00:05:00,967 --> 00:05:03,970
It's 113 degrees. 122 degrees.
59
00:05:06,056 --> 00:05:09,559
How can a person live?
60
00:05:10,352 --> 00:05:12,062
It's very difficult.
61
00:05:12,145 --> 00:05:15,565
There is no sea
and the earth no longer works.
62
00:05:15,649 --> 00:05:18,109
Even all the big trees
are all dead.
63
00:05:18,193 --> 00:05:21,780
There is no sea,
and the earth doesn't work.
64
00:05:31,039 --> 00:05:34,125
The shelter I just leftis actually in the suburb of Paris.
65
00:05:36,002 --> 00:05:37,546
Less than a mile away,
66
00:05:37,629 --> 00:05:41,466
the biggest environmental talksin history are taking place.
67
00:05:42,843 --> 00:05:46,763
The goal is to stop the advanceof man-made climate change.
68
00:05:46,847 --> 00:05:50,100
This is the storyI came to Paris to report,
69
00:05:50,183 --> 00:05:53,061
but the migration crisison its doorstep
70
00:05:53,144 --> 00:05:55,564
is simply impossible to ignore.
71
00:05:55,647 --> 00:05:59,609
Mr. Secretary, to what extent
is the European migrant crisis,
72
00:05:59,693 --> 00:06:02,487
which we're really now in the middle
of right here in Paris,
73
00:06:02,571 --> 00:06:05,574
to what extent do you think
that's climate-driven?
74
00:06:05,657 --> 00:06:07,284
Well, there's a percentage, Tom.
75
00:06:07,367 --> 00:06:09,286
It's not the majority.
76
00:06:09,369 --> 00:06:12,873
We get a lot of African refugees,
particularly from the drylands.
77
00:06:12,956 --> 00:06:17,043
The biggest challenge globally,
I think, is governance,
78
00:06:17,127 --> 00:06:19,296
bad governance and corruption.
79
00:06:19,379 --> 00:06:22,549
It could be more climate driven
in the future
80
00:06:22,632 --> 00:06:24,634
and it's a real challenge.
81
00:06:25,385 --> 00:06:29,764
Many leaders acknowledge climatemigration as some distant threat.
82
00:06:30,599 --> 00:06:32,934
But could thisfuture already be here?
83
00:06:33,018 --> 00:06:35,979
Every second
84
00:06:36,062 --> 00:06:40,233
a person is now forced
to flee his home
85
00:06:40,317 --> 00:06:45,030
because of an extreme
weather or climate event.
86
00:06:45,113 --> 00:06:46,573
Every second.
87
00:06:46,656 --> 00:06:49,993
Jan Egeland heads upthe Norwegian refugee council,
88
00:06:50,076 --> 00:06:52,370
one of the world'sfirst refugee organizations,
89
00:06:52,454 --> 00:06:54,956
now operating in 30 countries.
90
00:06:56,625 --> 00:06:58,543
I asked to meetwith him one-on-one
91
00:06:58,627 --> 00:07:01,129
to hear about the changeshe's been seeing.
92
00:07:03,381 --> 00:07:07,469
What do you say when
climate skeptics come along and say,
93
00:07:07,552 --> 00:07:10,722
"There've been droughts
and floods in Africa
94
00:07:10,805 --> 00:07:12,223
from time immemorial.
95
00:07:12,307 --> 00:07:15,477
It's very difficult to prove
96
00:07:15,560 --> 00:07:20,231
a link between climate change
and these refugee migrations."
97
00:07:20,315 --> 00:07:23,985
Our figures say and these,
these are our scientists,
98
00:07:24,069 --> 00:07:29,115
say that a child born in the 1970s
99
00:07:29,199 --> 00:07:31,993
compared to a child born today,
100
00:07:32,869 --> 00:07:36,247
the child now is 60% more likely
101
00:07:36,331 --> 00:07:39,834
to be displaced
by natural disasters.
102
00:07:39,918 --> 00:07:43,672
Is it going to be 200 million
or a billion people
103
00:07:43,755 --> 00:07:49,052
that will have to relocate
the next generation? We don't know.
104
00:07:49,135 --> 00:07:50,845
Do they have rights?
105
00:07:50,929 --> 00:07:54,933
No, no, there is no convention
on climate refugees
106
00:07:55,016 --> 00:07:58,687
as there is for war
and human rights refugees.
107
00:07:58,770 --> 00:08:02,315
So if you're tortured by a dictator,
you have certain rights.
108
00:08:02,399 --> 00:08:05,610
If you're tortured by nature,
you have no rights.
109
00:08:06,236 --> 00:08:10,573
You have no rights to seek refuge
in another place.
110
00:08:10,657 --> 00:08:12,909
Of course the injustice in it,
111
00:08:12,993 --> 00:08:16,121
those who did nothing
to cause climate change
112
00:08:16,204 --> 00:08:18,540
are first and hardest hit,
113
00:08:18,623 --> 00:08:21,584
we who caused climate change,
114
00:08:21,668 --> 00:08:23,837
are last and least hit.
115
00:08:23,920 --> 00:08:27,549
It's getting drier,
it's getting warmer,
116
00:08:27,632 --> 00:08:29,259
it's getting tougher.
117
00:08:29,342 --> 00:08:31,678
It's a question
of life and death now.
118
00:08:37,183 --> 00:08:38,852
If what Jan says is right,
119
00:08:38,935 --> 00:08:41,146
climate migrationis already happening.
120
00:08:42,647 --> 00:08:45,859
But will hundreds of millionsreally have to flee their homes
121
00:08:45,942 --> 00:08:48,153
by the end of this century?
122
00:08:48,903 --> 00:08:53,033
To find out, I'm headingto the drylands of West Africa.
123
00:08:57,579 --> 00:08:59,497
Even though I've livedin Los Angeles
124
00:08:59,581 --> 00:09:01,458
for about 35 years now,
125
00:09:01,541 --> 00:09:04,461
I really don't know muchabout the Central Valley,
126
00:09:04,544 --> 00:09:07,756
the giant agricultural regionjust north of me.
127
00:09:08,423 --> 00:09:10,884
I'm amazed at its sheer size.
128
00:09:10,967 --> 00:09:14,596
I'm four hours into my driveand there's been no break:
129
00:09:14,679 --> 00:09:17,974
it's farm after farm after farm.
130
00:09:18,058 --> 00:09:20,685
And all of them, look bone dry.
131
00:09:25,065 --> 00:09:28,234
There are water tankson many of the front lawns.
132
00:09:29,944 --> 00:09:33,073
What must it be liketo work and live here?
133
00:09:40,413 --> 00:09:43,833
Near the town of Porterville,I meet Tom Barcellos,
134
00:09:43,917 --> 00:09:46,961
whose dairy farm has been herefor almost 100 years.
135
00:09:47,754 --> 00:09:51,508
The milk he producesis made into Land o' Lakes butter.
136
00:09:52,550 --> 00:09:54,344
So this is it?
137
00:09:54,427 --> 00:09:56,429
Yup, this canal here has been dry
138
00:09:56,513 --> 00:09:59,099
for going on almost three
years with no water.
139
00:09:59,182 --> 00:10:00,934
Wow. Really.
140
00:10:02,560 --> 00:10:05,814
What is that doing to the water
that you have to use now?
141
00:10:05,897 --> 00:10:07,899
The water table in the aquifer,
142
00:10:07,982 --> 00:10:10,777
which is the water that's below
ground that we draw from,
143
00:10:10,860 --> 00:10:12,445
40 years ago that was at 60 feet.
144
00:10:12,529 --> 00:10:14,030
So from this ground level,
145
00:10:14,114 --> 00:10:16,074
if you went down 60 feet
you'd hit water.
146
00:10:16,157 --> 00:10:18,451
Earlier this year,
I drilled a new one.
147
00:10:18,535 --> 00:10:22,080
I went 800 feet at a cost
of 150 000 dollars.
148
00:10:22,163 --> 00:10:24,332
Put a new pump,
pressure system in it
149
00:10:24,415 --> 00:10:26,626
at a cost of 80 000 dollars
on top of that.
150
00:10:26,709 --> 00:10:28,586
Almost a quarter
of a million dollars!
151
00:10:28,670 --> 00:10:31,422
And you're in a similar situation
than your neighbors?
152
00:10:31,506 --> 00:10:35,635
This entire valley right now
has to make those kind of decisions.
153
00:10:35,718 --> 00:10:39,597
And what percentage of the food
in the world comes from this area?
154
00:10:39,681 --> 00:10:43,143
It's huge. You have almonds,
pistachios, grapes,
155
00:10:43,226 --> 00:10:45,436
grapes to make raisins
and grapes to make wine.
156
00:10:45,520 --> 00:10:47,730
Citrus, alfalfa, corn...
157
00:10:47,814 --> 00:10:50,567
Tom says almost halfof the nation's produce
158
00:10:50,650 --> 00:10:52,110
comes from this valley.
159
00:10:52,193 --> 00:10:55,446
80% of the world'salmonds alone.
160
00:10:55,530 --> 00:10:59,200
This is important to the world.
What happens to worldwide food?
161
00:10:59,284 --> 00:11:01,536
If we were to lose
this food supply here,
162
00:11:02,162 --> 00:11:04,831
I think we'd have a real
national security problem.
163
00:11:08,418 --> 00:11:10,587
A future without food.
164
00:11:10,670 --> 00:11:12,422
It's a frightening prospect.
165
00:11:13,548 --> 00:11:15,675
And one that seems far off.
166
00:11:16,509 --> 00:11:17,927
But what if it isn't?
167
00:11:23,892 --> 00:11:26,144
How are the smaller farmersdoing here?
168
00:11:26,227 --> 00:11:28,354
The ones withoutthe financial resources
169
00:11:28,438 --> 00:11:31,107
and corporate contractsto weather the drought?
170
00:11:36,529 --> 00:11:39,574
A few miles away I stop inat a small oats and alfalfa farm
171
00:11:39,657 --> 00:11:41,868
run by Adam and Gricelda Toledo.
172
00:11:42,785 --> 00:11:44,245
Hello.
173
00:11:44,329 --> 00:11:46,414
-Good to see you.
-Hi, nice to see you.
174
00:11:47,707 --> 00:11:51,044
It's like a dream,
having a little farm.
175
00:11:51,127 --> 00:11:53,880
The first year was regular year.
176
00:11:53,963 --> 00:11:56,382
But the second year, just horrible.
177
00:11:56,466 --> 00:11:59,135
The third year,
oh, you don't want to know about it.
178
00:11:59,219 --> 00:12:01,429
-Oh, really?
-This is what we have left
179
00:12:01,512 --> 00:12:03,306
after the third year.
180
00:12:04,057 --> 00:12:07,227
But it used to be very nice.
Very green.
181
00:12:07,810 --> 00:12:10,313
So where
does your water come from?
182
00:12:10,396 --> 00:12:12,857
Our only sources
of water is our well.
183
00:12:12,941 --> 00:12:15,693
Which three years ago,
was pumping pretty good.
184
00:12:15,777 --> 00:12:17,779
Now, it's not even...
185
00:12:18,571 --> 00:12:20,615
10% of what we had back then.
186
00:12:20,698 --> 00:12:23,826
Really? Once the well dries,
you don't have another option.
187
00:12:23,910 --> 00:12:25,912
Not option, nothing, that's it.
188
00:12:25,995 --> 00:12:27,872
-Can't go deeper?
-Yes.
189
00:12:27,956 --> 00:12:30,458
-But it costs.
-Half a million dollars.
190
00:12:30,541 --> 00:12:33,086
-To go any deeper than it is now.
-To go deeper, yeah.
191
00:12:33,169 --> 00:12:36,005
-Who's gonna bring up that money?
-Right.
192
00:12:36,089 --> 00:12:39,133
I don't want to leave,
but if it doesn't rain,
193
00:12:39,217 --> 00:12:41,135
it's just gonna be over pretty soon.
194
00:12:43,346 --> 00:12:45,974
Do you ever talk about
climate change
195
00:12:46,057 --> 00:12:48,393
or why it's happening
or how it's happening?
196
00:12:48,476 --> 00:12:51,813
Well, we used to have rain,
we used to have the snow,
197
00:12:51,896 --> 00:12:54,315
so we're doing something wrong.
198
00:12:54,399 --> 00:12:57,068
-And not just me or you. Everybody.
-Right.
199
00:12:57,151 --> 00:12:59,320
-How many kids do you guys have?
-Two girls.
200
00:12:59,404 --> 00:13:01,781
-Two girls.
-And we're expecting.
201
00:13:01,864 --> 00:13:04,200
About, almost five months.
202
00:13:04,284 --> 00:13:08,204
-Is it a boy or a girl?
-We don't know yet. He wants a boy.
203
00:13:08,871 --> 00:13:10,623
Another little farmer!
204
00:13:17,005 --> 00:13:20,091
I'm struck by how fragilethe Toledos' situation is.
205
00:13:20,967 --> 00:13:24,262
Adam has the moneyto plant one more crop.
206
00:13:24,345 --> 00:13:27,932
If the rains don't come, he won'tbe able to make their payments,
207
00:13:28,016 --> 00:13:30,143
and they'll be forced from the land.
208
00:13:35,606 --> 00:13:37,150
Far from the richest state
209
00:13:37,233 --> 00:13:39,110
in the richest countryon the planet,
210
00:13:39,193 --> 00:13:42,864
I'm flying over one of the poorest:Niger,
211
00:13:42,947 --> 00:13:44,991
which I've read is the main route
212
00:13:45,074 --> 00:13:47,368
for Africansmigrating to Europe via Libya.
213
00:13:49,329 --> 00:13:51,998
I'm going to a regionknown as the Sahel,
214
00:13:52,081 --> 00:13:55,543
a vast transition zonebetween desert and forest in Africa.
215
00:13:56,336 --> 00:13:59,088
I'm accompanyingthe UN's Monique Barbut,
216
00:13:59,172 --> 00:14:03,092
whose job is to save fertile landfrom turning into desert.
217
00:14:05,261 --> 00:14:08,931
As we start our descent,the pilot announces the temperature:
218
00:14:09,015 --> 00:14:12,393
117 degrees Fahrenheit.
219
00:14:15,188 --> 00:14:17,523
It's my first time in the Sahel.
220
00:14:18,775 --> 00:14:20,818
-Pleased to meet you.
-Hello.
221
00:14:37,835 --> 00:14:40,838
Leaving the airport,we're escorted by the military.
222
00:14:41,589 --> 00:14:43,091
Extremists from al Qaeda
223
00:14:43,174 --> 00:14:45,426
have been knownto kidnap Westerners here.
224
00:14:56,104 --> 00:14:58,689
A centuries-old desert trading post,Agadez used to be
225
00:14:58,773 --> 00:15:01,275
one of West Africa'stourist attractions.
226
00:15:03,236 --> 00:15:07,657
Today? Today it's a gatewayfor African's fleeing the continent.
227
00:15:09,409 --> 00:15:12,870
We drive a few miles out of townto the desert crossroads.
228
00:15:15,248 --> 00:15:17,750
-What country?
-Guinea.
229
00:15:17,834 --> 00:15:20,920
And how long did it take
to get here from Guinea?
230
00:15:21,003 --> 00:15:22,964
Guinea to here? One week.
231
00:15:27,927 --> 00:15:30,721
So he's coming from a village,
his family's still there.
232
00:15:30,805 --> 00:15:33,224
But he had to leave
and go to Conakry.
233
00:15:33,307 --> 00:15:34,809
-The city.
-To cities.
234
00:15:34,892 --> 00:15:37,019
Because there was no work
in the village.
235
00:15:37,103 --> 00:15:39,730
-No work in the village.
-And now he has no work
236
00:15:39,814 --> 00:15:42,525
in the city either
so he's going further away.
237
00:15:43,568 --> 00:15:46,362
Officials here tell mesomething that's hard to imagine:
238
00:15:46,946 --> 00:15:50,032
as many as 17 000 migrants
239
00:15:50,116 --> 00:15:52,326
pass through this exact spotevery week.
240
00:15:52,910 --> 00:15:55,705
I leave the crossroadsand head off to a transit center
241
00:15:55,788 --> 00:15:59,584
operated by the InternationalOrganization for Migration.
242
00:15:59,667 --> 00:16:03,671
This center provides aid to thoseattempting this dangerous journey.
243
00:16:03,754 --> 00:16:07,175
So let me ask a question.
There are all these young men here.
244
00:16:07,258 --> 00:16:10,428
How many people are back home
245
00:16:10,511 --> 00:16:15,683
who would like to come to Libya,
to Europe, to Greece to Turkey.
246
00:16:15,766 --> 00:16:18,269
How many would like to get out?
247
00:16:18,352 --> 00:16:24,817
Right now there are 12 people
who call me every day on the phone.
248
00:16:24,901 --> 00:16:26,986
"I want to come. I want to come."
249
00:16:27,069 --> 00:16:29,697
I say to them, "I wouldn't wish it
on my worst enemy."
250
00:16:29,780 --> 00:16:31,491
But they'll see for themselves.
251
00:16:32,909 --> 00:16:35,244
At first I am confused,but then I realize:
252
00:16:35,328 --> 00:16:38,498
these guys aren't headingto the dream of Europe.
253
00:16:38,581 --> 00:16:41,709
They're coming backfrom the nightmare that is Libya.
254
00:16:42,585 --> 00:16:45,588
What did you find in Libya?
What was it like when you got there?
255
00:16:47,840 --> 00:16:50,426
I just struggled to survive,
barely hanging on.
256
00:16:50,510 --> 00:16:55,097
Once I got there, the police
made life unbearable for me.
257
00:16:55,181 --> 00:16:58,267
They locked me up
in jail for 3 or 4 months.
258
00:16:58,351 --> 00:17:00,811
When you are in that jail in Libya,
259
00:17:01,604 --> 00:17:04,023
tell us a little more
what it's like every day?
260
00:17:04,106 --> 00:17:09,737
They beat us.
Morning, noon, and night.
261
00:17:09,820 --> 00:17:12,406
We lost two people. They died.
262
00:17:12,490 --> 00:17:15,701
They use electric shocks
so intense you cry.
263
00:17:15,785 --> 00:17:18,371
I'm sore from the punches.
264
00:17:18,454 --> 00:17:20,665
Does he want to go back home now?
265
00:17:20,748 --> 00:17:23,084
All I want is to go back home.
266
00:17:24,085 --> 00:17:26,879
Instead, these young menare stuck here,
267
00:17:26,963 --> 00:17:29,715
personae non gratae,
just about everywhere else.
268
00:17:29,799 --> 00:17:32,009
The sense of failure is palpable.
269
00:17:32,093 --> 00:17:33,970
I've seen before,
270
00:17:34,053 --> 00:17:35,805
an emerging poverty of hope
271
00:17:35,888 --> 00:17:39,850
which makes them easyprey for those who have an agenda.
272
00:17:43,479 --> 00:17:47,525
This year is setting recordtemperatures across the globe.
273
00:17:48,401 --> 00:17:51,445
And here in California, it's 108.
274
00:17:54,448 --> 00:17:58,703
Adam Toledo has moneyto plant one more crop of oats.
275
00:17:59,912 --> 00:18:02,999
If it doesn't rain,it could be his last.
276
00:18:04,792 --> 00:18:08,212
Meanwhile, his wellhas gone completely dry.
277
00:18:08,796 --> 00:18:12,883
The family is down to the waterleft in two giant reserve tanks.
278
00:18:15,177 --> 00:18:18,389
How do you want me
to save water for the house?
279
00:18:19,056 --> 00:18:20,766
It's gonna be a little harder.
280
00:18:22,018 --> 00:18:24,437
Don't worry, you'll take a shower.
281
00:18:25,313 --> 00:18:28,190
You're not gonna take
one hour in the shower, okay?
282
00:18:28,274 --> 00:18:30,026
Two minutes and get out.
283
00:18:30,109 --> 00:18:31,777
No, just playing.
284
00:18:39,535 --> 00:18:42,246
Back in L.A., I'm terrified so much
285
00:18:42,330 --> 00:18:44,790
of our nation's food supplycould be at risk.
286
00:18:47,293 --> 00:18:49,170
I've come to NASA'sJet Propulsion Lab
287
00:18:49,253 --> 00:18:51,464
to find out just how badthings really are.
288
00:18:51,547 --> 00:18:53,299
-I'm Jay.
-Nice to meet you.
289
00:18:53,382 --> 00:18:56,969
Jay Famiglietti is oneof the world's top hydrologists.
290
00:18:57,053 --> 00:18:59,221
He's been using satellite technology
291
00:18:59,305 --> 00:19:01,974
to measure the levelsof the world's groundwater.
292
00:19:02,058 --> 00:19:03,768
Having seen what's happening
293
00:19:03,851 --> 00:19:06,562
in the Central Valley
with these farmers,
294
00:19:06,646 --> 00:19:09,774
and the desperate need
for water, I mean,
295
00:19:09,857 --> 00:19:12,026
is there any hope
on the horizon for them?
296
00:19:12,109 --> 00:19:16,906
I think the future of agriculture
in California is really at risk.
297
00:19:17,698 --> 00:19:20,034
Over the last few years,
California's lost,
298
00:19:20,117 --> 00:19:22,870
something like 4 trillion gallons
of water per year.
299
00:19:22,953 --> 00:19:25,873
-I'm sorry, what?
-Yeah, trillion with a "t".
300
00:19:26,749 --> 00:19:29,794
And a lot of that water
used to support agriculture.
301
00:19:29,877 --> 00:19:32,546
According to Jay,that's enough water
302
00:19:32,630 --> 00:19:36,342
to sustain all of New York, LA,and Chicago.
303
00:19:36,425 --> 00:19:38,135
For five years.
304
00:19:38,719 --> 00:19:40,721
Can you tie this
into climate change?
305
00:19:40,805 --> 00:19:43,265
Absolutely.
The climate models predict
306
00:19:43,349 --> 00:19:44,975
that, as temperatures warm,
307
00:19:45,059 --> 00:19:48,437
the wet areas, the high latitudes
and the Tropics will get wetter,
308
00:19:48,521 --> 00:19:50,106
and the dry areas will get drier.
309
00:19:50,189 --> 00:19:52,191
-Drier.
-And we're seeing it.
310
00:19:52,274 --> 00:19:54,318
So this is a map
of the United States,
311
00:19:54,402 --> 00:19:56,195
and the trends over 12 years
312
00:19:56,278 --> 00:19:58,239
and the blues
are places that are gaining.
313
00:19:58,322 --> 00:20:00,908
And the reds are places
that are losing water.
314
00:20:00,991 --> 00:20:05,871
You see those hot spots
in the Central Valley and in Texas,
315
00:20:05,955 --> 00:20:08,499
those are our two big
food-producing regions
316
00:20:08,582 --> 00:20:09,959
in the United States.
317
00:20:10,042 --> 00:20:13,963
That part of Texas, will run out
of water in 20 or 30 years.
318
00:20:16,716 --> 00:20:21,595
Then what? What are we gonna do
to grow food for our nation?
319
00:20:21,679 --> 00:20:24,640
-Is this the global story?
-Unfortunately it is.
320
00:20:24,724 --> 00:20:28,269
Around the world the mid-latitudes,
321
00:20:28,352 --> 00:20:30,187
where all the major aquifers are,
322
00:20:30,271 --> 00:20:33,107
they are past sustainability
tipping points.
323
00:20:33,190 --> 00:20:35,735
-I mean this insane.
-This is insane.
324
00:20:35,818 --> 00:20:37,695
What does this mean for global food?
325
00:20:37,778 --> 00:20:41,115
What's this mean for how we do our
agriculture now around the world?
326
00:20:41,198 --> 00:20:43,617
It stands to change
our food security,
327
00:20:43,701 --> 00:20:46,996
our energy security,
our human security globally.
328
00:20:47,079 --> 00:20:50,124
Are we talking about
a great migration again?
329
00:20:50,207 --> 00:20:53,919
I mean, is man going to have
to completely pick up
330
00:20:54,003 --> 00:20:56,297
-and move to places where...?
-I think, yes.
331
00:20:56,964 --> 00:21:00,176
I mean this
is really scary stuff. Exactly.
332
00:21:00,259 --> 00:21:01,761
I am getting to the point
333
00:21:01,844 --> 00:21:04,555
where I'm not sleeping well
at night.
334
00:21:08,017 --> 00:21:12,146
Leaving NASA, I think about my kids,who just left for college.
335
00:21:13,022 --> 00:21:16,066
Their future is starting to lookdownright apocalyptic
336
00:21:16,150 --> 00:21:17,568
under climate change.
337
00:21:18,194 --> 00:21:20,446
So what are we doing to stop it?
338
00:21:20,529 --> 00:21:24,825
Is anyone, at least in my state,taking charge?
339
00:21:39,715 --> 00:21:41,675
I'm heading towards Dirkou,
340
00:21:41,759 --> 00:21:44,261
the last stopbefore the Libyan border.
341
00:21:46,013 --> 00:21:50,643
In the distance we can see a crowdgathering by a transport truck.
342
00:21:54,897 --> 00:21:57,525
All those people are from Niger.
343
00:21:57,608 --> 00:21:59,985
They are internal migrants.
344
00:22:03,197 --> 00:22:07,201
I have ask here are only men,
where are the families?
345
00:22:07,284 --> 00:22:09,245
And all of them are saying
346
00:22:09,328 --> 00:22:12,289
that their family
stays in the village.
347
00:22:12,373 --> 00:22:15,209
How do their families
survive back home, without the men?
348
00:22:17,294 --> 00:22:18,838
Before they left,
349
00:22:18,921 --> 00:22:22,424
they tried to leave enough
for the family to sustain.
350
00:22:23,008 --> 00:22:26,262
And this man was saying
that he just talked to his wife
351
00:22:26,345 --> 00:22:29,974
who told him that now they have
finished all the crops.
352
00:22:30,766 --> 00:22:32,768
And that now they
are in the hands of God.
353
00:22:32,852 --> 00:22:34,895
-Now they are?
-In the hands of God.
354
00:22:41,527 --> 00:22:45,489
Minister, what is going on in Niger
in terms of the climate,
355
00:22:45,573 --> 00:22:46,949
the environment,
356
00:22:47,032 --> 00:22:49,577
that so many people
would be tempted
357
00:22:49,660 --> 00:22:52,454
to want to go up to Libya,
and even beyond to Europe?
358
00:22:52,538 --> 00:22:54,623
The population lives,
for the most part,
359
00:22:54,707 --> 00:22:57,293
off of agriculture and livestock.
360
00:22:58,043 --> 00:23:01,672
The desert is advancing rapidly.
361
00:23:01,755 --> 00:23:05,926
The sand dunes shift and they invade
our agricultural lands.
362
00:23:06,010 --> 00:23:10,472
We lose about 104 000 hectares
per year.
363
00:23:10,556 --> 00:23:13,434
-A hundred thousand hectares?
-Yes, every year.
364
00:23:13,517 --> 00:23:14,935
-Every year?
-Every year.
365
00:23:16,020 --> 00:23:18,147
-Every year.
-Wow.
366
00:23:18,230 --> 00:23:22,985
So, it's the production base
of our poor population
367
00:23:23,068 --> 00:23:26,655
that dwindles from day to day.
368
00:23:26,739 --> 00:23:29,158
This invasion of sand dunes,
369
00:23:29,241 --> 00:23:31,994
has that always been part
of Niger's history?
370
00:23:32,703 --> 00:23:34,955
When I was young,
371
00:23:35,039 --> 00:23:38,709
our parents always planted
after a heavy rain,
372
00:23:38,792 --> 00:23:40,920
between the first
and the sixth of June.
373
00:23:41,879 --> 00:23:44,340
We can get a rain in April.
374
00:23:44,423 --> 00:23:47,468
And then we could have
a month without a drop of rain.
375
00:23:47,551 --> 00:23:51,096
We may experience
serious floods that carry off
376
00:23:51,180 --> 00:23:52,556
big chunks of soil,
377
00:23:52,640 --> 00:23:55,476
sometimes even carry off men.
378
00:23:55,559 --> 00:23:59,480
And for us, those are the effects
of climate change.
379
00:23:59,563 --> 00:24:03,692
Do you think we in the West
are responsible for this also?
380
00:24:04,693 --> 00:24:07,071
The answer is quite simple.
381
00:24:07,154 --> 00:24:09,448
Who pollutes the planet?
382
00:24:12,284 --> 00:24:16,789
The great responsibility
for polluting the planet
383
00:24:16,872 --> 00:24:19,583
comes from the West.
384
00:24:20,668 --> 00:24:23,295
And it's to the West to pay.
385
00:24:23,379 --> 00:24:26,674
It boils down
to a question of security.
386
00:24:27,299 --> 00:24:31,011
What will all of this lead to?
387
00:24:31,637 --> 00:24:34,848
Our youth are unemployed.
388
00:24:34,932 --> 00:24:36,934
They'll go elsewhere.
389
00:24:37,810 --> 00:24:43,649
Or they'll respond to the siren
call of Boko Haram or the Jihadists.
390
00:24:47,695 --> 00:24:49,905
The siren call of extremism.
391
00:24:50,781 --> 00:24:54,910
With nowhere else to turn,
there is that darker option.
392
00:24:56,161 --> 00:25:00,207
I'm seeing how conditions heremight touch American lives.
393
00:25:01,333 --> 00:25:03,961
I wonder, do our leadersback home understand
394
00:25:04,044 --> 00:25:06,505
the full impactof a changing climate?
395
00:25:13,470 --> 00:25:16,306
Neither California
nor indeed the world
396
00:25:16,390 --> 00:25:18,350
can ignore the growing assault
397
00:25:18,434 --> 00:25:20,644
on the very systems of nature
398
00:25:20,728 --> 00:25:24,565
on which human beings
and other forms of life depend.
399
00:25:24,648 --> 00:25:27,693
7000 milesfrom the deserts of Africa,
400
00:25:27,776 --> 00:25:31,155
there is at leastone American politician who gets it.
401
00:25:31,238 --> 00:25:33,032
California governor, Jerry Brown.
402
00:25:33,866 --> 00:25:36,285
No stranger to environmental issues,
403
00:25:36,368 --> 00:25:40,539
he's been battling the oil and gasindustries since the '70s.
404
00:25:40,622 --> 00:25:43,125
And while he knowshe can't fight a drought,
405
00:25:43,208 --> 00:25:45,169
he can fight climate change,
406
00:25:45,252 --> 00:25:47,463
preventing far worse droughtsin the future.
407
00:25:47,546 --> 00:25:50,049
And Brown has a radical solution:
408
00:25:50,674 --> 00:25:54,762
a bill that would cut oil usein the state in half by 2030.
409
00:25:57,723 --> 00:26:01,810
We use about
18 billion gallons a year.
410
00:26:01,894 --> 00:26:05,105
-Wow.
-Of diesel and gasoline.
411
00:26:05,189 --> 00:26:06,690
-In California?
-In California.
412
00:26:06,774 --> 00:26:09,651
To say we're going to cut
all that in half, in some way,
413
00:26:09,735 --> 00:26:12,362
cut the fuel in half,
how are we going to do it?
414
00:26:12,446 --> 00:26:15,741
Are we up against the clock in a way
that will make something like that
415
00:26:15,824 --> 00:26:17,868
have to be fast-tracked
to have any success?
416
00:26:17,951 --> 00:26:20,871
If we, as the 7.2 billion
people on Planet Earth,
417
00:26:20,954 --> 00:26:23,123
yeah, we are up against it.
418
00:26:23,207 --> 00:26:26,710
I think there's now
a billion cars in the world.
419
00:26:26,794 --> 00:26:30,714
There was only 300 million
when I was governor 35 years ago.
420
00:26:30,798 --> 00:26:33,008
And we'll be up
at two billion cars pretty soon.
421
00:26:33,092 --> 00:26:36,595
What I want to do in California
is make sure we stay on course
422
00:26:36,678 --> 00:26:38,097
and set a good example
423
00:26:38,180 --> 00:26:40,390
so that other states,
the federal government,
424
00:26:40,474 --> 00:26:42,810
and other countries
will join with us.
425
00:26:42,893 --> 00:26:46,021
I like to do things that are big,
that are, that are significant.
426
00:26:46,772 --> 00:26:49,483
Working on climate change
is working on something
427
00:26:49,566 --> 00:26:51,193
that makes a difference.
428
00:26:51,276 --> 00:26:55,239
My guess is the governor is goingto have a huge fight on his hands.
429
00:26:55,322 --> 00:26:56,865
Last year, the oil industry
430
00:26:56,949 --> 00:27:01,286
sold 86 billion dollars in petroleumto Californians.
431
00:27:01,954 --> 00:27:03,789
I can't imaginethey'll be too thrilled
432
00:27:03,872 --> 00:27:06,542
about the prospect of havingtheir profits slashed.
433
00:27:06,625 --> 00:27:08,710
But Governor Brown
plays the long game.
434
00:27:08,794 --> 00:27:11,046
We met a family in Porterville.
The Toledos.
435
00:27:11,130 --> 00:27:13,590
Their well has run dry.
They may have to move.
436
00:27:13,674 --> 00:27:15,634
The world is going to change.
437
00:27:15,717 --> 00:27:18,595
And whether you're
in that valley of California,
438
00:27:18,679 --> 00:27:24,268
or you're on the eroding coast
of New Orleans and Miami.
439
00:27:24,351 --> 00:27:25,727
How we handle that
440
00:27:25,811 --> 00:27:28,522
with the millions of refugees
and migrants,
441
00:27:28,605 --> 00:27:31,108
it's going to be really disruptive.
442
00:27:31,191 --> 00:27:33,819
So what you saw in Porterville,
443
00:27:33,902 --> 00:27:37,406
you'll just see a thousand
or a million times more.
444
00:27:37,489 --> 00:27:38,866
Whether it becomes
445
00:27:38,949 --> 00:27:41,285
completely universal
and catastrophic,
446
00:27:41,368 --> 00:27:44,621
that depends
on how quickly we make the change.
447
00:27:49,376 --> 00:27:51,128
This is what we do know,
448
00:27:51,211 --> 00:27:54,715
well over 200 girls were kidnappedby heavily armed gunmen.
449
00:27:54,798 --> 00:27:59,052
Boko Haram, knownfor mass abductions like this one,
450
00:27:59,136 --> 00:28:02,890
is considered one of the world'sdeadliest terrorist organizations,
451
00:28:02,973 --> 00:28:06,810
and has been affiliatedwith both ISIS and al Qaeda.
452
00:28:06,894 --> 00:28:08,896
Could climate changebe having an influence
453
00:28:08,979 --> 00:28:11,190
on the rise of extremism here?
454
00:28:13,108 --> 00:28:16,028
Here I have three maps
I wanted to show you.
455
00:28:16,111 --> 00:28:21,074
The first is the vulnerability
to desertification in Africa.
456
00:28:21,158 --> 00:28:24,077
-And as you can see...
-Runs through the middle of Africa.
457
00:28:24,161 --> 00:28:26,663
Yeah. Here, you have the food riots
458
00:28:26,747 --> 00:28:29,166
and where they have exploded
the same year.
459
00:28:29,249 --> 00:28:32,628
And if you take the map
of terrorist attack,
460
00:28:32,711 --> 00:28:34,671
-al Qaeda type attack.
-Boko Haram?
461
00:28:34,755 --> 00:28:37,382
We go exactly again.
462
00:28:37,466 --> 00:28:39,218
Through the center of the continent.
463
00:28:39,301 --> 00:28:42,846
-Yes, this is reality.
-Desert, food riots,
464
00:28:42,930 --> 00:28:44,348
-al Qaeda, and ISIS.
-Yeah.
465
00:28:44,431 --> 00:28:47,100
-Same map, same places.
-Exactly.
466
00:28:47,184 --> 00:28:50,979
You can tell me that there is no
direct consequences
467
00:28:51,063 --> 00:28:52,606
of one of another.
468
00:28:52,689 --> 00:28:55,025
But denying that there is no links,
469
00:28:55,651 --> 00:28:58,362
this is where I am kind of stunned.
470
00:28:58,445 --> 00:29:01,990
By 2045, so 30 years from now,
471
00:29:02,783 --> 00:29:06,954
they say that 60 millions people
may be moving
472
00:29:07,037 --> 00:29:10,249
from south part of Africa
below the Sahara
473
00:29:10,332 --> 00:29:12,459
to North Africa and to Europe.
474
00:29:12,542 --> 00:29:14,544
Sixty million.
475
00:29:14,628 --> 00:29:17,714
What you're talking about
is terrifying, Monique.
476
00:29:17,798 --> 00:29:21,885
We have underestimate
what is happening
477
00:29:21,969 --> 00:29:26,682
in terms of small farmers
losing their natural capital.
478
00:29:26,765 --> 00:29:29,393
And the only natural capital
479
00:29:29,476 --> 00:29:32,479
that people have around here
is the land.
480
00:29:33,105 --> 00:29:35,065
Monique, you get
to be Queen for a Day.
481
00:29:35,148 --> 00:29:38,860
You get to invest
in one big solution
482
00:29:38,944 --> 00:29:41,697
for everything we're talking about.
What would it be?
483
00:29:41,780 --> 00:29:43,907
You see, today in the world,
484
00:29:43,991 --> 00:29:46,326
people are putting walls
all over the place,
485
00:29:46,410 --> 00:29:49,871
and me also, I dream of a wall.
486
00:29:49,955 --> 00:29:54,126
But it is a wall that we have called
the "great green wall."
487
00:29:55,460 --> 00:29:59,089
Climate change is a major factorin the deterioration of soil here.
488
00:29:59,881 --> 00:30:01,300
The great green wall
489
00:30:01,383 --> 00:30:03,593
would create a ribbonof restoration projects
490
00:30:03,677 --> 00:30:06,555
to conserveevery drop of water possible
491
00:30:06,638 --> 00:30:09,391
and turn desertsback into fertile land.
492
00:30:09,474 --> 00:30:13,395
The project is almost a decade oldbut it needs oversight and financing
493
00:30:13,478 --> 00:30:15,439
to start making headway.
494
00:30:15,522 --> 00:30:19,818
You know, to restore
a hectare of degraded land,
495
00:30:19,901 --> 00:30:22,946
it costs between
100 and 300 dollars.
496
00:30:23,613 --> 00:30:28,368
Okay? Compared to peace,
to security, to human dignity,
497
00:30:28,452 --> 00:30:31,413
what is it we are talking about?
Not much.
498
00:30:31,496 --> 00:30:32,873
Not much.
499
00:30:35,292 --> 00:30:38,920
Sixty million refugeesfleeing Africa.
500
00:30:39,004 --> 00:30:41,965
The West can't even managea million Syrians.
501
00:30:44,259 --> 00:30:45,635
And what's so surprising
502
00:30:45,719 --> 00:30:48,847
is that so many of the migrantsI've met here are from Senegal.
503
00:30:48,930 --> 00:30:50,682
I've always thought that Senegal
504
00:30:50,766 --> 00:30:54,144
was one of West Africa's most stableand prosperous countries.
505
00:30:54,895 --> 00:30:57,105
It appears that might be changing.
506
00:31:05,113 --> 00:31:07,616
Adam and Gricelda Toledohave planted
507
00:31:07,699 --> 00:31:10,118
their make-or-break crop of oats.
508
00:31:11,578 --> 00:31:13,622
But with their well now dry
509
00:31:13,705 --> 00:31:16,708
and the water in theiremergency tanks running low,
510
00:31:16,792 --> 00:31:19,711
they have to move their animalsto a nearby relative's.
511
00:31:23,757 --> 00:31:25,759
Hey girls, come on in.
512
00:31:27,094 --> 00:31:30,764
It's a stop-gap for now.They can't spare the water.
513
00:31:34,393 --> 00:31:36,937
Back in LA,commercials have popped up,
514
00:31:37,020 --> 00:31:40,941
slamming the governor's ambitiousbill to cut petroleum use in half.
515
00:31:41,733 --> 00:31:44,361
It's about making itharder for regular people
516
00:31:44,444 --> 00:31:47,280
to drive to workand drive home each day.
517
00:31:47,364 --> 00:31:50,117
To find out who's behindthis advertising blitz,
518
00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:52,035
I'm meeting up with Tom Steyer,
519
00:31:52,119 --> 00:31:54,287
a billionaireformer hedge fund manager
520
00:31:54,371 --> 00:31:56,706
who now spends his moneyfunding candidates
521
00:31:56,790 --> 00:31:59,459
and initiativesthat fight climate change.
522
00:31:59,543 --> 00:32:03,213
His group NextGen has spenttwo million dollars backing bills,
523
00:32:03,296 --> 00:32:05,549
including the governor'sgas reduction measure.
524
00:32:05,632 --> 00:32:08,510
...penalizing driversfor using too much gas.
525
00:32:08,593 --> 00:32:10,720
-Let me just stop right here.
-Please.
526
00:32:10,804 --> 00:32:14,516
I mean, as much money as they
spend, they can't get better actors?
527
00:32:14,599 --> 00:32:17,561
Who are the "they"
we're talking about?
528
00:32:17,644 --> 00:32:19,062
In California,
529
00:32:19,146 --> 00:32:21,940
that is paid for
by a bunch of oil companies.
530
00:32:22,023 --> 00:32:25,485
But the fact of the matter is,
they have very specific interests.
531
00:32:25,569 --> 00:32:27,487
They're trying to scare people.
532
00:32:27,571 --> 00:32:30,323
And also they spent
11 million dollars lobbying,
533
00:32:30,407 --> 00:32:33,452
just going office to office
and arguing against this.
534
00:32:33,535 --> 00:32:35,829
Is this something
you see across the country?
535
00:32:35,912 --> 00:32:38,373
The oil and gas industry in the US
536
00:32:38,457 --> 00:32:41,251
have decided they are going
to fight and deny the problem.
537
00:32:41,334 --> 00:32:43,462
How do you fight against
something like that?
538
00:32:43,545 --> 00:32:45,380
It's corny,
539
00:32:45,464 --> 00:32:48,675
but, by far, the biggest thing
we have going for us is the truth.
540
00:32:48,758 --> 00:32:51,553
We're going to see
the world get warmer.
541
00:32:51,636 --> 00:32:55,182
Cities threatened.
Climate refugees around the world,
542
00:32:55,265 --> 00:32:57,184
-which we're...
-Already seeing.
543
00:32:57,267 --> 00:32:58,643
Yeah.
544
00:32:58,727 --> 00:33:01,438
To the extent that we don't get
legislation in Washington,
545
00:33:01,521 --> 00:33:04,232
then the change is going to have
to come at the states.
546
00:33:07,652 --> 00:33:09,738
But I hear that, up in Sacramento,
547
00:33:09,821 --> 00:33:12,115
oil lobbyists are having success
548
00:33:12,199 --> 00:33:14,201
getting legislatorsto echo their ideas.
549
00:33:14,284 --> 00:33:15,911
Nobody ever says,
550
00:33:15,994 --> 00:33:19,456
"Oh my gosh, I want to pay
higher gas prices."
551
00:33:19,539 --> 00:33:21,750
This measure will lead
to substantial increases
552
00:33:21,833 --> 00:33:23,293
in the cost of energy
553
00:33:23,376 --> 00:33:26,713
and will hurt families who live in
our most disadvantaged communities.
554
00:33:26,796 --> 00:33:29,841
We need to stop regulating,
we need more free market.
555
00:33:29,925 --> 00:33:32,511
Mr. Secretary, please call the roll.
556
00:33:48,443 --> 00:33:50,904
A defeat nowfor Governor Jerry Brown
557
00:33:50,987 --> 00:33:53,323
and his effortsfighting global warming.
558
00:33:53,406 --> 00:33:55,450
No state, no nation, has tried this.
559
00:33:55,534 --> 00:33:58,495
To use the governmentto force a drastic reduction
560
00:33:58,578 --> 00:34:01,540
in gas consumptionby drivers in California.
561
00:34:01,623 --> 00:34:04,918
About an hour ago, the governorannounced he has pulled that idea.
562
00:34:07,546 --> 00:34:10,924
Oil has won a skirmish,
but they've lost the bigger battle.
563
00:34:11,007 --> 00:34:16,179
Because my zeal has been intensified
to a maximum degree.
564
00:34:16,263 --> 00:34:19,140
And nothing,
nothing is going to stop this state
565
00:34:19,224 --> 00:34:22,477
from pushing forward
on our low carbon fuel standard,
566
00:34:22,561 --> 00:34:24,229
and all the rest.
567
00:34:24,312 --> 00:34:26,231
California will continue to lead.
568
00:34:37,075 --> 00:34:38,827
Decisions made in our backyard
569
00:34:38,910 --> 00:34:41,913
impact backyardsall across the globe.
570
00:34:43,039 --> 00:34:45,458
I'm at Senegal'sMeteorological Authority,
571
00:34:45,542 --> 00:34:47,544
with the headof their climate division,
572
00:34:47,627 --> 00:34:49,296
Dr. Ousmane Ndiaye.
573
00:34:49,379 --> 00:34:51,798
-Hello.
-Hey! Dr. Ndiaye, Tom Friedman.
574
00:34:51,881 --> 00:34:56,052
In Niger, I heard a lot abouthow the desert is devouring farmland
575
00:34:56,136 --> 00:34:58,471
but I need to knowthe science behind it.
576
00:34:58,555 --> 00:34:59,931
-How was it?
-Hot!
577
00:35:00,015 --> 00:35:02,183
-Really? I'll show you something.
-Hot, hot.
578
00:35:02,267 --> 00:35:03,685
As you can see here,
579
00:35:03,768 --> 00:35:06,855
this is the temperature variabilit
over year-to-year.
580
00:35:06,938 --> 00:35:08,857
The temperature is going up, up, up.
581
00:35:08,940 --> 00:35:12,402
And, actually, we have observed
the difference of 2 degrees Celsius.
582
00:35:12,485 --> 00:35:15,572
So between here and here,
is two degrees.
583
00:35:15,655 --> 00:35:17,032
Two degrees.
584
00:35:17,115 --> 00:35:20,285
You know, Dr. Ndiaye, when we were
at the Paris Climate Conference,
585
00:35:20,368 --> 00:35:22,203
the whole objective
of that conference
586
00:35:22,287 --> 00:35:24,164
was that the world
should get together
587
00:35:24,247 --> 00:35:26,916
and prevent
the two-degrees-Centigrade rise
588
00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:28,376
in average temperature.
589
00:35:28,460 --> 00:35:30,754
What you're telling me is,
here in Senegal,
590
00:35:30,837 --> 00:35:34,424
-you've already hit the two degrees.
-Exactly. Exactly.
591
00:35:34,507 --> 00:35:36,259
We are living it.
592
00:35:36,343 --> 00:35:40,138
Dr. Ndiaye tells meSenegal is a sign of things to come.
593
00:35:41,806 --> 00:35:43,892
Different regionswarm at different rates.
594
00:35:43,975 --> 00:35:47,062
But the world's averagetemperature has been fairly steady,
595
00:35:47,145 --> 00:35:49,272
even dropping slightly of late.
596
00:35:49,356 --> 00:35:51,274
But ever sincethe Industrial Revolution,
597
00:35:51,358 --> 00:35:52,734
it shot up.
598
00:35:52,817 --> 00:35:56,029
The global average has risena full degree Celsius
599
00:35:56,112 --> 00:35:57,489
and scientists warn
600
00:35:57,572 --> 00:36:00,075
that just one more degreewould be catastrophic.
601
00:36:00,158 --> 00:36:03,078
So what impact has that had
on agriculture and farming here?
602
00:36:03,161 --> 00:36:04,996
It has a huge impact.
603
00:36:05,080 --> 00:36:08,416
And you see that in the plants here.
604
00:36:08,500 --> 00:36:11,795
When the temperature rise the plants
need and demand more water.
605
00:36:11,878 --> 00:36:14,798
So in those conditions
it gets more and more difficult.
606
00:36:14,881 --> 00:36:17,008
It gets hotter
and the plants need more water.
607
00:36:17,092 --> 00:36:18,468
Exactly, needs, yes.
608
00:36:18,551 --> 00:36:21,846
And the rainfall is diminishing
more and more due to climate change.
609
00:36:21,930 --> 00:36:24,724
-What happens down the road?
-Let me show you something.
610
00:36:25,392 --> 00:36:29,020
Dr. Ndiaye shows me a climate modeldeveloped by leading scientists.
611
00:36:29,104 --> 00:36:32,315
In 2010, we were thinking forward,
what will happen?
612
00:36:32,399 --> 00:36:34,192
And the worst scenario
was the red one.
613
00:36:34,275 --> 00:36:36,027
We were thinking, this won't happen.
614
00:36:36,111 --> 00:36:38,321
And, actually,
we are following the red one.
615
00:36:38,405 --> 00:36:40,949
So, we're talking about
a temperature rise,
616
00:36:41,032 --> 00:36:44,494
average temperature,
of over four degrees?
617
00:36:44,577 --> 00:36:46,371
Yes, at the end of the century.
618
00:36:46,454 --> 00:36:48,665
Mother of God, I cannot imagine
619
00:36:48,748 --> 00:36:51,918
what it would be like
to live in Senegal
620
00:36:52,001 --> 00:36:54,546
at that end of the extreme range.
621
00:36:54,629 --> 00:36:58,550
Yeah. It will be very difficult.
Very challenging for them.
622
00:36:58,633 --> 00:37:01,177
With limited resources,
it will be...
623
00:37:02,053 --> 00:37:03,430
very difficult.
624
00:37:12,480 --> 00:37:14,607
I'm having a hard timegrappling with the fact
625
00:37:14,691 --> 00:37:17,777
that this massive,once fertile farmland
626
00:37:17,861 --> 00:37:20,697
is starting to look morelike a Saharan landscape.
627
00:37:21,406 --> 00:37:23,616
But it has rainedsome in the Central Valley
628
00:37:23,700 --> 00:37:26,995
and Adam Toledo's cropof oats may have a fighting chance.
629
00:37:31,833 --> 00:37:35,545
But his reserve tankshave completely run out,
630
00:37:35,628 --> 00:37:39,007
leaving the houseentirely without water.
631
00:37:42,343 --> 00:37:44,387
He has one day off a week
632
00:37:44,471 --> 00:37:46,765
and he spends itmaking trips back and forth
633
00:37:46,848 --> 00:37:49,017
to his parents' home to get water.
634
00:38:51,871 --> 00:38:54,290
It takes ten trips like this,
635
00:38:54,374 --> 00:38:57,460
and his entire day,to fill the tanks.
636
00:38:57,544 --> 00:39:00,547
And it's barely enoughto last the month.
637
00:39:02,423 --> 00:39:05,927
Gricelda is now eight and a half
months pregnant.
638
00:39:08,805 --> 00:39:11,266
I think I'm pretty close
to spraying for the weeds.
639
00:39:11,933 --> 00:39:14,727
And if we get two or three rains,
we're going to make it.
640
00:39:14,811 --> 00:39:17,897
-What if it doesn't rain?
-Keep on trying.
641
00:39:17,981 --> 00:39:21,442
We cannot just let it go that easy.
One day it has to rain.
642
00:39:22,151 --> 00:39:24,946
Maybe we're going
to think about moving or something.
643
00:39:25,029 --> 00:39:26,406
Moving where?
644
00:39:27,615 --> 00:39:30,410
And all the work and the money.
645
00:39:30,493 --> 00:39:34,581
That's something that we'll have
to think about, we'll see.
646
00:40:02,567 --> 00:40:05,069
I never expectedmy first night in Senegal
647
00:40:05,153 --> 00:40:07,280
to be my first rap concert.
648
00:40:10,408 --> 00:40:12,118
This countryhas long been considered
649
00:40:12,201 --> 00:40:15,079
one of the few stable democraciesin West Africa.
650
00:40:15,705 --> 00:40:18,583
But many of the men I kept meetingin the desert in Agadez
651
00:40:18,666 --> 00:40:20,084
came from here.
652
00:40:24,714 --> 00:40:27,300
Who here wants to emigrate
and leave Senegal?
653
00:40:27,383 --> 00:40:30,511
The rapper's name is Matador.He's a huge star here.
654
00:40:30,595 --> 00:40:33,848
Raise your hands
if you want to leave!
655
00:40:36,643 --> 00:40:40,813
His song is called "Tukki,"which means to leave, to travel.
656
00:40:50,990 --> 00:40:53,868
Matador's message is to stay,
657
00:40:53,952 --> 00:40:57,038
better to be poorand help develop your own country
658
00:40:57,121 --> 00:41:00,500
than to be a poor strangerin a strange land.
659
00:41:06,547 --> 00:41:09,634
The next day,not far from the concert venue,
660
00:41:09,717 --> 00:41:12,762
my guide, Adams Sie,brings me to this market
661
00:41:12,845 --> 00:41:15,348
to meet one of the young menMatador sings about.
662
00:41:15,431 --> 00:41:18,851
You'll meet my friend one
of the millions of young people here
663
00:41:18,935 --> 00:41:20,979
who are hustling,
just trying to survive.
664
00:41:28,361 --> 00:41:30,780
-Nice to meet you.
-Nice to meet you.
665
00:41:31,489 --> 00:41:34,117
I learn he lefthis farming village four years ago
666
00:41:34,200 --> 00:41:36,077
and became a street seller.
667
00:41:36,160 --> 00:41:41,666
Every day now, for 14 hours,he mans his stall, selling trinkets.
668
00:41:41,749 --> 00:41:44,836
How much can he make
in a day here?
669
00:41:47,463 --> 00:41:50,341
Sometimes, he can have
something like 1000,
670
00:41:50,425 --> 00:41:52,427
sometimes 1500 Francs CFA.
671
00:41:52,510 --> 00:41:54,721
-So maybe a couple of dollars a day.
-Yeah.
672
00:41:54,804 --> 00:41:57,390
And out of that,
he has to pay his rent, food,
673
00:41:57,473 --> 00:41:59,517
and support
his brothers and sisters.
674
00:41:59,600 --> 00:42:02,311
When we went to Matador's concert,
675
00:42:02,395 --> 00:42:06,149
he kept using the word "tukki"
in his rap, leaving, migrating.
676
00:42:06,232 --> 00:42:08,484
Does Djilly want to tukki?
677
00:42:08,568 --> 00:42:12,905
I really think about it.
It's got to be better than here.
678
00:42:12,989 --> 00:42:14,657
No future here?
679
00:42:15,908 --> 00:42:19,037
I have no hope to be honest.
680
00:42:19,120 --> 00:42:20,788
Would he like to go back?
681
00:42:20,872 --> 00:42:24,417
Yes. If I had the means,
I'd go back to live there.
682
00:42:24,500 --> 00:42:30,798
Farming used to work well for us,
but that's not the case anymore.
683
00:42:30,882 --> 00:42:34,719
I miss it a lot, but without money,
I can't go back.
684
00:42:34,802 --> 00:42:37,221
-Can we go see his village?
-Yes.
685
00:42:39,849 --> 00:42:42,685
Djilly's villageis a four-hour drive north.
686
00:42:42,769 --> 00:42:45,563
I'm finally going to get a chanceto see for myself
687
00:42:45,646 --> 00:42:48,399
what's actually happeningto the farmland here.
688
00:42:49,067 --> 00:42:51,194
I hoped Djilly would come with us,
689
00:42:51,277 --> 00:42:53,946
but he simply can't sparethe time off work.
690
00:42:55,239 --> 00:42:58,951
On the way, Adams tells meit's the dry season,
691
00:42:59,035 --> 00:43:01,996
but as we get closer,it's far more than just dry.
692
00:43:02,914 --> 00:43:04,499
It's a wasteland.
693
00:43:05,583 --> 00:43:08,836
I'm reminded of somethingthe migrants in Paris told me:
694
00:43:08,920 --> 00:43:11,214
the earth doesn't work here.
695
00:43:14,926 --> 00:43:18,846
By the time we arrive,we're in the midst a sandstorm.
696
00:43:28,231 --> 00:43:31,109
Do you know a man named Djilly?
697
00:43:34,028 --> 00:43:35,530
We met him in Dakar
698
00:43:35,613 --> 00:43:38,825
and we wanted to come
and see his village and why he left.
699
00:43:38,908 --> 00:43:40,326
I wonder if you could help us?
700
00:43:41,494 --> 00:43:43,329
-He invited us to his house.
-Wonderful.
701
00:43:43,412 --> 00:43:45,873
The young man's name is Serigne.
702
00:43:46,791 --> 00:43:48,793
And he shares
his last name with Djilly
703
00:43:48,876 --> 00:43:51,337
and the villagewhere they were both born.
704
00:43:55,883 --> 00:43:58,010
-His wife.
-Oh nice to meet you.
705
00:43:59,178 --> 00:44:01,973
-Oh, his mother.
-Mother, oh!
706
00:44:04,851 --> 00:44:06,894
-Welcome, sit down.
-Thank you.
707
00:44:07,937 --> 00:44:09,772
Serigne, when you were growing up,
708
00:44:09,856 --> 00:44:12,859
was, this is just powder.
709
00:44:12,942 --> 00:44:14,944
Was the earth like that here?
710
00:44:15,027 --> 00:44:17,822
No, the soil was not
like this at all!
711
00:44:17,905 --> 00:44:21,284
In the past, if you scooped it in
your hand, it'd feel sticky, oily.
712
00:44:22,034 --> 00:44:24,495
But now, if you lift it like this,
it scatters away.
713
00:44:24,579 --> 00:44:27,165
Serigne, of the young men
you grew up with,
714
00:44:28,457 --> 00:44:30,459
how many are still
here in the village?
715
00:44:31,210 --> 00:44:32,795
The friends I grew up with,
716
00:44:33,379 --> 00:44:35,673
I don't think there is
one of them left here.
717
00:44:37,216 --> 00:44:40,011
All my friends are gone.
718
00:44:43,055 --> 00:44:46,684
Serigne's remaining familygathers around us in the courtyard.
719
00:44:46,767 --> 00:44:48,936
His mother tells methat, of her five sons,
720
00:44:49,020 --> 00:44:51,230
Serigne is theonly one left at home.
721
00:44:51,314 --> 00:44:55,026
When you have a mother and father
to support,
722
00:44:55,109 --> 00:44:57,236
but cannot even support yourself
723
00:44:57,320 --> 00:44:59,238
and your mother and father fall ill,
724
00:44:59,322 --> 00:45:01,199
and you can't provide care for them,
725
00:45:01,282 --> 00:45:04,076
your heart is heavy.
You see no choice but to leave.
726
00:45:05,077 --> 00:45:06,704
Serigne, Why didn't you leave?
727
00:45:06,787 --> 00:45:09,165
I did leave and it was hard...
728
00:45:09,248 --> 00:45:11,083
What country did you go to?
729
00:45:12,835 --> 00:45:16,839
Spain. I lived there for 5 years.
730
00:45:16,923 --> 00:45:23,804
I went there October 5, 2003
and left June 29, 2009.
731
00:45:23,888 --> 00:45:25,306
What did you do in Europe?
732
00:45:25,389 --> 00:45:27,433
I did all kinds of work there.
733
00:45:27,516 --> 00:45:28,935
I was a scrap metal dealer.
734
00:45:30,061 --> 00:45:33,814
I sold CDs in the street.
735
00:45:33,898 --> 00:45:36,484
Sometimes I'd help
white people carry something heavy
736
00:45:36,567 --> 00:45:37,944
and they would pay me.
737
00:45:38,027 --> 00:45:43,699
I had no hope there
even though I am educated.
738
00:45:43,783 --> 00:45:46,285
It was no better suffering there,
739
00:45:46,369 --> 00:45:48,663
not being
with my mother and my father,
740
00:45:48,746 --> 00:45:50,665
not being with any family.
741
00:45:50,748 --> 00:45:53,709
That's why I came back.
742
00:45:56,712 --> 00:45:59,674
I've seen many Serigneson the streets of Europe
743
00:45:59,757 --> 00:46:02,510
but I've never beento the place they call home.
744
00:46:04,679 --> 00:46:08,724
As I sit in my car, protectedfrom the heat and desperation,
745
00:46:08,808 --> 00:46:13,020
I know that for Serignethere is no air-conditioned escape.
746
00:46:19,235 --> 00:46:21,529
It's spring in the Central Valley.
747
00:46:21,612 --> 00:46:25,866
The rainy season has come and gone,but it wasn't enough.
748
00:46:26,534 --> 00:46:29,328
Adam Toledo's oat crop has failed.
749
00:46:34,625 --> 00:46:38,254
Now, he's sellingwhat remains of last season's crop
750
00:46:38,337 --> 00:46:39,714
to help pay the bills.
751
00:46:53,811 --> 00:46:56,272
With drought ravagingnot just the Toledos,
752
00:46:56,355 --> 00:46:57,732
but the entire state,
753
00:46:57,815 --> 00:47:01,235
Governor Brown is more determinedthan ever to find a solution.
754
00:47:01,319 --> 00:47:03,446
There are many things
we can do together.
755
00:47:03,529 --> 00:47:06,949
Transformation to low-carbon world
756
00:47:07,033 --> 00:47:10,703
can be an occasion for increasing
the quality of our lives.
757
00:47:10,786 --> 00:47:13,956
After losing his showdownwith the oil industry,
758
00:47:14,040 --> 00:47:16,625
he has beenon an international warpath,
759
00:47:16,709 --> 00:47:19,128
drumming up supportwherever he can.
760
00:47:19,211 --> 00:47:22,423
The achievements made by California
761
00:47:22,506 --> 00:47:24,300
has made great contribution
762
00:47:24,383 --> 00:47:27,219
for the Chinese-US cooperation
on climate change.
763
00:47:27,303 --> 00:47:30,890
He even formshis own international climate pact,
764
00:47:30,973 --> 00:47:32,641
signed not by countries.
765
00:47:32,725 --> 00:47:34,310
Start signing!
766
00:47:35,895 --> 00:47:37,855
But by cities and states,
767
00:47:37,938 --> 00:47:40,900
to take action without waitingfor their national governments.
768
00:47:41,901 --> 00:47:45,946
We're building a real force,
a global force,
769
00:47:46,030 --> 00:47:48,741
to reduce carbon emissions,
770
00:47:48,824 --> 00:47:52,203
and protect the well-being
of people everywhere.
771
00:47:52,286 --> 00:47:54,830
With renewed support,he returns home.
772
00:47:55,831 --> 00:48:00,753
And this time manages to negotiatea new bill with the oil industry.
773
00:48:02,671 --> 00:48:05,841
One that will slashstatewide emissions by 40%
774
00:48:05,925 --> 00:48:07,551
in 15 years.
775
00:48:07,635 --> 00:48:10,971
California is doing something
that no other state has done.
776
00:48:11,055 --> 00:48:14,308
You're putting into law
real measures
777
00:48:14,392 --> 00:48:17,561
backed up by the real power
of the state of California.
778
00:48:18,354 --> 00:48:20,064
It's an historic moment.
779
00:48:24,276 --> 00:48:27,321
But it comes too latefor the Toledo family.
780
00:48:29,031 --> 00:48:32,785
Fed up with life without waterand unable to make their payments,
781
00:48:33,536 --> 00:48:35,913
Adam and Griceldahave left the farm.
782
00:48:36,539 --> 00:48:38,457
Thanks to the generosityof a neighbor,
783
00:48:38,541 --> 00:48:40,668
they are living rent-free,for now.
784
00:48:41,335 --> 00:48:45,131
And with a new memberof the family, Daisy.
785
00:48:45,214 --> 00:48:48,300
Mami, do you like your new house?
786
00:48:48,384 --> 00:48:49,802
Do you?
787
00:48:49,885 --> 00:48:53,013
Are you happy in here? Are you?
788
00:48:53,097 --> 00:48:55,891
Yes, I know you are.
789
00:48:58,185 --> 00:49:00,479
We had a dream
of having a little farm.
790
00:49:00,563 --> 00:49:02,481
And we had it!
791
00:49:03,149 --> 00:49:05,192
We had four years over there.
792
00:49:05,276 --> 00:49:07,695
But if we sit here
and talk about that,
793
00:49:07,778 --> 00:49:09,447
we're going to end up crying.
794
00:49:12,992 --> 00:49:15,494
But, just imagine,
like, Daisy's generation,
795
00:49:15,578 --> 00:49:17,955
it's going to be worse and worse
796
00:49:18,038 --> 00:49:21,625
because what makes you think
it's gonna get better?
797
00:49:37,600 --> 00:49:39,226
While some towns back home
798
00:49:39,310 --> 00:49:42,062
have just begun to experienceclimate migration,
799
00:49:42,688 --> 00:49:45,483
Adams has brought meto a village in Senegal
800
00:49:45,566 --> 00:49:47,776
that's feeling its full brunt.
801
00:49:54,200 --> 00:49:58,704
What is it like to have
so many of your husbands and sons
802
00:49:58,787 --> 00:50:00,539
out of the village your whole life?
803
00:50:01,665 --> 00:50:03,292
It's a constant struggle.
804
00:50:03,375 --> 00:50:05,419
My children are far away.
805
00:50:06,086 --> 00:50:09,089
One of them is sick.
He hasn't been back in a year.
806
00:50:09,673 --> 00:50:11,717
He's in Spain and can't get back.
807
00:50:12,593 --> 00:50:17,139
I have another son in Libya.
808
00:50:17,723 --> 00:50:19,183
He's also sick.
809
00:50:21,143 --> 00:50:23,854
An older man gets upto tell me that his son
810
00:50:23,938 --> 00:50:26,982
also left for Libyamore than a year ago.
811
00:50:27,066 --> 00:50:29,401
I haven't heard from him since.
812
00:50:30,027 --> 00:50:33,364
He left his wife
and two children behind.
813
00:50:33,447 --> 00:50:35,574
It's very painful.
814
00:50:35,658 --> 00:50:37,451
He's said, very painful.
815
00:50:38,202 --> 00:50:42,414
I don't have the heart to tell himI was just near the Libyan border.
816
00:50:42,498 --> 00:50:45,626
I think of those young mengetting ready to cross the desert.
817
00:50:46,210 --> 00:50:48,504
So many die along the way.
818
00:50:48,587 --> 00:50:50,506
Their bodies never found.
819
00:50:50,589 --> 00:50:52,299
Their deaths never recorded.
820
00:50:53,676 --> 00:50:55,761
When I was a strong young man,
821
00:50:55,844 --> 00:50:57,846
my brothers and I farmed
for our father,
822
00:50:57,930 --> 00:50:59,431
and brought the harvest home.
823
00:50:59,515 --> 00:51:03,227
Our mothers would then feed us
from the harvest.
824
00:51:04,061 --> 00:51:06,564
The whole family would be at home.
825
00:51:06,647 --> 00:51:09,441
Everyone's children stayed here,
farming together.
826
00:51:09,525 --> 00:51:12,528
If this situation continues,
we won't be able to stay here.
827
00:51:12,611 --> 00:51:14,863
Because we won't make a living.
828
00:51:15,447 --> 00:51:20,661
We will be compelled to follow
our children to other places.
829
00:51:34,508 --> 00:51:37,970
I came here with a big question,and I found my answer.
830
00:51:38,971 --> 00:51:41,765
Migrants are leaving Africafor many reasons.
831
00:51:41,849 --> 00:51:45,269
But the ones I metaren't fleeing war.
832
00:51:45,352 --> 00:51:48,564
They're fleeing a landthat will no longer support them,
833
00:51:48,647 --> 00:51:52,985
made worse by a man-made conditionthey did nothing to cause.
834
00:51:53,861 --> 00:51:56,196
As these villages dissolve,
835
00:51:56,280 --> 00:51:59,533
I remember there could beanywhere from 200 million
836
00:51:59,617 --> 00:52:03,787
to one billion climate migrantsby the end of the century.
837
00:52:04,955 --> 00:52:06,749
This is just the beginning.
838
00:52:07,374 --> 00:52:11,503
Whether this trickle becomes a floodis up to us.
839
00:52:14,298 --> 00:52:16,300
Subtitles: Daiana Estefanía Díaz
plint.com
72232
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.