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Miami...
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Or as I like to call it, Shangri-La.
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Where old people come to retire,
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and young peoplecome to stay young.
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It's one of America'smost vital cities.
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Always wondered what it'd be liketo get a place down here.
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Maybe a swanky pad like this one?
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It's got all the amenities:
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custom gourmet kitchen,
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the soaking tub,
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and of course,unobstructed views of the water.
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And this is the guywho would sell it to me.
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So, gorgeous property.
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-A very nice home.
-This is it. This is the life.
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Yeah. We are
on the Venetian Islands now.
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Basically, it separates Miami Beach
from downtown Miami.
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Unbelievable.
And this is like the most desired...
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-neighborhood-ish, right?
-This is amazing. Exactly.
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And, in fact,
are property values going up?
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The values are going up like crazy.
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I mean, it's amazing what you see
five years ago, today,
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the increases in prices
are incredible.
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Miami is beautiful.
You have the weather...
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It's really like the place to be.
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Do people talk about climate change
and the rising sea levels?
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Is that a concern
of any of your clients?
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For my clients and other friends
in the industry, it's not a concern.
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Because it's paradise,
it's tropical, it's gorgeous.
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And yet, it is,
according to the scientists,
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one of the most vulnerable
to climate change.
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Sea rises a couple of feet,
this whole thing gets...
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But no one... It's just like,
"Yeah, nah, whatevs."
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When I was a kid,sea level rise wasn't even a thing.
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Back then, oceans were scarybecause of pirates,
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sharks, and violent storms.
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I was on the phone with my fatherduring Hurricane Katrina
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when the line went dead.
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I was amazed I ever saw him again.
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It's my brother
standing on his house.
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Everything he ever had was gone.
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That's crazy.
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We used to kick
the soccer ball right here.
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This is my family's neighborhood.
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The neighborhood I loved.
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Everyone who stayed
went into their attics.
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But the problem is
the water kept going,
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and there was no way
for them to ever get out.
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There were body bags
all along the road.
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Ever since Katrina,
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it seems to me that storms arecoming faster and more furiously.
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To find outwhether this is all just in my head,
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I'm here in the Bahamas,with my wife Nikki,
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about to rendezvouswith a team of top scientists
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on that boat down there.
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Their mission:
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to understand what effecthuman-caused climate change
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will have on the stormsof the future.
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Who wouldn't want to live in Miami?
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It's beautiful!
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But is sea level rise somethingpeople here have to worry about?
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To find out, I've arranged to meetwith a scientist named Keren Bolter.
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She lives in south Florida, and saysshe'll give me the low down.
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Today, she's introducing me
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to two top climate scientistsin Florida,
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Ben Kirtman and Harold Wanless.
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So what are we looking at here?
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So, here we go.
This is what it looks like in 2030.
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Everything in red
is going to be under water.
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00:05:02,177 --> 00:05:03,929
-Whoa.
-In 15 years,
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during the extreme tide in October,
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every high tide
is going to be this high.
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That's just 15 years from now.
Now, let's look at 2060.
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High tide in October,
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areas that will be below sea level.
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It's uninhabitable.
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I can't believe what I'm looking at.
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Whole parts of Miami, gone?
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I had no idea it could be this bad.
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And so soon.
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And you know a hurricane in October
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is not unheard of,
that happens here.
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So, now you have
sea level rise and storm surge,
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think about how much flooding
they'll suffer during a major event.
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00:05:41,883 --> 00:05:45,011
If a storm surge hit in 2060,
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this is what's vulnerable
once the sea level's that high.
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00:05:49,224 --> 00:05:53,478
And you're looking
at less than 50 years in the future.
87
00:05:53,562 --> 00:05:56,022
I was in a movie calledĀ Waterworld.
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And it got really bad reviews.
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But now we can see
that we were right.
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00:06:02,529 --> 00:06:04,614
Can you show me on the map
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00:06:04,698 --> 00:06:08,034
what the worst-case scenario is
for, say, 2100?
92
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The high projections for 2100
are 6.6 feet.
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When the tide is highest,
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everything in red
will be under water.
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-Whoa.
-Yeah. The entire county.
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There's no safe place.
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There's no more Miami.
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The port facility is compromised,
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the airport's compromised.
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No fresh water resources.
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Also, just because there's places
that are above water,
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if there's no roads
going to the place,
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it's essentially cut off
from civilization.
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And that's what we're telling
communities to plan for.
105
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We're not just looking
at South Florida.
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This is a proxy for all
the coastal areas of the world,
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the Mumbai's, the Shanghai's.
108
00:06:51,578 --> 00:06:53,079
-Yeah.
-The Atlantic cities.
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00:06:53,163 --> 00:06:56,708
There's gonna be, like,
massive migrations of humanity
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moving to different parts
of the world
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just to survive, right?
We're talkin'...
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It's going to happen
in the coming centuries,
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because all of this carbon
that we put into the atmosphere,
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it hasn't even started
to make its impact.
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00:07:09,137 --> 00:07:10,847
There's such a time lag.
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The big urgency is that every year
we don't do anything,
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we're warming the ocean more.
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And it's that heat
that's accelerating melting of ice.
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And that's the scary part.
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We need to start thinking
about how we build and plan,
121
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not for the next five years,
but for the next hundred years.
122
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I really had no idea that allthe carbon dioxide we've emitted
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will continue to do damagefor decades raising the seas,
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all around the world.
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What are the millions of peoplewho live on the coasts
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supposed to do?
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Just 40 miles from Miami,
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Nikki and I are about to embarkon a week-long science expedition.
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Hi!
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As scary as hurricanes are to me,
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I've got to admit I'm excitedto be on this ship, The Alucia,
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a state-of-the-art research vessel.
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-Jeff. Nice to meet you.
-Such a pleasure, man. Truly.
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Do you want to see the ship?
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Our host for the voyageis Jeff Donnelly.
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He's a top geologistwith the famed Woods Hole
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Oceanographic Institutionin Massachusetts.
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These are the submarines.
We'll be going down in these.
139
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-There's Al in there.
-Hey, Al. This is Nikki.
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Hey, guys.
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We're going down in a submarine?
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Okay.
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I'm dying to know moreabout this mission,
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and to seeif there really is a connection
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between a warming planetand more violent storms.
146
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-Here's the bridge.
-Okay.
147
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-There's Captain Frank over there.
-Hi, Frank.
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Thanks for driving us.
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Many of the hurricanes
that are impacting the US
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are sort of tracking here
through the Bahamas and past Cuba.
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This is Cay Sal Bank here.
This is where we're headed.
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And we're in this area,
specifically, because...?
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It's a submerged bank
off the Florida coast.
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It has some really deep holes in it,
called "blue holes."
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These blue holes
accumulate sediment through time
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that actually provides a record
of past hurricanes.
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This marine sediment is getting
washed in, day in and out,
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and just accumulating
in this beautiful pile.
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That's just perfectly
collecting sediment over time?
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So it's really well positioned
to be sort of our weather station,
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monitoring the hurricanes
that have impacted North America,
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going back hundreds of years,
and even millennia.
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It's fascinating to learnthat these underwater caves,
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called blue holes,
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actually containthe history of hurricanes.
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To reveal that history,
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Jeff explains that he drillslong tubes into the sea floor.
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I'm gonna lift it up, you're gonna
put a cap on it. Fast as you can.
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Pulling up layers of mud.
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Let's get it up on the deck.
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Revealing the core sample inside.
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It's those strata that holdancient clues about our future.
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00:10:05,772 --> 00:10:08,691
Hurricanes are often related
to sea surface temperature.
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00:10:08,775 --> 00:10:11,736
So, one concern is that
with the planet warming so much,
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we might see hurricanes
getting much more intense.
176
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An increase in frequency,
or in intensity? Or both?
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00:10:18,159 --> 00:10:19,536
We're wrestling with that.
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00:10:19,619 --> 00:10:22,455
It's those, you know,
Cat 3, Cat 4, Cat 5 hurricanes
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that our computer models suggest
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will actually increase
with global warming.
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So, the data
that you could be collecting here
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could tell us that we are heading
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into a new age
of superstorms, basically?
184
00:10:36,094 --> 00:10:39,514
We have a climate experiment
that's run over millennia
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telling us when you get
warm sea temperatures,
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you should get many more,
very intense hurricanes.
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-"Nature's Climate Experiment."
-That's right.
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00:10:47,981 --> 00:10:50,150
-So, the short answer is, "Yes."
-Yeah.
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Wow. That's Cuba.
190
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The blue hole we're gonna look at
is right there.
191
00:10:56,531 --> 00:10:59,617
Has anyone ever done
this work before?
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No, I mean,
this is really hard to do.
193
00:11:01,870 --> 00:11:05,540
We're in the middle of the ocean,
going into a quite shallow area,
194
00:11:05,623 --> 00:11:08,376
so you can't get a really large
oceanographic ship in here.
195
00:11:09,961 --> 00:11:12,881
But yet, when you get there,
you have to core down 300 feet,
196
00:11:12,964 --> 00:11:16,009
so you need some significant
piece of equipment to do that.
197
00:11:16,926 --> 00:11:18,803
It's a really challenging
place to work.
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00:11:18,887 --> 00:11:20,680
If the weather doesn't cooperate,
199
00:11:20,763 --> 00:11:22,974
if the equipment breaks,
somebody gets hurt,
200
00:11:23,057 --> 00:11:25,351
it's possible
we could walk away with nothing.
201
00:11:27,061 --> 00:11:29,856
I can't believeI'm on this groundbreaking mission
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00:11:29,939 --> 00:11:31,983
to explore a blue hole.
203
00:11:33,443 --> 00:11:35,195
We're going to look into the past
204
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to discover the future of hurricanesthat could someday make landfall.
205
00:11:53,171 --> 00:11:55,215
As I ponder Miami's future,
206
00:11:55,298 --> 00:11:58,635
I can't help but noticehow normal everyone's acting.
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00:11:59,844 --> 00:12:04,182
Don't they realize the city'son the verge of a major crisis?
208
00:12:05,016 --> 00:12:08,478
Already streets are floodingduring some high tides,
209
00:12:08,561 --> 00:12:11,731
salt water bubbling up from drainsand making things miserable.
210
00:12:13,399 --> 00:12:16,110
But it seemsthat sea level rise isn't a priority
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00:12:16,194 --> 00:12:18,571
for some of Florida'stop politicians,
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00:12:19,197 --> 00:12:21,366
like second-term governor,Rick Scott.
213
00:12:21,449 --> 00:12:24,494
Officials in Florida's Departmentof Environmental Protection
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00:12:24,577 --> 00:12:26,955
were banned from using the words"climate change"
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00:12:27,038 --> 00:12:29,499
in official reportsand communications.
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00:12:29,582 --> 00:12:31,876
Scott's officedenied there was a policy.
217
00:12:32,502 --> 00:12:34,879
But state workers seemed to bedancing around
218
00:12:34,963 --> 00:12:36,422
the terms at a hearing.
219
00:12:36,506 --> 00:12:38,925
Future versions
of our mitigation plan
220
00:12:39,008 --> 00:12:41,803
will be required to have language
discussing that issue.
221
00:12:41,886 --> 00:12:43,304
What issue is that?
222
00:12:43,388 --> 00:12:45,348
The issue you mentioned earlier...
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Thank you so much.
224
00:12:50,520 --> 00:12:54,899
So, are there any politicians herewho are taking things seriously?
225
00:12:55,984 --> 00:12:59,320
Turns out there's oneright here in Miami Beach.
226
00:12:59,404 --> 00:13:01,614
-Mayor Philip Levine.
-Nice to see you too.
227
00:13:01,698 --> 00:13:04,492
We're all fighting
against sea level rise.
228
00:13:04,575 --> 00:13:07,161
We believe
that if we organize together,
229
00:13:07,245 --> 00:13:09,205
hopefully our voice
will be much louder.
230
00:13:09,289 --> 00:13:12,375
If there is a politicianwho can help save Miami,
231
00:13:12,458 --> 00:13:14,294
I gotta meet him.
232
00:13:18,840 --> 00:13:21,426
Mayor Levine?
Good to meet you.
233
00:13:21,509 --> 00:13:22,885
Welcome to Miami Beach.
234
00:13:24,345 --> 00:13:27,682
So, Mayor,
what kind of things are you doing
235
00:13:27,765 --> 00:13:30,935
to prepare for what's, you know,
what's coming and what's happening?
236
00:13:31,019 --> 00:13:32,687
Basically, the sea level goes up,
237
00:13:32,770 --> 00:13:34,272
the bay goes up.
238
00:13:34,355 --> 00:13:37,942
And the water comes out
of our drains onto our streets.
239
00:13:38,568 --> 00:13:40,069
So what we did right away
240
00:13:40,153 --> 00:13:42,822
is we started putting in
massive pumps,
241
00:13:42,905 --> 00:13:46,159
under the ground, to push the water
back out to where it came.
242
00:13:46,242 --> 00:13:48,453
We also began raising the roads.
243
00:13:48,536 --> 00:13:50,496
For example,
the area you're in right now,
244
00:13:50,580 --> 00:13:52,457
you see how low we are.
245
00:13:52,540 --> 00:13:54,834
We've actually raised
the street higher.
246
00:13:54,917 --> 00:13:56,294
Two years ago.
247
00:13:56,377 --> 00:13:57,920
-That's what this is?
-Exactly.
248
00:13:58,004 --> 00:14:01,299
But what about this when it floods?
This is not higher.
249
00:14:01,382 --> 00:14:04,594
There are drains around us
where the water will go into.
250
00:14:04,677 --> 00:14:06,637
So, we're lower.
There's drains here.
251
00:14:06,721 --> 00:14:09,182
That's a higher street.
This will not flood.
252
00:14:09,265 --> 00:14:12,143
We believe
it's a good 40/50-year solution.
253
00:14:12,226 --> 00:14:14,604
-You see this...
-We're not raising them for today.
254
00:14:14,687 --> 00:14:16,522
-It's a 50-year solution?
-Absolutely.
255
00:14:16,606 --> 00:14:19,817
But the forecast for Miami
seemed to be pretty grim.
256
00:14:19,901 --> 00:14:22,820
They're talking about, you know,
the end of this century,
257
00:14:22,904 --> 00:14:25,615
most of Miami being under water.
258
00:14:25,698 --> 00:14:27,950
I don't necessarily agree
with those forecasts.
259
00:14:28,034 --> 00:14:31,496
I believe in climate change,
and I believe it's human-made.
260
00:14:31,579 --> 00:14:33,748
And I believe
that the seas are rising.
261
00:14:33,831 --> 00:14:35,208
I'm not sure I believe
262
00:14:35,291 --> 00:14:37,585
in the very aggressive forecasts
put out there.
263
00:14:37,668 --> 00:14:40,880
Okay, but at this current pace
of sea level rise,
264
00:14:40,963 --> 00:14:46,302
Miami will be submerged
unless something drastic is done.
265
00:14:46,386 --> 00:14:49,013
Yes. I'm optimistic,
I believe we can get it done.
266
00:14:49,097 --> 00:14:51,182
You know,
one of our biggest obstacles, Jack,
267
00:14:51,265 --> 00:14:54,477
is that we have a state
with a governor and a cabinet
268
00:14:54,560 --> 00:14:56,270
that don't believe
in sea level rise,
269
00:14:56,354 --> 00:14:58,064
and they've turned a blind eye.
270
00:14:58,147 --> 00:15:01,442
And they say, "We don't believe it,
we don't see a sense of urgency."
271
00:15:01,526 --> 00:15:03,611
And we're trying
to convince the governor,
272
00:15:03,694 --> 00:15:07,115
"Forget about politics, understand
that your streets are flooding.
273
00:15:07,198 --> 00:15:09,117
You have coastal cities
that need help."
274
00:15:12,412 --> 00:15:15,289
Mayor Levine may only be planninga few decades out,
275
00:15:15,373 --> 00:15:17,291
but at least he's trying.
276
00:15:17,375 --> 00:15:20,211
What about that governor,Rick Scott?
277
00:15:20,837 --> 00:15:23,965
Hi, this is Jack Black
calling for Governor Scott.
278
00:15:25,466 --> 00:15:28,344
My Hollywood creddoesn't get me through.
279
00:15:28,428 --> 00:15:29,804
Thank you, I appreciate it.
280
00:15:29,887 --> 00:15:32,098
The best I can dois leave my number.
281
00:15:32,181 --> 00:15:34,517
Okay, mission not accomplished.
282
00:15:56,414 --> 00:15:58,166
As we make our way
283
00:15:58,249 --> 00:16:02,420
toward the mysterious blue holeoff the coast of Cuba,
284
00:16:02,503 --> 00:16:07,758
I learn there really is reasonto fear more storms like Katrina.
285
00:16:08,968 --> 00:16:10,344
Baby, listen to this.
286
00:16:10,428 --> 00:16:15,224
"In a 2012 study, a major finding
was that Katrina-size surges
287
00:16:15,308 --> 00:16:17,727
have been twice as frequent
in warm years
288
00:16:17,810 --> 00:16:19,187
compared with cold years."
289
00:16:19,270 --> 00:16:21,439
It's crazy.
That's what they're talking about.
290
00:16:21,522 --> 00:16:25,860
"In a 2013 paper, Grinsted
and his colleagues estimate..."
291
00:16:25,943 --> 00:16:29,822
Whoa! "...a doubling
of Katrina magnitude events
292
00:16:29,906 --> 00:16:32,950
associated with the warming
over the 20th century."
293
00:16:33,034 --> 00:16:35,703
-Just the 20th century. It's crazy.
-The 20th century.
294
00:16:37,288 --> 00:16:40,374
"The study concludes we have
probably crossed the threshold
295
00:16:40,458 --> 00:16:42,960
where Katrina magnitude
hurricane surges
296
00:16:43,044 --> 00:16:47,632
are more likely caused
by global warming than not."
297
00:17:05,858 --> 00:17:08,361
In the early daylight hourof the next morning,
298
00:17:08,444 --> 00:17:11,739
day threeon the magnificent ship, Alucia,
299
00:17:11,822 --> 00:17:15,243
we're approaching our destination:the blue hole.
300
00:17:24,168 --> 00:17:26,629
I'm dying to seethis underwater cave
301
00:17:26,712 --> 00:17:29,257
Jeff and his teamhave been talking so much about.
302
00:17:32,677 --> 00:17:34,387
Let's do this.
303
00:17:41,310 --> 00:17:44,647
It's a shallow water alarm
sort of telling us it's too shallow.
304
00:17:44,730 --> 00:17:46,148
Six under the keel.
305
00:17:46,232 --> 00:17:47,817
Six meters underneath the keel.
306
00:17:47,900 --> 00:17:49,610
-We're okay.
-For the moment.
307
00:17:50,486 --> 00:17:53,739
Yeah, okay, I might come hard left
and see if we can run across it.
308
00:17:54,407 --> 00:17:56,033
Roger.
309
00:17:56,117 --> 00:17:59,328
All right,
this is the wall right here.
310
00:17:59,412 --> 00:18:01,956
You can see the blue hole
coming in there now.
311
00:18:02,039 --> 00:18:03,457
-Okay.
-Pretty cool.
312
00:18:04,083 --> 00:18:06,586
Dr. Donnelly,
there's your blue hole, man.
313
00:18:21,726 --> 00:18:25,479
Would it really be possibleto raise up the entire city of Miami
314
00:18:25,563 --> 00:18:28,149
to save it from big stormsand sea level rise,
315
00:18:28,232 --> 00:18:31,152
the way Mayor Levinewants to on Miami Beach?
316
00:18:32,486 --> 00:18:36,866
I decide to talk to another mayor,Phil Stoddard, of South Miami,
317
00:18:36,949 --> 00:18:38,367
to get his take.
318
00:18:39,160 --> 00:18:42,788
Mr. Mayor, I just came
from a lunch with Mayor Levine.
319
00:18:42,872 --> 00:18:46,208
And his solution seems to be,
320
00:18:46,292 --> 00:18:49,378
we'll just lift the city up.
We're going to lift up the streets.
321
00:18:49,462 --> 00:18:52,131
His plan will work for a while,
322
00:18:52,214 --> 00:18:54,216
and it will work on Miami Beach,
323
00:18:54,300 --> 00:18:58,804
because Miami Beach has a very high
income level per square mile.
324
00:18:58,888 --> 00:19:01,390
If you go out
to West Miami-Dade County,
325
00:19:01,474 --> 00:19:03,559
the land does not generate
enough income
326
00:19:03,643 --> 00:19:05,853
to do the kind of projects
Levine talks about.
327
00:19:05,936 --> 00:19:07,521
There's just not enough money.
328
00:19:07,605 --> 00:19:10,566
But is it even
a realistic goal to say,
329
00:19:10,650 --> 00:19:13,611
"Let's lift the whole city up
three feet"?
330
00:19:13,694 --> 00:19:15,571
It seems insane to me.
331
00:19:15,655 --> 00:19:17,782
-We don't have that much rock.
-Right.
332
00:19:17,865 --> 00:19:19,617
So, if you elevate the roads,
333
00:19:19,700 --> 00:19:22,953
your driveways go whoop like this,
so you've got to elevate those.
334
00:19:23,037 --> 00:19:24,580
You've got to elevate sidewalks.
335
00:19:24,664 --> 00:19:27,958
Might want to put dirt in between,
so people don't fall off.
336
00:19:28,042 --> 00:19:30,211
And then, your house
is down in a hole,
337
00:19:30,294 --> 00:19:32,922
so you've got to start elevating
the houses and schools.
338
00:19:33,005 --> 00:19:34,924
A couple of trillion dollars later.
339
00:19:35,007 --> 00:19:38,260
And the hospitals, and everything.
340
00:19:38,344 --> 00:19:40,012
I don't think we can afford it.
341
00:19:40,596 --> 00:19:44,100
What about further projections?
342
00:19:44,183 --> 00:19:47,770
What do you see Miami looking like
in a hundred years?
343
00:19:47,853 --> 00:19:49,939
-Waterworld.-Waterworld?
344
00:19:50,022 --> 00:19:52,233
-Yeah.
-It's funny you mention that.
345
00:19:52,316 --> 00:19:56,028
I actually had a small role,
you wouldn't have recognized me.
346
00:19:56,112 --> 00:19:57,488
I was covered in grease.
347
00:19:57,571 --> 00:20:01,117
But I still think we were on
to something there, some real...
348
00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:04,578
-Yeah, I loved that sailboat he had.
-Sorry to get off topic.
349
00:20:04,662 --> 00:20:08,708
What about sea walls,
the solution of seawalls? Is it...?
350
00:20:08,791 --> 00:20:10,167
The problem for Miami
351
00:20:10,251 --> 00:20:13,462
is that we sit on top
of a bed of porous limestone.
352
00:20:13,546 --> 00:20:16,006
And you know
what's going to kill us? The shrimp.
353
00:20:16,090 --> 00:20:18,300
There's these prehistoric shrimp
354
00:20:18,384 --> 00:20:21,762
that dug in the sediments
and made holes underneath us.
355
00:20:21,846 --> 00:20:24,014
The whole city is built
356
00:20:24,098 --> 00:20:26,559
on a foundation
of Swiss cheese, basically?
357
00:20:26,642 --> 00:20:29,103
A rocky version of Swiss cheese.
Want to see a piece?
358
00:20:29,186 --> 00:20:30,855
-Yeah.
-I've got some in the yard.
359
00:20:30,938 --> 00:20:32,440
Yeah, I've got some of it.
360
00:20:35,317 --> 00:20:39,363
So, Jack, this is the reason
we can't keep the water out.
361
00:20:39,447 --> 00:20:41,949
This is Miami formation limestone.
362
00:20:42,032 --> 00:20:43,701
The water goes right through it.
363
00:20:43,784 --> 00:20:46,454
So this is the foundation
that Miami is built on.
364
00:20:46,537 --> 00:20:49,623
If you build a wall up on top
of that to keep the water out,
365
00:20:49,707 --> 00:20:52,585
the water goes through the holes,
comes from underneath you.
366
00:20:52,668 --> 00:20:56,714
So, Mayor Levine says,
"Don't listen to the doomsayers.
367
00:20:56,797 --> 00:20:59,550
Miami's here to stay."
What do you think?
368
00:20:59,633 --> 00:21:01,844
This place is gonna be underwater.
369
00:21:01,927 --> 00:21:04,305
We have enough heat
in the atmosphere right now,
370
00:21:04,388 --> 00:21:07,641
enough heat in the oceans,
enough carbon dioxide.
371
00:21:07,725 --> 00:21:11,312
Eventually Miami will be underwater,
it's just a matter of when?
372
00:21:11,395 --> 00:21:14,190
You got it.
The sea level is gonna rise.
373
00:21:14,273 --> 00:21:16,901
And Miami won't be here
when it rises.
374
00:21:25,826 --> 00:21:27,620
We've arrived at the blue hole
375
00:21:27,703 --> 00:21:30,456
just 50 nautical milesoff the coast of Cuba.
376
00:21:31,290 --> 00:21:34,376
-Approaching the drop-off.-Roger that.
377
00:21:35,377 --> 00:21:38,214
Today, we go down inside it.
378
00:21:39,340 --> 00:21:42,802
Here we go, start lifting off.
And we're off.
379
00:21:42,885 --> 00:21:45,554
Even though Jeff has coredmany blue holes before...
380
00:21:45,638 --> 00:21:47,014
This is amazing!
381
00:21:47,097 --> 00:21:50,601
...he's never been to the bottom,because they're too deep to dive.
382
00:21:51,435 --> 00:21:53,896
So this will be a firstfor both of us.
383
00:21:54,772 --> 00:21:56,649
It's a rocky little bastard.
384
00:21:57,399 --> 00:21:59,151
We'll go ahead, release.
385
00:21:59,235 --> 00:22:01,695
-Okay, you can release.
-Here we go.
386
00:22:06,325 --> 00:22:10,579
Okay, bridge lines are free.You are clear to maneuver.
387
00:22:11,121 --> 00:22:13,707
SOSO Nadir. Comm's okay, no leaks.
388
00:22:13,791 --> 00:22:17,503
Roger that. Nadir, and so,you are clear to dunk when ready.
389
00:22:19,171 --> 00:22:21,632
SOSO Nadir. Venting now, over.
390
00:22:21,715 --> 00:22:24,134
Roger, Nadir venting now.Have a good dive.
391
00:22:24,218 --> 00:22:26,470
-Okay, here we go, guys.
-Yeah!
392
00:22:32,601 --> 00:22:33,978
I'd say that's perfection.
393
00:22:34,061 --> 00:22:37,106
I love hearing
that that's perfection!
394
00:22:37,189 --> 00:22:41,360
The way to the hole is ahead,right off of our stern.
395
00:22:42,194 --> 00:22:44,530
Depth 6-0 meters,
396
00:22:44,613 --> 00:22:47,199
altitude 1-7 meters.
397
00:22:47,283 --> 00:22:50,619
They're seeing the bottom
at about 75 meters, about 210 feet,
398
00:22:50,703 --> 00:22:52,955
so they are basically
descending this wall.
399
00:22:55,833 --> 00:23:00,087
We are literally sinking
into this giant blue hole.
400
00:23:18,272 --> 00:23:20,232
This is so beautiful.
401
00:23:20,316 --> 00:23:24,445
Nadir, Nadir,
control my depth at 7 meters.
402
00:23:24,528 --> 00:23:27,156
-Vents are secure.
-Coming up on the wall.
403
00:23:27,239 --> 00:23:31,660
Confirm, descending
to 2-0 meters on the wall.
404
00:23:38,208 --> 00:23:42,838
What is a blue hole?
What is it that we're in right now?
405
00:23:42,922 --> 00:23:44,924
A blue hole is basically a cave
406
00:23:45,007 --> 00:23:48,427
that forms in a carbonate platform
or limestone.
407
00:23:48,510 --> 00:23:52,640
The sea level has risen about
350 feet since the last ice age.
408
00:23:52,723 --> 00:23:56,143
It drowns it. So you end up
with a hole in the ocean floor.
409
00:23:56,226 --> 00:23:58,228
And that hole
is just collecting sediments.
410
00:23:58,312 --> 00:24:01,065
You can see it around us
falling through the water column.
411
00:24:01,148 --> 00:24:04,276
All that sand...
Covers everything and blankets it.
412
00:24:04,902 --> 00:24:07,863
It's similar to a tree ring,
putting on a new layer every year.
413
00:24:07,947 --> 00:24:09,657
It accumulates at the bottom.
414
00:24:09,740 --> 00:24:11,283
When a hurricane strikes,
415
00:24:11,367 --> 00:24:13,410
it whips up really big particles,
416
00:24:13,494 --> 00:24:15,496
off the banktop,
throws that in the hole,
417
00:24:15,579 --> 00:24:18,958
and that's our record of the passage
of that particular hurricane.
418
00:24:19,041 --> 00:24:21,001
So, by taking the sediment core,
419
00:24:21,085 --> 00:24:23,754
we can do a reconstruction
of those hurricane events.
420
00:24:25,255 --> 00:24:27,007
It's a perfect time capsule.
421
00:24:27,091 --> 00:24:29,134
That time capsule basically starts
422
00:24:29,218 --> 00:24:32,221
when the sea floods this,
probably about 8,000 years ago.
423
00:24:32,304 --> 00:24:35,849
So we should have 8000 years' worth
of sediment accumulating.
424
00:24:35,933 --> 00:24:37,935
We won't be able
to collect that much.
425
00:24:38,018 --> 00:24:39,895
We might get a few thousand years.
426
00:24:42,147 --> 00:24:47,361
Roger that.
Coming down to the bottom...
427
00:24:52,574 --> 00:24:56,203
Almost. I don't think anyone's seen
what we're seeing right now.
428
00:24:56,286 --> 00:24:59,039
What's really exciting
is being able to lay eyes
429
00:24:59,123 --> 00:25:01,250
on something
that no human has ever seen.
430
00:25:02,835 --> 00:25:04,461
It's amazing.
431
00:25:04,545 --> 00:25:06,797
Control, Control, this is Nadir.
432
00:25:06,880 --> 00:25:11,635
Off-bottom depth is 7-5 meters.
Ascending, over.
433
00:25:11,719 --> 00:25:14,388
Thank you, Captain.
Great maneuvering, man.
434
00:25:23,147 --> 00:25:25,024
That was a great scout.
435
00:25:25,107 --> 00:25:26,900
Now comes the hard part.
436
00:25:29,778 --> 00:25:33,532
Jeff and his team will try to drivethese aluminum tubes
437
00:25:33,615 --> 00:25:35,367
deep into the ocean floor.
438
00:25:37,036 --> 00:25:40,622
The farther they go down,the more data they'll collect.
439
00:25:40,706 --> 00:25:44,918
But the more ambitious they are,the more often things can go wrong.
440
00:25:45,669 --> 00:25:48,464
The tubes can bend or even break.
441
00:25:56,889 --> 00:25:58,640
Okay, starting to launch now, cap.
442
00:25:58,724 --> 00:26:01,852
-Launch away.-Copy, launching.
443
00:26:01,935 --> 00:26:05,147
-Keep on going...
-Everybody's happy?
444
00:26:12,404 --> 00:26:14,239
All right, start her up!
445
00:26:17,201 --> 00:26:18,577
Nice and easy!
446
00:26:25,250 --> 00:26:27,753
We're not in the bottom,
we're lyin' on the bottom.
447
00:26:30,839 --> 00:26:32,216
All right, stop it!
448
00:26:33,926 --> 00:26:35,385
I lost her at the bottom.
449
00:26:36,553 --> 00:26:38,222
Coming up on the cable.
450
00:26:40,724 --> 00:26:43,143
Work out those muscles.
451
00:26:44,895 --> 00:26:46,814
The bottom of the core
at the surface.
452
00:26:46,897 --> 00:26:48,857
She's got an angle there at the end.
453
00:26:48,941 --> 00:26:50,984
Hopefully, at depth,
she's already going.
454
00:26:51,068 --> 00:26:52,820
All right, stay.
455
00:27:02,996 --> 00:27:06,708
As so often happens,the core has broken.
456
00:27:06,792 --> 00:27:08,460
Now it's empty, right?
457
00:27:08,544 --> 00:27:13,423
And then it fell off
while we were securing it, yeah.
458
00:27:13,507 --> 00:27:16,176
All the team can do is try again.
459
00:27:16,260 --> 00:27:17,636
Let's get another one going.
460
00:27:17,719 --> 00:27:21,557
But if anything more goes wrong,a big-time mission like this one
461
00:27:21,640 --> 00:27:23,350
could all be for nothing.
462
00:27:32,734 --> 00:27:34,987
I can't stop thinkingof all the neighborhoods
463
00:27:35,070 --> 00:27:37,614
away from the glamourof Miami Beach,
464
00:27:38,699 --> 00:27:40,117
on the mainland,
465
00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:42,619
that are going to be impactedby the rising oceans
466
00:27:42,703 --> 00:27:45,122
coming upthrough the porous limestone.
467
00:27:47,332 --> 00:27:51,211
Of the nearly three million peoplewho live in the Miami area,
468
00:27:51,295 --> 00:27:53,964
more than halfare lower-income or immigrant.
469
00:27:55,132 --> 00:27:56,925
What are they going to do?
470
00:27:58,135 --> 00:28:00,804
I arrange a meetingwith Nicole Hernandez Hammer,
471
00:28:01,555 --> 00:28:07,311
a scientist who left academiato work as a climate activist here.
472
00:28:07,394 --> 00:28:08,770
So great to meet you.
473
00:28:08,854 --> 00:28:11,857
What a gorgeous summer day,
in the middle of December.
474
00:28:11,940 --> 00:28:14,693
Yup, and we still have
a little bit of flooding.
475
00:28:14,776 --> 00:28:16,153
Oh, yeah!
476
00:28:16,236 --> 00:28:18,614
Now, what's happening here?
Is this water...?
477
00:28:18,697 --> 00:28:21,325
-This is high tide.
-This is just high tide?
478
00:28:21,408 --> 00:28:24,119
Yeah, and this is actually
a foot less than last month.
479
00:28:24,203 --> 00:28:27,831
Crazy, 'cause I thought
this was like left over from rain.
480
00:28:27,915 --> 00:28:30,500
-No, this is today. And no rain.
-Wow.
481
00:28:31,084 --> 00:28:33,212
It's really tough,
because I think, sometimes,
482
00:28:33,295 --> 00:28:36,173
people see the flooding and think
maybe a water main broke,
483
00:28:36,256 --> 00:28:37,925
or it's just bad infrastructure.
484
00:28:38,008 --> 00:28:40,802
They're not making the connection
between the climate change
485
00:28:40,886 --> 00:28:42,554
and what's happening here.
486
00:28:42,638 --> 00:28:45,724
Just to be clear, we're far away
from the beach right now.
487
00:28:45,807 --> 00:28:48,185
-We're on the mainland.
-Miles away from the beach,
488
00:28:48,268 --> 00:28:50,437
and yet, water
comes all the way here
489
00:28:50,520 --> 00:28:52,064
through the floor, basically?
490
00:28:52,147 --> 00:28:53,899
Through the limestone, yeah.
491
00:28:54,483 --> 00:28:57,778
And it carries with it
whatever is sitting on the surface
492
00:28:57,861 --> 00:29:00,113
and slightly underground,
like septic tanks.
493
00:29:00,197 --> 00:29:01,573
-Yikes.
-Or auto shops,
494
00:29:01,657 --> 00:29:04,534
and whatever they've got
coming out, and it collects.
495
00:29:05,160 --> 00:29:07,829
It's like biohazard stuff.
It can be toxic.
496
00:29:07,913 --> 00:29:10,082
It's got bacterias,
and people don't know it.
497
00:29:10,165 --> 00:29:13,627
They're walking around in the water,
their kids splashing in the water.
498
00:29:13,710 --> 00:29:15,587
-It's a public health concern.
-Damn.
499
00:29:15,671 --> 00:29:18,757
We're talking about people that
have lived here their whole lives,
500
00:29:18,840 --> 00:29:22,094
and it's probably tough for them
to wrap their head around that.
501
00:29:22,177 --> 00:29:24,554
I think
there's a certain degree of denial.
502
00:29:24,638 --> 00:29:27,015
I think people feel, like,
503
00:29:27,099 --> 00:29:29,768
you know, the elected officials
504
00:29:29,851 --> 00:29:33,105
or state agencies
are going to figure it out.
505
00:29:33,188 --> 00:29:35,524
"It can't be that Miami
is gonna be underwater."
506
00:29:35,607 --> 00:29:39,236
Is the governor hearing your voice?
Is there movement in the...?
507
00:29:39,319 --> 00:29:43,031
He heard it, but he's pretending
he didn't hear it.
508
00:29:43,115 --> 00:29:45,242
Some colleagues
had a meeting with him.
509
00:29:45,325 --> 00:29:48,870
And he listened. And then
they left, and then that was it.
510
00:29:48,954 --> 00:29:51,164
-And nothing changed.
-Yeah.
511
00:29:51,790 --> 00:29:54,251
So, you can see
the writing on the wall.
512
00:29:54,334 --> 00:29:56,670
What do you tell people
in the community?
513
00:29:57,254 --> 00:30:00,674
Essentially, it's telling people
that what we have is going away
514
00:30:00,757 --> 00:30:02,467
and they could lose everything.
515
00:30:03,719 --> 00:30:06,596
And I'd like to introduce you
to some people that I talk to.
516
00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:08,056
How's it going?
517
00:30:08,140 --> 00:30:10,225
-Jason. How are you doing?
-Nice to meet you.
518
00:30:11,601 --> 00:30:14,730
So, Nicole was telling me
that sometimes the septic tanks
519
00:30:14,813 --> 00:30:17,107
can mix with the groundwater,
520
00:30:17,190 --> 00:30:20,360
and it can be like dangerous water.
Has that ever been a problem?
521
00:30:20,444 --> 00:30:21,945
We're like two blocks down,
522
00:30:22,029 --> 00:30:25,949
and it's really bad,
it gets flooded bad. And it stinks.
523
00:30:26,033 --> 00:30:28,535
I don't know
if that's like gases or something,
524
00:30:28,618 --> 00:30:31,788
and then,
it just smells really, like, bad.
525
00:30:31,872 --> 00:30:33,749
You tell the kids,
"No splashing there."
526
00:30:33,832 --> 00:30:35,292
-No.
-Do you guys get worried?
527
00:30:35,375 --> 00:30:38,503
Because the level of the ocean
is just gonna keep on rising,
528
00:30:38,587 --> 00:30:42,716
and it's only like one foot away
from water coming into your house.
529
00:30:42,799 --> 00:30:46,511
Are people concerned about Miami
and, like, the future?
530
00:30:46,595 --> 00:30:48,472
Yeah, it'll devalue
the home eventually.
531
00:30:48,555 --> 00:30:50,474
People are going
to come by and see it,
532
00:30:50,557 --> 00:30:54,436
and there's no interest
in buying a property like that.
533
00:30:59,566 --> 00:31:01,860
Is this really our future?
534
00:31:01,943 --> 00:31:04,363
One where, eventually,millions of Americans
535
00:31:04,446 --> 00:31:06,490
will have to move awayfrom the coast?
536
00:31:08,450 --> 00:31:11,495
If that happens,where are they all going to go?
537
00:31:11,578 --> 00:31:14,373
Who's going to decide where they go,
538
00:31:14,456 --> 00:31:17,626
and who is going to pay for it all?
539
00:31:21,463 --> 00:31:25,217
Hello. Hi, yes,
it's Jack Black calling again.
540
00:31:25,300 --> 00:31:27,761
Just wanted to talk
to Governor Scott.
541
00:31:27,844 --> 00:31:31,181
I decide to call Governor Rick Scottone more time,
542
00:31:31,264 --> 00:31:36,019
the one who apparently won't listento his mayors. Or his scientists.
543
00:31:36,103 --> 00:31:38,772
It's regarding climate change.
544
00:31:39,439 --> 00:31:44,611
Okay, but what if...? What if I say,
I just want to talk about, like...
545
00:31:44,694 --> 00:31:46,947
weather difference?
546
00:31:47,030 --> 00:31:48,657
Does that make a difference?
547
00:31:48,740 --> 00:31:51,410
Again I don't get through.
548
00:31:51,493 --> 00:31:52,869
All right.
549
00:31:52,953 --> 00:31:55,539
He knows where to find me,
if he wants to call me.
550
00:31:56,456 --> 00:31:59,126
But I'm not gonna hold my breath.
Thank you.
551
00:32:00,669 --> 00:32:02,671
This is insane to me.
552
00:32:02,754 --> 00:32:04,798
Miami's going under,
553
00:32:04,881 --> 00:32:07,843
but so many people are actinglike nothing is wrong.
554
00:32:13,432 --> 00:32:16,309
I am in awe at the number of peopleinvolved on this mission
555
00:32:16,393 --> 00:32:19,229
and the passionthat they bring to the task.
556
00:32:19,312 --> 00:32:21,064
They seem tireless too.
557
00:32:21,148 --> 00:32:24,234
Go real slow and steady too
for the last half of it, okay?
558
00:32:24,317 --> 00:32:28,071
Working from morning to night,all in the name of climate science.
559
00:32:29,114 --> 00:32:31,408
And even though they'vecome up empty so far,
560
00:32:31,491 --> 00:32:34,035
the team is determinedto get enough core samples
561
00:32:34,119 --> 00:32:36,455
to make the trip to this blue holeworth the cost.
562
00:32:36,538 --> 00:32:37,914
All right, Chris, up easy!
563
00:32:39,374 --> 00:32:41,585
-You happy now?
-I will be when we land this.
564
00:32:42,294 --> 00:32:44,421
Okay, so how do we make that happen?
565
00:32:44,504 --> 00:32:45,922
We're just about to.
566
00:32:46,465 --> 00:32:48,925
If this lands on deck,
we will have collected
567
00:32:49,009 --> 00:32:52,387
the longest core ever collected
from a blue hole on Earth.
568
00:32:53,430 --> 00:32:55,682
They're laughing.
That must be something good.
569
00:33:02,063 --> 00:33:03,732
Oh, shit! Don't stop!
570
00:33:15,368 --> 00:33:16,912
It came up by a fingernail.
571
00:33:22,292 --> 00:33:24,669
-We don't want to lose any.
-No.
572
00:33:24,753 --> 00:33:28,256
All right, everybody ready?
One, two, three.
573
00:33:29,090 --> 00:33:32,135
Jeff will analyze this coreback at Woods Hole
574
00:33:32,219 --> 00:33:36,014
to see when hurricanes occurredand how powerful they were.
575
00:33:36,765 --> 00:33:41,228
He'll also study how warmthe sea surface temperature was.
576
00:33:41,311 --> 00:33:43,396
That's where Pete Van Hengstumcomes in.
577
00:33:43,480 --> 00:33:44,940
What's up, Pete?
578
00:33:45,023 --> 00:33:48,485
Pete's a micropaleontologist,and a key part of this team.
579
00:33:48,568 --> 00:33:49,945
Have a look, it's all set up.
580
00:33:50,028 --> 00:33:52,447
Wow. It's like
a whole little world in there.
581
00:33:52,531 --> 00:33:54,574
Look at these on the bigger screen.
582
00:33:54,658 --> 00:33:58,286
Essentially, what you're looking at
are millions of tiny shells
583
00:33:58,370 --> 00:34:00,747
that are being deposited
in these blue holes.
584
00:34:00,830 --> 00:34:02,791
This is from
the core drilling you did?
585
00:34:02,874 --> 00:34:04,668
Absolutely.
These are the microfossils
586
00:34:04,751 --> 00:34:06,795
that were at the very bottom
of that core.
587
00:34:06,878 --> 00:34:09,047
I'm still
not completely understanding
588
00:34:09,130 --> 00:34:10,549
the climate connection.
589
00:34:10,632 --> 00:34:13,927
These organisms make their shells
out of mineral calcium carbonate.
590
00:34:14,010 --> 00:34:16,054
And when you form those shells,
591
00:34:16,137 --> 00:34:18,974
the chemistry of the shell
is linked to the temperature
592
00:34:19,057 --> 00:34:20,684
of when that animal was living.
593
00:34:20,767 --> 00:34:22,686
How do you check the temperature?
594
00:34:22,769 --> 00:34:26,189
We can measure the ratio
of the heavy to light oxygen atoms
595
00:34:26,273 --> 00:34:27,899
inside of these shells.
596
00:34:27,983 --> 00:34:29,818
And the relationship of that ratio
597
00:34:29,901 --> 00:34:32,487
is controlled
by the ocean's temperature.
598
00:34:32,571 --> 00:34:34,948
We still need to radiocarbon date
599
00:34:35,031 --> 00:34:37,409
leaves that are preserved
inside the cores
600
00:34:37,492 --> 00:34:40,412
to know how old
the different sediment layers are.
601
00:34:41,037 --> 00:34:43,123
Now I'm beginningto see the full picture.
602
00:34:43,206 --> 00:34:44,958
By analyzing the fossils,
603
00:34:45,041 --> 00:34:47,711
as well as the mudthey pull up from the sea bottom,
604
00:34:47,794 --> 00:34:51,673
these scientists can tellnot just when a hurricane occurred,
605
00:34:51,756 --> 00:34:54,843
but how warmthe water was at the time.
606
00:34:54,926 --> 00:34:57,012
So, imagine
if going back through time
607
00:34:57,095 --> 00:34:59,889
for 1,000 or 2,000 years,
every single year,
608
00:34:59,973 --> 00:35:03,310
we knew how many hurricanes
made landfall
609
00:35:03,393 --> 00:35:05,186
and what the temperature was like.
610
00:35:05,270 --> 00:35:08,732
"Were there more hurricanes?
Was the ocean warmer?"
611
00:35:08,815 --> 00:35:11,401
We're going to be able to learn
so much about climate,
612
00:35:11,484 --> 00:35:14,404
how the environment in those holes
changed through time.
613
00:35:14,487 --> 00:35:16,781
-That's just really exciting.
-So cool.
614
00:35:16,865 --> 00:35:18,366
No, I mean, it's amazing.
615
00:35:18,450 --> 00:35:20,035
Well, we've got the mud.
616
00:35:20,118 --> 00:35:21,536
And we've got the fossils.
617
00:35:23,663 --> 00:35:25,165
Now it's just a matter
618
00:35:25,248 --> 00:35:27,709
of what Jeff Donnellyis going to find out
619
00:35:27,792 --> 00:35:30,712
in his lab back in Massachusetts.
620
00:35:41,139 --> 00:35:43,808
Everywhere I go,I see construction cranes
621
00:35:43,892 --> 00:35:45,810
and new buildings going up.
622
00:35:46,853 --> 00:35:49,939
With sea levels rising,surely the developers in Miami
623
00:35:50,023 --> 00:35:51,775
are aware of the risk.
624
00:35:58,490 --> 00:36:00,533
Or are they thinking maybe people
625
00:36:00,617 --> 00:36:02,786
can just swimto the kitchen for breakfast?
626
00:36:06,539 --> 00:36:09,000
I asked an architect,Reinaldo Borges,
627
00:36:09,084 --> 00:36:11,419
and an insurance expert,Alex Kaplan, to meet.
628
00:36:11,503 --> 00:36:13,713
-Insurance mogul?
-Something like that.
629
00:36:13,797 --> 00:36:15,965
-Architect extraordinaire?
-Yes, sir.
630
00:36:16,049 --> 00:36:20,345
Great to meet you. I'm Jack Black,
actor supreme. Let's have a seat.
631
00:36:23,223 --> 00:36:28,144
Currently, how many new buildings
are being built in Miami?
632
00:36:28,228 --> 00:36:30,188
Right now, we have over 300 permits
633
00:36:30,271 --> 00:36:33,650
for significant
high-rise/mid-rise construction.
634
00:36:33,733 --> 00:36:35,985
There's no slowing down in sight.
635
00:36:36,069 --> 00:36:39,406
We have over 20 billion dollars
of new buildings going up.
636
00:36:39,489 --> 00:36:40,865
Unbelievable.
637
00:36:40,949 --> 00:36:44,244
None have been thought through
in terms of permanent flooding.
638
00:36:44,327 --> 00:36:46,788
So no one seems
to be panicked about,
639
00:36:46,871 --> 00:36:51,710
"Hey, Miami is going to be
one of the most severely hit places
640
00:36:51,793 --> 00:36:53,628
with regard to climate change."
641
00:36:53,712 --> 00:36:56,423
No, building increases.
642
00:36:56,506 --> 00:36:58,591
The city builders
are sort of saying,
643
00:36:58,675 --> 00:37:02,762
"We're experiencing construction
here that is unprecedented,
644
00:37:02,846 --> 00:37:04,931
with a lot of cash coming to Miami.
645
00:37:05,014 --> 00:37:06,975
Everybody's happy,
and it's fantastic."
646
00:37:07,058 --> 00:37:09,144
Okay, now I get it.
647
00:37:09,227 --> 00:37:12,605
Real estate developersaren't concerned about the future.
648
00:37:12,689 --> 00:37:15,608
They're cashing in todaywhile the getting is good.
649
00:37:15,692 --> 00:37:17,277
You know, in Florida alone,
650
00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:22,031
you've got 544 billion dollars'
worth of property
651
00:37:22,115 --> 00:37:25,660
that lives within six feet
of the high tide line.
652
00:37:25,744 --> 00:37:27,996
It's right on the front line
for sea level rise.
653
00:37:28,079 --> 00:37:32,751
Alex's company, Swiss Re,is an international insurance giant.
654
00:37:32,834 --> 00:37:37,422
They insure the insurance companies.Alex understands risk.
655
00:37:37,505 --> 00:37:39,841
The problem is, overwhelmingly,
656
00:37:39,924 --> 00:37:43,428
people, individuals,
corporations and governments
657
00:37:43,511 --> 00:37:45,346
underestimate
what they are exposed to.
658
00:37:45,430 --> 00:37:48,600
The expectation is, "The government
will solve our problems,
659
00:37:48,683 --> 00:37:50,602
so why should I deal with it today?"
660
00:37:50,685 --> 00:37:54,105
But flood insurance in the US
doesn't cover these things.
661
00:37:54,189 --> 00:37:56,858
Sea level rise over time,
that's on the owner.
662
00:37:56,941 --> 00:37:58,693
Nobody else is paying for that.
663
00:37:58,777 --> 00:38:01,237
At what point
do you think people go,
664
00:38:01,321 --> 00:38:03,239
"Wait, it's not worth it anymore"?
665
00:38:03,323 --> 00:38:04,741
These residential buildings
666
00:38:04,824 --> 00:38:07,410
get transferred from the developer
into an association.
667
00:38:07,494 --> 00:38:11,456
If later the insurance company says,
"We cannot insure your building,"
668
00:38:11,539 --> 00:38:12,957
because of risk assessment,
669
00:38:13,041 --> 00:38:16,252
suddenly they have a building
that doesn't have insurance.
670
00:38:16,336 --> 00:38:19,339
It's really scary to think
South Florida will not be insurable.
671
00:38:19,422 --> 00:38:22,967
So many people own homes.
They have 30-year mortgages on them.
672
00:38:23,051 --> 00:38:27,430
You know, in thinking about how
a lot of these towers are financed,
673
00:38:27,514 --> 00:38:29,766
it's entirely unsustainable.
674
00:38:32,268 --> 00:38:34,562
I get that no onewants this party to end.
675
00:38:36,064 --> 00:38:39,567
But when the insurance companiesdecide the risk is too high,
676
00:38:39,651 --> 00:38:41,986
and the banks stop giving mortgages,
677
00:38:42,070 --> 00:38:45,323
this whole house of cardsis going to collapse, right?
678
00:38:46,699 --> 00:38:48,743
I can't help wonderingwhat will happen
679
00:38:48,827 --> 00:38:50,787
to everyone who lives here
680
00:38:50,870 --> 00:38:55,291
when all this propertyisn't worth anything.
681
00:39:01,005 --> 00:39:04,926
It's been months since I've seenJeff Donnelly and his team.
682
00:39:05,009 --> 00:39:07,846
I'm a little anxious as I arriveat their lab at Woods Hole,
683
00:39:07,929 --> 00:39:09,681
here on Cape Cod.
684
00:39:09,764 --> 00:39:13,935
I'm wondering,am I about to learn the worst
685
00:39:14,018 --> 00:39:16,980
about the futureof Atlantic hurricanes?
686
00:39:17,063 --> 00:39:19,274
This is one of the cores
we took on the cruise.
687
00:39:19,357 --> 00:39:21,943
We split it open for you,
so you can have a look at it.
688
00:39:22,026 --> 00:39:23,403
Wow.
689
00:39:24,445 --> 00:39:28,449
And so, as you march down this core,
you're marching back through time.
690
00:39:28,533 --> 00:39:30,994
This entire core goes back
a little over 1,000 years.
691
00:39:31,077 --> 00:39:32,620
That's incredible.
692
00:39:32,704 --> 00:39:35,540
The base of this section
is probably about 500 years ago.
693
00:39:35,623 --> 00:39:37,625
Europeans hadn't settled
North America
694
00:39:37,709 --> 00:39:39,377
when these sediments
were deposited.
695
00:39:39,460 --> 00:39:42,964
So, Columbus doesn't arrive
until the upper end of this section.
696
00:39:43,047 --> 00:39:47,427
If we date a whole series of those,
we can build a chronology of events.
697
00:39:47,510 --> 00:39:48,970
So, question:
698
00:39:49,053 --> 00:39:51,014
you have consistency in the core,
699
00:39:51,097 --> 00:39:53,474
and then you have
these inconsistent patterns.
700
00:39:53,558 --> 00:39:54,934
These are events, right?
701
00:39:55,018 --> 00:39:57,103
Right. So, these really coarse
intervals here
702
00:39:57,186 --> 00:39:59,022
are deposited during a hurricane.
703
00:39:59,105 --> 00:40:00,773
-That's a hurricane?
-That's right.
704
00:40:01,399 --> 00:40:04,611
You go down a number of years,
and it's pretty quiet.
705
00:40:04,694 --> 00:40:08,072
But then, all of a sudden,
you get boom, boom, boom.
706
00:40:08,156 --> 00:40:12,410
One, two, three events
within, say, ten years.
707
00:40:12,493 --> 00:40:14,454
-That's right.
-This is incredible.
708
00:40:14,537 --> 00:40:17,957
So, we got one here, at the base
of this core... I can show you.
709
00:40:19,417 --> 00:40:22,670
This is one of the bigger event beds
we have in this particular core.
710
00:40:22,754 --> 00:40:24,297
Here you got a coarse debris,
711
00:40:24,380 --> 00:40:26,799
and there's probably 10
or 15 centimeters of it.
712
00:40:26,883 --> 00:40:30,428
Something that large is probably
a Category 4 or 5 hurricane.
713
00:40:30,511 --> 00:40:33,890
-This is like a Katrina.
-It could even be more intense.
714
00:40:33,973 --> 00:40:36,267
Hurricane after hurricane
after hurricane.
715
00:40:36,351 --> 00:40:38,853
There was a lot of activity. Why?
716
00:40:38,937 --> 00:40:40,605
Well, this particular interval
717
00:40:40,688 --> 00:40:43,524
is one in which sea surface
temperatures were pretty warm
718
00:40:43,608 --> 00:40:45,652
along the Eastern seaboard
of the US.
719
00:40:45,735 --> 00:40:47,570
And those warm
sea surface temperatures
720
00:40:47,654 --> 00:40:50,698
actually caused
much more hurricane activity.
721
00:40:50,782 --> 00:40:54,327
This shows that what the climate
models are saying is really right.
722
00:40:54,410 --> 00:40:57,163
Hurricanes are really sensitive
to sea surface temperature,
723
00:40:57,246 --> 00:40:59,666
and when you warm up
that temperature even a little,
724
00:40:59,749 --> 00:41:02,043
you start getting
more intense hurricanes.
725
00:41:02,126 --> 00:41:04,754
-Is that where we're headed?
-Well, that's the worry.
726
00:41:04,837 --> 00:41:08,091
There's this natural variability
in the oceans and the climate system
727
00:41:08,174 --> 00:41:10,593
that sometimes it was warmer,
and sometimes, colder.
728
00:41:10,677 --> 00:41:13,972
But we've been warming up
the sea surface temperatures
729
00:41:14,055 --> 00:41:16,224
with greenhouse gas emissions.
730
00:41:16,307 --> 00:41:19,060
The planet should be cooling
right now, and it isn't.
731
00:41:19,143 --> 00:41:20,770
It's warming rapidly.
732
00:41:20,853 --> 00:41:25,608
We shot past the warmest period
in, basically, the last 450 years.
733
00:41:25,692 --> 00:41:29,487
So by virtue of us heating
the temperatures of the water,
734
00:41:29,570 --> 00:41:31,489
we're already warmer than this was,
735
00:41:31,572 --> 00:41:34,409
when we have this super-violent,
very, very active storms.
736
00:41:34,492 --> 00:41:36,244
That's right. Right.
737
00:41:37,912 --> 00:41:41,165
Then we look more closelyat one of these storms of the past
738
00:41:41,249 --> 00:41:43,334
to see what could be coming our way.
739
00:41:43,418 --> 00:41:46,045
This 1821 storm
we actually know quite a bit about.
740
00:41:46,129 --> 00:41:49,298
We have a really fast moving
Category 3 hurricane
741
00:41:49,382 --> 00:41:52,427
going up the Eastern seaboard,
over New Jersey and New York.
742
00:41:52,510 --> 00:41:54,220
That had to have been destructive.
743
00:41:54,303 --> 00:41:58,599
Those sort of 1821 kind of storms
that we're seeing in the cores,
744
00:41:58,683 --> 00:42:00,893
really big,
they're really intense storms.
745
00:42:00,977 --> 00:42:03,896
Sandy, for example,
we barely see any deposits.
746
00:42:03,980 --> 00:42:06,149
So why was there
so much damage from Sandy,
747
00:42:06,232 --> 00:42:08,651
even though it was
a minimal hurricane?
748
00:42:08,735 --> 00:42:11,446
And it turns out,
you know, we're the problem.
749
00:42:11,529 --> 00:42:15,199
This is the New Jersey shoreline
when the 1821 hurricane hit.
750
00:42:15,283 --> 00:42:17,285
We didn't build anything on it.
751
00:42:17,368 --> 00:42:19,495
There are fishing shacks,
and that's about it.
752
00:42:19,579 --> 00:42:22,582
-Right.
-This is that same shoreline today.
753
00:42:22,665 --> 00:42:26,544
We've basically built Atlantic City,
this urban area,
754
00:42:26,627 --> 00:42:28,421
on top of this barrier island.
755
00:42:28,504 --> 00:42:30,631
And there's all
this permanent infrastructure,
756
00:42:30,715 --> 00:42:32,800
whether it be hotels...
757
00:42:32,884 --> 00:42:36,304
-Port facilities, gas terminals.
-Homes, all of this.
758
00:42:36,387 --> 00:42:39,223
All that sits vulnerable
to these storms.
759
00:42:39,307 --> 00:42:42,310
Imagine you're watching
this big Category 4 hurricane
760
00:42:42,393 --> 00:42:43,895
spinning off of North Carolina.
761
00:42:43,978 --> 00:42:47,732
Eight, twelve hours, you'll have
to make some critical decisions
762
00:42:47,815 --> 00:42:49,734
about how to get people
out of harm's way
763
00:42:49,817 --> 00:42:52,403
across this really
heavily populated area.
764
00:42:52,487 --> 00:42:54,822
-That's literally an impossibility.
-Right.
765
00:42:54,906 --> 00:42:58,576
Katrina, we had days,
and we still did a horrible job.
766
00:42:58,659 --> 00:43:00,036
Indeed.
767
00:43:01,788 --> 00:43:04,123
So that's what's really scary
about these storms.
768
00:43:04,207 --> 00:43:06,042
We put ourselves in harm's way.
769
00:43:06,125 --> 00:43:07,502
In this harm's way.
770
00:43:07,585 --> 00:43:11,130
And as these waters get warmer,
storms will become more frequent.
771
00:43:11,214 --> 00:43:14,133
Yeah. It's only a matter of time.
772
00:43:26,646 --> 00:43:28,606
The more I learn about Miami's fate,
773
00:43:28,689 --> 00:43:31,317
the less I'm ableto wrap my head around it.
774
00:43:31,400 --> 00:43:35,488
Are we going to have to somedayrename it "the lost city of Miami"?
775
00:43:36,989 --> 00:43:40,243
It's only a matter of timebefore another major storm hits.
776
00:43:40,326 --> 00:43:42,578
But it's been a decadeand they've been lucky,
777
00:43:43,579 --> 00:43:46,165
so maybe that's partof the denial here?
778
00:43:46,249 --> 00:43:50,378
It's all making me feela little crazy.
779
00:43:51,087 --> 00:43:56,425
I'm imagining
that if I lived here in Miami,
780
00:43:56,509 --> 00:43:57,885
what would I do?
781
00:43:57,969 --> 00:43:59,387
What do you think you'd do?
782
00:44:00,263 --> 00:44:05,143
What we know is coming
is sea level rise.
783
00:44:05,226 --> 00:44:07,812
Three feet, six feet, twelve feet.
784
00:44:07,895 --> 00:44:10,022
What is it that keeps me
785
00:44:10,106 --> 00:44:12,108
from really believing
786
00:44:12,191 --> 00:44:15,528
or wrapping my head
around these facts?
787
00:44:15,611 --> 00:44:17,738
Here's your premise that's wrong.
788
00:44:17,822 --> 00:44:23,202
You are thinking that our brains
are only rational. And they're not.
789
00:44:23,286 --> 00:44:29,584
Our brains are wired, in part,
to deny unpleasant emotions.
790
00:44:29,667 --> 00:44:33,254
There is a part of our brain
which is highly rational,
791
00:44:33,337 --> 00:44:36,007
analyzes data, takes in information,
792
00:44:36,090 --> 00:44:38,718
and then there's
the emotional part of the brain.
793
00:44:38,801 --> 00:44:42,722
The emotional part of the brain
is extremely powerful.
794
00:44:42,805 --> 00:44:45,266
And it feels
more comfortable just to...
795
00:44:46,100 --> 00:44:50,146
just to shut down
the scientific part of my brain
796
00:44:50,229 --> 00:44:53,232
and just enjoy the right now,
just do nothing.
797
00:44:53,316 --> 00:44:55,193
You are not alone.
798
00:44:55,276 --> 00:44:59,155
I have dubbed the condition,
pre-traumatic stress disorder.
799
00:44:59,864 --> 00:45:03,993
I am hearing what the scientists
are saying in my mind,
800
00:45:04,076 --> 00:45:06,913
playing it like a tape all the time.
801
00:45:06,996 --> 00:45:08,372
-I do.
-Now,
802
00:45:08,456 --> 00:45:10,208
was there a specific incident
803
00:45:10,291 --> 00:45:12,752
that heightened
this sense of vulnerability
804
00:45:12,835 --> 00:45:14,795
and connected it with climate?
805
00:45:17,006 --> 00:45:21,886
I remember my parents fighting
when I was a little boy,
806
00:45:22,511 --> 00:45:25,389
and I was so scared
of their anger towards each other,
807
00:45:25,473 --> 00:45:28,935
I ran into a room with my nanny.
808
00:45:30,895 --> 00:45:33,189
Okay, that has nothing to do
with climate change.
809
00:45:33,272 --> 00:45:35,399
-Oh, but...
-That's just what came up.
810
00:45:35,483 --> 00:45:37,151
I don't know why. That sense of...
811
00:45:37,235 --> 00:45:39,403
-Well, try to think.
-...of fear and danger.
812
00:45:39,487 --> 00:45:41,948
-And instability.
-Yes. Right.
813
00:45:42,031 --> 00:45:46,369
It's just so unfathomable,
the idea of change.
814
00:45:46,452 --> 00:45:49,747
So, there's the tensions
in that space.
815
00:45:49,830 --> 00:45:54,043
While you're trying to find
a peaceful resolution,
816
00:45:55,044 --> 00:45:57,129
you just kind of don't do anything.
817
00:45:59,257 --> 00:46:01,968
Do you think
those are coconuts up there?
818
00:46:04,595 --> 00:46:06,222
What do you think they are?
819
00:46:11,978 --> 00:46:14,689
It's really hard for meto live with the fact
820
00:46:14,772 --> 00:46:17,191
that more storms like Katrinaare headed our way.
821
00:46:18,609 --> 00:46:20,820
I wonder how Jeff and his teamdeal with it.
822
00:46:20,903 --> 00:46:24,782
You guys seem to be
the holders of this knowledge,
823
00:46:24,865 --> 00:46:28,119
really specific
to sort of our survival,
824
00:46:28,202 --> 00:46:30,204
that not a lot of people know.
825
00:46:30,288 --> 00:46:32,707
-How does that make you feel?
-I get frustrated.
826
00:46:32,790 --> 00:46:34,875
That means I'm not doing
a good enough job
827
00:46:34,959 --> 00:46:36,460
getting what we know out there.
828
00:46:36,544 --> 00:46:37,920
It's always a challenge,
829
00:46:38,004 --> 00:46:41,007
and we're good at talking
to each other about it.
830
00:46:41,090 --> 00:46:44,468
But translating it into a language
that everybody understands
831
00:46:44,552 --> 00:46:46,053
is much more difficult.
832
00:46:46,137 --> 00:46:49,557
From early in my career, I was like,
"As soon as New Orleans gets hit,
833
00:46:49,640 --> 00:46:51,225
society'll get the message."
834
00:46:51,309 --> 00:46:53,769
Katrina happens,
and I thought, "Here it is."
835
00:46:53,853 --> 00:46:55,730
And nothing happened.
836
00:46:55,813 --> 00:46:57,273
"If New Orleans didn't work,
837
00:46:57,356 --> 00:46:59,442
the next time New York's hit,
we'll get it."
838
00:46:59,525 --> 00:47:01,152
Yeah, East Coast gets pummeled.
839
00:47:01,235 --> 00:47:03,946
Sandy hits, first thing we do
is rebuild the Jersey Shore.
840
00:47:04,030 --> 00:47:06,949
We just don't get it.
We don't take that long view.
841
00:47:07,033 --> 00:47:08,743
That's what keeps you up at night,
842
00:47:08,826 --> 00:47:12,163
'cause you know you've got tens
of millions of people in harm's way
843
00:47:12,246 --> 00:47:14,248
and don't know
where the next one will hit.
844
00:47:14,332 --> 00:47:18,169
Isn't it frustrating,
the lack of political will
845
00:47:18,252 --> 00:47:21,547
that we have
in the United States of America
846
00:47:21,630 --> 00:47:23,007
to address this?
847
00:47:23,090 --> 00:47:27,094
Absolutely. It's the most
frustrating part of my life.
848
00:47:27,178 --> 00:47:30,723
-All of it, right?
-We're impartial observers, right?
849
00:47:30,806 --> 00:47:32,933
Scientists always come into it
very skeptical.
850
00:47:33,017 --> 00:47:35,227
We're the most skeptical people
on the planet.
851
00:47:35,311 --> 00:47:37,772
We try to understand
how the Earth's system works
852
00:47:37,855 --> 00:47:39,273
and we figure things out,
853
00:47:39,357 --> 00:47:42,568
and you put that message out
and it becomes politicized, right?
854
00:47:42,651 --> 00:47:46,238
People think, "You're trying to get
more federal money, get prestige."
855
00:47:46,322 --> 00:47:50,368
The reality is, if I could prove
global warming wasn't real,
856
00:47:50,451 --> 00:47:52,661
I'd be the most famous scientist
on the planet.
857
00:47:52,745 --> 00:47:54,872
I would have more funding
than anybody.
858
00:47:54,955 --> 00:47:58,125
There's lots of incentive for me
to disprove climate change.
859
00:47:58,209 --> 00:47:59,585
I can't do it though.
860
00:47:59,668 --> 00:48:02,713
We're actually measuring it,
we see it happening.
861
00:48:02,797 --> 00:48:05,800
There's this war going on
that has nothing to do with reality.
862
00:48:05,883 --> 00:48:09,595
And after living through hurricanes
and seeing Katrina,
863
00:48:09,678 --> 00:48:11,972
and you guys living
on the Eastern seaboard
864
00:48:12,056 --> 00:48:14,016
in the most densely populated area,
865
00:48:14,100 --> 00:48:16,644
aren't you as worried as I am?
866
00:48:16,727 --> 00:48:20,189
I guess I don't believe
in sitting around being afraid.
867
00:48:20,272 --> 00:48:24,777
Rather... trying to make measures
towards, like, changing it.
868
00:48:24,860 --> 00:48:26,695
No, I understand, for sure.
869
00:48:26,779 --> 00:48:29,990
And I don't feel doom and gloom,
actually, at all.
870
00:48:30,074 --> 00:48:32,493
I feel empowered
'cause I have that sense of wonder,
871
00:48:32,576 --> 00:48:33,953
that sense of excitement.
872
00:48:34,578 --> 00:48:36,455
We're innovative people.
873
00:48:36,539 --> 00:48:42,086
Why can't we make good decisions
about where we put infrastructure?
874
00:48:45,172 --> 00:48:48,509
Cheers, guys. Thank you
for all of your energy, your time,
875
00:48:48,592 --> 00:48:52,263
the incredible amount of information
I've learned today.
876
00:48:52,346 --> 00:48:54,723
And Jeff, thank you
for scaring the shit out of me.
877
00:48:55,641 --> 00:48:57,017
My pleasure.
878
00:49:07,653 --> 00:49:09,864
It's time for me to leave Miami,
879
00:49:09,947 --> 00:49:11,490
but before I go,
880
00:49:11,574 --> 00:49:15,786
scientist Keren Bolter thoughtI should meet one other person,
881
00:49:15,870 --> 00:49:19,165
someone who might holda key to the future:
882
00:49:19,248 --> 00:49:21,542
17-year-old Delaney Reynolds.
883
00:49:21,625 --> 00:49:23,377
Delaney, nice to meet you. I'm Jack.
884
00:49:24,712 --> 00:49:27,756
Is it true? I've heard
you are an incredible new force
885
00:49:27,840 --> 00:49:30,009
in the fight against climate change?
886
00:49:30,092 --> 00:49:33,220
Definitely, yes.
I go around and I educate
887
00:49:33,304 --> 00:49:35,222
as many people as possible,
888
00:49:35,306 --> 00:49:38,309
but my main focus is kids,
889
00:49:38,392 --> 00:49:41,896
'cause it's our generation
that is gonna inherit this problem.
890
00:49:41,979 --> 00:49:44,273
Like, all the kids that I talk to,
they're like,
891
00:49:44,356 --> 00:49:46,692
"Yes, this is a problem,
and we need to fix it."
892
00:49:46,775 --> 00:49:48,819
And they get so engaged.
And they're like,
893
00:49:48,903 --> 00:49:51,405
"I want to help. How can I help?
What can we do?"
894
00:49:51,489 --> 00:49:53,324
-That's so encouraging.
-Really cool.
895
00:49:53,407 --> 00:49:57,286
So, it seems like that's the trend
with the youth movement,
896
00:49:57,369 --> 00:50:00,039
-people accepting what's happening.
-Kids get it.
897
00:50:00,122 --> 00:50:03,501
Unlike so many adults
in leadership positions.
898
00:50:03,584 --> 00:50:08,589
Our governor has denied
that climate change is real,
899
00:50:08,672 --> 00:50:12,676
and our senator denies
climate change is related to humans,
900
00:50:12,760 --> 00:50:14,762
that we have not caused this.
901
00:50:14,845 --> 00:50:16,805
And these are educated people.
902
00:50:16,889 --> 00:50:20,059
I like to say
that I live in a "State of Denial."
903
00:50:20,142 --> 00:50:22,937
But not me, personally.
The entire state of Florida.
904
00:50:24,772 --> 00:50:26,482
Wow.
905
00:50:26,565 --> 00:50:30,236
It's a world problem, right?
It's not just a Miami problem.
906
00:50:30,319 --> 00:50:33,030
Miami is number one
in terms of vulnerability,
907
00:50:33,113 --> 00:50:36,200
so what we see here is going to get
the whole world to wake up.
908
00:50:36,283 --> 00:50:39,828
For the survival of the species
of human beings.
909
00:50:39,912 --> 00:50:41,997
-Right?
-Or will we becomeĀ Waterworld?
910
00:50:42,081 --> 00:50:45,417
Exactly, where it's just me
and Kevin Costner...
911
00:50:46,168 --> 00:50:47,545
On a little boat.
912
00:50:47,628 --> 00:50:50,339
He was kind of like an Aquaman,
he didn't need a boat.
913
00:50:50,422 --> 00:50:53,092
Anyway, it's an amazing movie,
if you get a chance.
914
00:50:54,051 --> 00:50:57,846
Thank you so much for this.
This is the highlight of my journey.
915
00:50:57,930 --> 00:51:01,141
-Yes!
-Finally, I've found some hope!
916
00:51:01,725 --> 00:51:04,853
But it's been amazing
talking to you.
917
00:51:04,937 --> 00:51:06,772
Do you have any events coming up?
918
00:51:06,855 --> 00:51:10,317
Yes, actually, part of a program
called Breakthrough Miami.
919
00:51:10,401 --> 00:51:13,779
I'm going to give a talk
to about a hundred kids.
920
00:51:13,862 --> 00:51:17,074
I'm Delaney, and I'm going
to talk to you about my passion,
921
00:51:17,157 --> 00:51:20,286
which is global warming
and sea level rise.
922
00:51:20,369 --> 00:51:22,413
The good news is
there are things we can do.
923
00:51:22,496 --> 00:51:24,248
Instead of using fossil fuels,
924
00:51:24,331 --> 00:51:28,502
we have technology,
like wind power and hydro power,
925
00:51:28,586 --> 00:51:30,754
and electric cars, and solar power.
926
00:51:30,838 --> 00:51:32,464
We just need to use it.
927
00:51:32,548 --> 00:51:36,719
So, maybe Delaney and her generationwill help us get out of this mess.
928
00:51:36,802 --> 00:51:39,263
If we work together, we can do this.
929
00:51:39,346 --> 00:51:42,641
I hope so.But they can't do it alone.
930
00:51:43,517 --> 00:51:47,438
What do we want? Climate Justice!
When do we want it? Now!
931
00:51:47,521 --> 00:51:51,317
They need people like Kerenand Nicole Hernandez Hammer.
932
00:51:51,400 --> 00:51:52,776
And the rest of us.
933
00:51:52,860 --> 00:51:56,447
We are unstoppable!
Another world is possible!
934
00:52:13,797 --> 00:52:16,342
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