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--captions by vitac--
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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Narrator:
Table tennis is more commonly
Known as ping-pong.
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Folding table-tennis tables
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Are popular in homes
And kept outdoors
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Because they can be closed up
And rolled out of the way.
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These tables can also fold down
On just one side,
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Allowing for solo play.
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00:01:14,241 --> 00:01:16,758
This high-end outdoor
Table-tennis table
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Has an aluminum bottom
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That prevents the tabletop,
Called the plate,
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From warping or splitting
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00:01:22,310 --> 00:01:25,448
Due to expansion
And contraction.
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00:01:25,448 --> 00:01:28,827
A press stamps cups
Into a sheet of aluminum.
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00:01:28,827 --> 00:01:31,413
This pattern creates
Nearly equal areas
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Both in contact
And out of contact
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With the rest of the plate
Layers, providing flexibility
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00:01:37,482 --> 00:01:40,448
To withstand
Temperature-related movement.
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Each table needs two
Embossed aluminum sheets --
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One for each half of the plate.
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A technician assembles frames
For the plate halves
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Out of square extruded
Aluminum tubes,
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Cut to the lengths and widths
Of the plate half perimeter.
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00:01:57,344 --> 00:02:00,137
An automated milling machine
Makes miter cuts,
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00:02:00,137 --> 00:02:03,965
Which allow the tubes
To be made into rectangles.
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00:02:06,793 --> 00:02:08,965
Then, the technician
Moves the frames
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00:02:08,965 --> 00:02:11,137
Onto a rotating fixture...
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00:02:17,344 --> 00:02:19,655
...And welds
The corners together.
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00:02:28,379 --> 00:02:33,137
The frames are inserted
Into a brushing machine.
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Inside, wire brush rollers
Allow the aluminum surface
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To become rough.
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This helps the components
To adhere to one another.
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Another technician places the
Embossed aluminum sheet
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Into a rectangular assembly jig.
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00:02:54,344 --> 00:02:56,655
And adds the
Brushed aluminum frame.
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00:03:01,413 --> 00:03:06,448
A conveyor transfers the jig
To the next station.
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Then, the jig connects with
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An 8-millimeter-thick sheet
Of particleboard,
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00:03:10,517 --> 00:03:13,000
Made of wood chips and glue.
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The board is coated with a
Heat-activated adhesive film
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On both sides.
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At the next station,
An aluminum sheet is placed
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On top of the particleboard.
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This step completes
The plate component assembly.
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00:03:31,448 --> 00:03:34,620
Next, the conveyor loads
The jig into a press.
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00:03:36,241 --> 00:03:39,344
Once 12 jigs have been loaded
Onto the press,
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It heats to
239 degrees fahrenheit.
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00:03:42,137 --> 00:03:44,724
And compresses them
For about 10 minutes.
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This process
Activates the adhesive
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00:03:46,551 --> 00:03:50,482
And bonds the components of
Each plate into a single unit --
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00:03:50,482 --> 00:03:52,655
One framed plate half.
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Each plate half goes through
An automated milling machine.
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00:04:03,827 --> 00:04:08,172
The machine trims any excess
Material from all four sides
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To ensure the table won't
Have any sharp edges.
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00:04:26,206 --> 00:04:28,551
The plate half goes
Through a paint machine,
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Then into an oven.
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The process repeats,
Applying a second coat of paint
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And a u.V.-resistant clear coat.
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A machine applies paint
Through a screen stencil,
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Printing the lines
That mark the boundaries
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Of the playing surface.
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After the paint is dried
In an oven,
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A team places the finished
Plate half in a cardboard box
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And attaches folding legs
To the base.
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The factory
Mills the legs in-house
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Out of high-tensile steel,
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Then finishes them
In baked-on paint.
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00:05:08,344 --> 00:05:11,034
The net,
Along with several components,
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00:05:11,034 --> 00:05:12,862
Are packed and made in-house,
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Which the consumer later
Assembles to the table.
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00:05:16,448 --> 00:05:20,000
Components include the net
Posts, side panels, wheels,
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Wheel brakes, and
The ball return box.
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Finally,
The plate half is transferred to
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00:05:25,448 --> 00:05:29,862
An automated system,
Which completes the packaging.
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00:05:29,862 --> 00:05:31,827
Many ping-pong tables
On the market
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Require the net to be removed
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Every time you fold the table.
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The design of this table
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Enables the net
To remain in place
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Whether the table is
Folded for storage
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Or has one or both sides
Open for playing.
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Less setup time
Means more time to play.
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Narrator:
Plastic model kits were
Developed before world war ii,
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When people became interested
In seeing machines
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In small-scale replication.
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00:06:11,965 --> 00:06:14,758
Today plastic model kits
Continue to offer
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Building opportunities
To hobbyists,
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Who love the challenge
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Of putting
Little pieces together.
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00:06:23,034 --> 00:06:24,724
With a plastic model kit,
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A colossal ocean liner can be
Replicated in small scale.
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Built with nearly 2,000 pieces,
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Assembly is all about
The details.
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Each model kit starts
With extensive research
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And design,
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A process that can take up to
A year to complete
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And cost up to
$100,000 dollars.
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Using the computer design,
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A set of steel molds is made
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For every piece of the kit.
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Tools carve into steel chunks
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To make the molds.
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Precision work
Done entirely by machinery.
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00:07:01,034 --> 00:07:05,310
Installed in large dies, the
Molds are linked by channels.
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Melted plastic will flow
Through the channels
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To fill the molds.
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00:07:09,689 --> 00:07:14,896
Clear polystyrene is used
For transparent components.
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The melted polystyrene is
Pumped under high pressure
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Into the molds.
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00:07:19,448 --> 00:07:22,620
Once the plastic hardens,
A pusher ejects the parts.
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00:07:24,896 --> 00:07:28,931
The connected kit parts
Are known as a tree.
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00:07:28,931 --> 00:07:32,827
The opaque polystyrene pellets
Are used to form
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The other kit parts
And are molded separately.
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The scale of the parts
Is 1 to 24,
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Which means the model will be
1/24 the size of the original.
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Since the manufacturing
Is automated,
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The risk of contamination
Is reduced.
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Next, the tree is put through
A technical analysis test.
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The technician photographs
The tree
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And compares it to an image
Already fit to scale.
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00:08:02,275 --> 00:08:04,344
If some parts
Haven't taken shape
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Or if they're only
Partially formed,
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00:08:06,620 --> 00:08:10,310
More pressure may be needed
To ensure that the polystyrene
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00:08:10,310 --> 00:08:13,448
Flows into
All the mold cavities.
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00:08:13,448 --> 00:08:17,379
A technician compares a randomly
Selected tree to the design
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00:08:17,379 --> 00:08:21,551
And verifies that no parts
Are poorly formed or missing.
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Once the confirmation
Is attained,
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00:08:23,931 --> 00:08:26,206
The technician slides
The model kit parts
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Into a clear plastic sleeve.
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Before it's ready for retail,
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The kit needs a set of
Illustrated instructions.
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The designer
Deconstructs the model
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And then reconstructs
It on his computer
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00:08:41,103 --> 00:08:44,448
As he draws up the instructions.
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With the instruction manual
Complete,
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00:08:46,827 --> 00:08:50,551
A team packs all the components
Of the model kit in a box.
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One of each of the kit trees
Is placed in each box.
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The kit also includes decals
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And large,
Separately molded parts,
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00:09:01,482 --> 00:09:03,620
Like the ocean liner hull.
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00:09:04,758 --> 00:09:08,068
A technician closes the box.
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00:09:08,068 --> 00:09:09,586
As it moves down a conveyor,
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00:09:09,586 --> 00:09:11,758
A laser prints the date of
Production
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00:09:11,758 --> 00:09:13,758
And the batch number
On the side.
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Then, the box
Is wrapped in plastic,
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00:09:17,862 --> 00:09:19,517
And the ends are sealed
With heat guns.
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00:09:21,482 --> 00:09:25,551
A year of planning has gone into
Making the plastic mold kit.
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00:09:25,551 --> 00:09:29,206
But took less than 10 minutes
To mold the kit parts
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00:09:29,206 --> 00:09:33,034
And package them.
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00:09:33,034 --> 00:09:36,620
Building the model will
Take 10 to 12 hours.
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The factory does a test build
On each model
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To confirm that it
Comes together as planned.
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This is the iconic
Constellation aircraft,
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00:09:47,172 --> 00:09:49,965
A world war ii
Military transport plane
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That was later converted
To a commercial airliner.
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Assembling a plastic model kit
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Can be a great learning
Experience for the builder.
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00:10:00,241 --> 00:10:02,586
Decals mimic
The I.D. Information
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00:10:02,586 --> 00:10:05,137
On the outside
Of the original aircraft.
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00:10:07,241 --> 00:10:10,758
These decals have been
Pretreated with adhesive.
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Soaking the decals in water
Activates them.
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The assembler brushes more water
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Onto the design spots
On the model.
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00:10:26,172 --> 00:10:30,034
And applies the decals
To the dampened spots.
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00:10:30,034 --> 00:10:33,137
As the glue dries,
They adhere to each other.
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00:10:37,551 --> 00:10:39,620
The plastic models
Can also be painted
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Beforethe decals are applied
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For refined and clean look
That really comes together.
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Narrator:
The light microscope was
Invented in 16th-century europe.
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00:11:01,689 --> 00:11:04,413
It allowed the human eye
To see tiny things
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That couldn't be seen before.
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00:11:06,896 --> 00:11:08,758
A sophisticated research tool
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With focused light
And optical lenses,
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Can magnify
Biological tissue,
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00:11:13,586 --> 00:11:16,034
Minerals, and computer chips.
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00:11:18,344 --> 00:11:21,448
Observation is an important
Aspect of science.
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00:11:21,448 --> 00:11:25,068
The light microscope increases
The power of observation,
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00:11:25,068 --> 00:11:27,172
Making it possible to see things
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00:11:27,172 --> 00:11:29,793
That can't be seen with the
Naked eye.
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00:11:29,793 --> 00:11:33,793
This 19th-century microscope
Represented a turning point,
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00:11:33,793 --> 00:11:36,827
With lenses that delivered
More light to specimens,
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00:11:36,827 --> 00:11:39,379
Increasing resolution.
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00:11:39,379 --> 00:11:42,275
A light microscope often
Has multiple lenses,
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All made from
Special optical glass.
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00:11:47,344 --> 00:11:50,206
A drill with a core bit
Tunnels into the glass
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00:11:50,206 --> 00:11:54,103
To produce several
Solid cylinders.
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00:11:54,103 --> 00:11:56,275
The drill cuts them larger
And thicker
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Than the final specifications.
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00:11:58,965 --> 00:12:02,068
This gives technicians
Extra material to work with.
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00:12:04,724 --> 00:12:08,000
A tool moves the cylinder
Against a spinning blade
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00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:10,793
Slicing it into lens blanks.
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00:12:10,793 --> 00:12:13,517
The cylinder is first glued
To a glass block,
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00:12:13,517 --> 00:12:15,620
Then glued to the tool.
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00:12:15,620 --> 00:12:18,965
This method holds the cylinder
In the correct position.
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00:12:21,137 --> 00:12:23,931
Since bits of glue are left
On the lenses,
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00:12:23,931 --> 00:12:26,793
A thorough washing removes them.
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00:12:29,344 --> 00:12:33,413
Next, a device grips the lens
Using vacuum pressure
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00:12:33,413 --> 00:12:35,758
And angles it for grinding.
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00:12:39,034 --> 00:12:42,827
Multiple grinding tools
Remove any excess glass
200
00:12:42,827 --> 00:12:45,827
And shape the radius
Of the lens.
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00:12:48,448 --> 00:12:50,724
In a process known as lapping,
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00:12:50,724 --> 00:12:53,448
A technician applies
A fine abrasive compound
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00:12:53,448 --> 00:12:57,206
To a bowl
With the desired contours.
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00:12:57,206 --> 00:12:59,793
He rotates and rubs the lens
Against the bowl
205
00:12:59,793 --> 00:13:01,379
To further shape the lens.
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00:13:04,482 --> 00:13:07,655
He rinses off the lens
And holds it against a light
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00:13:07,655 --> 00:13:10,103
While he examines it
For scratches.
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00:13:13,275 --> 00:13:16,206
He measures the radius
Of a master lens
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00:13:16,206 --> 00:13:19,965
And compares it to that of
The lens he's been working on.
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00:13:19,965 --> 00:13:21,620
If the measurements are off,
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00:13:21,620 --> 00:13:24,344
He'll remove more material.
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00:13:24,344 --> 00:13:26,827
Once additional material
Is removed,
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00:13:26,827 --> 00:13:28,862
He measures
The thickness of the lens
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00:13:28,862 --> 00:13:31,448
And compares it to what it was
Before the adjustments.
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00:13:35,103 --> 00:13:37,827
Next, these polishing tools
Will be used
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00:13:37,827 --> 00:13:41,206
To fine-tune the profile
Of the microscope lenses.
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00:13:44,758 --> 00:13:47,034
To protect the lenses
During polishing,
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00:13:47,034 --> 00:13:50,000
A technician sprays on
A temporary lacquer.
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00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:53,724
These tools will remove
220
00:13:53,724 --> 00:13:56,275
Just a fraction of a millimeter
Of glass,
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00:13:56,275 --> 00:13:59,379
But it will make
An important impact.
222
00:13:59,379 --> 00:14:02,000
Polishing liquid
Provides fine abrasion
223
00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:05,310
And enables the tool
To move across the glass.
224
00:14:08,551 --> 00:14:12,517
Then, a robot trims
The edges of the lens.
225
00:14:12,517 --> 00:14:14,965
A device clamps
The lens in place
226
00:14:14,965 --> 00:14:18,275
As trimming continues
Along the edges.
227
00:14:20,275 --> 00:14:23,413
Trimming allows the lens
To reach the correct diameter.
228
00:14:25,275 --> 00:14:27,689
Next,
The lenses are cleaned
229
00:14:27,689 --> 00:14:30,620
In multiple
Water-based solutions.
230
00:14:30,620 --> 00:14:34,206
In the baths, the vibrations
From high-frequency sound
231
00:14:34,206 --> 00:14:37,068
Create a gentle
Scrubbing action.
232
00:14:37,068 --> 00:14:41,689
The intensive cleaning
Leaves the lenses pristine.
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00:14:41,689 --> 00:14:44,413
A technician places
The freshly cleaned lenses
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00:14:44,413 --> 00:14:46,827
In round trays.
235
00:14:46,827 --> 00:14:48,758
She handles them very carefully
236
00:14:48,758 --> 00:14:52,482
Inserting them individually
Into each tray slot.
237
00:14:52,482 --> 00:14:54,275
Because they're
Extremely fragile,
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00:14:54,275 --> 00:14:57,793
The slightest pressure
Could crack them.
239
00:15:01,034 --> 00:15:03,241
The lenses in the trays
Will receive
240
00:15:03,241 --> 00:15:05,137
An antireflective coating --
241
00:15:05,137 --> 00:15:09,103
One that will prevent a loss
Of light due to reflection.
242
00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:14,275
Next,
The antireflective material
243
00:15:14,275 --> 00:15:16,793
Is loaded into
A coating machine.
244
00:15:16,793 --> 00:15:18,793
The technician adds
A specific amount
245
00:15:18,793 --> 00:15:22,655
Of magnesium fluoride
Into a receptacle in the base.
246
00:15:26,344 --> 00:15:28,724
She inserts a piece
Of aluminum oxide
247
00:15:28,724 --> 00:15:30,689
In the next receptacle.
248
00:15:33,724 --> 00:15:37,000
And transfers the microscope
Lenses to the chamber,
249
00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:40,655
Placing the rack on top.
250
00:15:40,655 --> 00:15:44,068
Inside the chamber, heat
And a targeted plasma beam
251
00:15:44,068 --> 00:15:46,344
Evaporate the materials.
252
00:15:46,344 --> 00:15:48,482
They precipitate
Onto the lenses,
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Forming a coating.
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Coming up, all is revealed
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As the lenses come together
In the microscope.
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Narrator:
Light microscopes bring
The invisible into focus.
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Similar to telescopes,
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A tiny specimen is placed
Under the lens assembly,
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From which the viewer can
Discover what lies within.
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By magnifying the minuscule,
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The light microscope
Has become an indispensable
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Scientific tool.
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The light microscope
Often has multiple lenses.
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Throughout
The production process,
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The lenses are put under
The microscope
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To confirm
That the geometry is correct.
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A technician magnifies
The lenses one at a time,
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Measuring their radius
And the diameter.
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Meanwhile, computerized tools
Shape the edges of glass prisms.
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The prisms are triangular lenses
That bend or refract light,
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Aligning colors at a focal point
For a clearer image.
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Once the shaping is complete,
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A technician positions a prism
On a holder to be calibrated.
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She aims a laser at it.
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The light passes
Through the prism,
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Reflected in a mirror,
And bounces back.
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A computer magnifies
The surface of the prism
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A thousand times bigger than its
Original size,
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Measuring the degree to which
The prism refracts light
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And the flatness on each side.
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This is an inside look at a
Microscope lens assembly,
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Revealing
The combination of lenses.
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A prism can be an important
Part of this combination.
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The cast-aluminum housing
Has been equipped
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With the circuitry.
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Some of the connections
Have already been made.
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It's ready
For the focusing mechanisms
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That allow the user to zoom in
On tissue or other specimens.
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00:18:03,344 --> 00:18:06,172
A technician inserts
The motorized focus drive
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Into the housing
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So that the ends protrude
From both sides.
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He attaches adjustment knobs
To the ends.
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The larger part of the knob
Is for quick motorized focus.
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00:18:21,103 --> 00:18:25,241
The small one is for slower
And more precise focusing.
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00:18:30,862 --> 00:18:33,034
He slides
A protective rubber cap
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Onto the fine-focus component
Of the knob.
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Another technician
Mounts a system
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For revolving lenses
To the microscope.
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This is called the nosepiece.
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He wires the nosepiece
To the controls.
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Using compressed air,
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00:18:56,793 --> 00:19:00,827
A technician cleans a part
Known as the side port revolver.
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00:19:00,827 --> 00:19:03,344
It's equipped with a mirror,
Prism lens,
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And a magnifying lens.
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It will reflect light
To the lenses in the eyepiece
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Or external cameras.
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00:19:13,344 --> 00:19:17,172
Then the side port revolver
Is tested.
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At this point, multiple lenses
Have been installed
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In the tube lens assembly.
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The technician screws the
Assembly to a revolver.
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Light from
The illuminated specimen
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Shines through the tube lens
In parallel rays
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The rays are projected
Onto the eyepiece
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Or external camera.
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He looks through the eyepiece
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To check the positioning
Of the lens in the revolver slot
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Making adjustments if needed.
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A reflected-light illumination
System is installed.
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00:19:50,724 --> 00:19:54,482
This part directs light through
The lens and onto the specimen,
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Then back through the lens
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To the eyepiece
Or external cameras.
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This system makes it possible
To magnify opaque specimens.
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Then a technician installs
The transmitted light arm.
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The light arm is used
For magnifying transparent
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Or thin specimens.
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00:20:12,896 --> 00:20:16,413
It does this by directing
Light through them.
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00:20:17,758 --> 00:20:21,448
A technician performs
A final inspection.
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00:20:21,448 --> 00:20:24,655
He places specimens
Under the microscope,
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00:20:24,655 --> 00:20:27,482
Checking the brightness
Of the transmitted light
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And the resolution
Of the magnified image.
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00:20:32,862 --> 00:20:36,103
He tests the focus of
All the lenses in the nosepiece
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To confirm that each one
Delivers a sharp, clear view.
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00:20:42,689 --> 00:20:46,413
He verifies that the revolving
Mechanisms move smoothly
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00:20:46,413 --> 00:20:49,758
And are in good working order.
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00:20:49,758 --> 00:20:51,758
After this final inspection,
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This light microscope
Is ready for research.
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By imaging small things,
Big discoveries are possible.
27046
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