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--captions by vitac--
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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Narrator: mines and quarries
Use crushers
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00:00:56,344 --> 00:00:58,000
To break down raw material.
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Those raw materials go through
A vibrating screen to separate
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00:01:01,965 --> 00:01:04,827
The particles by size.
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00:01:04,827 --> 00:01:07,931
The vibrations cause the smaller
Pieces to fall through
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00:01:07,931 --> 00:01:11,793
The screen while the larger
Pieces remain on top.
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00:01:14,241 --> 00:01:17,034
This limestone quarry uses
A vibrating screen
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With three decks.
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The top deck filters out the
Largest stones,
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Which will be
Used to make concrete.
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00:01:24,310 --> 00:01:27,068
The second deck collects
Half-inch rocks.
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They'll be used to make asphalt.
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The final deck
Gathers the smallest materials
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To product limestone sand.
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The screen mesh
Is made from steel wire.
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This steel contains carbon,
Making it more durable
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Than regular steel.
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A pair of wheel dyes
Crimp it into a wave pattern.
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The diameter of the wire
And crimp pattern
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Determine the shape and size
Of the screen mesh openings.
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Workers can change the dyes
To crimp different patterns.
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The machine cuts the crimped
Wire to a specific length.
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00:02:08,689 --> 00:02:12,206
Then, workers take the pieces
Over to a loom.
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It weaves screens the same way
A textile loom weaves cloth.
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They lay the crimped wires
Vertically,
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Playing one in between each
Of the loom's heddles.
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They line up the crimped wire
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So that the bottom of one crimp
Faces the top of the next.
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Then they weave a straight wire
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Horizontally across
The vertically crimped wires.
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They continue to feed
Straight wires across.
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00:02:49,551 --> 00:02:52,724
Then use the loom
To secure each one in position.
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00:03:06,241 --> 00:03:08,620
The vertical
And horizontal wires interlock
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To form the mesh.
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Once they've woven a section
To the required length,
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A sheer cuts it off the loom.
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Another sheet cuts the section
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To the customer's
Requested dimensions.
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This is the final size
Of the screen mesh section.
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Next, workers insert one set
Of the screen
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Into an electromagnetic
Induction heater.
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00:04:07,206 --> 00:04:10,827
The device evenly generates heat
Inside the steel.
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00:04:10,827 --> 00:04:14,448
This is critical because heating
Unevenly can weaken the steel.
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They inset the heated edge
In a steel strip
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Mounted in a press.
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The press clamps the strip
Over the edge then
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Vents it into a hook strip.
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00:04:30,586 --> 00:04:33,758
They repeat the process
On the opposite site side.
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The two hook strips
Attach the mesh section
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To the vibrating screen.
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The loom can weave many
Different types of screen mesh.
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This one is made of finer wire
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That's crimped
In a different pattern.
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The openings of the screen mesh
Are larger and more rectangular.
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It's designed for a less precise
Sorting process.
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For both screens,
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The weaving and cutting
Processes are the same.
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They even use the same technique
To attach the hook strips.
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The only thing that changes
Is the crimping pattern.
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Next, they connect the hook
Strips to the vibrating screen.
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Installers lay the sections
End-to-end
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On each of the machine's decks.
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Then they fashion
The hook strips to the machine
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With tension rails
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And secure those rails
With large bolts.
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When the mine or quarry needs to
Change the screening parameters,
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They simply replace these
Screens with different ones.
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Narrator: whoopie pies are not
Pies at all.
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This all-american treat is made
Of vanilla cream frosting
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Sandwiched between two pieces
Of round chocolate cake.
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The whoopie pie
Was invented in new england.
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And today, it is the official
State treat of maine.
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This company adds a modern twist
To the classic
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Whoopie pie recipe.
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In addition to traditional
Chocolate and vanilla,
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The company makes four other
All-natural flavors.
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The ingredients
Are certified vegan,
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Non-gmo, gluten-free, kosher
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And free
Of many common food allergens.
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Workers begin by making
The chocolate cakes.
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The first ingredient is water
Followed by apple cider vinegar.
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Then, they add either canola
Or sunflower oil.
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They mix the liquid ingredients
In a large bowl.
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Then they add the dry
Ingredients,
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Starting with tapioca starch,
Bean flour, and sorghum,
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A gluten-free grain.
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Next, they mix in cocoa powder,
Granulated cane sugar,
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And light brown sugar.
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They run the mixer
At a very high speed
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To incorporate air
In the batter.
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This will make the cake lighter
And fluffier.
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After about 4 minutes of mixing,
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The batter is ready.
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They test a sample
Using a viscometer,
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A device
That measures the thickness.
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If the batter
Is the right consistency,
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They pump it through a hopper
Into a multi-head depositer.
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Each of its five nozzles
Shoot one ounce of batter
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Onto a moving baking sheet.
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A finished sheet
Contains seven rows of batter.
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Workers load multiple sheets
Of batter into an oven.
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The sheets rotate for 15 minutes
At 75 degree fahrenheit,
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Evenly baking the cakes.
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00:08:10,448 --> 00:08:13,482
The precise combination
Of ingredients allows the acids
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In the apple cider vinegar
To react with the cocoa powder.
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The result is a perfect
Little chocolate cake
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That's rich in flavor
And moist in texture.
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The main ingredient
For the filling is shortening.
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It's made
From sustainable palm oil.
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This means the palm tress
Were responsibly harvested.
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They mix the shortening well,
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Incorporating enough air
To make it light and fluffy.
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Then they add
Powdered cane sugar
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And organic rice milk
As a dairy-free substitute.
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The rice milk
Makes the frosting creamy.
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For vanilla frosting, they
Simply add pure vanilla extract.
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This is a batch
Of raspberry frosting,
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So they add
Pure raspberry extract
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00:08:59,965 --> 00:09:03,137
And beet juice
For color.
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00:09:03,137 --> 00:09:04,724
When they make mint frosting,
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They use pure mint extract
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And alfalfa extract
For green color.
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00:09:10,655 --> 00:09:13,241
Lemon frosting is made
From pure lemon extract
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And turmeric for color.
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They check the shade
Against a color chart
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To ensure the correct flavor.
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The multi-head depositer drops
Frosting on the baking sheets
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In the same configuration
As the batter.
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Then they assemble
The final pie.
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Workers start by placing a piece
Of cake on top of the frosting.
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They press down hard enough
To spread the frosting
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Just shy of the cake's edge.
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They cover the top
With a sheet of parchment paper
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Then place a baking sheet on top
And flip it over.
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00:10:00,172 --> 00:10:04,379
They remove the top baking sheet
And the parchment paper.
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00:10:06,172 --> 00:10:09,413
Then, they carefully place the
Second cake onto the frosting.
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00:10:19,034 --> 00:10:22,310
Workers roll the trays
Of whoopie pies into a cooler
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Where the desserts chill
For about 15 minutes.
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This hardens them so they won't
Get squished during packaging.
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00:10:32,172 --> 00:10:35,068
Workers place the whoopie pies
On a conveyer belt
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That leads to an automated
Wrapping machine.
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00:10:38,965 --> 00:10:42,413
It wraps double-printed
Packaging around each pie
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And seals them underneath.
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Then the machine cuts the film
Between each pie.
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00:10:53,931 --> 00:10:56,620
The next machine packages
Four sealed whoopie pies
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Per retail box.
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There are zero preservatives
In these whoopie pies.
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They're shipped frozen
To the grocery store
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00:11:03,931 --> 00:11:06,172
And sold in the freezer section.
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When it's time for a treat,
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Simply let them thaw
To room temperature and enjoy.
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00:11:20,758 --> 00:11:22,793
Narrator: wooden utility poles
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Are a constant presence
In our lives.
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They were originally built
In the mid-19th century
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To suspend telegraph lines.
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Now, they hold up power
And phone lines
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00:11:33,206 --> 00:11:35,896
As well as fiber-optic
And coaxial cables
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00:11:35,896 --> 00:11:38,034
For television
And computer networking.
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00:11:42,206 --> 00:11:45,206
Builders use many different
Types of pine or fir trees
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To make utility poles.
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In the us, southern yellow pine
Is the most popular choice.
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00:11:52,689 --> 00:11:56,689
Foresters select trees that are
10 to 20 inches in diameter
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And at least 30 feet high.
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00:11:59,448 --> 00:12:02,551
They look for a straight,
Healthy trunk with few limbs.
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00:12:04,758 --> 00:12:07,862
The foresters mark the selected
Tress with spray paint.
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00:12:11,482 --> 00:12:14,586
Then, the tree harvester
Saws them down at the base.
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00:12:19,241 --> 00:12:21,965
After the loggers saw off
The limbs and cut the trees
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00:12:21,965 --> 00:12:23,724
To a specified length,
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00:12:23,724 --> 00:12:26,275
A log truck
Delivers the poles to the mill.
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00:12:29,758 --> 00:12:32,413
There, a truck scale
Weighs the load.
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Then, workers ticket it
With a tracking number.
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The truck enters the yard
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And the poles
Are unloaded into piles.
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A loader feeds the poles
To a debarking machine.
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The machine's razor-sharp
Cutters shave of the bark
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00:12:58,206 --> 00:13:01,827
And the layer of tissue beneath
The bark called the cambium.
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00:13:09,310 --> 00:13:12,620
Next, a saw trims one inch
Off the bottom of the log
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To make it square.
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At the same time,
Nozzles spray lines
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Of red food coloring
At set intervals along the pole.
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00:13:21,172 --> 00:13:23,413
These mark
Indicate different lengths.
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00:13:27,827 --> 00:13:29,931
Another worker
Inspects the quality
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00:13:29,931 --> 00:13:31,758
And measures the circumference.
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This assessment
Determines the wood's class.
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00:13:34,344 --> 00:13:37,068
He marks the length and class
On the bottom of the pole.
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The bark and shavings
Removed from the poles
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Don't go to waste --
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00:13:46,620 --> 00:13:49,482
A grinding mill
Reduces them to small fibers.
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00:13:52,620 --> 00:13:56,103
The factory uses those fibers
To power the boiler.
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00:13:56,103 --> 00:13:58,517
The fire
In the boiler will product heat,
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00:13:58,517 --> 00:14:00,413
Which dries the poles.
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00:14:03,586 --> 00:14:06,586
After the poles have been sorted
By length and class,
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00:14:06,586 --> 00:14:09,620
Loaders
Stack them on large trams.
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00:14:09,620 --> 00:14:10,965
They place spacer sticks
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00:14:10,965 --> 00:14:15,344
In between each pole to allow
Air to flow around them.
198
00:14:15,344 --> 00:14:18,275
Then, the loaders push the trams
Into a large kiln.
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00:14:20,793 --> 00:14:24,000
The steam from the boiler
Flows through the trams,
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00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:27,137
Heating the inside of the kiln
To 200 degree fahrenheit.
201
00:14:29,379 --> 00:14:32,655
Large fans blow the hot air
Around the poles for 3 days
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00:14:32,655 --> 00:14:34,172
Until the wood is dry.
203
00:14:36,965 --> 00:14:39,103
When the poles
Come out of the kiln,
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00:14:39,103 --> 00:14:41,551
Workers brand them
With product information.
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00:14:45,137 --> 00:14:48,655
Next, they cut a flat surface
On one side of the pole.
206
00:14:53,448 --> 00:14:56,000
Then, they drill holes
To attach a crossarm.
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00:15:00,620 --> 00:15:02,655
After they drill the holes,
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00:15:02,655 --> 00:15:05,172
They stack the poles
In another tram.
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00:15:05,172 --> 00:15:06,413
This one takes them to
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00:15:06,413 --> 00:15:09,137
A 125-foot-long
Treatment cylinder.
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00:15:14,689 --> 00:15:16,724
They lock the door
And vacuum all the air
212
00:15:16,724 --> 00:15:18,448
Out of the cylinder.
213
00:15:18,448 --> 00:15:22,206
They fill the cylinder
With a liquid that's 98% water
214
00:15:22,206 --> 00:15:25,172
And 2% chemical preservative.
215
00:15:25,172 --> 00:15:29,137
The preservative is a mixture
Of chrome, copper and arsenic.
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00:15:29,137 --> 00:15:30,931
Once the cylinder is full,
217
00:15:30,931 --> 00:15:33,793
The pumps start running
To pressurize the liquid,
218
00:15:33,793 --> 00:15:37,517
Infusing the wood
With the chemical solution.
219
00:15:37,517 --> 00:15:38,896
The 2-hour process
220
00:15:38,896 --> 00:15:42,448
Leaves the wood resistant
To rot, fungus and termites.
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00:15:44,206 --> 00:15:47,758
Next, inspectors
Bore 3-inch holes into each pole
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00:15:47,758 --> 00:15:51,689
To collect a sample.
223
00:15:51,689 --> 00:15:54,068
The inspectors check to make
Sure the preservative
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00:15:54,068 --> 00:15:57,586
Saturated the wood
To the target depth.
225
00:15:57,586 --> 00:16:00,655
Then, they send the samples
To the on-site laboratory,
226
00:16:00,655 --> 00:16:03,724
Where they're dried in
A microwave oven and ground up.
227
00:16:03,724 --> 00:16:06,413
They also put the sample
In an x-ray machine
228
00:16:06,413 --> 00:16:10,620
To analyze the chrome, copper
And arsenic levels.
229
00:16:10,620 --> 00:16:14,448
These quality control steps
Ensure that every utility pole
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00:16:14,448 --> 00:16:19,344
Contains the right amount
Of chemical preservatives.
231
00:16:19,344 --> 00:16:23,448
These finished poles will assist
For at least 45 to 60 years.
232
00:16:34,965 --> 00:16:37,172
Narrator: humans have been
Using roller conveyors
233
00:16:37,172 --> 00:16:39,758
For thousands of years.
234
00:16:39,758 --> 00:16:42,000
The ancient egyptians
Used wood rollers
235
00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:46,172
To move the large stones
Needed to build the pyramids.
236
00:16:46,172 --> 00:16:48,896
Today's conveyors
Are more complex.
237
00:16:48,896 --> 00:16:51,379
But the basic concept
Is still the same.
238
00:16:56,103 --> 00:16:59,448
Many factories use roller
Conveyors to transfer materials
239
00:16:59,448 --> 00:17:03,862
From one station
To another during assembly.
240
00:17:03,862 --> 00:17:09,310
They can move heavy loads
Up to 65 feet in a minute.
241
00:17:09,310 --> 00:17:10,862
To make the conveyer rollers,
242
00:17:10,862 --> 00:17:13,896
This factory
Starts with hollow steel tubes.
243
00:17:13,896 --> 00:17:16,793
They deliver to the factory
In batches.
244
00:17:16,793 --> 00:17:21,620
After they arrive, a band saw
Cuts the tubes to length.
245
00:17:21,620 --> 00:17:25,241
The diameter can vary from batch
To batch.
246
00:17:25,241 --> 00:17:28,482
So an employee
Obtains the exact measurements.
247
00:17:30,724 --> 00:17:33,000
He inputs the measurements
Into a computer
248
00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:35,689
That controls this laser.
249
00:17:35,689 --> 00:17:41,275
The laser etches the company
Logo onto a sheet of thick steel
250
00:17:41,275 --> 00:17:44,379
And cuts out support disks
For the roller axles.
251
00:17:47,379 --> 00:17:51,000
The support disks fit perfectly
Into the hollow rollers.
252
00:17:55,241 --> 00:17:57,620
An employee feeds a flat sheet
Of steel
253
00:17:57,620 --> 00:18:00,517
To a computerized break press.
254
00:18:00,517 --> 00:18:02,724
It bends the sheet
Into a vertical rail
255
00:18:02,724 --> 00:18:07,413
For the conveyer frame.
256
00:18:07,413 --> 00:18:10,241
Here's the steel
Before and after bending.
257
00:18:12,655 --> 00:18:14,793
A worker joins two
Vertical rails
258
00:18:14,793 --> 00:18:17,793
With steel supports
Called crossmembers.
259
00:18:17,793 --> 00:18:21,103
He welds them where they meet.
260
00:18:21,103 --> 00:18:23,517
This creates the frame
For the roller conveyer.
261
00:18:28,241 --> 00:18:31,344
Then, they paint the frame.
262
00:18:31,344 --> 00:18:33,793
The paint isn't just
For decoration.
263
00:18:33,793 --> 00:18:38,068
It also protects against rust.
264
00:18:38,068 --> 00:18:40,275
Next, they install
The chain-driven axle
265
00:18:40,275 --> 00:18:42,689
That will spin the roller.
266
00:18:42,689 --> 00:18:45,896
An employee measures it
And confirms its dimensions.
267
00:18:49,103 --> 00:18:52,689
Another worker slides three
Support disks on to the axle.
268
00:18:56,379 --> 00:18:59,482
He welds the disks in place.
269
00:19:01,413 --> 00:19:04,793
The disks on the end
Fit snugly to the roller rims.
270
00:19:06,517 --> 00:19:09,000
This is why premeasuring
Is so important.
271
00:19:12,965 --> 00:19:15,413
He welds the disks
To the ends of the tubes.
272
00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:22,862
He slides roller chain sprockets
273
00:19:22,862 --> 00:19:25,379
Onto the end of the axle
And welds them in place.
274
00:19:30,620 --> 00:19:32,241
He uses a dial indicator
275
00:19:32,241 --> 00:19:34,275
To measure the circumference
Of the roller
276
00:19:34,275 --> 00:19:36,586
And confirm
That it's sufficiently round.
277
00:19:39,310 --> 00:19:41,241
Using a forklift, the team
278
00:19:41,241 --> 00:19:45,862
Lifts the motor and places it
In the conveyer frame.
279
00:19:45,862 --> 00:19:47,689
They slide the motor's
Threaded rods
280
00:19:47,689 --> 00:19:52,482
Into holes drilled in the frame.
281
00:19:52,482 --> 00:19:56,206
An employee places metal washers
On the threaded rods.
282
00:19:56,206 --> 00:20:00,379
Then he screws nuts to them,
Securing the motor to the frame.
283
00:20:00,379 --> 00:20:04,413
He installs a bearing
On the end of the roller axle.
284
00:20:04,413 --> 00:20:07,655
Next, workers arrange the
Rollers on the conveyer frame.
285
00:20:11,724 --> 00:20:12,965
They place the bearings
286
00:20:12,965 --> 00:20:15,206
On the flange
Of one of the vertical rails.
287
00:20:19,241 --> 00:20:24,206
They attach the bearings
To the rail with socket screws.
288
00:20:24,206 --> 00:20:26,965
One of the workers
Attaches the welded steel chain
289
00:20:26,965 --> 00:20:29,034
To the teeth of sprocket wheels.
290
00:20:35,241 --> 00:20:38,103
He joins the sections
Of the roller chain with links.
291
00:20:42,172 --> 00:20:45,000
Then he drops the ends
Of the chains down to the motor.
292
00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:52,000
The worker loops the chains
Around the motor sprockets...
293
00:20:55,137 --> 00:20:57,275
And connects the ends
With the joiner plate
294
00:20:57,275 --> 00:21:01,517
And retaining clip.
295
00:21:01,517 --> 00:21:04,000
Now, they're ready
To put this roller conveyer
296
00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:05,275
To the test.
297
00:21:08,620 --> 00:21:11,620
An employee measures the
Rotational speed of the rollers
298
00:21:11,620 --> 00:21:14,000
With an instrument
Called a tachometer.
299
00:21:21,206 --> 00:21:24,482
He also tests the conveyor's
Ability to move heavy objects.
300
00:21:27,517 --> 00:21:28,931
Once approved,
301
00:21:28,931 --> 00:21:31,379
The roller conveyer will be
Shipped to another factory,
302
00:21:31,379 --> 00:21:32,965
Where it will be
An important part
303
00:21:32,965 --> 00:21:34,758
Of the manufacturing process.
24965
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