All language subtitles for S26E09 - Industrial Casters; Wedding Cakes; Terahertz Spectrometers; Racing Catamarans (1080p AMZN WEB-DL x265 Garshasp)_track4_[eng]
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--captions by vitac--
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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Narrator: industrial casters
Are used to move heavy equipment
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From one location to another.
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The wheels make it easy
To move mining machinery,
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Large medical devices,
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Or factory carts
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Wherever and whenever
It's required.
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The size of the object
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Determines the size
Of the casters used to move it.
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Heavy items need casters
With thicker wheels.
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Some larger objects
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May need multiple wheels
To evenly distribute its weight.
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First, they make the top plate,
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Which mounts the caster
Underneath the object.
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They begin with a thick sheet
Of steel.
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A computer-guided cutting
Machine combines oxygen
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And electricity
To produce plasma.
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This incredibly hot flame melts
The steel to cut out the part.
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They make several other caster
Parts out of steel coil.
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It's a thinner,
More flexible type of steel.
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They fit it
Through a punch press.
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The press strikes it
With a yoke-shaped die.
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The yokes are the arms that hold
Each side of the wheel axle.
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Workers place each yoke piece
In a forming press.
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The press bends the piece
Into the required shape.
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It also makes a circular groove
Around the hole in the middle.
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Next they fill the groove
With steel ball bearings.
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These bearings allow the yoke
To swivel.
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The steel retainer holds
The ball bearings in place.
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They fill the grooves
Of the steel cap
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With ball bearings, as well.
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Then they place it
In a punch press
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And position the yoke
On top of it.
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The press joins the cap
To the yokes retainer,
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Sandwiching the ball bearings
In between.
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After riveting the top plate
To the yoke,
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They put a steel seal
Over the retainer.
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They lock it in place
With a pneumatic press.
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This factory purchases nylon
Wheel inserts from a supplier.
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Workers place the inserts
In an injection molding press.
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The press melts neoprene rubber
And injects it into the mold.
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Once it cools to a solid state,
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The machine ejects what are now
Rubber-edged wheels.
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This process takes
About four minutes.
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The rubber edge absorbs shock,
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Reduces noise, and prevents
Damage to the floor.
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When this factory
Needs to make larger wheels,
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They use a different injection
Molding press,
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One that can make wheels
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Five times larger than
Their standard models.
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It works exactly
Like the other injection molder
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Except it only makes one wheel
At time.
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A worker carefully places
The wheel on a cool-down rack
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For two and a half hours.
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The wheel molds
Are made of two parts.
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The parts form a seam
Once attached.
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A worker grinds
Down the rubber seam
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Until the surface is smooth.
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Now that all the caster's parts
Are ready, assembly can begin.
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First they place a two-part
Bearing inside the wheel
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And lock it into position
With a pneumatic press.
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Next they install a steel guard
On each side.
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The guards prevent anything
From getting inside the wheel
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And inhibiting its movement.
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They position the wheel
Between the yokes and insert
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The steel wheel axle.
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A bolt head secures one end,
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And they attach a nut
To the other.
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Then they tighten everything
With an impact gun.
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They inject grease
To lubricate the ball bearings.
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This factory runs random samples
Through a series
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Of quality control tests.
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A machine applies weight
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And counts how many revolutions
The caster can withstand
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Before it finally breaks.
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This factory also
Makes special casters
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For oven and freezer carts
Using rubber wheels
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Built to withstand extreme heat
Or cold.
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Their ball bearings
Are also lubricated with grease
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That doesn't freeze or melt.
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Casters can also come equipped
With a foot-activated brake.
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Narrator:
Wedding cakes have become
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Bigger and more elaborate
Over the years.
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Today's wedding cakes
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Are multi-tiered
And even multi-flavored.
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They're typically covered
In fondant icing
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And decorated
With ornate sugar flowers.
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The finished product
Is an edible work of art,
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Perfect for that special day.
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These customized wedding cakes
Are covered in fondant.
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This special icing acts
As a canvas
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On which delicious designs
Can be created.
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The baker starts by making
Chocolate cakes
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For the bottom tier.
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Once the cakes
Come out of the oven,
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She transfers them directly
To the fridge.
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The cool, firm cakes
Are easy to slice into layers.
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She spreads buttercream frosting
Between the layers.
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The frosting ingredients
Include lightly salted butter,
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Icing sugar,
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And dutch cocoa powder.
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Layer by layer,
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She builds the tier
To the desired height.
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She puts the tier
Back in the fridge.
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While it's solidifying,
She makes the gum paste
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That will be used
To craft the edible flowers.
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First, she adds icing sugar
To egg whites...
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...Then thins out the mixture
With a teaspoon of water.
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Next, she adds food coloring.
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She mixes the ingredients
For a couple of minutes
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Until they're thoroughly
Blended.
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She adds tylose powder,
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A synthetic version of gum
Arabic to harden the mixture.
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After another 15 seconds
Of mixing, the gum paste
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Is ready for kneading.
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The baker rubs some vegetable
Shortening on her hands
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For lubrication.
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She sprinkles some icing sugar
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On the table to prevent
The gum paste from sticking.
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Then she kneads the gum paste
For 5 to 10 minutes.
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Now the artistry begins.
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She uses a set of modeling tools
Made of food-safe,
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Nonstick plastic.
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First she makes a little hat
Out of the pink gum paste.
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Then she rolls out another piece
Until it's paper thin.
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The baker uses a gum paste
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Cutter to cut out
Several teardrop shapes.
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One at a time, she lays the tear
Drops out on a hard foam mat.
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She thins and curls the edges
With a ball-tipped modeling tool
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To create a natural-looking
Rose petal.
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Then she switches to a scribe
Tool.
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She curls back the edges to make
The petal even more lifelike.
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Then she applies tasteless
Edible glue.
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She adheres the first petal onto
The point of the gum paste hat.
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She wraps it all the way
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Around to create the center
Of the rose.
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The baker attaches the next
Layer,
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This time using two petals.
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She adds several
Additional layers
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Using two more petals each time
Until the rose is complete.
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She snips off the base
Of the hat,
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Then lets the glue
Dry for 15 minutes.
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The baker uses green gum paste
To make the leaves.
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She rolls the paste thicker at
The base and thinner at the top.
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Then she presses the sheet
Against the top of the board
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To produce vertical veins.
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She centers her leaf-shaped
Cutter over one of the veins
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And cuts out a leaf.
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After attaching the wire
To the base,
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She uses a silicone stamp
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To imprint smaller veins
On the leaf.
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This makes it
Look more realistic.
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The baker curls the leaf's edges
With a round tool.
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She uses a different tool
To deepen some of the veining
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And complete the leaf.
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The baker sets her decorations
Aside
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And removes the cake tiers
From the refrigerator.
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She firmly applies the fondant
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Over the chilled
Chocolate frosting.
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She made the fondant earlier
With melted marshmallows,
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Butter, icing sugar,
Vanilla extract,
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And food coloring.
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She applies fondant
To the remaining tiers,
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Then stacks them.
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She begins decorating this cake
With ribbon and italian lace.
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She attaches the flowers
With stiff edible glue
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Made from egg whites,
Icing sugar, and lemon juice.
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She can also make edible ribbons
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And lace
By pouring liquid gum paste
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Into the appropriate molds.
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This special gum paste
Uses corn syrup and corn starch
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To reach the right consistency.
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A magnificent custom-made cake
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Is designed to be a showpiece
At the wedding reception,
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Admired, devoured,
And always remembered.
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Narrator:
Terahertz spectrometers use
Invisible light
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To see through objects,
Including living tissue.
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These t-rays
Are an emerging technology
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That allows objects
To be imaged and analyzed.
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It's a form of radiation
That is non-ionizing
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And believed
To be non-destructive.
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An alternative
To x-rays and ultrasound,
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Terahertz technology
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Generates a light that can't be
Seen by the naked eye,
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But it can see
What lies beneath the surface.
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The technology has
Potential applications
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In the medical, security,
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And manufacturing fields.
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Production starts
With the circuit board holder
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For the transmitter sensor head.
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Computerized tools drill a hole
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00:12:09,482 --> 00:12:11,620
Into a cylindrical piece
Of brass
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00:12:11,620 --> 00:12:14,448
And carve ridged slots
To hold the circuit board.
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00:12:17,724 --> 00:12:20,551
Another tool transforms
A second brass cylinder
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00:12:20,551 --> 00:12:23,103
Into the main body
For the sensor head.
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This is the completed
Sensor head body.
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A technician screws an optical
Collimator into the housing.
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00:12:34,758 --> 00:12:39,310
This device separates the laser
Light into parallel beams.
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He inserts a lens
In the housing.
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00:12:42,724 --> 00:12:45,137
The next piece
He installs adjusts the position
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Of the circuit board holder
In the spectrometer.
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He selects a circuit board.
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It has a sensor chip
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In the center
That emits terahertz light.
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He places it into the holder
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00:12:59,344 --> 00:13:01,655
And slides the holder
On the sensor body.
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00:13:04,655 --> 00:13:09,586
He uses steel pins
To lock it in place.
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00:13:09,586 --> 00:13:12,862
The worker fastens a larger lens
On the end.
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00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:18,413
A device holds the sensor head
In place
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00:13:18,413 --> 00:13:21,413
As he tweaks the position
Of the circuit board.
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00:13:21,413 --> 00:13:25,310
It must be perfectly aligned in
Order to receive the laser beam.
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00:13:28,620 --> 00:13:32,103
He attaches a round circuit
Board to the sensor head.
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00:13:32,103 --> 00:13:33,689
This board will allow the sensor
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00:13:33,689 --> 00:13:37,172
Head to establish
Electrical connections.
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00:13:37,172 --> 00:13:40,448
Next he installs the collimating
Module.
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00:13:40,448 --> 00:13:43,517
This device has a larger lens
Than the sensor head
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00:13:43,517 --> 00:13:48,310
So it can send parallel
Terahertz beams further.
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00:13:48,310 --> 00:13:52,172
He attaches a retainer ring
To the module.
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The technician screws
The collimating module
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To the sensor head.
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Now the spectrometer transmitter
Is complete.
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He slides the base of the stand
Into a rail system.
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00:14:09,586 --> 00:14:13,137
He installs a receiver
At the other end of the rail,
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00:14:13,137 --> 00:14:15,862
And connects fiber optic cables
To both the transmitter
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00:14:15,862 --> 00:14:18,689
And the receiver.
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00:14:18,689 --> 00:14:20,862
The next technician
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00:14:20,862 --> 00:14:25,551
Assembles the optical chassis
That scans objects for imaging.
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00:14:25,551 --> 00:14:28,172
He installs lenses
In specific locations
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00:14:28,172 --> 00:14:30,172
Within the aluminum chassis.
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00:14:32,379 --> 00:14:37,000
He attaches a mirror to a rail
In front of the lenses.
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00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:40,827
The moving mirror will bounce
Laser light to scan images.
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00:14:45,620 --> 00:14:48,758
He tests the rail system to make
Sure it shuttles the mirror
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00:14:48,758 --> 00:14:51,103
Across the spectrometer chassis.
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00:14:54,965 --> 00:14:58,206
The technician places
The chassis on a steel panel
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00:14:58,206 --> 00:15:01,689
And wires
The fiber optics throughout.
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00:15:01,689 --> 00:15:03,482
He connects the fiber
Optic cable
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00:15:03,482 --> 00:15:06,551
To the laser-generating unit.
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00:15:06,551 --> 00:15:09,827
He screws an acrylic glass cover
To the chassis.
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00:15:09,827 --> 00:15:12,448
Then he secures the chassis
And laser unit
241
00:15:12,448 --> 00:15:14,000
To the cabinet panel.
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00:15:17,896 --> 00:15:19,827
Technicians mount the panel
To the back
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00:15:19,827 --> 00:15:23,137
Of the spectrometer cabinet
Using brackets and screws.
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00:15:26,172 --> 00:15:32,241
Once it's solidly in place,
They install the cabinet door.
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00:15:32,241 --> 00:15:36,448
The door allows for easy access
During servicing.
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00:15:36,448 --> 00:15:39,862
They lock the door,
Then screw on the top lid.
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00:15:43,448 --> 00:15:45,413
The spectrometer
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00:15:45,413 --> 00:15:48,758
Is ready for the transmitter
And receiver assembly.
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The technician pushes the fiber
Optic cable
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00:15:51,206 --> 00:15:55,689
Through a hole in the lid
And makes all the connections.
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00:15:55,689 --> 00:15:58,551
He tests the device
Using a plastic bottle.
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00:16:01,482 --> 00:16:04,379
The transmitter sends terahertz
Light through the bottle
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00:16:04,379 --> 00:16:05,551
To measure its thickness
254
00:16:05,551 --> 00:16:09,068
And analyze
Its chemical composition.
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00:16:09,068 --> 00:16:12,655
The receiver collects the data
For computer analysis.
256
00:16:15,827 --> 00:16:19,517
This terahertz spectrometer
Is now ready to scan objects
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00:16:19,517 --> 00:16:21,724
And show them in a new light.
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Narrator:
Thousands of years ago,
259
00:16:35,862 --> 00:16:38,931
The polynesians
Built the first catamarans.
260
00:16:38,931 --> 00:16:43,413
Then in 1876, an american
Redesigned one for racing.
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00:16:43,413 --> 00:16:46,586
It was so fast that it
Was deemed unfair competition
262
00:16:46,586 --> 00:16:48,827
And banned
From organized racing.
263
00:16:48,827 --> 00:16:51,586
But eventually, racing
Catamarans made a comeback
264
00:16:51,586 --> 00:16:53,551
In the late 20th century.
265
00:16:57,068 --> 00:16:59,206
With two hulls instead of one,
266
00:16:59,206 --> 00:17:03,724
Catamarans skim the water faster
Than traditional sailboats.
267
00:17:03,724 --> 00:17:06,586
While a single-hull boat
Relies on a heavy keel,
268
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A catamaran uses its width
269
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As leverage to harness
The power of the wind.
270
00:17:14,137 --> 00:17:15,620
A racing catamaran
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00:17:15,620 --> 00:17:19,172
Starts with foam material
For the hull's lightweight core.
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A worker clamps the foam
To a fiberglass form.
273
00:17:22,862 --> 00:17:26,379
Then he places it into an oven
And closes the door.
274
00:17:26,379 --> 00:17:28,655
The oven gradually brings
The core temperature
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00:17:28,655 --> 00:17:31,724
Up to 160 degrees fahrenheit.
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00:17:31,724 --> 00:17:34,827
After a few minutes, he
Takes the foam out of the oven
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00:17:34,827 --> 00:17:37,896
And places an upper form
Over it.
278
00:17:37,896 --> 00:17:42,827
The softened and malleable foam
Bends to the form's contours.
279
00:17:42,827 --> 00:17:44,482
After applying a gel coat
280
00:17:44,482 --> 00:17:47,344
And fiberglass fabric
In a hull mold,
281
00:17:47,344 --> 00:17:50,379
He lays in the shaped
Foam pieces.
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00:17:50,379 --> 00:17:54,000
He fills any gaps in the core
With slivers of foam material.
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00:17:56,896 --> 00:17:59,344
He adds little squares
Of porous plastic
284
00:17:59,344 --> 00:18:05,034
To reinforce areas where
Hardware will be attached later.
285
00:18:05,034 --> 00:18:10,827
The worker drapes fiberglass
Fabric loosely over the core.
286
00:18:10,827 --> 00:18:13,034
He sprays a small amount
Of rubber cement
287
00:18:13,034 --> 00:18:16,827
Onto the core and presses
The fabric into it.
288
00:18:16,827 --> 00:18:19,931
The cement helps the fabric
Stick to the core.
289
00:18:19,931 --> 00:18:25,724
Then he stretches nylon fabric
Over the fiberglass and foam.
290
00:18:25,724 --> 00:18:29,586
He runs spiral cut tubing
Along the sides of the mold.
291
00:18:29,586 --> 00:18:32,517
He cuts it to the right length
And tapes it down.
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00:18:34,689 --> 00:18:37,379
After laying down
A plastic mesh,
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00:18:37,379 --> 00:18:41,172
Two workers cover the mold
And its contents in plastic.
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00:18:43,655 --> 00:18:46,551
They secure the edges
Of the mold with tacky tape,
295
00:18:46,551 --> 00:18:48,551
Creating a tight seal.
296
00:18:54,103 --> 00:18:55,689
The team connects a vacuum
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00:18:55,689 --> 00:18:58,586
To the spiral tubing
On one side of the mold.
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00:18:58,586 --> 00:18:59,827
When they turn it on,
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00:18:59,827 --> 00:19:02,379
The vacuum sucks out the air,
300
00:19:02,379 --> 00:19:04,827
Pulling the layers
Tightly together.
301
00:19:10,241 --> 00:19:12,206
They prepare a vinyl-based resin
302
00:19:12,206 --> 00:19:14,551
And apply it
Using the vacuum tube.
303
00:19:16,413 --> 00:19:17,758
The vacuum pumps
304
00:19:17,758 --> 00:19:21,965
The resin through the layers
Of fiberglass and foam.
305
00:19:21,965 --> 00:19:26,000
The resin takes a couple
Of hours to dry.
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00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:28,206
The team removes the plastic,
Mesh,
307
00:19:28,206 --> 00:19:32,000
And nylon layers, revealing
One half of a catamaran hull.
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00:19:35,344 --> 00:19:37,793
Next they install the bulkheads.
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00:19:37,793 --> 00:19:40,310
They use special tools
To accurately position them
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00:19:40,310 --> 00:19:41,655
In the hull.
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00:19:43,862 --> 00:19:48,310
They also place bulkheads
In the second half of the hull.
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00:19:48,310 --> 00:19:51,551
The workers join the two hulls
While they're still in the molds
313
00:19:51,551 --> 00:19:54,896
And seal the seam with epoxy.
314
00:19:54,896 --> 00:19:56,758
They remove the hull
From the molds
315
00:19:56,758 --> 00:19:58,827
And cut an opening
For the trunk.
316
00:19:58,827 --> 00:20:00,724
It holds a retractable
Center board
317
00:20:00,724 --> 00:20:02,689
For curbing sideways movement.
318
00:20:05,137 --> 00:20:09,793
They attach the screws used
To lace the trampoline platform.
319
00:20:09,793 --> 00:20:11,896
A worker
Applies glue-back strips
320
00:20:11,896 --> 00:20:16,793
Of plastic to protect
The fiberglass from chafing.
321
00:20:16,793 --> 00:20:20,724
He screws sailing hardware
To both hulls.
322
00:20:20,724 --> 00:20:23,689
The hulls are placed
In an alignment jig.
323
00:20:23,689 --> 00:20:28,275
Then the team installs crossbars
That fit into molded recesses.
324
00:20:30,793 --> 00:20:33,482
They attach a rudder system
To each hull
325
00:20:33,482 --> 00:20:36,517
And test them to verify
They operate correctly.
326
00:20:43,448 --> 00:20:47,931
The trampoline platform
Is made of polypropylene.
327
00:20:47,931 --> 00:20:50,689
The front slides
Into a molded groove.
328
00:20:53,655 --> 00:20:55,379
They lace up the back and sides
329
00:20:55,379 --> 00:20:58,241
With double-braided
Synthetic rope.
330
00:20:58,241 --> 00:21:02,068
He pulls the laces tight
To keep the platform rigid.
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00:21:06,827 --> 00:21:09,689
Once the other sailing
Control lines are in place,
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00:21:09,689 --> 00:21:15,965
They're ready to hoist the sail
On this racing catamaran.
333
00:21:15,965 --> 00:21:17,344
From start to finish,
334
00:21:17,344 --> 00:21:21,137
It takes three weeks
To produce a racing catamaran.
335
00:21:24,896 --> 00:21:27,517
In competition,
These boats have been clocked
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00:21:27,517 --> 00:21:30,517
At three times
The speed of wind.
27455
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