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--captions by vitac--
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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Narrator: the typical candidate
For a knee replacement
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00:00:55,793 --> 00:00:57,068
Has osteoarthritis,
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Where the cartilage in the knee
Has worn away.
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Knee replacement surgery
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Restores the worn areas
With an implant.
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To help place
The implant properly,
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The surgeon can use
An instrument custom-designed
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For the patient's
Damaged anatomy.
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A successful knee replacement
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Depends on its alignment
With the femur and tibia,
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The upper and lower leg bones
That connect at the knee.
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That's a challenge because
Knee implants are standard,
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While every patient's bones
Are unique.
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So starting with an mri scan
Of the patient's knee,
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This medical device company
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Produces custom-made
Surgical templates,
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Plastic devices the surgeon uses
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To sculpt the surface
The patient's bones
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To align the knee implant
Accurately.
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The surgeon no longer has to
Visually calculate the bone cuts
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On the spot
In the operating room,
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Which takes more time
And is more invasive.
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An engineer uses the mri scan
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To create 3-d models of
The patient's femur and tibia.
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The patient's cartilage has
Worn out in between these bones,
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Causing painful rubbing
That erodes the bone surface.
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The implant effectively replaces
The damaged bone and cartilage.
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Once each bone model is ready,
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Another engineer
Applies a 3-d model
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Of the correct-size implant,
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Then, following directions
The surgeon has provided,
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Performs virtual surgery
On the bone model.
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00:02:22,862 --> 00:02:25,172
This will properly align
The implant
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To the patient's
Specific anatomy
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00:02:27,379 --> 00:02:31,241
And fit it to the angle at which
That particular knee moves.
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During the surgery simulation,
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The computer records
Every bone cut.
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The surgeon reviews
And approves this surgical plan
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Only once
Before manufacturing begins.
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The computer,
Which recorded the bone cuts,
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Guides a 3-d printer
To produce plastic templates
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00:02:49,137 --> 00:02:51,655
For both the femur and tibia.
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The surgeon will use these
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To repeat the same exact cuts
In real life.
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The 3-d printer applies a layer
Of powdered plastic,
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00:02:58,827 --> 00:03:00,965
Then following
The computer model,
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00:03:00,965 --> 00:03:03,482
Solidifies select areas
With a laser.
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00:03:03,482 --> 00:03:06,482
This process keeps repeating,
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Building up the shape
Of these surgical templates
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Layer by layer.
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00:03:11,413 --> 00:03:14,793
One printer run produces
Personalized templates
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00:03:14,793 --> 00:03:17,103
For up to 50 patients at a time,
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So the laser inscribes
The patient's name
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00:03:19,965 --> 00:03:22,586
And identification code
On each part.
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00:03:24,586 --> 00:03:28,034
Once the printing's done,
It's just a matter
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00:03:28,034 --> 00:03:31,310
Of breaking up the unsolidified
Powdered plastic...
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...And fishing out
The templates.
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00:03:53,586 --> 00:03:57,896
They brush off the bulk
Of the remaining powder.
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00:03:59,620 --> 00:04:01,068
The posts on the bottom
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Are the points at which pins
Affix the template to the bone
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00:04:03,965 --> 00:04:06,034
During surgery.
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00:04:08,551 --> 00:04:11,344
Next, the templates go
Into a tumbler
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Containing plastic balls
And air jets.
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00:04:19,034 --> 00:04:21,206
As the drum rotates
For 20 minutes,
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00:04:21,206 --> 00:04:23,931
The balls knock off
And the air jets blows off
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00:04:23,931 --> 00:04:25,758
Most of the remaining powder.
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00:04:31,103 --> 00:04:34,482
The templates exit the tumbler
90% clean.
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00:04:34,482 --> 00:04:36,931
They go through two wash cycles
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00:04:36,931 --> 00:04:40,034
To remove the last remnants
Of powder.
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00:04:40,034 --> 00:04:44,172
Before packaging,
They'll be sterilized.
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But first,
Every template must pass
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00:04:47,206 --> 00:04:49,620
A quality-control inspection.
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00:04:49,620 --> 00:04:53,000
Using a laser,
A technician scans it
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00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:55,172
To make sure
The manufacturing process
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Produced an exact match
To the patient's bone.
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00:05:06,896 --> 00:05:10,793
This model shows how the femur
And tibia form the knee joint
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And how the surgeon secures
The customized template
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Onto each of these bones.
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Thanks to these devices,
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The surgeon doesn't have to
Figure out the bone cuts
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On the fly
In the operating room.
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They're all pre-calculated
By the computer model.
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This method eliminates
Several steps required
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00:05:28,827 --> 00:05:31,000
In standard surgery.
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The operation takes less time
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00:05:33,310 --> 00:05:35,103
And requires
Half as many instruments
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To set up and clean up.
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00:05:36,896 --> 00:05:38,724
And because the surgeon
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00:05:38,724 --> 00:05:40,896
No longer has to drill a hole
In the bone
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To check the knee implant's
Alignment,
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The patient experiences
Less pain and bleeding
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And a smaller chance
Of developing complications.
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Narrator: the earliest version
Of leaf springs
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Were likely
Flexible wooden poles
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00:06:05,551 --> 00:06:08,241
Used in carriages
In ancient rome.
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00:06:08,241 --> 00:06:09,965
In the early 19th century,
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00:06:09,965 --> 00:06:12,275
Metal leaf springs
Were developed.
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Today the journey continues,
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00:06:14,724 --> 00:06:19,172
And it's fairly smooth thanks
To these suspension springs.
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A leaf spring is a stack
Of curved plates or leaves,
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Or sometimes even just one.
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This spring has the flex
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To absorb bumps and dips
In the road,
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But it's strong enough
To provide serious support.
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00:06:36,068 --> 00:06:38,931
Today these super-strong
Suspension springs
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Are generally used for trucks
And other heavy vehicles
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More than cars.
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00:06:44,379 --> 00:06:47,655
Production starts
With spring steel.
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It's an alloy
That has elasticity.
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00:06:50,793 --> 00:06:54,103
Big shears cut the steel
To various lengths
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For a multi-leaf spring.
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It's one of the two kinds
Of leaf springs.
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00:06:59,931 --> 00:07:01,241
Using a band saw,
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00:07:01,241 --> 00:07:03,689
They cut steel for the other
Kind of leaf spring,
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Known as a full taper spring.
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00:07:07,172 --> 00:07:09,068
It's made of one to four leaves
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That are approximately the same
Length but various thicknesses.
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After cutting,
They rapidly heat the ends.
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00:07:15,862 --> 00:07:19,517
Computerized machinery
Rolls and stretches the piece
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00:07:19,517 --> 00:07:21,655
To a tapered profile.
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00:07:21,655 --> 00:07:23,896
This achieves
The same flex effect
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00:07:23,896 --> 00:07:27,517
As the progressively shorter
Leaves on the multi-leaf spring,
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00:07:27,517 --> 00:07:32,034
But the end product will be
Lighter and not as stiff.
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00:07:32,034 --> 00:07:35,862
Next, it's into a press
That trims the stretched ends
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00:07:35,862 --> 00:07:38,896
And punches holes
For various components.
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00:07:38,896 --> 00:07:40,620
It takes about an hour
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00:07:40,620 --> 00:07:44,275
For the steel to cool down
For the next operation.
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00:07:46,793 --> 00:07:49,413
Meanwhile,
Other members of the team
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Are hard at work
On the multi-leaf spring.
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00:07:52,379 --> 00:07:55,000
They feed the heated tip
Of the main leaf
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To a machine that wraps it
Around a die form.
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00:08:02,137 --> 00:08:03,655
This creates an eye mount
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00:08:03,655 --> 00:08:06,827
For attaching the spring
To the vehicle.
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00:08:06,827 --> 00:08:10,482
They create an eye mount
On the other end, as well.
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00:08:15,827 --> 00:08:19,862
Next they curl the ends
Of a slightly longer steel bar
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00:08:19,862 --> 00:08:22,275
Into a loose "C" shape.
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00:08:22,275 --> 00:08:25,137
This piece will serve
As an outer protective wrap
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00:08:25,137 --> 00:08:28,034
For the main leaf
And protect the eye mounts.
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00:08:28,034 --> 00:08:30,068
Back to the taper spring,
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00:08:30,068 --> 00:08:34,068
Hydraulic machinery bends it
To the final "Z" shape
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00:08:34,068 --> 00:08:37,172
So it will fit around
A vehicle axle.
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00:08:37,172 --> 00:08:40,620
They soak both the taper
And multi-leaf springs in oil
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00:08:40,620 --> 00:08:44,034
And temper them in a furnace
To strengthen the steel.
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00:08:44,034 --> 00:08:48,241
Then it's time for a process
Known as peening.
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00:08:48,241 --> 00:08:50,965
Machinery clamps
The steel leaf onto a carriage,
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00:08:50,965 --> 00:08:52,793
Which takes it through a chamber
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00:08:52,793 --> 00:08:55,965
For blasting
With tiny steel pellets.
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00:08:55,965 --> 00:08:58,724
The blasting
Changes the surface tension,
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Further strengthening the metal.
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00:09:00,758 --> 00:09:03,758
A worker now assembles
The multi-leaf spring.
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00:09:03,758 --> 00:09:07,034
He inserts a pin through
The center of the main leaf
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00:09:07,034 --> 00:09:09,137
And wrap to align them.
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00:09:09,137 --> 00:09:12,241
Each of the next leaves
Is shorter than the last.
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They're known
As graduated leaves.
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00:09:14,551 --> 00:09:18,310
It's a design that will make
The spring more flexible.
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00:09:20,379 --> 00:09:23,551
He transfers the stack
To a hydraulic station...
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00:09:25,482 --> 00:09:29,344
...And inserts a different pin
For more precise alignment.
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00:09:30,931 --> 00:09:32,827
He activates
The hydraulic mechanism,
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00:09:32,827 --> 00:09:35,862
And it squeezes
The leaves together.
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The mechanism maintains
The leaves under tension
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As he removes the pin
And now bolts them together.
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00:09:47,724 --> 00:09:52,758
He pounds clips installed at
Specific locations on the spring
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To close them
Around the leaves.
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The clips tighten the stack
All the way across
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And will stop the leaves
From twisting or turning.
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00:10:02,827 --> 00:10:06,586
Next, another hydraulic device
Applies pressure,
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This time to simulate the load
The spring will carry.
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00:10:10,206 --> 00:10:12,448
This sets the spring
To a specific height
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00:10:12,448 --> 00:10:16,413
And compresses it to stiffen
The overall performance.
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The worker measures the spring
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00:10:18,724 --> 00:10:22,413
To confirm that it meets
The specifications.
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00:10:22,413 --> 00:10:24,620
The assembled leaf springs
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00:10:24,620 --> 00:10:27,793
Now take a quick dip
In a tank of black paint.
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00:10:31,931 --> 00:10:35,724
The paint coats the leaves,
Clips, and fasteners
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00:10:35,724 --> 00:10:39,689
To give these suspension springs
A uniform finish.
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00:10:39,689 --> 00:10:42,517
Painted black,
They should blend in
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With all the other components
On the vehicle's undercarriage.
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00:10:46,931 --> 00:10:52,448
Now complete, these leaf springs
Can be depended on for support
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When the going gets rough.
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Narrator:
Lavandula angustifolia
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Might sound like a name
Of an ancient roman emperor,
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00:11:13,689 --> 00:11:17,103
But it's actually the scientific
Name for the lavender plant.
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The leaves
And striking blue petals
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00:11:19,448 --> 00:11:21,379
Of this aromatic flowering shrub
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00:11:21,379 --> 00:11:23,931
Are used to make
Lavender essential oil,
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00:11:23,931 --> 00:11:26,896
An ingredient in many health
And beauty products.
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00:11:29,034 --> 00:11:33,172
Lavender essential oil
Has antiviral, antibacterial,
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00:11:33,172 --> 00:11:35,448
And anti-inflammatory
Properties.
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00:11:35,448 --> 00:11:38,103
No wonder it's long been
A natural remedy
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00:11:38,103 --> 00:11:39,965
For many ailments.
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00:11:39,965 --> 00:11:43,827
And with its flowery fragrance
And relaxing effects,
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00:11:43,827 --> 00:11:48,137
It's a common ingredient in
Lotions, soaps, and bath oils.
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00:11:50,793 --> 00:11:52,724
Lavender is a perennial plant
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00:11:52,724 --> 00:11:55,586
That begins flowering
In its second year.
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00:11:55,586 --> 00:11:58,896
Harvest time at this
Canadian farm is in july,
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00:11:58,896 --> 00:12:01,137
At the peak of the first bloom.
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00:12:01,137 --> 00:12:03,620
There's a second bloom
Afterward,
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00:12:03,620 --> 00:12:07,655
But not significant enough
To warrant another harvest.
201
00:12:07,655 --> 00:12:11,000
Weeds like to grow at the base
Of lavender plants,
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00:12:11,000 --> 00:12:14,275
Siphoning off water
And important soil nutrients.
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00:12:14,275 --> 00:12:16,068
So between may and september,
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00:12:16,068 --> 00:12:18,793
Killing those weeds
Is a vital daily ritual.
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00:12:18,793 --> 00:12:21,206
The weeding machine
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00:12:21,206 --> 00:12:23,862
Lifts the lavender stems
Out of the way,
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00:12:23,862 --> 00:12:27,034
Then blasts the weeds
Around the base with hot steam.
208
00:12:35,344 --> 00:12:37,586
To determine
The right time to harvest,
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00:12:37,586 --> 00:12:40,068
The producer looks
At the quantity of blooms
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00:12:40,068 --> 00:12:43,551
And the color of the flowers.
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They should be purple-blue,
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00:12:45,310 --> 00:12:47,896
On the verge
Of turning grayish-brown.
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00:12:47,896 --> 00:12:50,862
The producer
Also crushes a few petals
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00:12:50,862 --> 00:12:53,137
To see how much oil comes out.
215
00:12:53,137 --> 00:12:57,758
The harvester is specially
Designed for cutting lavender.
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00:12:57,758 --> 00:13:01,103
Like a stylist cutting hair,
217
00:13:01,103 --> 00:13:05,551
It pulls the stem straight up,
Then snips near the base.
218
00:13:13,103 --> 00:13:15,931
The cut stems,
About 15 inches long,
219
00:13:15,931 --> 00:13:20,551
Fall onto a conveyer belt,
Which moves them into a tray.
220
00:13:20,551 --> 00:13:24,137
From there, workers manually
Transfer the lavender
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00:13:24,137 --> 00:13:26,103
To the harvester's trailer.
222
00:13:26,103 --> 00:13:27,965
When the trailer is full,
223
00:13:27,965 --> 00:13:32,620
The harvester delivers its load
To the on-site distillery.
224
00:13:32,620 --> 00:13:35,517
Workers load the lavender
Into a still,
225
00:13:35,517 --> 00:13:37,379
A large stainless-steel vessel
226
00:13:37,379 --> 00:13:40,206
Typically used to produce
Alcoholic spirits.
227
00:13:43,379 --> 00:13:47,172
They compact as much lavender
As possible into the still
228
00:13:47,172 --> 00:13:50,896
To prevent the formation
Of air pockets.
229
00:13:50,896 --> 00:13:53,931
The less air,
The greater the oil yield.
230
00:14:03,655 --> 00:14:07,068
Once the still is stuffed
To compacted capacity,
231
00:14:07,068 --> 00:14:08,655
They close it tightly
232
00:14:08,655 --> 00:14:12,000
And start up
An oil-fired boiler.
233
00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:14,310
The boiler
Heats water into steam,
234
00:14:14,310 --> 00:14:17,482
Which they then inject
Into the bottom of the still
235
00:14:17,482 --> 00:14:18,862
At very low pressure.
236
00:14:18,862 --> 00:14:21,413
Over the course
Of about 15 minutes,
237
00:14:21,413 --> 00:14:24,620
The steam slowly rises
To the top of the still,
238
00:14:24,620 --> 00:14:27,068
Heating the lavender
Along the way.
239
00:14:27,068 --> 00:14:30,724
They continue the steam
For another half-hour or so.
240
00:14:30,724 --> 00:14:34,517
This bursts the glands
Located primarily in the petals,
241
00:14:34,517 --> 00:14:36,827
Releasing the oil.
242
00:14:40,931 --> 00:14:42,724
To collect that extracted oil,
243
00:14:42,724 --> 00:14:45,137
They feed cold water
Into a coiled pipe
244
00:14:45,137 --> 00:14:46,724
Running through the still.
245
00:14:46,724 --> 00:14:50,172
When the hot steam
Hits that cold pipe,
246
00:14:50,172 --> 00:14:53,551
It condenses,
Transforming back into water.
247
00:14:53,551 --> 00:14:56,586
Only now, the water contains
Lavender oil.
248
00:14:56,586 --> 00:14:59,793
They open the still's tap
249
00:14:59,793 --> 00:15:02,896
And let the water flow
Into a holding tank.
250
00:15:06,448 --> 00:15:09,931
On average,
The proportions are
251
00:15:09,931 --> 00:15:14,517
One part lavender oil
To 40 parts water.
252
00:15:18,689 --> 00:15:21,827
In the holding tank
Over the next hour or so,
253
00:15:21,827 --> 00:15:25,379
The oil naturally separates
And rises to the surface.
254
00:15:25,379 --> 00:15:26,689
At that point,
255
00:15:26,689 --> 00:15:29,724
They begin pumping the water
To another container,
256
00:15:29,724 --> 00:15:32,517
Stopping
At the first sign of oil.
257
00:15:32,517 --> 00:15:35,551
What remains in the tank
Is the final product --
258
00:15:35,551 --> 00:15:38,517
Pure lavender essential oil.
259
00:15:38,517 --> 00:15:39,862
The pumped-out water
260
00:15:39,862 --> 00:15:43,172
Is a secondary product
Called lavender flower water.
261
00:15:43,172 --> 00:15:48,379
The producer sends both products
To a laboratory to be filtered.
262
00:15:48,379 --> 00:15:52,586
Producers primarily sell
Lavender oil and floral water
263
00:15:52,586 --> 00:15:57,310
As ingredients to manufacturers
Of health and beauty products,
264
00:15:57,310 --> 00:15:58,827
But they also often design
265
00:15:58,827 --> 00:16:01,068
Their own lines
Of lavender creations
266
00:16:01,068 --> 00:16:03,758
For pampering the body and soul.
267
00:16:16,241 --> 00:16:19,000
Narrator: rivets hold
A lot of things together.
268
00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:20,758
Product fabricated with rivets
269
00:16:20,758 --> 00:16:23,689
Include aircraft,
Cars, computers,
270
00:16:23,689 --> 00:16:25,448
And household appliances.
271
00:16:25,448 --> 00:16:27,413
Installed with a rivet tool,
272
00:16:27,413 --> 00:16:31,000
These fasteners create
Strong and permanent joints.
273
00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:34,586
Without rivets, a lot of things
Might fall apart.
274
00:16:37,275 --> 00:16:40,068
Whether the job
Is large or small,
275
00:16:40,068 --> 00:16:42,137
Chances are
There's a rivet for it.
276
00:16:42,137 --> 00:16:43,827
And using a special rivet tool,
277
00:16:43,827 --> 00:16:48,482
It's possible to form strong
Attachments quickly and easily.
278
00:16:48,482 --> 00:16:53,586
The two together
Make a perfect match.
279
00:16:53,586 --> 00:16:57,137
The rivet tool starts
With a precast aluminum handle.
280
00:16:57,137 --> 00:16:59,758
A technician
Inserts a steel sleeve.
281
00:16:59,758 --> 00:17:02,931
It will serve as a chamber
For hydraulic fluid.
282
00:17:02,931 --> 00:17:06,206
The spring for
The tool's trigger is next.
283
00:17:06,206 --> 00:17:09,137
She screws an aluminum plate
To the base
284
00:17:09,137 --> 00:17:12,517
To enclose the two parts
And the handle.
285
00:17:12,517 --> 00:17:15,137
This is
The pulling-head assembly.
286
00:17:15,137 --> 00:17:18,241
It has tiny jaws
To grab the rivet stem.
287
00:17:18,241 --> 00:17:19,655
She lubricates it
288
00:17:19,655 --> 00:17:24,413
And presses it into the main
Bore of the rivet tool.
289
00:17:24,413 --> 00:17:28,689
She installs a fill screw
In the top of the handle casting
290
00:17:28,689 --> 00:17:32,689
For top-offs of hydraulic fluid
During servicing.
291
00:17:32,689 --> 00:17:35,206
But the initial supply
Of hydraulic fluid
292
00:17:35,206 --> 00:17:38,068
Is added through
The steel sleeve at the bottom.
293
00:17:38,068 --> 00:17:40,758
She inserts
An air-piston assembly
294
00:17:40,758 --> 00:17:42,862
Into the fluid-filled chamber.
295
00:17:42,862 --> 00:17:45,620
She threads a screw into
The nose of the rivet tool.
296
00:17:45,620 --> 00:17:48,551
This keeps the internal workings
In the correct position
297
00:17:48,551 --> 00:17:50,310
For the next step.
298
00:17:50,310 --> 00:17:53,620
She places the base of the tool
Into an air chamber,
299
00:17:53,620 --> 00:17:55,206
Then hooks up an air hose
300
00:17:55,206 --> 00:17:57,413
And secures it
With steel clamps.
301
00:17:57,413 --> 00:17:59,413
She plugs the tool
Into an air supply
302
00:17:59,413 --> 00:18:00,758
And pulls the trigger.
303
00:18:00,758 --> 00:18:04,379
The air puts pressure
On the hydraulic fluid inside
304
00:18:04,379 --> 00:18:07,068
To activate
The riveting mechanism.
305
00:18:07,068 --> 00:18:09,310
And now the test --
306
00:18:09,310 --> 00:18:11,896
She places a rivet
In the nose of the tool,
307
00:18:11,896 --> 00:18:14,103
Then inserts
The other end of the rivet
308
00:18:14,103 --> 00:18:15,689
Into a hole on the test plate
309
00:18:15,689 --> 00:18:17,241
And presses the trigger.
310
00:18:17,241 --> 00:18:20,379
The tool efficiently installs
The rivet in the hole.
311
00:18:20,379 --> 00:18:25,137
It's time to stock up on rivets.
They make them from round wire.
312
00:18:25,137 --> 00:18:27,413
A machine
Cuts the wire to length
313
00:18:27,413 --> 00:18:29,793
And then punches it
Into a die twice
314
00:18:29,793 --> 00:18:33,793
To form a rivet stem blank.
315
00:18:35,724 --> 00:18:38,931
Here's the cutting and forming
Action in slow motion.
316
00:18:44,827 --> 00:18:47,310
The machine operates in a blur,
317
00:18:47,310 --> 00:18:50,758
Producing 200
Rivet stem blanks a minute.
318
00:18:53,137 --> 00:18:57,103
The stem blanks move
Between serrated rolling dies.
319
00:18:57,103 --> 00:18:58,551
The dies form grooves
320
00:18:58,551 --> 00:19:01,724
To allow the stem to be gripped
By a rivet tool.
321
00:19:01,724 --> 00:19:05,103
They also make ridges that
Will serve as a breaking point
322
00:19:05,103 --> 00:19:06,724
During rivet installation.
323
00:19:06,724 --> 00:19:09,172
This is a slow-motion close-up
324
00:19:09,172 --> 00:19:12,551
Of the serrated rolling dies
In action.
325
00:19:12,551 --> 00:19:18,655
Here's the rivet stem
Before and after forming.
326
00:19:18,655 --> 00:19:22,448
The next machine
Creates the rivet body.
327
00:19:22,448 --> 00:19:24,793
It cuts wire
To the correct length
328
00:19:24,793 --> 00:19:28,896
And forces it into dies.
329
00:19:28,896 --> 00:19:32,379
It takes five punches
To transform the solid wire
330
00:19:32,379 --> 00:19:34,172
Into a hollow rivet body.
331
00:19:39,379 --> 00:19:42,827
These machines can produce
Up to 300 parts a minute.
332
00:19:45,482 --> 00:19:50,000
Next, the rivet bodies go for
A tumble in a cleaning solution
333
00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:53,931
To remove oily residue
Left by the forming.
334
00:19:53,931 --> 00:19:57,724
The rivet stems also undergo
This thorough washing.
335
00:19:57,724 --> 00:20:00,862
The rivet bodies
Then travel through a furnace.
336
00:20:00,862 --> 00:20:03,931
The intense heat
Followed by a gradual cooling
337
00:20:03,931 --> 00:20:07,827
Hardens the metal to free it
From internal stresses.
338
00:20:07,827 --> 00:20:09,551
After zinc-plating,
339
00:20:09,551 --> 00:20:13,517
The rivet bodies
Head towards the next station.
340
00:20:13,517 --> 00:20:15,862
The rivet stems
Are also on the move.
341
00:20:15,862 --> 00:20:18,896
They travel through a channel
That gradually widens
342
00:20:18,896 --> 00:20:22,827
To sort out stems
That are too big or small.
343
00:20:22,827 --> 00:20:25,931
The undersized stems
Fall through at the beginning,
344
00:20:25,931 --> 00:20:28,965
And oversized ones
Fall off the end.
345
00:20:28,965 --> 00:20:32,000
A magnet loader collects
The correctly sized stems,
346
00:20:32,000 --> 00:20:35,448
And rejects are discarded.
347
00:20:35,448 --> 00:20:38,517
The rivet stems
Cling to the loader,
348
00:20:38,517 --> 00:20:41,793
Which is stopped at the moment.
349
00:20:41,793 --> 00:20:45,448
The rivet bodies
Now ride a carrousel.
350
00:20:45,448 --> 00:20:46,896
It pauses briefly
351
00:20:46,896 --> 00:20:50,275
To allow a stem
To be inserted into a body.
352
00:20:50,275 --> 00:20:56,448
These are slow-motion shots,
And back in real time.
353
00:20:56,448 --> 00:20:59,275
These machines work fast.
354
00:20:59,275 --> 00:21:02,724
They pump out
Millions of rivets a day.
355
00:21:02,724 --> 00:21:07,448
The rivets are now ready to
Leave this factory for another,
356
00:21:07,448 --> 00:21:11,413
Where they could be used
To make almost anything.
357
00:21:22,172 --> 00:21:24,827
If you have any comments
About the show,
358
00:21:24,827 --> 00:21:27,482
Or if you'd like to suggest
Topics for future shows,
359
00:21:27,482 --> 00:21:29,862
Drop us a line at...
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