All language subtitles for S20E09 - Thinning Shears; Wagon Wheels; Toaster Pastries; Violin Bows (1080p AMZN WEB-DL x265 Garshasp)_track3_[eng]

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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,034 --> 00:00:05,034 --captions by vitac-- Www.Vitac.Com 2 00:00:05,034 --> 00:00:08,000 Captions paid for by Discovery communications 3 00:00:53,413 --> 00:00:55,620 Narrator: Thinning shears are scissors 4 00:00:55,620 --> 00:00:57,620 With at least One comb-like blade. 5 00:00:57,620 --> 00:00:59,206 When the blades come together, 6 00:00:59,206 --> 00:01:01,758 Some hair falls between The teeth of the comb, 7 00:01:01,758 --> 00:01:03,172 And that hair is cut 8 00:01:03,172 --> 00:01:05,655 While other strands Are left intact. 9 00:01:05,655 --> 00:01:06,896 A few quick snips, 10 00:01:06,896 --> 00:01:09,827 And this handy tool can do a lot For your style. 11 00:01:13,896 --> 00:01:17,137 It's often necessary To go many lengths 12 00:01:17,137 --> 00:01:18,931 To achieve the right look. 13 00:01:18,931 --> 00:01:22,310 Stylists use thinning shears To layer a cut from the inside. 14 00:01:22,310 --> 00:01:25,931 This removes bulk To give hair height. 15 00:01:25,931 --> 00:01:28,137 When it comes To improving your hairdo, 16 00:01:28,137 --> 00:01:31,034 Thinning shears definitely have The teeth for the job. 17 00:01:31,034 --> 00:01:34,724 They start With stainless-steel rods. 18 00:01:34,724 --> 00:01:37,689 The rods ride A magnetized conveyor 19 00:01:37,689 --> 00:01:40,724 Up to an induction heater. 20 00:01:40,724 --> 00:01:42,758 It heats each rod from the ends 21 00:01:42,758 --> 00:01:46,931 Until it becomes White-hot and soft. 22 00:01:46,931 --> 00:01:51,103 The rod is now ready For forging. 23 00:01:51,103 --> 00:01:56,000 A worker moves the hot rod Back and forth over a die 24 00:01:56,000 --> 00:01:58,241 As a hammer slams into it. 25 00:02:01,448 --> 00:02:03,310 This flattens and forms it 26 00:02:03,310 --> 00:02:06,137 Into the shape Of two scissor blades. 27 00:02:06,137 --> 00:02:09,793 The forging leaves a lot of Excess steel around the blades. 28 00:02:09,793 --> 00:02:12,931 They cut away that excess. 29 00:02:12,931 --> 00:02:14,172 Reheated now, 30 00:02:14,172 --> 00:02:17,896 A worker plunges the blades Into a lead bath. 31 00:02:19,586 --> 00:02:23,931 Then he dips them in oil, Standing back as they flame up. 32 00:02:23,931 --> 00:02:26,551 The lead bath And the quick cooldown 33 00:02:26,551 --> 00:02:27,896 Harden the steel. 34 00:02:27,896 --> 00:02:31,241 Another worker then clamps A blade into position. 35 00:02:31,241 --> 00:02:33,758 A cutting wheel Rolls into action 36 00:02:33,758 --> 00:02:36,758 And carves a comb profile Into the blade. 37 00:02:36,758 --> 00:02:40,655 A constant flow Of water-based coolant 38 00:02:40,655 --> 00:02:41,931 Keeps the temperature 39 00:02:41,931 --> 00:02:43,482 Of the cutting wheel And the scissor part down, 40 00:02:43,482 --> 00:02:44,965 Otherwise the cutting process 41 00:02:44,965 --> 00:02:46,793 Could cause them both To overheat 42 00:02:46,793 --> 00:02:51,517 And compromise Their strength and integrity. 43 00:02:54,103 --> 00:02:56,827 This is the thinning scissor Blade before cutting, 44 00:02:56,827 --> 00:02:59,103 And this is the blade With its new teeth. 45 00:03:01,862 --> 00:03:04,172 At the next workstation, 46 00:03:04,172 --> 00:03:05,689 A robot transfers a blade 47 00:03:05,689 --> 00:03:07,793 To an automated Grinding machine. 48 00:03:07,793 --> 00:03:11,551 The machine grinds both The front and sides of the teeth 49 00:03:11,551 --> 00:03:15,172 To smooth the rough edges. 50 00:03:15,172 --> 00:03:17,413 This robotic system processes 51 00:03:17,413 --> 00:03:20,275 Up to 150 scissor blades An hour. 52 00:03:26,655 --> 00:03:30,896 Next, it's into a tumbler Filled with synthetic pebbles. 53 00:03:30,896 --> 00:03:33,172 As the thinning blades Bounce around, 54 00:03:33,172 --> 00:03:35,517 Friction happens. 55 00:03:35,517 --> 00:03:37,034 This smoothes more rough edges, 56 00:03:37,034 --> 00:03:39,206 Especially the handles And finger rings 57 00:03:39,206 --> 00:03:43,000 That didn't undergo grinding At the robot station. 58 00:03:43,000 --> 00:03:45,241 After about four hours, 59 00:03:45,241 --> 00:03:47,586 A magnetic conveyor Retrieves them. 60 00:03:47,586 --> 00:03:48,965 Then the midsection, 61 00:03:48,965 --> 00:03:51,517 Where the two blades Are to be joined, 62 00:03:51,517 --> 00:03:54,758 Receives hands-on attention As a worker smoothes it 63 00:03:54,758 --> 00:03:57,448 Using a fine Abrasive sanding belt. 64 00:03:57,448 --> 00:04:00,758 They move on To the straight scissor blade. 65 00:04:00,758 --> 00:04:04,172 An employee hones it against A horizontal grinding wheel. 66 00:04:04,172 --> 00:04:07,827 This aligns the cutting edge. 67 00:04:10,896 --> 00:04:13,344 He inserts the threaded screws In holes 68 00:04:13,344 --> 00:04:14,931 In a straight-edged blade 69 00:04:14,931 --> 00:04:19,172 And in the corresponding Comb-like blade. 70 00:04:19,172 --> 00:04:24,068 He brings the two together 71 00:04:24,068 --> 00:04:28,137 And then tightens the screws To a specific torque. 72 00:04:28,137 --> 00:04:29,862 Too tight or too loose, 73 00:04:29,862 --> 00:04:33,206 And these thinning shears Won't operate smoothly. 74 00:04:33,206 --> 00:04:37,206 With an emery board, He gently files the shears 75 00:04:37,206 --> 00:04:41,000 To get ride of lingering dust From the extensive grinding. 76 00:04:43,448 --> 00:04:46,275 He now tests their function. 77 00:04:46,275 --> 00:04:48,275 It isn't entirely smooth, 78 00:04:48,275 --> 00:04:51,965 So hammers a section Of the comb blade to level it. 79 00:04:54,793 --> 00:04:58,724 It now moves more freely Against the straight blade. 80 00:04:58,724 --> 00:05:02,137 And now the ultimate test -- 81 00:05:02,137 --> 00:05:04,896 He tries them out On a lock of artificial hair, 82 00:05:04,896 --> 00:05:07,379 And he confirms That these thinning shears 83 00:05:07,379 --> 00:05:08,931 Are as sharp as they look. 84 00:05:08,931 --> 00:05:13,206 Next, the blade comes up against A spinning leather belt. 85 00:05:13,206 --> 00:05:16,689 This takes it from merely sharp To razor-sharp. 86 00:05:16,689 --> 00:05:20,068 It also polishes the blade To a mirror finish. 87 00:05:23,862 --> 00:05:25,413 A computerized laser 88 00:05:25,413 --> 00:05:29,586 Burns the brand name and model Information into the shears. 89 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:37,103 They screw a brass nub To the finger ring 90 00:05:37,103 --> 00:05:41,206 To give the pinkie finger Something to rest against. 91 00:05:41,206 --> 00:05:44,482 These thinning shears Are now ready for shipment. 92 00:05:44,482 --> 00:05:48,586 Soon, they'll be in the thick Of things at the beauty salon. 93 00:06:00,758 --> 00:06:02,517 Narrator: wooden wagon wheels 94 00:06:02,517 --> 00:06:05,172 Roll through the tumbleweeds Of another time. 95 00:06:05,172 --> 00:06:06,689 Fixed to covered wagons, 96 00:06:06,689 --> 00:06:09,482 They transported settlers To the american west 97 00:06:09,482 --> 00:06:12,103 In the 18th and 19th centuries. 98 00:06:12,103 --> 00:06:14,000 There are now cities And freeways 99 00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:16,068 Where wagon wheels Once blazed trails, 100 00:06:16,068 --> 00:06:19,172 But making them Is not a lost art. 101 00:06:21,655 --> 00:06:23,655 A thriving nostalgia industry 102 00:06:23,655 --> 00:06:26,655 Keeps these big wooden wheels Turning. 103 00:06:26,655 --> 00:06:30,137 Wagon wheels are in demand for Historical re-enactment events, 104 00:06:30,137 --> 00:06:32,689 Museums, and the movies. 105 00:06:32,689 --> 00:06:34,793 The wheelwright carves the hub 106 00:06:34,793 --> 00:06:37,862 From a chunk of strong, Rot-resistant oak. 107 00:06:37,862 --> 00:06:41,068 As it spins on a lathe, He cuts it to length. 108 00:06:41,068 --> 00:06:42,413 He stops the lathe 109 00:06:42,413 --> 00:06:45,689 And marks measurements For the wagon wheel's profile, 110 00:06:45,689 --> 00:06:48,862 Sizing it For reinforcing metal hoops. 111 00:06:48,862 --> 00:06:50,206 He resumes carving, 112 00:06:50,206 --> 00:06:52,758 Using the penciled lines As a guide. 113 00:06:52,758 --> 00:06:57,000 He transforms the oak blank Into a barrel-shaped design, 114 00:06:57,000 --> 00:07:01,034 Which is traditional for Wagon wheel hubs of the 1870s. 115 00:07:03,172 --> 00:07:05,827 With the hub now clamped In another machine, 116 00:07:05,827 --> 00:07:09,241 He uses a mechanized chisel To punch out regular spoke holes 117 00:07:09,241 --> 00:07:11,275 Known as mortises. 118 00:07:13,896 --> 00:07:16,000 He angles the edge of each hole 119 00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:18,655 To receive the tenon end Of the spoke. 120 00:07:22,862 --> 00:07:25,413 He slides steel hoops Onto the hub 121 00:07:25,413 --> 00:07:27,827 At the ends and in the center. 122 00:07:27,827 --> 00:07:32,206 It's a snug fit, But it's not quite tight enough. 123 00:07:32,206 --> 00:07:36,034 A hydraulic press squeezes The hoops around the hub 124 00:07:36,034 --> 00:07:38,827 To provide Just the right tension. 125 00:07:38,827 --> 00:07:41,448 The hoops will act As a constricting force 126 00:07:41,448 --> 00:07:43,344 To keep the wood from splitting. 127 00:07:43,344 --> 00:07:45,482 From a chunk of wood 128 00:07:45,482 --> 00:07:48,689 Into a substantial Wagon wheel hub. 129 00:07:48,689 --> 00:07:52,000 Now using tools Called spokeshaves, 130 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:54,275 The wheelwright shapes The hickory wood spokes. 131 00:07:54,275 --> 00:07:59,137 He narrows the throat Of the spoke to add flexibility, 132 00:07:59,137 --> 00:08:03,689 Where it is to be inserted Into the hub. 133 00:08:03,689 --> 00:08:08,758 He coats the mortises Of the hub with glue. 134 00:08:08,758 --> 00:08:12,034 He inserts the spokes Into the glued holes. 135 00:08:12,034 --> 00:08:16,275 He drives them into place With a sledgehammer. 136 00:08:16,275 --> 00:08:20,517 There are 12 spokes in total For this front wagon wheel. 137 00:08:20,517 --> 00:08:23,068 The wheelwright Then spins the wheel 138 00:08:23,068 --> 00:08:24,862 And eyeballs it to confirm 139 00:08:24,862 --> 00:08:28,137 That the spokes rotate On an even plane. 140 00:08:28,137 --> 00:08:32,896 Then like sharpening a pencil, He brings the ends to a point. 141 00:08:32,896 --> 00:08:35,517 This prepares them For the tenon cutter 142 00:08:35,517 --> 00:08:37,620 That now carves them Into peg shapes 143 00:08:37,620 --> 00:08:39,586 For insertion Into the wheel rim. 144 00:08:39,586 --> 00:08:43,896 He installs the steam-bent Wooden rim in two sections. 145 00:08:43,896 --> 00:08:46,172 It's drilled To match up with the spokes. 146 00:08:47,931 --> 00:08:51,379 At first, it's easy, But as the tension builds, 147 00:08:51,379 --> 00:08:54,517 It becomes tougher to insert The remaining spokes, 148 00:08:54,517 --> 00:08:56,896 So he stretches the rim wider With a clamp. 149 00:08:56,896 --> 00:08:59,310 This gives him More room to maneuver 150 00:08:59,310 --> 00:09:02,000 As he fits the others Into the rim half. 151 00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:03,724 In the process, 152 00:09:03,724 --> 00:09:06,413 He creates a slight bow In the plane of the wheel. 153 00:09:06,413 --> 00:09:08,000 It's a truss-like state 154 00:09:08,000 --> 00:09:10,620 That adds strength To the wagon wheel. 155 00:09:10,620 --> 00:09:13,724 Now using An electric roller machine, 156 00:09:13,724 --> 00:09:17,689 He bends a strip of steel Into a round wagon-wheel tire. 157 00:09:20,965 --> 00:09:23,241 It takes just one pass Through the rollers 158 00:09:23,241 --> 00:09:27,206 To achieve the desired bend. 159 00:09:27,206 --> 00:09:30,206 The length will need to be Precisely measured. 160 00:09:32,275 --> 00:09:34,344 He measures The inner circumference 161 00:09:34,344 --> 00:09:37,000 With an old wheelwright tool Called a traveler, 162 00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:41,172 To determine just How much tweaking it needs. 163 00:09:41,172 --> 00:09:43,655 Then using a torch, 164 00:09:43,655 --> 00:09:46,586 He cuts the tire To the exact length required. 165 00:09:46,586 --> 00:09:50,103 He makes the tire slightly Smaller than the wheel itself 166 00:09:50,103 --> 00:09:52,793 Because it must serve As a heavy-duty elastic band 167 00:09:52,793 --> 00:09:56,344 To hold the assembled Wagon wheel together. 168 00:09:56,344 --> 00:09:59,206 He welds it where the ends meet, 169 00:09:59,206 --> 00:10:03,344 And this completes The wagon-wheel tire. 170 00:10:03,344 --> 00:10:06,793 He now bakes the tire briefly In an open fire. 171 00:10:06,793 --> 00:10:09,551 The metal expands And at a strategic moment, 172 00:10:09,551 --> 00:10:12,172 They pull it out of the flames. 173 00:10:12,172 --> 00:10:13,931 The tire has stretched To the point 174 00:10:13,931 --> 00:10:15,793 Where it can be installed On the wheel, 175 00:10:15,793 --> 00:10:17,551 But it's not quite hot enough 176 00:10:17,551 --> 00:10:20,068 To cause the wooden wheel To catch fire. 177 00:10:20,068 --> 00:10:21,827 They pour water onto the tire 178 00:10:21,827 --> 00:10:24,344 To bring it back To a cooler temperature. 179 00:10:24,344 --> 00:10:27,620 As it cools, It shrinks to the wagon wheel, 180 00:10:27,620 --> 00:10:31,793 Creating That elastic band effect. 181 00:10:31,793 --> 00:10:34,827 Next, they prime and paint A matching set of wheels 182 00:10:34,827 --> 00:10:38,241 In the color Of the client's choice. 183 00:10:40,172 --> 00:10:42,103 And with Those finishing touches, 184 00:10:42,103 --> 00:10:45,241 These wagon wheels Are en route to the past. 185 00:10:47,034 --> 00:10:49,517 For fans of american history, 186 00:10:49,517 --> 00:10:52,137 It's sure to be A sentimental journey. 187 00:11:08,827 --> 00:11:10,827 Narrator: For people who need to grab 188 00:11:10,827 --> 00:11:12,275 A quick bite for breakfast, 189 00:11:12,275 --> 00:11:15,068 The invention of The toaster pastry in the 1960s 190 00:11:15,068 --> 00:11:17,517 Was the greatest thing Since sliced bread. 191 00:11:17,517 --> 00:11:19,379 Finally, The toaster could be used 192 00:11:19,379 --> 00:11:20,896 For more than toasting bread, 193 00:11:20,896 --> 00:11:25,241 And the toaster pastry was Definitely a sweet alternative. 194 00:11:29,724 --> 00:11:32,896 The toaster pastry retains Its sweetness during toasting. 195 00:11:32,896 --> 00:11:35,551 The syrupy filling and frosting Don't melt out 196 00:11:35,551 --> 00:11:36,931 And into the toaster. 197 00:11:36,931 --> 00:11:39,206 It's all because Of the ingredients 198 00:11:39,206 --> 00:11:41,310 And how they come together. 199 00:11:42,793 --> 00:11:43,931 At this factory, 200 00:11:43,931 --> 00:11:45,965 They start by making An organic pastry. 201 00:11:45,965 --> 00:11:47,172 The blender operator 202 00:11:47,172 --> 00:11:49,413 Loads dry ingredients, Like rice bran, 203 00:11:49,413 --> 00:11:50,896 Into the blender, 204 00:11:50,896 --> 00:11:54,068 Followed by a sugar syrup And molasses. 205 00:11:54,068 --> 00:11:57,758 It's the molasses that gives The pastry a brownish color. 206 00:11:57,758 --> 00:12:02,655 He adds organic palm shortening And organic granulated sugar. 207 00:12:02,655 --> 00:12:05,896 The flour and water are piped Into the blender barrel. 208 00:12:05,896 --> 00:12:08,482 Spiraling mixers blend And knead the dough 209 00:12:08,482 --> 00:12:12,620 To the desired consistency. 210 00:12:12,620 --> 00:12:14,586 Next, it's into a hopper 211 00:12:14,586 --> 00:12:17,931 That feeds the dough Between two rollers. 212 00:12:17,931 --> 00:12:20,000 They squeeze And flatten the dough 213 00:12:20,000 --> 00:12:24,068 Into a sheet that's about 8/10 of an inch thick. 214 00:12:24,068 --> 00:12:27,482 A conveyor moves The toaster-pastry dough forward 215 00:12:27,482 --> 00:12:30,793 To sets of larger rollers. 216 00:12:30,793 --> 00:12:34,068 They apply serious pressure To roll the dough much thinner. 217 00:12:34,068 --> 00:12:37,655 Wheels at the sides Fold back the dough 218 00:12:37,655 --> 00:12:40,413 As the width expands. 219 00:12:40,413 --> 00:12:41,896 A dusting of flour To the rollers 220 00:12:41,896 --> 00:12:43,482 Keeps things from getting Too sticky. 221 00:12:43,482 --> 00:12:47,000 Coming off the final rollers, 222 00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:51,137 The thickness of the dough has Been reduced to 2/10 of a inch. 223 00:12:51,137 --> 00:12:53,413 At another station, 224 00:12:53,413 --> 00:12:56,448 They whipped up a batch Of cherry pomegranate jam. 225 00:12:56,448 --> 00:12:58,241 The jam is hearty and thick, 226 00:12:58,241 --> 00:13:00,896 So it won't run As nozzles pump the jam 227 00:13:00,896 --> 00:13:04,586 Onto the rolled pastry sheet. 228 00:13:04,586 --> 00:13:09,000 Each toaster pastry receives Three strings of jam. 229 00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:12,482 This depositor system Fills 10 tarts at a time. 230 00:13:12,482 --> 00:13:15,241 It works out To 390 tarts a minute. 231 00:13:15,241 --> 00:13:20,517 A second sheet of dough heads Towards the jam-filled one. 232 00:13:20,517 --> 00:13:23,586 En route, A spiked roller punches holes 233 00:13:23,586 --> 00:13:25,965 For venting steam during baking. 234 00:13:25,965 --> 00:13:28,724 Without these holes, The pressure would build 235 00:13:28,724 --> 00:13:31,206 And the toaster pastries Would explode. 236 00:13:31,206 --> 00:13:35,206 The top sheet of pastry Now merges with the bottom one. 237 00:13:35,206 --> 00:13:38,586 The conveyor belts move it Exactly the same speed, 238 00:13:38,586 --> 00:13:41,620 So the top pastry lands In perfect alignment 239 00:13:41,620 --> 00:13:43,172 On the jam-filled one. 240 00:13:43,172 --> 00:13:46,000 A cylinder With a brass grid pattern 241 00:13:46,000 --> 00:13:47,827 Bears down on the pastry 242 00:13:47,827 --> 00:13:51,103 To compress it Between the jam fillings. 243 00:13:51,103 --> 00:13:54,517 This forms pockets of jam. 244 00:13:54,517 --> 00:13:57,931 A cylindrical blade Slices the pastry 245 00:13:57,931 --> 00:14:01,896 Into individual tarts. 246 00:14:01,896 --> 00:14:05,758 A device pulls off The side trimmings. 247 00:14:09,413 --> 00:14:10,724 The toaster pastries 248 00:14:10,724 --> 00:14:13,620 Travel through A 150-foot-long convection oven 249 00:14:13,620 --> 00:14:17,758 Heated to 300 degrees fahrenheit. 250 00:14:17,758 --> 00:14:20,689 The operator keeps a close watch For leaking jam. 251 00:14:20,689 --> 00:14:22,000 That would be a sign 252 00:14:22,000 --> 00:14:24,310 Of bad seals In the pastry pockets. 253 00:14:24,310 --> 00:14:25,965 He rejects any with leaks. 254 00:14:25,965 --> 00:14:28,620 He also keeps an eye On the color 255 00:14:28,620 --> 00:14:30,275 As the pastries brown. 256 00:14:30,275 --> 00:14:33,655 They shouldn't be too dark Or too light. 257 00:14:37,689 --> 00:14:39,103 Fresh out of the mixer, 258 00:14:39,103 --> 00:14:41,931 The pink frosting now flows Onto a revolving belt 259 00:14:41,931 --> 00:14:44,379 That spreads it Onto the toaster pastries 260 00:14:44,379 --> 00:14:45,965 At just the right thickness. 261 00:14:48,344 --> 00:14:51,034 They've added a bit of starch To the icing, 262 00:14:51,034 --> 00:14:54,551 And it's this starch that allows The icing to harden and set 263 00:14:54,551 --> 00:14:57,793 So it won't melt and drip into The toaster during toasting. 264 00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:05,172 They sprinkle Granulated colored sugar 265 00:15:05,172 --> 00:15:07,275 Onto the toaster pastries. 266 00:15:07,275 --> 00:15:09,931 They call this topping The crunchlets. 267 00:15:09,931 --> 00:15:14,137 The crunchlets add both flavor And texture to the pastry. 268 00:15:14,137 --> 00:15:17,724 Once cooled, The toaster pastries transfer 269 00:15:17,724 --> 00:15:20,310 From one conveyor to another. 270 00:15:20,310 --> 00:15:22,724 A breaker roller snaps them At the crimp line 271 00:15:22,724 --> 00:15:24,689 To separate them Into groups of two. 272 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:30,965 The completed tarts Head towards the packaging line. 273 00:15:30,965 --> 00:15:34,758 An operator does a visual Inspection as they pass by. 274 00:15:34,758 --> 00:15:38,310 Mechanical arms push the tarts Into aluminum wrapping. 275 00:15:38,310 --> 00:15:42,103 Hot rollers seal and cut The wrap at the ends. 276 00:15:42,103 --> 00:15:45,448 This wrapping preserves The tarts for eight months, 277 00:15:45,448 --> 00:15:48,137 No preservatives needed. 278 00:15:48,137 --> 00:15:50,724 Suctioning arms Grab and open cartons 279 00:15:50,724 --> 00:15:53,344 To accept the foil-wrapped Toaster pastries. 280 00:15:55,758 --> 00:15:57,413 It takes about an hour 281 00:15:57,413 --> 00:16:00,448 To manufacture A box of toaster pastries, 282 00:16:00,448 --> 00:16:03,758 And now it's time for a toast. 283 00:16:16,068 --> 00:16:18,241 Narrator: The type of bow used today 284 00:16:18,241 --> 00:16:20,379 For instruments In the violin family 285 00:16:20,379 --> 00:16:22,448 Originated in france In the 1800s. 286 00:16:22,448 --> 00:16:26,551 The master bow makers Of the day used pernambuco, 287 00:16:26,551 --> 00:16:29,931 A wood being imported From brazil to make textile dye. 288 00:16:29,931 --> 00:16:31,931 They considered this wood ideal 289 00:16:31,931 --> 00:16:35,275 Due to its strength, Durability, and beauty. 290 00:16:42,482 --> 00:16:45,172 Today, just like Hundreds of years ago, 291 00:16:45,172 --> 00:16:48,551 Quality bows are made Of pernambuco wood from brazil 292 00:16:48,551 --> 00:16:50,758 And horse hair. 293 00:16:50,758 --> 00:16:54,275 To make the wooden part, Called the stick, 294 00:16:54,275 --> 00:16:56,034 The bow maker lays a template 295 00:16:56,034 --> 00:16:58,793 Onto a .4 to .5-inch-thick block Of pernambuco 296 00:16:58,793 --> 00:17:02,103 And marks where He'll make his cuts. 297 00:17:05,034 --> 00:17:08,034 He follows his markings With a band saw, 298 00:17:08,034 --> 00:17:11,275 Cutting out The stick's basic shape. 299 00:17:16,482 --> 00:17:20,379 Then he planes the stick, Thinning it out, 300 00:17:20,379 --> 00:17:22,172 Tapering it To narrow toward the front, 301 00:17:22,172 --> 00:17:24,206 And angling the corners 302 00:17:24,206 --> 00:17:26,724 To make the square contour Octagonal. 303 00:17:29,310 --> 00:17:33,689 Next, he repeatedly heats The stick with a gas flame 304 00:17:33,689 --> 00:17:34,965 To soften it 305 00:17:34,965 --> 00:17:37,206 And gently bends it Against his knee. 306 00:17:37,206 --> 00:17:40,655 Then, afterward, Against a wooden form 307 00:17:40,655 --> 00:17:44,103 To give the stick A very precise curve. 308 00:17:46,655 --> 00:17:50,482 This is referred to As the camber of the bow. 309 00:17:50,482 --> 00:17:53,137 Next, using a handsaw And template, 310 00:17:53,137 --> 00:17:55,137 He cuts out A piece of pernambuco 311 00:17:55,137 --> 00:17:57,551 For the bow's front tip, Called the head. 312 00:17:57,551 --> 00:18:00,827 He refines the shape, First with a rasp, 313 00:18:00,827 --> 00:18:04,965 Then with a file, Then with sandpaper. 314 00:18:04,965 --> 00:18:09,103 Then he glues on a bone plate To protect the head from damage. 315 00:18:11,068 --> 00:18:13,827 He wraps string Tightly around it 316 00:18:13,827 --> 00:18:17,517 To apply continual pressure While the glue sets overnight. 317 00:18:17,517 --> 00:18:20,034 The next day, He files down the sides 318 00:18:20,034 --> 00:18:22,241 To make the plate flush With the wood. 319 00:18:22,241 --> 00:18:24,551 Using a traditional drill, 320 00:18:24,551 --> 00:18:29,413 He bores a hole about 4/10 Of an inch deep into the head 321 00:18:29,413 --> 00:18:32,241 And chisels the hole Into a trapezoid shape. 322 00:18:32,241 --> 00:18:33,896 This forms the hair block 323 00:18:33,896 --> 00:18:36,517 Into which he'll later Insert the hair. 324 00:18:36,517 --> 00:18:40,137 Next, he measures and marks A block of ebony wood 325 00:18:40,137 --> 00:18:42,413 To begin making the bow's frog, 326 00:18:42,413 --> 00:18:43,827 The piece at the bottom 327 00:18:43,827 --> 00:18:46,034 By which the musician Holds the bow 328 00:18:46,034 --> 00:18:48,275 And adjusts the tension Of the hair. 329 00:18:48,275 --> 00:18:50,758 He shapes the block Using first a saw, 330 00:18:50,758 --> 00:18:52,068 Then a chisel, 331 00:18:52,068 --> 00:18:56,724 And rasps, files, and sands All the surfaces smooth. 332 00:18:56,724 --> 00:19:00,000 The frog has a space on top Called the mortis, 333 00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:03,000 Into which he'll later Insert the hair. 334 00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:06,448 The bow maker glues a decorative Mother-of-pearl accent 335 00:19:06,448 --> 00:19:07,586 Onto the side, 336 00:19:07,586 --> 00:19:10,275 Then cuts two small plugs Out of maple wood. 337 00:19:10,275 --> 00:19:13,206 These will anchor the hair At each end of the bow. 338 00:19:13,206 --> 00:19:17,103 He inserts one Into the frog's mortis... 339 00:19:20,689 --> 00:19:24,000 ...And the other into The hair block in the head. 340 00:19:25,379 --> 00:19:28,758 A bow this size requires A tenth of an ounce of hair. 341 00:19:28,758 --> 00:19:32,965 That's approximately 180 horse hairs. 342 00:19:32,965 --> 00:19:35,793 The bow maker Bonds them at one end 343 00:19:35,793 --> 00:19:39,275 With some melted rosin, A sticky plant resin, 344 00:19:39,275 --> 00:19:43,034 Then inserts This end into the frog 345 00:19:43,034 --> 00:19:45,344 And anchors it with a plug. 346 00:19:50,413 --> 00:19:52,206 Then he bends the hairs 347 00:19:52,206 --> 00:19:55,655 And slides on a nickel-silver Ring called a ferrule 348 00:19:55,655 --> 00:19:58,379 To hold them together. 349 00:19:58,379 --> 00:20:01,620 More expensive bows Often have a gold ferrule. 350 00:20:01,620 --> 00:20:04,000 To mount the frog, 351 00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:06,965 He inserts a long metal screw With an adjuster head 352 00:20:06,965 --> 00:20:09,655 Into a hole drilled Into the back of the bow. 353 00:20:09,655 --> 00:20:13,482 The screw operates an eyelet Connected to the frog. 354 00:20:13,482 --> 00:20:16,310 Now he combs the hair straight. 355 00:20:16,310 --> 00:20:19,310 The individual hairs must be Parallel to each other 356 00:20:19,310 --> 00:20:21,137 For the bow to perform properly. 357 00:20:21,137 --> 00:20:25,758 He ties the loose ends Together with thread 358 00:20:25,758 --> 00:20:27,448 And bonds them with rosin. 359 00:20:27,448 --> 00:20:32,896 Then he inserts the sealed end Into the tip 360 00:20:32,896 --> 00:20:35,103 And anchors it With that second plug. 361 00:20:41,758 --> 00:20:43,241 Back to the frog now, 362 00:20:43,241 --> 00:20:45,827 He moves the ferrule Out of position, 363 00:20:45,827 --> 00:20:48,413 Seals the mortis with A mother-of-pearl slide, 364 00:20:48,413 --> 00:20:50,827 Then puts the ferrule back. 365 00:20:50,827 --> 00:20:53,827 He wraps the parts of the stick The musician holds 366 00:20:53,827 --> 00:20:55,896 In silver or gold wire And leather 367 00:20:55,896 --> 00:20:57,758 To protect the wood from wear 368 00:20:57,758 --> 00:21:00,172 And brands the maker's name. 369 00:21:00,172 --> 00:21:02,689 Turning the adjuster at the back 370 00:21:02,689 --> 00:21:05,310 Moves the frog Forward and backward 371 00:21:05,310 --> 00:21:07,689 To alter the tension Of the hair. 372 00:21:07,689 --> 00:21:10,241 The violinist tightens the hair Before playing 373 00:21:10,241 --> 00:21:12,827 And loosens it when putting The instrument away. 374 00:21:21,034 --> 00:21:24,068 If you have any comments About the show, 375 00:21:24,068 --> 00:21:26,344 Or if you'd like to suggest Topics for future shows, 376 00:21:26,344 --> 00:21:28,655 Drop us a line at... 29629

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