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--captions by vitac--
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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Narrator:
Thinning shears are scissors
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00:00:55,620 --> 00:00:57,620
With at least
One comb-like blade.
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00:00:57,620 --> 00:00:59,206
When the blades come together,
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00:00:59,206 --> 00:01:01,758
Some hair falls between
The teeth of the comb,
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And that hair is cut
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While other strands
Are left intact.
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00:01:05,655 --> 00:01:06,896
A few quick snips,
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00:01:06,896 --> 00:01:09,827
And this handy tool can do a lot
For your style.
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00:01:13,896 --> 00:01:17,137
It's often necessary
To go many lengths
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00:01:17,137 --> 00:01:18,931
To achieve the right look.
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00:01:18,931 --> 00:01:22,310
Stylists use thinning shears
To layer a cut from the inside.
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00:01:22,310 --> 00:01:25,931
This removes bulk
To give hair height.
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00:01:25,931 --> 00:01:28,137
When it comes
To improving your hairdo,
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Thinning shears definitely have
The teeth for the job.
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00:01:31,034 --> 00:01:34,724
They start
With stainless-steel rods.
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00:01:34,724 --> 00:01:37,689
The rods ride
A magnetized conveyor
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00:01:37,689 --> 00:01:40,724
Up to an induction heater.
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00:01:40,724 --> 00:01:42,758
It heats each rod from the ends
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Until it becomes
White-hot and soft.
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00:01:46,931 --> 00:01:51,103
The rod is now ready
For forging.
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00:01:51,103 --> 00:01:56,000
A worker moves the hot rod
Back and forth over a die
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00:01:56,000 --> 00:01:58,241
As a hammer slams into it.
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00:02:01,448 --> 00:02:03,310
This flattens and forms it
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00:02:03,310 --> 00:02:06,137
Into the shape
Of two scissor blades.
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00:02:06,137 --> 00:02:09,793
The forging leaves a lot of
Excess steel around the blades.
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00:02:09,793 --> 00:02:12,931
They cut away that excess.
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00:02:12,931 --> 00:02:14,172
Reheated now,
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00:02:14,172 --> 00:02:17,896
A worker plunges the blades
Into a lead bath.
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00:02:19,586 --> 00:02:23,931
Then he dips them in oil,
Standing back as they flame up.
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00:02:23,931 --> 00:02:26,551
The lead bath
And the quick cooldown
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00:02:26,551 --> 00:02:27,896
Harden the steel.
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00:02:27,896 --> 00:02:31,241
Another worker then clamps
A blade into position.
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00:02:31,241 --> 00:02:33,758
A cutting wheel
Rolls into action
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00:02:33,758 --> 00:02:36,758
And carves a comb profile
Into the blade.
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00:02:36,758 --> 00:02:40,655
A constant flow
Of water-based coolant
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00:02:40,655 --> 00:02:41,931
Keeps the temperature
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00:02:41,931 --> 00:02:43,482
Of the cutting wheel
And the scissor part down,
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00:02:43,482 --> 00:02:44,965
Otherwise the cutting process
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00:02:44,965 --> 00:02:46,793
Could cause them both
To overheat
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00:02:46,793 --> 00:02:51,517
And compromise
Their strength and integrity.
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00:02:54,103 --> 00:02:56,827
This is the thinning scissor
Blade before cutting,
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00:02:56,827 --> 00:02:59,103
And this is the blade
With its new teeth.
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00:03:01,862 --> 00:03:04,172
At the next workstation,
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00:03:04,172 --> 00:03:05,689
A robot transfers a blade
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00:03:05,689 --> 00:03:07,793
To an automated
Grinding machine.
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00:03:07,793 --> 00:03:11,551
The machine grinds both
The front and sides of the teeth
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00:03:11,551 --> 00:03:15,172
To smooth the rough edges.
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00:03:15,172 --> 00:03:17,413
This robotic system processes
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00:03:17,413 --> 00:03:20,275
Up to 150 scissor blades
An hour.
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00:03:26,655 --> 00:03:30,896
Next, it's into a tumbler
Filled with synthetic pebbles.
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00:03:30,896 --> 00:03:33,172
As the thinning blades
Bounce around,
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00:03:33,172 --> 00:03:35,517
Friction happens.
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00:03:35,517 --> 00:03:37,034
This smoothes more rough edges,
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00:03:37,034 --> 00:03:39,206
Especially the handles
And finger rings
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That didn't undergo grinding
At the robot station.
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00:03:43,000 --> 00:03:45,241
After about four hours,
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00:03:45,241 --> 00:03:47,586
A magnetic conveyor
Retrieves them.
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00:03:47,586 --> 00:03:48,965
Then the midsection,
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00:03:48,965 --> 00:03:51,517
Where the two blades
Are to be joined,
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00:03:51,517 --> 00:03:54,758
Receives hands-on attention
As a worker smoothes it
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00:03:54,758 --> 00:03:57,448
Using a fine
Abrasive sanding belt.
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00:03:57,448 --> 00:04:00,758
They move on
To the straight scissor blade.
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00:04:00,758 --> 00:04:04,172
An employee hones it against
A horizontal grinding wheel.
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00:04:04,172 --> 00:04:07,827
This aligns the cutting edge.
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00:04:10,896 --> 00:04:13,344
He inserts the threaded screws
In holes
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00:04:13,344 --> 00:04:14,931
In a straight-edged blade
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00:04:14,931 --> 00:04:19,172
And in the corresponding
Comb-like blade.
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00:04:19,172 --> 00:04:24,068
He brings the two together
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00:04:24,068 --> 00:04:28,137
And then tightens the screws
To a specific torque.
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Too tight or too loose,
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00:04:29,862 --> 00:04:33,206
And these thinning shears
Won't operate smoothly.
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00:04:33,206 --> 00:04:37,206
With an emery board,
He gently files the shears
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00:04:37,206 --> 00:04:41,000
To get ride of lingering dust
From the extensive grinding.
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00:04:43,448 --> 00:04:46,275
He now tests their function.
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00:04:46,275 --> 00:04:48,275
It isn't entirely smooth,
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00:04:48,275 --> 00:04:51,965
So hammers a section
Of the comb blade to level it.
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00:04:54,793 --> 00:04:58,724
It now moves more freely
Against the straight blade.
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00:04:58,724 --> 00:05:02,137
And now the ultimate test --
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He tries them out
On a lock of artificial hair,
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And he confirms
That these thinning shears
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Are as sharp as they look.
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00:05:08,931 --> 00:05:13,206
Next, the blade comes up against
A spinning leather belt.
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00:05:13,206 --> 00:05:16,689
This takes it from merely sharp
To razor-sharp.
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00:05:16,689 --> 00:05:20,068
It also polishes the blade
To a mirror finish.
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00:05:23,862 --> 00:05:25,413
A computerized laser
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Burns the brand name and model
Information into the shears.
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00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:37,103
They screw a brass nub
To the finger ring
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00:05:37,103 --> 00:05:41,206
To give the pinkie finger
Something to rest against.
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00:05:41,206 --> 00:05:44,482
These thinning shears
Are now ready for shipment.
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00:05:44,482 --> 00:05:48,586
Soon, they'll be in the thick
Of things at the beauty salon.
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00:06:00,758 --> 00:06:02,517
Narrator: wooden wagon wheels
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00:06:02,517 --> 00:06:05,172
Roll through the tumbleweeds
Of another time.
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00:06:05,172 --> 00:06:06,689
Fixed to covered wagons,
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00:06:06,689 --> 00:06:09,482
They transported settlers
To the american west
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00:06:09,482 --> 00:06:12,103
In the 18th and 19th centuries.
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00:06:12,103 --> 00:06:14,000
There are now cities
And freeways
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00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:16,068
Where wagon wheels
Once blazed trails,
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00:06:16,068 --> 00:06:19,172
But making them
Is not a lost art.
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00:06:21,655 --> 00:06:23,655
A thriving nostalgia industry
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Keeps these big wooden wheels
Turning.
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00:06:26,655 --> 00:06:30,137
Wagon wheels are in demand for
Historical re-enactment events,
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00:06:30,137 --> 00:06:32,689
Museums, and the movies.
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00:06:32,689 --> 00:06:34,793
The wheelwright carves the hub
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00:06:34,793 --> 00:06:37,862
From a chunk of strong,
Rot-resistant oak.
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00:06:37,862 --> 00:06:41,068
As it spins on a lathe,
He cuts it to length.
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00:06:41,068 --> 00:06:42,413
He stops the lathe
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00:06:42,413 --> 00:06:45,689
And marks measurements
For the wagon wheel's profile,
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00:06:45,689 --> 00:06:48,862
Sizing it
For reinforcing metal hoops.
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He resumes carving,
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00:06:50,206 --> 00:06:52,758
Using the penciled lines
As a guide.
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00:06:52,758 --> 00:06:57,000
He transforms the oak blank
Into a barrel-shaped design,
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00:06:57,000 --> 00:07:01,034
Which is traditional for
Wagon wheel hubs of the 1870s.
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00:07:03,172 --> 00:07:05,827
With the hub now clamped
In another machine,
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00:07:05,827 --> 00:07:09,241
He uses a mechanized chisel
To punch out regular spoke holes
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Known as mortises.
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00:07:13,896 --> 00:07:16,000
He angles the edge of each hole
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00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:18,655
To receive the tenon end
Of the spoke.
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00:07:22,862 --> 00:07:25,413
He slides steel hoops
Onto the hub
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00:07:25,413 --> 00:07:27,827
At the ends and in the center.
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00:07:27,827 --> 00:07:32,206
It's a snug fit,
But it's not quite tight enough.
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00:07:32,206 --> 00:07:36,034
A hydraulic press squeezes
The hoops around the hub
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00:07:36,034 --> 00:07:38,827
To provide
Just the right tension.
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00:07:38,827 --> 00:07:41,448
The hoops will act
As a constricting force
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00:07:41,448 --> 00:07:43,344
To keep the wood from splitting.
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00:07:43,344 --> 00:07:45,482
From a chunk of wood
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00:07:45,482 --> 00:07:48,689
Into a substantial
Wagon wheel hub.
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00:07:48,689 --> 00:07:52,000
Now using tools
Called spokeshaves,
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00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:54,275
The wheelwright shapes
The hickory wood spokes.
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00:07:54,275 --> 00:07:59,137
He narrows the throat
Of the spoke to add flexibility,
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00:07:59,137 --> 00:08:03,689
Where it is to be inserted
Into the hub.
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00:08:03,689 --> 00:08:08,758
He coats the mortises
Of the hub with glue.
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00:08:08,758 --> 00:08:12,034
He inserts the spokes
Into the glued holes.
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00:08:12,034 --> 00:08:16,275
He drives them into place
With a sledgehammer.
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00:08:16,275 --> 00:08:20,517
There are 12 spokes in total
For this front wagon wheel.
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00:08:20,517 --> 00:08:23,068
The wheelwright
Then spins the wheel
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00:08:23,068 --> 00:08:24,862
And eyeballs it to confirm
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00:08:24,862 --> 00:08:28,137
That the spokes rotate
On an even plane.
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00:08:28,137 --> 00:08:32,896
Then like sharpening a pencil,
He brings the ends to a point.
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00:08:32,896 --> 00:08:35,517
This prepares them
For the tenon cutter
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00:08:35,517 --> 00:08:37,620
That now carves them
Into peg shapes
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00:08:37,620 --> 00:08:39,586
For insertion
Into the wheel rim.
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00:08:39,586 --> 00:08:43,896
He installs the steam-bent
Wooden rim in two sections.
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00:08:43,896 --> 00:08:46,172
It's drilled
To match up with the spokes.
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00:08:47,931 --> 00:08:51,379
At first, it's easy,
But as the tension builds,
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00:08:51,379 --> 00:08:54,517
It becomes tougher to insert
The remaining spokes,
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00:08:54,517 --> 00:08:56,896
So he stretches the rim wider
With a clamp.
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00:08:56,896 --> 00:08:59,310
This gives him
More room to maneuver
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00:08:59,310 --> 00:09:02,000
As he fits the others
Into the rim half.
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00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:03,724
In the process,
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00:09:03,724 --> 00:09:06,413
He creates a slight bow
In the plane of the wheel.
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00:09:06,413 --> 00:09:08,000
It's a truss-like state
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00:09:08,000 --> 00:09:10,620
That adds strength
To the wagon wheel.
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00:09:10,620 --> 00:09:13,724
Now using
An electric roller machine,
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00:09:13,724 --> 00:09:17,689
He bends a strip of steel
Into a round wagon-wheel tire.
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00:09:20,965 --> 00:09:23,241
It takes just one pass
Through the rollers
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00:09:23,241 --> 00:09:27,206
To achieve the desired bend.
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00:09:27,206 --> 00:09:30,206
The length will need to be
Precisely measured.
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00:09:32,275 --> 00:09:34,344
He measures
The inner circumference
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00:09:34,344 --> 00:09:37,000
With an old wheelwright tool
Called a traveler,
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00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:41,172
To determine just
How much tweaking it needs.
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00:09:41,172 --> 00:09:43,655
Then using a torch,
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00:09:43,655 --> 00:09:46,586
He cuts the tire
To the exact length required.
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00:09:46,586 --> 00:09:50,103
He makes the tire slightly
Smaller than the wheel itself
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00:09:50,103 --> 00:09:52,793
Because it must serve
As a heavy-duty elastic band
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00:09:52,793 --> 00:09:56,344
To hold the assembled
Wagon wheel together.
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00:09:56,344 --> 00:09:59,206
He welds it where the ends meet,
169
00:09:59,206 --> 00:10:03,344
And this completes
The wagon-wheel tire.
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00:10:03,344 --> 00:10:06,793
He now bakes the tire briefly
In an open fire.
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00:10:06,793 --> 00:10:09,551
The metal expands
And at a strategic moment,
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00:10:09,551 --> 00:10:12,172
They pull it out of the flames.
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00:10:12,172 --> 00:10:13,931
The tire has stretched
To the point
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00:10:13,931 --> 00:10:15,793
Where it can be installed
On the wheel,
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00:10:15,793 --> 00:10:17,551
But it's not quite hot enough
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00:10:17,551 --> 00:10:20,068
To cause the wooden wheel
To catch fire.
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00:10:20,068 --> 00:10:21,827
They pour water onto the tire
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00:10:21,827 --> 00:10:24,344
To bring it back
To a cooler temperature.
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00:10:24,344 --> 00:10:27,620
As it cools,
It shrinks to the wagon wheel,
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00:10:27,620 --> 00:10:31,793
Creating
That elastic band effect.
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00:10:31,793 --> 00:10:34,827
Next, they prime and paint
A matching set of wheels
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In the color
Of the client's choice.
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00:10:40,172 --> 00:10:42,103
And with
Those finishing touches,
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These wagon wheels
Are en route to the past.
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00:10:47,034 --> 00:10:49,517
For fans of american history,
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00:10:49,517 --> 00:10:52,137
It's sure to be
A sentimental journey.
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00:11:08,827 --> 00:11:10,827
Narrator:
For people who need to grab
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00:11:10,827 --> 00:11:12,275
A quick bite for breakfast,
189
00:11:12,275 --> 00:11:15,068
The invention of
The toaster pastry in the 1960s
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00:11:15,068 --> 00:11:17,517
Was the greatest thing
Since sliced bread.
191
00:11:17,517 --> 00:11:19,379
Finally,
The toaster could be used
192
00:11:19,379 --> 00:11:20,896
For more than toasting bread,
193
00:11:20,896 --> 00:11:25,241
And the toaster pastry was
Definitely a sweet alternative.
194
00:11:29,724 --> 00:11:32,896
The toaster pastry retains
Its sweetness during toasting.
195
00:11:32,896 --> 00:11:35,551
The syrupy filling and frosting
Don't melt out
196
00:11:35,551 --> 00:11:36,931
And into the toaster.
197
00:11:36,931 --> 00:11:39,206
It's all because
Of the ingredients
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00:11:39,206 --> 00:11:41,310
And how they come together.
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00:11:42,793 --> 00:11:43,931
At this factory,
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00:11:43,931 --> 00:11:45,965
They start by making
An organic pastry.
201
00:11:45,965 --> 00:11:47,172
The blender operator
202
00:11:47,172 --> 00:11:49,413
Loads dry ingredients,
Like rice bran,
203
00:11:49,413 --> 00:11:50,896
Into the blender,
204
00:11:50,896 --> 00:11:54,068
Followed by a sugar syrup
And molasses.
205
00:11:54,068 --> 00:11:57,758
It's the molasses that gives
The pastry a brownish color.
206
00:11:57,758 --> 00:12:02,655
He adds organic palm shortening
And organic granulated sugar.
207
00:12:02,655 --> 00:12:05,896
The flour and water are piped
Into the blender barrel.
208
00:12:05,896 --> 00:12:08,482
Spiraling mixers blend
And knead the dough
209
00:12:08,482 --> 00:12:12,620
To the desired consistency.
210
00:12:12,620 --> 00:12:14,586
Next, it's into a hopper
211
00:12:14,586 --> 00:12:17,931
That feeds the dough
Between two rollers.
212
00:12:17,931 --> 00:12:20,000
They squeeze
And flatten the dough
213
00:12:20,000 --> 00:12:24,068
Into a sheet that's about
8/10 of an inch thick.
214
00:12:24,068 --> 00:12:27,482
A conveyor moves
The toaster-pastry dough forward
215
00:12:27,482 --> 00:12:30,793
To sets of larger rollers.
216
00:12:30,793 --> 00:12:34,068
They apply serious pressure
To roll the dough much thinner.
217
00:12:34,068 --> 00:12:37,655
Wheels at the sides
Fold back the dough
218
00:12:37,655 --> 00:12:40,413
As the width expands.
219
00:12:40,413 --> 00:12:41,896
A dusting of flour
To the rollers
220
00:12:41,896 --> 00:12:43,482
Keeps things from getting
Too sticky.
221
00:12:43,482 --> 00:12:47,000
Coming off the final rollers,
222
00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:51,137
The thickness of the dough has
Been reduced to 2/10 of a inch.
223
00:12:51,137 --> 00:12:53,413
At another station,
224
00:12:53,413 --> 00:12:56,448
They whipped up a batch
Of cherry pomegranate jam.
225
00:12:56,448 --> 00:12:58,241
The jam is hearty and thick,
226
00:12:58,241 --> 00:13:00,896
So it won't run
As nozzles pump the jam
227
00:13:00,896 --> 00:13:04,586
Onto the rolled pastry sheet.
228
00:13:04,586 --> 00:13:09,000
Each toaster pastry receives
Three strings of jam.
229
00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:12,482
This depositor system
Fills 10 tarts at a time.
230
00:13:12,482 --> 00:13:15,241
It works out
To 390 tarts a minute.
231
00:13:15,241 --> 00:13:20,517
A second sheet of dough heads
Towards the jam-filled one.
232
00:13:20,517 --> 00:13:23,586
En route,
A spiked roller punches holes
233
00:13:23,586 --> 00:13:25,965
For venting steam during baking.
234
00:13:25,965 --> 00:13:28,724
Without these holes,
The pressure would build
235
00:13:28,724 --> 00:13:31,206
And the toaster pastries
Would explode.
236
00:13:31,206 --> 00:13:35,206
The top sheet of pastry
Now merges with the bottom one.
237
00:13:35,206 --> 00:13:38,586
The conveyor belts move it
Exactly the same speed,
238
00:13:38,586 --> 00:13:41,620
So the top pastry lands
In perfect alignment
239
00:13:41,620 --> 00:13:43,172
On the jam-filled one.
240
00:13:43,172 --> 00:13:46,000
A cylinder
With a brass grid pattern
241
00:13:46,000 --> 00:13:47,827
Bears down on the pastry
242
00:13:47,827 --> 00:13:51,103
To compress it
Between the jam fillings.
243
00:13:51,103 --> 00:13:54,517
This forms pockets of jam.
244
00:13:54,517 --> 00:13:57,931
A cylindrical blade
Slices the pastry
245
00:13:57,931 --> 00:14:01,896
Into individual tarts.
246
00:14:01,896 --> 00:14:05,758
A device pulls off
The side trimmings.
247
00:14:09,413 --> 00:14:10,724
The toaster pastries
248
00:14:10,724 --> 00:14:13,620
Travel through
A 150-foot-long convection oven
249
00:14:13,620 --> 00:14:17,758
Heated to
300 degrees fahrenheit.
250
00:14:17,758 --> 00:14:20,689
The operator keeps a close watch
For leaking jam.
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That would be a sign
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00:14:22,000 --> 00:14:24,310
Of bad seals
In the pastry pockets.
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00:14:24,310 --> 00:14:25,965
He rejects any with leaks.
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00:14:25,965 --> 00:14:28,620
He also keeps an eye
On the color
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00:14:28,620 --> 00:14:30,275
As the pastries brown.
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00:14:30,275 --> 00:14:33,655
They shouldn't be too dark
Or too light.
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00:14:37,689 --> 00:14:39,103
Fresh out of the mixer,
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00:14:39,103 --> 00:14:41,931
The pink frosting now flows
Onto a revolving belt
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00:14:41,931 --> 00:14:44,379
That spreads it
Onto the toaster pastries
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00:14:44,379 --> 00:14:45,965
At just the right thickness.
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00:14:48,344 --> 00:14:51,034
They've added a bit of starch
To the icing,
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00:14:51,034 --> 00:14:54,551
And it's this starch that allows
The icing to harden and set
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00:14:54,551 --> 00:14:57,793
So it won't melt and drip into
The toaster during toasting.
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00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:05,172
They sprinkle
Granulated colored sugar
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00:15:05,172 --> 00:15:07,275
Onto the toaster pastries.
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00:15:07,275 --> 00:15:09,931
They call this topping
The crunchlets.
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00:15:09,931 --> 00:15:14,137
The crunchlets add both flavor
And texture to the pastry.
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00:15:14,137 --> 00:15:17,724
Once cooled,
The toaster pastries transfer
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00:15:17,724 --> 00:15:20,310
From one conveyor to another.
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00:15:20,310 --> 00:15:22,724
A breaker roller snaps them
At the crimp line
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00:15:22,724 --> 00:15:24,689
To separate them
Into groups of two.
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00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:30,965
The completed tarts
Head towards the packaging line.
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00:15:30,965 --> 00:15:34,758
An operator does a visual
Inspection as they pass by.
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00:15:34,758 --> 00:15:38,310
Mechanical arms push the tarts
Into aluminum wrapping.
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00:15:38,310 --> 00:15:42,103
Hot rollers seal and cut
The wrap at the ends.
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00:15:42,103 --> 00:15:45,448
This wrapping preserves
The tarts for eight months,
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00:15:45,448 --> 00:15:48,137
No preservatives needed.
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00:15:48,137 --> 00:15:50,724
Suctioning arms
Grab and open cartons
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00:15:50,724 --> 00:15:53,344
To accept the foil-wrapped
Toaster pastries.
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00:15:55,758 --> 00:15:57,413
It takes about an hour
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00:15:57,413 --> 00:16:00,448
To manufacture
A box of toaster pastries,
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00:16:00,448 --> 00:16:03,758
And now it's time for a toast.
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00:16:16,068 --> 00:16:18,241
Narrator:
The type of bow used today
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00:16:18,241 --> 00:16:20,379
For instruments
In the violin family
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00:16:20,379 --> 00:16:22,448
Originated in france
In the 1800s.
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00:16:22,448 --> 00:16:26,551
The master bow makers
Of the day used pernambuco,
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00:16:26,551 --> 00:16:29,931
A wood being imported
From brazil to make textile dye.
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00:16:29,931 --> 00:16:31,931
They considered this wood ideal
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00:16:31,931 --> 00:16:35,275
Due to its strength,
Durability, and beauty.
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00:16:42,482 --> 00:16:45,172
Today, just like
Hundreds of years ago,
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00:16:45,172 --> 00:16:48,551
Quality bows are made
Of pernambuco wood from brazil
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00:16:48,551 --> 00:16:50,758
And horse hair.
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00:16:50,758 --> 00:16:54,275
To make the wooden part,
Called the stick,
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00:16:54,275 --> 00:16:56,034
The bow maker lays a template
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00:16:56,034 --> 00:16:58,793
Onto a .4 to .5-inch-thick block
Of pernambuco
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00:16:58,793 --> 00:17:02,103
And marks where
He'll make his cuts.
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00:17:05,034 --> 00:17:08,034
He follows his markings
With a band saw,
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00:17:08,034 --> 00:17:11,275
Cutting out
The stick's basic shape.
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00:17:16,482 --> 00:17:20,379
Then he planes the stick,
Thinning it out,
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00:17:20,379 --> 00:17:22,172
Tapering it
To narrow toward the front,
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00:17:22,172 --> 00:17:24,206
And angling the corners
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00:17:24,206 --> 00:17:26,724
To make the square contour
Octagonal.
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00:17:29,310 --> 00:17:33,689
Next, he repeatedly heats
The stick with a gas flame
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00:17:33,689 --> 00:17:34,965
To soften it
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00:17:34,965 --> 00:17:37,206
And gently bends it
Against his knee.
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00:17:37,206 --> 00:17:40,655
Then, afterward,
Against a wooden form
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00:17:40,655 --> 00:17:44,103
To give the stick
A very precise curve.
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00:17:46,655 --> 00:17:50,482
This is referred to
As the camber of the bow.
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00:17:50,482 --> 00:17:53,137
Next, using a handsaw
And template,
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00:17:53,137 --> 00:17:55,137
He cuts out
A piece of pernambuco
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00:17:55,137 --> 00:17:57,551
For the bow's front tip,
Called the head.
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00:17:57,551 --> 00:18:00,827
He refines the shape,
First with a rasp,
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00:18:00,827 --> 00:18:04,965
Then with a file,
Then with sandpaper.
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00:18:04,965 --> 00:18:09,103
Then he glues on a bone plate
To protect the head from damage.
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00:18:11,068 --> 00:18:13,827
He wraps string
Tightly around it
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00:18:13,827 --> 00:18:17,517
To apply continual pressure
While the glue sets overnight.
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00:18:17,517 --> 00:18:20,034
The next day,
He files down the sides
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00:18:20,034 --> 00:18:22,241
To make the plate flush
With the wood.
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00:18:22,241 --> 00:18:24,551
Using a traditional drill,
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00:18:24,551 --> 00:18:29,413
He bores a hole about 4/10
Of an inch deep into the head
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00:18:29,413 --> 00:18:32,241
And chisels the hole
Into a trapezoid shape.
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00:18:32,241 --> 00:18:33,896
This forms the hair block
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00:18:33,896 --> 00:18:36,517
Into which he'll later
Insert the hair.
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00:18:36,517 --> 00:18:40,137
Next, he measures and marks
A block of ebony wood
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00:18:40,137 --> 00:18:42,413
To begin making the bow's frog,
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00:18:42,413 --> 00:18:43,827
The piece at the bottom
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00:18:43,827 --> 00:18:46,034
By which the musician
Holds the bow
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00:18:46,034 --> 00:18:48,275
And adjusts the tension
Of the hair.
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00:18:48,275 --> 00:18:50,758
He shapes the block
Using first a saw,
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00:18:50,758 --> 00:18:52,068
Then a chisel,
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00:18:52,068 --> 00:18:56,724
And rasps, files, and sands
All the surfaces smooth.
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00:18:56,724 --> 00:19:00,000
The frog has a space on top
Called the mortis,
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00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:03,000
Into which he'll later
Insert the hair.
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00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:06,448
The bow maker glues a decorative
Mother-of-pearl accent
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00:19:06,448 --> 00:19:07,586
Onto the side,
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00:19:07,586 --> 00:19:10,275
Then cuts two small plugs
Out of maple wood.
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00:19:10,275 --> 00:19:13,206
These will anchor the hair
At each end of the bow.
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00:19:13,206 --> 00:19:17,103
He inserts one
Into the frog's mortis...
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00:19:20,689 --> 00:19:24,000
...And the other into
The hair block in the head.
340
00:19:25,379 --> 00:19:28,758
A bow this size requires
A tenth of an ounce of hair.
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00:19:28,758 --> 00:19:32,965
That's approximately
180 horse hairs.
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00:19:32,965 --> 00:19:35,793
The bow maker
Bonds them at one end
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00:19:35,793 --> 00:19:39,275
With some melted rosin,
A sticky plant resin,
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00:19:39,275 --> 00:19:43,034
Then inserts
This end into the frog
345
00:19:43,034 --> 00:19:45,344
And anchors it with a plug.
346
00:19:50,413 --> 00:19:52,206
Then he bends the hairs
347
00:19:52,206 --> 00:19:55,655
And slides on a nickel-silver
Ring called a ferrule
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00:19:55,655 --> 00:19:58,379
To hold them together.
349
00:19:58,379 --> 00:20:01,620
More expensive bows
Often have a gold ferrule.
350
00:20:01,620 --> 00:20:04,000
To mount the frog,
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00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:06,965
He inserts a long metal screw
With an adjuster head
352
00:20:06,965 --> 00:20:09,655
Into a hole drilled
Into the back of the bow.
353
00:20:09,655 --> 00:20:13,482
The screw operates an eyelet
Connected to the frog.
354
00:20:13,482 --> 00:20:16,310
Now he combs the hair straight.
355
00:20:16,310 --> 00:20:19,310
The individual hairs must be
Parallel to each other
356
00:20:19,310 --> 00:20:21,137
For the bow to perform properly.
357
00:20:21,137 --> 00:20:25,758
He ties the loose ends
Together with thread
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00:20:25,758 --> 00:20:27,448
And bonds them with rosin.
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00:20:27,448 --> 00:20:32,896
Then he inserts the sealed end
Into the tip
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00:20:32,896 --> 00:20:35,103
And anchors it
With that second plug.
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00:20:41,758 --> 00:20:43,241
Back to the frog now,
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00:20:43,241 --> 00:20:45,827
He moves the ferrule
Out of position,
363
00:20:45,827 --> 00:20:48,413
Seals the mortis with
A mother-of-pearl slide,
364
00:20:48,413 --> 00:20:50,827
Then puts the ferrule back.
365
00:20:50,827 --> 00:20:53,827
He wraps the parts of the stick
The musician holds
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00:20:53,827 --> 00:20:55,896
In silver or gold wire
And leather
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00:20:55,896 --> 00:20:57,758
To protect the wood from wear
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00:20:57,758 --> 00:21:00,172
And brands the maker's name.
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00:21:00,172 --> 00:21:02,689
Turning the adjuster at the back
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00:21:02,689 --> 00:21:05,310
Moves the frog
Forward and backward
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00:21:05,310 --> 00:21:07,689
To alter the tension
Of the hair.
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00:21:07,689 --> 00:21:10,241
The violinist tightens the hair
Before playing
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00:21:10,241 --> 00:21:12,827
And loosens it when putting
The instrument away.
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00:21:21,034 --> 00:21:24,068
If you have any comments
About the show,
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00:21:24,068 --> 00:21:26,344
Or if you'd like to suggest
Topics for future shows,
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00:21:26,344 --> 00:21:28,655
Drop us a line at...
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