All language subtitles for S19E02 - Pewter Flasks; Potato Salad; Hydrogen Fuel Cells; Engineered Wood Siding (1080p AMZN WEB-DL x265 Garshasp)_track3_[eng]

>> narrator: long before the

Plastic water bottle, there was

The hip flask, carried in a

Pocket or strapped to the waist

Or hip.

Unlike a water bottle or earlier

Canteen, the flask was used for

Carrying a very different type

Of thirst quencher -- several

Ounces of hard liquor.

In the 18th century, it became

Quite fashionable for well-to-do

Europeans to carry elegant

Flasks crafted from silver or

Pewter.

Today, flasks are typically

Given as gifts, often engraved

With monograms or messages.

Pewter is an ideal metal for

Flask making because it's so

Malleable.

They begin with a sheet of raw

Pewter that's about 8/100"

Thick.

With a guillotine cutter,

They slice a rectangular

Starting piece called a blank.

They lay this blank onto a

Copperplate, which has the flask

Decorations on it in raised

Form.

They feed the plate and blank

Through a rolling press.

The compression stamps the

Design into the malleable

Pewter.

Next, they place the imprinted

Blank in a hydraulic press

Outfitted with flask-shaped

Forming dyes.

In a single strike, the press

Shapes the blank into half a

Flask.

They transfer it to a trim press

And clip off the excess pewter

Around the perimeter.

They repeat the entire process

To produce the other half of the

Flask, then solder the two parts

Together.

They shape certain styles

Manually.

A metalsmith heats the blank

With a gas torch to make the

Pewter pliable, then wraps it

Around a flask-shaped aluminum

Block.

He hammers the adjoining edges

Flat with a wooden mallet and

Removes the block.

He fuses the edges by running a

Line of pure tin solder down the

Entire length of the joint.

Meanwhile, on another press,

Workers stamp out pewter-sheet

Rectangles.

The metalsmith solders one

Rectangle to the top of the

Flask...

Then cuts it to the right shape

With jeweler scissors.

Next, he solders on a pewter

Thread for the cap.

Before fusing a pewter rectangle

To the bottom of the flask, he

Stamps it with a maker's mark.

Then he dabs the bottom of the

Flask in flux, a chemical which

Helps solder run smoothly

Without globs.

Then, just as he did with the

Top, he solders on the bottom,

Then contours it.

Next, he puts a drill through

The cap thread and bores a hole

For filling and boring.

Then, with an abrasive belt, he

Grinds all the solder seams

Flat, making them barely

Noticeable.

Workers now fill the finished

Flask with water to check for

Leaks and rinse out the

Interior.

Then they screw a pewter cap

Onto each thread.

Now a buffer takes over.

With a cloth wheel and pumice,

He removes any surface

Imperfections, such as marks

Left by the abrasive belt they

Used earlier to grind down the

Solder seams.

Once the buffing's complete, the

Flasks go through a dishwasher

Cycle to clean off pumice

Residue, then the finishing

Touch.

A polisher shines up the pewter

Until it has a reflective-mirror

Finish.

They pour out whatever water's

Still inside, emptying the flask

For its new vocation.

Unlike the flasks used to

Conceal liquor under clothing

Back in the days of prohibition,

These modern-day pewter flasks

Are meant to be seen and

Treasured.

>> narrator: in many families, a

Potato-salad recipe is a closely

Guarded secret passed down

Through the generations.

The family barbecue just

Wouldn't be the same without it.

But when there's no time to

Whip up a homemade batch,

There's always the factory-made

Kind.

The appeal of potato salad knows

No boundaries.

People around the globe have

Cooked up various versions of

This dish over the years.

There are so many different

Recipes, they could fill an

Entire cookbook.

But no matter how you toss it,

Potato salad is always pure

Comfort food.

Of course, it's all about the

Potato.

At this factory, they use

Varieties with low water content

So the potato salad doesn't end

Up soggy.

They arrive fresh from the field

And funnel out of the truck

Trailer onto a conveyer for an

Efficient and gentle unloading.

They head up to a washer to

Clean off the dirt and remove

Stones and pebbles.

The potatoes then bounce across

Rollers covered with fine grit

Abrasive.

This scrapes off the skins.

Once peeled, a worker inspects

The white flesh for bruises or

Other flaws.

They then tumble down a chute

Towards the dicing machine.

It's equipped with these cutting

Cylinders.

The blades are positioned

Vertically on one, while they're

In a horizontal configuration

On another.

As they revolve in sync, they

Carve the potatoes into cubes.

The blades can be adjusted to

Cut the cubes larger or smaller,

Depending on the recipe.

Here they turn out medium chunks

For a creamy, american-style

Potato salad.

Workers roll trays full of

Potato cubes into a big pressure

Cooker to steam-cook for 6 to 10

Minutes.

Pressure cooking preserves the

Nutrients and original flavor of

The potatoes.

While the potatoes are cooking,

They prepare the crunchy

Component -- the celery.

The celery sticks first go for a

Sudsy ride to scrub them clean.

Along the way, an inspector

Sorts out leaves and over-ripe

Pieces.

They set cutting cylinders to

Dice more finely than with the

Potatoes.

Out of the washer and thoroughly

Rinsed, the celery sticks

Tumble into the dicer, and it

Chops them into small bits.

The minced celery exits into a

Vibrating trough and tosses

About in a peroxide solution for

A second cleaning.

It's an extra precaution because

The celery won't be cooked, and

Cooking kills bacteria.

After another rinse, the soaked

Celery lands in a perforated

Drum that fits into another

Drum.

The colander rotates within the

Drum to spin-dry the celery.

The next ingredient is the eggs.

They arrive at the factory

Already hard-boiled and

De-shelled by the supplier, so

All that's left is the slicing

And dicing.

The egg whites cube nicely.

The yolk separates and crumbles

Completely.

With so many yolk crumbs, their

Favor will permeate the entire

Potato salad.

They're now ready to combine

Some of the ingredients.

A worker adds finely cut onion

To the egg, followed by diced

Red pepper and then celery.

They weigh the mix with each new

Ingredient to confirm that the

Portions are right.

And now for the dressing.

They pump the ingredients out of

Big storage tanks.

They include vegetable oil,

Sugar, vinegar, and egg yolks.

Whipped into a frothy

Mayonnaise, the dressing flows

Into an enormous, steel mixing

Vat.

They add the

Chopped-egg-and-vegetable

Combination.

The now cooked potato cubes join

The other ingredients in the

Vat.

Blades spiral slowly for a

Gentle mixing to ensure the

Potato salad doesn't turn to

Mush.

With the salad now ready,

Suctioning devices set plastic

Tubs on a track conveyer.

Sensors signal their approach to

Dispenser nozzles, and the tubs

Stop right on cue for a fill-up

Of creamy potato salad.

Suctioning arms then flip the

Lids onto the tubs, and once

Sealed, they're on their way.

In just 40 minutes, they've

Manufactured enough potato salad

At this factory to feed 500

People.

It should be quite a picnic.

>> narrator: a hydrogen fuel

Cell runs vehicles and other

Machines by directly converting

The chemical energy in hydrogen

Gas into electrical power.

Hydrogen is an abundant fuel

Source.

It can be extracted from water,

Enabling almost any country to

Produce it domestically.

Hydrogen-fuel-cell engines can

Power vehicles and run backup

Generators for large computer

Operations.

They produce electrical power

Without any emissions.

At the heart of the engine is a

Stack of super-thin hydrogen

Fuel cells.

The engine's blower blows in

Air.

The fuel tank feeds in hydrogen

Gas.

Hydrogen and oxygen react and

Create electricity.

Each fuel cell is made of five

Parts.

On each end, there's a

Channelled plate made primarily

Of carbon, a material which

Conducts electricity.

Hydrogen enters the cell through

The first plate, which channels

It through the next component --

A chemically treated paper which

Conducts both gas and

Electricity.

Then the hydrogen enters this

Membrane, where it splits into

Protons and electrons.

The protons react with the

Drawn-in oxygen, producing

Water.

The water passes through another

Paper to the cell's outer plate,

Where a pump draws it away.

Meanwhile, the electrons travel

To the end of the stack of fuel

Cells to electrical wires.

After assembling the stack,

Technicians compress the fuel

Cells in a hydraulic press.

Compression helps the current

Flow smoothly from cell to cell.

It also presses the rubber

Casket around each plate to the

Adjacent one, sealing the stack

So that hydrogen can't leak out.

The technicians run a

Quality-control test with

Nitrogen gas to verify the seal.

Before releasing the press, they

Install high-strength steel rods

To bind the compressed cells

Together.

For a stack this size, the rods

Apply 3 1/3 tons of pressure.

With a stack now off the press,

They hook up an electric circuit

Board which monitors the voltage

Of each fuel cell.

After securing the connectors to

The stack with an adhesive

Strip, it's just a matter of

Connecting one to each fuel

Cell...

And securing that connection

With a special type of epoxy

Which contains silver to conduct

Electricity.

Next, they mount the circuit

Board in a plastic cover to

Protect it.

The fuel-cell stack is now fully

Assembled and moves to the

Factory's test area.

A technologist mounts it on a

Test station and, simulating

Installation in an engine, hooks

Up a hydrogen line, an air line,

And a water line for cooling.

The testing machine runs a

Three-hour, automated

Performance test.

They mount the stack onto the

Engine's structural frame, then

Install the hydrogen

Recirculation pump.

Next, a water-recirculation

Pump, which cools the fuel cell

By pumping in cool water.

Then they mount the components,

Which feed hydrogen stored at

High pressure in the fuel tank.

That pressure pushes the gas

Through stainless-steel fuel

Lines to the cell.

Next, the fan that blows outside

Air into the fuel cell to react

With the hydrogen.

This filter removes dust and

Other contaminants from the air

The fan draws into the fuel

Cell.

Meanwhile, technicians have

Assembled the computer that

Controls the whole engine.

They now connect the wires from

The fan, the pumps, and the

Other engine components to the

Computer.

They hook up the fuel-cell

Output wiring, the wires which

Carry the current the fuel cell

Creates, and sends it to

Whatever vehicle or device the

Engine is powering.

A tiny portion of the cell's

Output runs the pumps and other

Engine components.

Now fully assembled, the engine

Undergoes extensive performance

And safety testing.

Once it passes every test,

Technicians perform a final

Visual inspection, then install

The sheet-metal cover.

The hydrogen-fuel-cell engine is

Now ready to be shipped to the

Customer and installed in the

Machine it'll be powering.

Whether running a vehicle like

This forklift or powering

Computer servers, the only

By-product is waste heat and

Water, which is why hydrogen

Power is clean energy.

>> narrator: engineered wood

Siding is essentially clapboard

Reinvented.

With its rough grain, it

Resembles natural wood.

Each board contains wood strands

That are resin-bonded for

Strength and durability.

They're also treated to resist

Rot and termites.

Engineered wood siding is a chip

Off the old block -- or a lot of

Chips, for that matter.

But how do they transform a

Bunch of wood chips into a solid

Piece of wood?

It starts with aspen and other

Kinds of wood.

They transfer the logs to ponds

To maintain a consistent

Moisture content and temperature

Until production.

The logs land soaking-wet on a

Conveyer.

Grooved rollers feed them into a

Debarker.

It shaves off both the tree

Bark and the cambium -- the

Soft, green layer beneath the

Bark.

This exposes the white aspen

Wood.

The logs land on the next

Conveyer in a horizontal

Configuration.

Circular saws cut the logs into

Smaller chunks, known as bolts.

The bolts head towards a machine

Called the waferizer.

Here's a look under the

Waferizer hood.

A 10-ton steel disk holds 48

Razor-sharp knives.

When the disc spins, the knives

Slice the bolts into wafer-thin

Chips, known as strands, in just

Seconds.

The strands are the same length,

But slightly different widths.

Most are roughly the size of a

Business card.

They remain flat and don't curl

Up because of the stability of

The aspen wood itself.

A conveyer delivers the wood

Strands to big, steel bins, and

From here, they're fed at a

Controlled rate to a dryer one

Floor below.

Heated by a furnace, the

Cyllindrical dryer is superhot.

It rotates to tumble-dry the

Aspen strands.

A blender coats the strands with

Resin adhesive, wax for moisture

Resistance, and a preservative

To ward off rot and termites.

They spray a release agent onto

The next conveyor to keep the

Strands from sticking to it.

Rotating disks orient the first

Layer so the strands all land in

The same direction.

The next layer lands in a more

Random configuration.

The third layer is again uniform

And parallel.

The result is a loosely

Interwoven mat of wood.

Layering the strands will

Provide dimensional stability

In the finished siding boards.

A carriage now moves a large,

Circular saw back and forth to

Cut the mat into sections

Approximately 16 feet in length.

The sections transfer to a

Faster conveyor that pulls them

Forward.

A steel carriage stretches a

Sheet of heavy, industrial-grade

Paper across the mat of wood

Strands.

The paper has been coated with a

Primer and saturated with a

Durable adhesive that bonds with

The wood strands.

A multitiered press closes to

Compact the mats and bake them.

The heat and residual moisture

Activate the resins to turn wood

Strands and paper into one solid

Piece of engineered wood.

At the same time, the press

Embosses the paper topping with

A deep, cedar-like grain.

The press opens, revealing the

Cured and compacted composite

Sheets.

The thickness has gone from

Roughly 4" to just under 4/10"

A conveyer doubles as a scale to

Confirm the content of each

Sheet is exact.

Saws trim the sides and slice

The sheets in two.

A pusher pushes then shoves the

Smaller sheets forward, and

Another saw trims the ends.

The trimmings don't go to waste.

They're ground up and used as

Fuel for the dryer.

They now have a stack of 40

Engineered wood sheets.

They're ready to be turned into

Siding boards.

Rollers push the sheets one at a

Time into saws that slice them

To siding dimensions.

Now separate strips, they exit

In a cluster and separate.

A paint gun coats the trimmed

Edges with primer.

This seals any exposed wood from

The elements.

After a trip through the oven to

Dry the primer, the engineered

Siding boards head towards an

Inspection station.

Here, a worker scrutinizes each

Board for blemishes or damage.

If he finds any, the board is

Rejected.

The siding will be painted

Postproduction to the

Homeowner's preference, and once

Installed, this engineered

Wood product is sure to fit into

The neighborhood.

-- captions by vitac --
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