All language subtitles for S16E10 - Digital Dentistry; Nail Clippers; Poster Restoration; Canola Oil (1080p AMZN WEB-DL x265 Garshasp)_track3_[eng]

>> narrator: digital technology

Is revolutionizing dental

Treatment.

3-d cameras and computers can

Now be used to produce crowns

And other prosthetic

Restorations on site,

Eliminating the need to send the

Work to an outside lab.

For the patient, it means one

Appointment instead of two and

Less time in the dentist's

Chair.

With computer-driven tools,

Custom restorations take shape

In a matter of minutes while the

Patient waits.

After donning dark safety

Glasses, the patient is ready

For her close-up.

The dental assistant inserts a

Small video camera in her mouth

To examine the problem area.

She then inserts a strip of

Carbon paper between the

Patient's teeth and instructs

Her to clench her teeth.

This leaves markings that

Indicate her bite profile.

The dentist meets the patient

And reviews her case.

They agree to replace the silver

Filling with a ceramic inlay

That will strengthen the tooth

For much longer than a regular

Filling would.

He anesthetizes the tooth and

The gums that surround it.

He then stretches a rubber dam

Across her mouth and exposes the

Area to be treated through a

Slit.

This keeps filling fragments out

Of the patient's mouth as he

Drills.

He switches to a smaller drill

Bit to excavate the remaining

Filling particles and to remove

Decay.

Each cavity must be completely

Clear before the restorative

Work can begin.

The dental assistant then scrubs

An antimicrobial solution into

The tooth.

Then she brushes an acidic

Conditioner into the cavity.

The dentist activates the

Conditioner with a halogen

Light.

He points a high-resolution

L.E.D. Camera at the tooth and

Downloads the image onto a

Computer, which converts it to

3-d.

Next, the dentist fills the

Cavity with the silicone putty.

When her teeth come together,

They leave an impression in the

Putty that indicates her bite

Profile.

Once the putty hardens, the

Dentist and his assistant chip

Off the excess.

He downloads the image of the

Bite impression and then

Superimposes the images as he

Designs a custom dental inlay

Digitally.

The dental assistant selects a

Glass ceramic block of the

Appropriate size and color.

She anchors the block in a

Milling chamber and shuts the

Lid.

Two computerized drills now

Sculpt the block into the dental

Inlay, guided by the digitally

Produced design.

This process takes less than 10

Minutes.

The dentist then pulls the

Ceramic inlay from the base.

This leaves a small nub that he

Then grinds away.

Next, using rubber wheels and

Diamond-impregnated brushes, he

Polishes the entire restoration

To a high gloss.

He conditions the inlay with

Hydrofluoric acid to prepare it

For adhesion to the tooth.

He dips the filling in water,

And the hardened solution flakes

Off.

He then thoroughly dries the

Inlay.

Next, he adds a drop of silane

That will promote the bonding of

The inlay to the tooth.

The dentist injects

Tooth-colored resin cement into

The cavity.

He presses the digitally

Designed and milled inlay into

The cement, then scrapes away

The overflow.

Halogen light on the dental work

Hardens the cement.

He takes another impression of

The patient's bite to confirm

The new inlay is perfect.

Finally, the dentist polishes

The contours of the ceramic

Inlay.

And it's time for the reveal.

He uses the camera to magnify

The new dental work for the

Patient's scrutiny.

It's taken just an hour and a

Quarter for her custom

Restoration to be designed,

Milled, and installed, all

Thanks to digital dentistry.

>> narrator: the nail clipper

Was invented in 1896 in the

United states, and soon it was

At everyone's fingertips.

By 1902 it, ads marketed it as

The "Gem," and it was sold by

The dozen for $2.

As an alternative to scissors,

It was the idea that just

Clicked.

More than a century after its

Invention, the nail clipper is

Still behind many a well-groomed

Hand.

Its popularity numbers in the

Millions, and no manicure set

Would be complete without one.

Production begins with this

Elaborate dye.

It's about a yard in length and

Has 12 different-shaped

Openings.

Hydraulic machinery repeatedly

Forces a steel sheet through the

Various openings as the sheet

Moves forward.

With each stroke, the parts look

More like nail-clipper jaws.

The clipping edge starts out

Straight and blunt and gradually

Becomes concave.

The machinery also cuts and

Shapes the holes for assembling

The nail clippers.

In just one minute, a total of

80 strokes generate a dozen

Nail-clipper jaws.

Here, the clipper jaws vibrate

With abrasive stones and organic

Acid for up to 20 hours.

This gentle polishing makes the

Parts gleam, but doesn't ruin

The edges and contours.

At the next station, a worker

Aligns pairs of clipper jaws for

Assembly.

Using a mechanical press, he

Drives a rivet into the hole at

The gripping end of the jaws.

He flips the assembled clipper

Jaws over, inserts the other

Half of the rivet, and then

Presses the two tightly

Together.

The rivet locks the gripping end

Of the nail clippers together so

That the two jaws can't be

Twisted apart.

Next, a worker smoothes the

Edges of the clipper's gripping

End against an abrasive wheel.

This grinding evens out any

Irregularities and makes the two

Clipper jaws appear as one at

The gripping end.

Attention now turns to the

Cutting end of the clippers.

After locking them in a device,

A worker grinds the concave

Edges until they match up.

These nail-clipper jaws are now

Ready for the lever, but the

Lever itself still needs some

Work.

Using a little press, they make

A whole and an indentation

Between its two prongs, allowing

The lever to sit more

Comfortably on the clipper.

Levers are then fed one at a

Time to a set of drills that

Carve little holes into the

Prongs of the fork.

The holes are just big enough

For a pin that's 0.05 of an inch

In diameter.

Here's the view from the side

Before and after drilling.

A worker now inserts a bolt in

The cutting end of the clipper

Jaws.

This bolt has a little hole in

The end of it.

He presses the jaws together,

And it's now time to attach the

Lever.

He inserts the pin in the holes

In the lever and the bolt.

He pinches the pin with pliers

To secure it, and the lever now

Pivots freely on the cutting

Jaws.

All the pieces of the nail

Clipper have come together, but

The assembly processes have left

Oil and other residues on this

Tool.

It's time for a cleaning in a

Special tub.

Sound waves keep the water

Moving to distribute the soap

And scrub them clean.

Once they dry, a worker uses a

Combination of acid and positive

Electrodes to etch the company

Name and item number onto the

Nail clipper.

The next employee sands the

Cutting edges to sharpen them.

It takes skill and practice to

Get them just right.

He holds the nail clipper to a

Light and scrutinizes the

Alignment of the jaws as he

Opens and closes them.

This cardboard test confirms

That these nail clippers are up

To the job.

From a blunt clipper on the left

To a really sharp tool on the

Right, what a difference the

Sanding has made.

The lever swivels for various

Clipping angles and then folds

Down neatly when not in use.

It takes 11 people to

Manufacture 100 of these

Clippers an hour, and that means

They've been working at a very

Fast clip.

>> narrator: long before the

Internet and electronic media,

The poster was an important

Means of communication.

These lithographed notices were

Used to sell everything from

Soap to political propaganda.

Today they're being

Painstakingly restored to

Preserve both the artistry and

History behind them.

These are the signs of a

Different time.

And decades later, the bold

Artistry of these poster

Lithographs is still an

Attention grabber.

Some vintage posters can be

Worth tens of thousands of

Dollars, which makes them worth

Restoring and preserving.

Posters often become brittle and

Break along the fold lines.

So first, this restoration

Specialist reassembles the torn

Sections and examines them to

Determine if this poster can be

Saved.

He decides to proceed.

He loosens old tape with solvent

And carefully peels it away.

Next, he separates the poster

Sections with plastic mesh -- to

Keep them from sticking

Together -- in a bleach bath.

The bleach gently removes dirt

And mildew to reveal the vintage

Poster's original colors.

He presses out air pockets

Between the layers to maximize

Its effect.

While the pieces of this poster

Dry, he prepares a paste of

Water, wheat, and calcium.

The calcium will counteract the

Acid in the vintage paper,

Preventing further

Deterioration.

He rolls the wheat paste onto a

Big sheet of acid-free paper.

And he spreads more paste on a

Piece of linen-textured cotton.

He then presses the paper to the

Fabric, and they adhere.

He now has a big piece of

Fabric-backed paper.

He rolls out the air bubbles and

Excess paste for a more even

Surface.

He now reconstructs the poster

On the fabric-backed paper,

Which is now saturated with

Glue.

He works carefully and quickly

To put the pieces together

Before the glue dries.

One false move and he could make

A real mess of things.

But experience pays off.

He aligns the four sections

Perfectly.

The glue dries, giving the

Vintage poster a solid backing.

He flips through a collection of

Paper scraps in search of one

That's similar in texture and

Thickness to the posters.

He'll now use it to repair the

Poster's ripped corner.

He traces the outline of the

Tear onto transparent paper.

He cuts the scrap paper along

The traced line, producing a new

Corner for the poster -- one

With exactly the right profile.

He sands the edge a bit to give

It a more gradual slope.

He brushes vegetable-based glue

Onto the cutout.

He aligns it with the torn edge

And glues it in place, then

Flattens the new corner to make

It level with the rest of the

Poster.

It's now time to complete the

Picture by repairing the torn

Images.

The tricky part is mixing the

Paint to match the poster's

Vintage colors.

It sometimes takes a few tries

To get it right and make the

Repair blend in.

Even the white on the border has

To match.

No detail is overlooked as he

Restores the corner of this

Poster to its original

Condition.

He touches up the rest of the

Artwork with watercolor pencils,

Applying color heavily or

Lightly where needed.

And with a practiced hand, he

Makes all the flaws and fold

Lines disappear.

By the time he's done, the

Vintage poster will look good

Enough to frame.

With all the details now

Covered, he trims the poster on

All sides and examines his work

For imperfections.

The repairs have to both look

And feel real.

From a tattered relic of the

Past to one that looks fresh off

The press, a restored vintage

Poster is an important piece of

History, now preserved for

Future generations.

>> narrator: canola oil is a

Commonly used type of cooking

Oil.

It's derived from the seed of

The canola plant, which

North american farmers have been

Growing for about 30 years now.

The plant blooms in the summer,

Producing bright yellow flowers.

Farmers harvest the seeds from

Pods which form after those

Flowers die off.

Canola oil is one of the

Healthiest cooking oils.

Compared to olive, sunflower,

And soybean oils, it has the

Lowest level of saturated fat --

7%.

It also contains more healthy

Omega-3 fatty acids and is high

In monounsaturated fat, which

Lowers cholesterol.

When the canola seed arrives at

The processing factory, it

Contains foreign material --

Mostly plant pieces.

So the first step is to clean

The seeds in a vibrating sieve.

The seeds -- smaller than the

Openings in the sieve's mesh --

Fall through to a conveyor

Below.

The foreign material remains on

Top.

A conveyor moves it to a storage

Bin, where it's collected for

Sale as cattle feed.

The seeds pass by a magnet.

It removes any metal that may

Have fallen in during the

Journey from field to factory.

Next, the seeds enter a roller

Mill.

They pass between two steel

Rollers, which crush them into

Thin flakes.

A conveyor then feeds the flakes

Into a screw press.

It has a large revolving

Screw-shaped shaft enclosed

Within a slotted cage.

As the shaft turns, its threads

Squeeze the flakes with high

Pressure, forcing out the oil,

Which then drains out through

The slots.

42% of canola seed is oil.

This group press extracts nearly

3/4 of that.

The remainder is still trapped

In the pressed flakes, now

Referred to as canola cake.

The cake exits the other end of

The press and moves on to a

Second extraction, this one a

70-minute wash with a solvent.

This chemical-extraction process

Removes all but a trace of oil.

The factory then grinds the cake

Into protein-rich meal that it

Sells as animal feed.

The extracted oil, stored in

Large tanks, now enters the

Refining phase.

First, they wash the oil for 20

Minutes with sodium hydroxide.

During this wash cycle, they

Spin the oil at high speed so

That the centrifugal force

Separates the natural

Impurities, which the factory

Later sells to soap

Manufacturers.

After this cleaning process, the

Canola oil is visibly clearer.

However, it still contains

Natural waxes, which makes it

Look cloudy.

So the next step is to cool the

Oil to 41 degrees fahrenheit.

This thickens those waxes so

That they can be filtered out.

The waxes don't go to waste,

Either.

The factory uses them to produce

Vegetable shortening.

In the factory's lab,

Technicians recreate production

On a small scale to ensure

Performance and quality.

Meanwhile, back in the factory,

After washing and filtering the

Oil, they bleach it to lighten

The color, then use a

Steam-injection heating process

To remove the canola odor.

The oil is now fully refined and

Ready for bottling.

The equipment first turns the

Plastic bottles upside down and

Injects filtered pressurized air

To blow out any dust or dirt

Inside.

Then it turns the bottles right

Side up again to position for

Filling.

Just before a nozzle starts

Filling, it applies a vacuum.

If there's no suction,

Indicating a leak in the bottle,

The machine automatically ejects

That bottle from the line.

Each bottling machine in the

Factory fills 22,000 bottles per

Hour.

The labeling machines work

At the same speed.

They spread glue on the back of

Each label, then apply the

Label's edge to the bottle.

The bottle spins, wrapping the

Rest of the label around itself.

As the bottles come off the

Labeler, a robot separates them

Into groups of 12.

Then it picks up and deposits

Each dozen in a shipping box --

From field to factory to your

Pantry, where, once opened,

Canola oil has a shelf life of

About a year.

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