All language subtitles for S15E02 - Leather Briefcases; Crop Dusters; Corn Whiskey; Drag Racing Clutches (1080p AMZN WEB-DL x265 Garshasp)_track3_[eng]
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Narrator: briefcases
Come in many styles today.
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00:00:54,413 --> 00:00:57,275
The classic type
Is a rigid rectangular box
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00:00:57,275 --> 00:01:00,172
Made up of two hinged sections
That close together.
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00:01:00,172 --> 00:01:02,724
It's often referred to
As an attaché case
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00:01:02,724 --> 00:01:05,586
Because it was traditionally
The type of briefcase
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Used in diplomatic circles by
Cultural or military attachés.
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These luxury attachés
Are entirely handcrafted,
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Made from english
Bridal leather,
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A fine leather traditionally
Used for horse saddles.
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The cutter lays out patterns
For the various parts,
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Then trims around them.
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00:01:33,655 --> 00:01:35,965
Leather, being an animal hide,
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Naturally has scars
And blemishes here and there,
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So he's careful
To select blemish-free areas
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For use as the main surfaces.
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Next he uses a punch press
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To cut out what are called
Foundation boards,
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Which will reinforce
The leather.
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At this point, an expert
Leather craftsman takes over.
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00:02:02,172 --> 00:02:05,620
He positions each foundation
Board on the leather.
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00:02:05,620 --> 00:02:08,000
Using a tool
Called a bone folder,
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00:02:08,000 --> 00:02:11,000
He marks where the leather
Will fold over each board.
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00:02:14,793 --> 00:02:18,310
Then he coats the boards
With leather-bonding glue...
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00:02:20,241 --> 00:02:23,482
...And positions them
Along the fold lines he marked.
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00:02:26,103 --> 00:02:27,965
With a tool called a sleeker,
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00:02:27,965 --> 00:02:31,000
He pushes out air pockets
And excess glue.
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This ensures a thorough,
Wrinkle-free bond.
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Next, with a tool
Called a stitch marker,
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He perforates the edges
Of the leather.
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This ensures the stitching will
Be straight and evenly spaced.
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It also sets the angle
Of the stitches,
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Essential for both aesthetics
And durability.
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00:02:52,344 --> 00:02:54,862
Now he bevels the leather.
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00:02:54,862 --> 00:02:57,310
This leaves
What's known as a raw edge,
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00:02:57,310 --> 00:03:00,413
Which he then colors and seals
With a reddish stain
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That highlights
The tan-colored leather.
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00:03:09,034 --> 00:03:12,000
The attaché case frame
Is made of steel.
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00:03:14,965 --> 00:03:17,827
The craftsman
Uses contact adhesive
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00:03:17,827 --> 00:03:21,379
To mate the frame to the
Foundation board and leather.
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00:03:28,724 --> 00:03:31,206
Now he can sew the leather.
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00:03:31,206 --> 00:03:33,896
He inserts an awl
In each stitch hole
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To clear a path
Through the leather and boards.
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00:03:36,551 --> 00:03:39,689
Then he passes two strong
Saddle-stitching needles
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In opposite directions,
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Pulling the pure-linen threads
Waxed with tallow.
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Next he rivets in place
Two traditional-style locks
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Made of hand-polished brass.
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Then he constructs the handle by
Sewing several layers of leather
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00:03:59,896 --> 00:04:01,724
Around a piece of steel.
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00:04:01,724 --> 00:04:05,275
The handle has a raised rib
On the top and bottom.
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00:04:05,275 --> 00:04:07,689
These risers, as they're called,
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00:04:07,689 --> 00:04:09,965
Make the handle
Comfortable to hold.
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He uses the bone folder to fit
A piece of finishing leather
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Snugly against the risers.
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00:04:18,206 --> 00:04:21,724
He glues finishing leather
Around the handle ends...
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00:04:26,275 --> 00:04:29,137
...Feeds each end
Through a brass ring...
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00:04:33,068 --> 00:04:36,517
...Then folds over the ends
To lock in the rings.
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00:04:43,034 --> 00:04:45,655
Then he wraps
The rest of the leather under
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And hand-stitches all around.
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00:04:49,206 --> 00:04:51,862
The rings attach
To brass handle plates,
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Which he secures from the inside
With washers and bolts.
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00:05:00,206 --> 00:05:03,551
Next he glues in
The lid-pocket assembly...
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...An all-leather organizer
That contains pen loops
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And pockets for files
And business cards.
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00:05:14,172 --> 00:05:17,827
Finally, he lines the bottom
Section with sheepskin leather
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That's been coated
With a semigloss glaze
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So it can be wiped clean
With a damp cloth.
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The outer leather is strong
And weather-resistant
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Because it's been tanned with
Natural plant and tree extracts,
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00:05:31,827 --> 00:05:35,241
Then conditioned by hand
With fish oils and lanolin,
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00:05:35,241 --> 00:05:37,965
Centuries-old techniques
They still use
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00:05:37,965 --> 00:05:40,758
To make luxury leather goods
Today.
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Narrator:
Crop dusters are airplanes
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Specially outfitted
For aerial spraying.
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Farmers use them to seed fields
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00:05:56,862 --> 00:05:59,172
And apply pesticides
And fertilizer.
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The aquaculture industry
Uses them to feed fish,
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00:06:02,448 --> 00:06:06,586
And emergency crews fly them to
Spread retardant on forest fires
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00:06:06,586 --> 00:06:09,482
And dispersants on oil spills.
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00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:16,068
Depending on its size,
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A crop duster can carry
Up to 2,700 liters
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00:06:19,000 --> 00:06:21,724
Of liquid or dry material.
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00:06:24,034 --> 00:06:27,172
The plane is designed
To be able to swoop down low
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00:06:27,172 --> 00:06:30,896
To accurately cover
The target spray area.
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00:06:36,310 --> 00:06:39,068
At the factory,
They manually weld
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00:06:39,068 --> 00:06:41,413
Lightweight aircraft-grade
Steel tubes
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To construct the frame
Of the fuselage.
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00:06:54,655 --> 00:06:57,275
Next they use
Spring-loaded fasteners
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To affix aluminum panels
To the sides.
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00:07:00,137 --> 00:07:05,103
An anti-rust coating turns
The aluminum golden color.
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00:07:05,103 --> 00:07:08,206
All the plane's aluminum parts
Require this coating,
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00:07:08,206 --> 00:07:11,241
Because many of the chemicals
Crop dusters carry
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Are corrosive.
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00:07:14,448 --> 00:07:17,896
The tank that holds those
Chemicals is called a hopper.
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00:07:17,896 --> 00:07:21,482
The factory molds it out
Of many layers of fiberglass,
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Which is deliberately
Transparent.
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This enables the pilot
To see at a glance
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00:07:27,034 --> 00:07:29,517
Roughly how much chemical
Remains.
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00:07:32,034 --> 00:07:34,482
Inside each of the plane's wings
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Is a row of vertical supports
Called webs.
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00:07:37,551 --> 00:07:41,551
To make each web, they lay
A soft aluminum sheet on a mold,
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Place a rubber mat on top, then
Load the assembly into a press.
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00:07:46,275 --> 00:07:49,862
A built-in water bag distributes
The pressure evenly.
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00:07:49,862 --> 00:07:53,310
This helps form
The aluminum sheet perfectly.
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00:07:53,310 --> 00:07:56,655
Next they soak the web
For a half-hour
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In molten sodium chloride
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At more than
900 degrees fahrenheit.
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Then they immediately submerge
The web in lukewarm water.
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This triggers
A molecular reaction
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That hardens the aluminum.
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00:08:11,379 --> 00:08:14,344
Each wing contains 32 webs.
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00:08:14,344 --> 00:08:17,241
Technicians line them up
In an assembly fixture
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00:08:17,241 --> 00:08:20,655
In between the wing's
Horizontal beams called spars.
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00:08:28,344 --> 00:08:30,896
Once they've riveted the webs
To the spars,
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00:08:30,896 --> 00:08:33,551
They cover the structure
With aluminum panels
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00:08:33,551 --> 00:08:35,758
Using spring clamps for now.
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The panels have holes in them
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00:08:38,034 --> 00:08:41,448
To allow regular inspections
Of the structure inside.
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00:08:43,310 --> 00:08:45,344
After riveting the panels,
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00:08:45,344 --> 00:08:48,758
Technicians screw covers
Onto the inspection holes.
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00:08:52,068 --> 00:08:55,862
They also seal the seams between
Panels with liquid rubber
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00:08:55,862 --> 00:08:58,000
So chemicals can't penetrate.
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00:08:59,586 --> 00:09:02,241
Next they install the engine
And the propeller,
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00:09:02,241 --> 00:09:07,172
Which ranges from 750
To 1,400 horsepower.
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00:09:07,172 --> 00:09:10,655
The prop has from three
To five aluminum blades.
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00:09:13,620 --> 00:09:17,448
Now the equipment that releases
The chemicals from the air.
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00:09:17,448 --> 00:09:21,000
For spraying liquids,
They hook up horizontal pipes
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00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:23,586
Lined with spray nozzles
Called booms.
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00:09:26,758 --> 00:09:29,517
To apply dry chemicals
Or disperse seed,
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00:09:29,517 --> 00:09:31,965
The flight crew
Detaches the booms
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00:09:31,965 --> 00:09:34,620
And installs a large
Stainless-steel funnel
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00:09:34,620 --> 00:09:38,344
Called a spreader
Under the plane's belly.
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At release time,
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The pilot opens a door
At the bottom of the hopper,
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Enabling the wind
To draw out the contents
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Through the spreader.
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00:09:46,862 --> 00:09:49,448
To spray liquids,
A wind-driven pump
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Moves the hopper contents
To the booms.
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00:10:02,586 --> 00:10:05,000
Technicians now assemble
And install
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00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:06,896
The instrumentation panel.
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00:10:18,655 --> 00:10:21,413
To fill the hopper
With liquid chemicals,
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00:10:21,413 --> 00:10:25,586
They connect a pump to a valve
On the side of the crop duster.
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00:10:25,586 --> 00:10:29,068
For dry chemicals,
They just lift the hopper's lid
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00:10:29,068 --> 00:10:31,241
And fill 'er up.
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Narrator:
More than three centuries ago,
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00:10:52,931 --> 00:10:55,655
American bootleggers
Made corn whiskey by moonlight
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00:10:55,655 --> 00:10:58,206
To avoid being detected
By the tax authorities,
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00:10:58,206 --> 00:11:01,241
And so this whiskey
Became known as moonshine.
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00:11:01,241 --> 00:11:04,275
Today, that whiskey has emerged
From the shadows of history
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00:11:04,275 --> 00:11:08,689
And is produced legally, but
People still call it moonshine.
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00:11:14,275 --> 00:11:16,965
It was the nectar of outlaws --
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00:11:16,965 --> 00:11:20,896
Clear, fresh corn whiskey
That's 50% alcohol,
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00:11:20,896 --> 00:11:24,551
And centuries later,
It still has a potent appeal.
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00:11:24,551 --> 00:11:26,482
In virginia,
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00:11:26,482 --> 00:11:28,896
They still make this whiskey
The traditional way,
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Allowing corn to germinate
In a process called malting.
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They mix a small amount
Of the malted kernels
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00:11:36,620 --> 00:11:42,551
With regular corn in a big tank,
Then funnel the mix into a mill.
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00:11:44,896 --> 00:11:48,448
Inside this mill,
Automated hammers grind the mix
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00:11:48,448 --> 00:11:50,689
To a cornmeal consistency.
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This frees some of the starch
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00:11:53,310 --> 00:11:56,896
And exposes it to enzymes
From the malted kernels.
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00:11:56,896 --> 00:12:00,241
Those enzymes
Convert the starch to sugar.
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00:12:00,241 --> 00:12:02,241
They'll use
Some of this ground corn
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To make a big batch of yeast.
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00:12:07,793 --> 00:12:09,965
They add it to water in a tank
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00:12:09,965 --> 00:12:13,068
And boil it
Until it becomes a thick soup.
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00:12:13,068 --> 00:12:15,517
Once it reaches
The desired consistency,
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00:12:15,517 --> 00:12:18,344
They allow it to cool
To room temperature.
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00:12:21,310 --> 00:12:25,551
They add yeast and blow air into
The mix to help the yeast grow,
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00:12:25,551 --> 00:12:29,551
Making this one big batch
Of liquid yeast.
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00:12:29,551 --> 00:12:31,758
In another tank, a ton of corn
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Is being blended
With water and boiled.
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00:12:34,586 --> 00:12:38,241
This breaks down more of the
Starch, converting it to sugar.
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00:12:42,275 --> 00:12:45,758
Once cooled, they pump the mix
And the liquefied yeast
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00:12:45,758 --> 00:12:48,275
Into the fermentation tank.
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00:12:48,275 --> 00:12:50,413
Over a period of four days,
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00:12:50,413 --> 00:12:53,310
The yeast turns the sugar
To alcohol.
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00:12:53,310 --> 00:12:56,482
The process also generates
Carbon dioxide,
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00:12:56,482 --> 00:12:59,206
Which is vented
Into the atmosphere.
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00:13:00,620 --> 00:13:04,241
Every so often, the brewmaster
Scoops up some liquid
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00:13:04,241 --> 00:13:05,586
And scrutinizes it.
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00:13:05,586 --> 00:13:07,172
If it looks too thick,
184
00:13:07,172 --> 00:13:11,103
The conversion of sugar
To alcohol is not yet complete.
185
00:13:12,758 --> 00:13:15,137
But when the viscosity
Is just right,
186
00:13:15,137 --> 00:13:18,344
They pump the batch
Into a big copper still.
187
00:13:18,344 --> 00:13:20,310
It's just like the type used
188
00:13:20,310 --> 00:13:23,724
To make moonshine
In the backwoods centuries ago.
189
00:13:23,724 --> 00:13:26,413
They heat it
To 82 degrees celsius.
190
00:13:26,413 --> 00:13:29,413
At that temperature, alcohol
Will boil, but water will not.
191
00:13:29,413 --> 00:13:32,206
As the alcohol
Boils off the mix,
192
00:13:32,206 --> 00:13:34,206
It's recovered
Through a condenser.
193
00:13:34,206 --> 00:13:37,172
The recovered liquid
Is 80% alcohol.
194
00:13:37,172 --> 00:13:38,965
Talk about a stiff drink.
195
00:13:38,965 --> 00:13:42,310
So they add water
To cut it down to about 50%,
196
00:13:42,310 --> 00:13:44,620
And then it's ready to bottle.
197
00:13:44,620 --> 00:13:46,862
To make a darker whiskey,
They steep it
198
00:13:46,862 --> 00:13:48,931
With what looks like
A big tea bag.
199
00:13:48,931 --> 00:13:52,344
It's actually wood chips
Wrapped in cheesecloth.
200
00:13:52,344 --> 00:13:55,896
The whiskey absorbs flavor
And color from the wood
201
00:13:55,896 --> 00:13:58,448
Over a period
Of about two months.
202
00:13:58,448 --> 00:14:01,379
When the whiskey takes
On a golden hue,
203
00:14:01,379 --> 00:14:03,931
They transfer it
Into oak barrels.
204
00:14:06,551 --> 00:14:10,275
They allow the whiskey to age
For two years in a hot room.
205
00:14:10,275 --> 00:14:13,379
The heat causes the whiskey
To expand,
206
00:14:13,379 --> 00:14:15,965
Causing it to absorb the flavor
Of the wood,
207
00:14:15,965 --> 00:14:20,000
But the pressure can also cause
Cracks in the barrels,
208
00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:22,931
So the brewmaster
Routinely checks for leaks.
209
00:14:26,931 --> 00:14:28,965
After the whiskey has aged,
210
00:14:28,965 --> 00:14:33,931
They adjust the alcohol content
By adding a little water.
211
00:14:33,931 --> 00:14:37,551
The water is always softened
And filtered to remove minerals
212
00:14:37,551 --> 00:14:39,965
That could affect
The whiskey's taste.
213
00:14:42,103 --> 00:14:43,655
At the bottling station,
214
00:14:43,655 --> 00:14:46,862
Machinery pumps the whiskey
Into the containers.
215
00:14:46,862 --> 00:14:49,896
There's no spillage,
And not a drop goes to waste.
216
00:14:54,758 --> 00:14:56,862
Machinery then twists on
The caps
217
00:14:56,862 --> 00:15:00,413
For an airtight seal that
Preserves the aroma and flavor
218
00:15:00,413 --> 00:15:03,551
Of this old-fashioned
Corn whiskey.
219
00:15:07,448 --> 00:15:10,862
At the next station,
Robotic arms grab labels,
220
00:15:10,862 --> 00:15:14,586
Apply glue to them, then
Press them onto the bottles.
221
00:15:21,517 --> 00:15:23,241
It has taken a combination
222
00:15:23,241 --> 00:15:26,310
Of down-home methodology
And modern technology
223
00:15:26,310 --> 00:15:29,827
To prepare this old-fashioned
American whiskey for market.
224
00:15:31,793 --> 00:15:34,103
And whether it's aged or fresh,
225
00:15:34,103 --> 00:15:38,344
This historic whiskey is sure
To set the taste buds ablaze.
226
00:15:51,241 --> 00:15:53,965
Narrator: this clutch
Is not for the family sedan.
227
00:15:53,965 --> 00:15:56,827
It's a racing clutch
Designed for a car
228
00:15:56,827 --> 00:15:59,482
With an 1,800-horsepower engine.
229
00:15:59,482 --> 00:16:02,034
Without this kind
Of heavy-duty clutch,
230
00:16:02,034 --> 00:16:03,965
There would be no way
To transfer
231
00:16:03,965 --> 00:16:05,620
That much power to the wheels,
232
00:16:05,620 --> 00:16:08,896
And the racecar
Would be going nowhere fast.
233
00:16:13,310 --> 00:16:15,620
Racecars use
A manual transmission
234
00:16:15,620 --> 00:16:17,620
To transfer power to the wheels,
235
00:16:17,620 --> 00:16:20,758
So a good clutch
Is behind every win.
236
00:16:20,758 --> 00:16:24,172
Production starts
With a flywheel,
237
00:16:24,172 --> 00:16:27,206
Which connects the clutch
To the engine.
238
00:16:27,206 --> 00:16:30,965
Computerized cutting tools
Shape this aluminum part,
239
00:16:30,965 --> 00:16:34,862
Then move on to carve
The cover plate for the clutch.
240
00:16:36,344 --> 00:16:39,103
They trim its perimeter
To give it the correct profile
241
00:16:39,103 --> 00:16:41,413
And reduce its weight.
242
00:16:48,379 --> 00:16:51,965
Next they use a bolt
With an industrial diamond tip
243
00:16:51,965 --> 00:16:55,034
To level the surface
Of an iron friction disk.
244
00:16:55,034 --> 00:16:57,482
This will allow
For better contact
245
00:16:57,482 --> 00:17:00,206
With other parts of the clutch.
246
00:17:01,275 --> 00:17:04,172
There are typically two to three
Of these friction disks
247
00:17:04,172 --> 00:17:07,034
In a racing clutch.
248
00:17:07,034 --> 00:17:10,724
The clutch disks will ride
Against this steel insert,
249
00:17:10,724 --> 00:17:13,655
Which they position
On the flywheel.
250
00:17:13,655 --> 00:17:16,793
The technician applies
Locking compound to bolts,
251
00:17:16,793 --> 00:17:20,137
Then uses them to attach
The insert to the flywheel.
252
00:17:25,896 --> 00:17:29,551
Here, the technician sets
The bolts to a precise torque.
253
00:17:35,586 --> 00:17:37,862
Next he uses this grinder
254
00:17:37,862 --> 00:17:40,620
To flatten the surface
Of the steel insert,
255
00:17:40,620 --> 00:17:43,758
Again for better contact
With the clutch disk.
256
00:17:44,758 --> 00:17:48,827
These bolts will anchor the
Clutch assembly to the flywheel.
257
00:17:48,827 --> 00:17:52,413
They're called stand bolts,
And there are six.
258
00:17:57,931 --> 00:18:00,482
Here, they sculpt
Titanium cylinders
259
00:18:00,482 --> 00:18:02,517
To act as stands for the bolts
260
00:18:02,517 --> 00:18:05,103
That were just installed
In the flywheel.
261
00:18:05,103 --> 00:18:07,827
Titanium is strong
And lightweight,
262
00:18:07,827 --> 00:18:10,586
Which is important because
Of the huge amount of energy
263
00:18:10,586 --> 00:18:12,758
The clutch must transfer.
264
00:18:19,344 --> 00:18:22,482
The technician places
A stand over each bolt,
265
00:18:22,482 --> 00:18:25,241
Then arranges the clutch disks
266
00:18:25,241 --> 00:18:27,344
And a floater plate
On the flywheel.
267
00:18:32,896 --> 00:18:35,655
He presets the height
Of the stands.
268
00:18:38,241 --> 00:18:41,310
Then he prepares
The pressure-plate assembly.
269
00:18:43,068 --> 00:18:46,206
He presses aluminum cups
Into holes in the cover.
270
00:18:50,517 --> 00:18:52,379
These cups will hold springs
271
00:18:52,379 --> 00:18:56,655
That will be used to change
The pressure of the clutch pack,
272
00:18:56,655 --> 00:18:59,965
But he holds off on inserting
The springs in the cups.
273
00:18:59,965 --> 00:19:04,206
First he installs a series
Of levers on the cover plate.
274
00:19:04,206 --> 00:19:07,586
He slides pivot pins
Into each lever.
275
00:19:07,586 --> 00:19:10,586
These pins
Will enable the levers
276
00:19:10,586 --> 00:19:14,103
To compress and decompress
The clutch pack.
277
00:19:16,758 --> 00:19:20,586
He applies lubricant to adjuster
Screws for the clutch springs,
278
00:19:20,586 --> 00:19:24,344
Then threads each one
Into an aluminum casing.
279
00:19:24,344 --> 00:19:27,379
He inserts an assembly
In each cup,
280
00:19:27,379 --> 00:19:30,655
Followed by a heavy-duty spring.
281
00:19:30,655 --> 00:19:33,310
He now installs
The pressure ring
282
00:19:33,310 --> 00:19:35,103
On the underside of the cover.
283
00:19:35,103 --> 00:19:37,655
When the driver releases
The clutch pedal,
284
00:19:37,655 --> 00:19:39,551
The levers
Cause the pressure ring
285
00:19:39,551 --> 00:19:41,724
To compress the clutch pack.
286
00:19:41,724 --> 00:19:46,206
That action transfers power from
The engine to the transmission.
287
00:19:47,724 --> 00:19:51,206
He now slips the pressure-ring
Assembly over the stand bolts
288
00:19:51,206 --> 00:19:54,034
And secures it with nuts.
289
00:19:54,034 --> 00:19:56,793
He adjusts each stand
With a socket wrench,
290
00:19:56,793 --> 00:19:59,344
Then checks the height.
291
00:20:01,758 --> 00:20:05,103
He measures the tips of the
Levers to confirm they're even
292
00:20:05,103 --> 00:20:08,482
And makes
Any necessary adjustments.
293
00:20:14,137 --> 00:20:17,586
He pushes the levers
To test this clutch,
294
00:20:17,586 --> 00:20:20,172
And the pressure ring
Responds as it should,
295
00:20:20,172 --> 00:20:23,620
Creating the necessary pressure
On the clutch pack.
296
00:20:23,620 --> 00:20:25,827
Finally, a certification sticker
297
00:20:25,827 --> 00:20:29,862
And some strapping to secure it
For shipping.
298
00:20:31,241 --> 00:20:37,103
At the track, this clutch will
Be serviced between every run,
299
00:20:37,103 --> 00:20:39,482
And if it's operating
At peak performance,
300
00:20:39,482 --> 00:20:42,620
A win could be
Just down the road.
301
00:20:42,620 --> 00:20:45,793
--captions by vitac--
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302
00:20:45,793 --> 00:20:49,103
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303
00:20:51,275 --> 00:20:53,586
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304
00:20:53,586 --> 00:20:56,896
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305
00:20:56,896 --> 00:20:59,241
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