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--captions by vitac--
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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Narrator: whether tightening
The wheels on your bike
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00:00:54,482 --> 00:00:55,689
Or working on your car,
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A combination wrench
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Can make the toughest jobs
Safe and easy.
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The best combination wrench
Gives you reach and strength
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00:01:01,793 --> 00:01:03,241
And won't bust your knuckles
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When you're working
In those hard-to-reach places.
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A high-quality combination
Wrench can last you a lifetime.
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A combination wrench tightens
And loosens nuts and bolts
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00:01:18,586 --> 00:01:20,586
Using its u-shaped open end
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Or its enclosed box end
With a hexagonal shape.
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Combination wrenches come
In imperial and metric sizes.
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To start, a steel bar travels
Into a die-cutting machine
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00:01:33,724 --> 00:01:36,965
That cuts it into lengths
Called billets.
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Each billet
Will become a wrench.
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One by one,
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A machine feeds the billets
Into an induction heater.
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00:01:52,689 --> 00:01:55,965
It heats them to more
Than 1,800 degrees fahrenheit,
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Then sends them
Into a forging press,
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00:01:59,517 --> 00:02:03,724
Where the first die creates
The wrench's general shape.
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00:02:03,724 --> 00:02:07,103
The second die
Gives it its finished shape.
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00:02:07,103 --> 00:02:10,724
And the third
Trims off the excess metal.
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00:02:14,482 --> 00:02:16,724
The wrenches
Exit the forge press
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00:02:16,724 --> 00:02:20,034
And cool off on their way
Into a collection box.
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00:02:22,758 --> 00:02:25,103
Then a worker grinds off
The trim line,
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00:02:25,103 --> 00:02:26,413
A thin line of excess metal
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00:02:26,413 --> 00:02:29,344
Created when the top
And bottom dies come together.
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00:02:31,896 --> 00:02:33,379
He loads the wrenches
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Into an automatic
Edge-polishing machine.
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00:02:36,206 --> 00:02:38,724
Using an 80-grit sanding belt,
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00:02:38,724 --> 00:02:43,448
The machine grinds the trim line
On both sides of the handle.
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00:02:47,931 --> 00:02:51,310
The wrenches leave
The edge-polishing machine
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Trim-line-free.
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A worker then places each wrench
Onto a 75-ton hydraulic press,
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00:03:03,275 --> 00:03:07,724
Which stamps it with the brand
Name, size, and part number.
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00:03:12,241 --> 00:03:16,793
This bend machine gives
The box end a 15-degree angle.
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00:03:16,793 --> 00:03:19,137
A vertical milling machine then
Drills a hole into the box end,
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00:03:19,137 --> 00:03:22,965
Using coolant to keep the drill
From overheating.
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00:03:26,965 --> 00:03:30,275
This is a hydraulic
Hex broach machine.
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00:03:30,275 --> 00:03:35,206
The broach tool is what gives
The hole a hexagonal shape.
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00:03:44,620 --> 00:03:48,448
Open-end wrenches also go
Through a broaching operation.
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00:03:48,448 --> 00:03:51,827
In this case, the broach tool
Shapes the open end
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00:03:51,827 --> 00:03:53,896
Into the desired size.
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00:04:00,275 --> 00:04:02,689
A worker then grinds
The open end of the wrenches
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00:04:02,689 --> 00:04:05,724
And makes sure
They're perfectly smooth.
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00:04:08,862 --> 00:04:10,620
The wrenches now undergo
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00:04:10,620 --> 00:04:12,620
A three-stage
Heat-tempering procedure
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00:04:12,620 --> 00:04:14,517
To harden and strengthen
The metal.
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00:04:20,482 --> 00:04:22,448
For some combination wrenches,
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00:04:22,448 --> 00:04:25,103
A sliding machine cuts
An opening out of the box end
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That has the hex shape
Broached into it.
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This turns the wrench
Into a flare nut wrench
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00:04:33,172 --> 00:04:35,758
That's ideal for working on
Hard-to-reach bolts,
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00:04:35,758 --> 00:04:37,793
Like on a hydraulic line.
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00:04:42,310 --> 00:04:44,965
Ceramic stones
And a chemical solution
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Polish the wrenches
For eight hours,
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Giving them
A bright luster finish.
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00:04:54,586 --> 00:04:57,758
A machine then dips the wrenches
Into a nickel-plating solution
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That helps make them
Corrosion-resistant.
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This series of baths
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00:05:03,758 --> 00:05:06,241
Then plate the wrenches
With trivalent chrome,
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00:05:06,241 --> 00:05:07,413
Which is a safer,
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More environmentally friendly
Alternative
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To traditional plating methods.
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00:05:15,103 --> 00:05:16,965
After a final rinse in water,
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The wrenches come out
With a bright cosmetic finish.
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00:05:23,172 --> 00:05:26,517
Combination wrenches are
Available in a variety of sets,
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All conveniently organized
And neatly stored.
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00:05:29,586 --> 00:05:32,241
Since the 1920s,
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This company has been making
Combination wrenches
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Of all shapes and sizes
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For jobs
Of all shapes and sizes.
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Narrator: in a time
Of health-conscious eating,
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Deli meats
Remain a mealtime favorite.
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Almost everyone
Loves a great-tasting sandwich
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Or sausage hot off the grill.
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Today, the best deli meats are
Prepared from the leanest cuts.
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They have no trans fat,
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They are low in sodium
And saturated fat,
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And contain no fillers.
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Some companies prepare
Deli meats largely by hand
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To maintain
That old-world tradition.
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Sausages begin as cuts
Of fresh meats in a grinder.
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The ground meat
Falls into a collection tub...
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Which then deposits the meats
Into a mixer.
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Adding ice
Keeps the meats cold and fresh.
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A worker then adds salt
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And all-natural spices
And seasonings.
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The mixer
Blends it all together.
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A worker
Feeds a natural sausage casing
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Into a machine
Called a sausage linker
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00:07:05,689 --> 00:07:08,551
That forms and links
The sausages.
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A look inside the sausage linker
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00:07:14,827 --> 00:07:18,413
Reveals where the meat is pumped
Into the natural casing
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And shaped
Into the desired sausage size.
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As the sausages
Come out of the linker,
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They hook onto
A conveyor system.
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They're ready to go
Into the smokehouse for cooking.
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Workers send the cooked sausage
Into an oven
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That destroys
Any possible surface bacteria.
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They pack the sausages
Into plastic bags,
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Which are date-stamped.
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00:07:50,758 --> 00:07:53,793
Then a machine
Vacuum-seals the packages,
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00:07:53,793 --> 00:07:56,068
Making them ready for the store.
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00:07:58,310 --> 00:07:59,655
An olive loaf begins
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With a mixture of olives,
Pickles, and pimientos.
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00:08:03,275 --> 00:08:06,724
Again, a worker adds salt
And all-natural seasonings,
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00:08:06,724 --> 00:08:10,137
Mixing it together with
Blended fresh beef and pork.
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This stuffer machine
Fills loaf pans
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With the season-blended meats.
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Another worker puts a rack
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Filled with
Uncooked olive loaves
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Into a smokehouse oven.
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After an initial cooking
That sets the loaf shape,
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He removes the loaves
From the oven.
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At this time, only the exposed
Part of the loaves is browned.
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After he takes them
Out of the pans,
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They will go back into the oven
To brown all sides.
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It takes about 10 hours
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To cook these special
European-style loaves.
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00:09:00,103 --> 00:09:03,206
Another worker
Loads pepperoni into a machine
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Called a revolving horn.
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00:09:04,896 --> 00:09:07,965
It stuffs a casing
With a mixture of beef and pork
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00:09:07,965 --> 00:09:10,241
Seasoned with italian spices.
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The horn stuffs the casing
With the precise amount of meat
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00:09:15,896 --> 00:09:17,931
And seals both ends.
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00:09:24,034 --> 00:09:26,862
The pepperoni
Is then hung up on a rack
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00:09:26,862 --> 00:09:29,862
And taken into a smokehouse
For cooking.
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Another worker
Prepares german bologna
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00:09:34,896 --> 00:09:37,068
By slipping
A natural beef casing
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00:09:37,068 --> 00:09:39,586
Onto a machine
Called a stuffing horn.
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00:09:41,586 --> 00:09:44,517
He stuffs the casing
With a mixture of beef and pork
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00:09:44,517 --> 00:09:47,655
And all-natural spices
And seasonings.
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00:09:48,344 --> 00:09:52,000
He seals the end of the casing
With aluminum clips.
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00:09:54,068 --> 00:09:56,758
Another worker,
Using a paddle with spikes,
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00:09:56,758 --> 00:10:00,241
Perforates the casing to allow
Air to escape during cooking
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00:10:00,241 --> 00:10:03,241
To ensure
Even cooking and browning.
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00:10:08,724 --> 00:10:10,827
Now it's
The german bologna's turn
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00:10:10,827 --> 00:10:14,000
For a stay in the smokehouse.
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00:10:14,000 --> 00:10:16,344
About eight hours later,
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00:10:16,344 --> 00:10:19,344
The german bologna
Is evenly cooked.
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00:10:22,517 --> 00:10:26,758
Using a guide, a worker slices
The sausage into even cuts,
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00:10:26,758 --> 00:10:30,310
Which are then packed
And date-stamped.
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00:10:33,586 --> 00:10:35,344
From authentic german bologna
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00:10:35,344 --> 00:10:38,551
To all types of sausages
And distinctive deli loaves,
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Deli meats
Are served around the world.
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Narrator:
Scotland is the birthplace
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Both of golf
And the motorized golf car,
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00:10:56,310 --> 00:11:00,310
Invented in 1946 by a dentist
Named john "Doc" keegan.
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00:11:00,310 --> 00:11:01,896
Since the late 1950s,
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00:11:01,896 --> 00:11:05,689
Golf cars have become widely
Used on courses everywhere.
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00:11:05,689 --> 00:11:08,517
They're built low to the ground
To remain steady,
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00:11:08,517 --> 00:11:11,379
Even over
The most uneven terrain.
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This battery-powered golf car
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Has everything to get you around
In comfort and style.
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00:11:21,827 --> 00:11:24,206
It can't help you
With your swing,
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00:11:24,206 --> 00:11:27,241
But it canget you
To the next hole in a jiffy.
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00:11:28,965 --> 00:11:32,413
To make a golf car, the first
Step is to build the frame
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00:11:32,413 --> 00:11:34,724
With lightweight
Aluminum I-beams.
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00:11:34,724 --> 00:11:37,137
They go through
Two separate machines
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00:11:37,137 --> 00:11:39,241
To bend them into shape.
164
00:11:40,896 --> 00:11:43,241
Metal forms
Press down into vinyl
165
00:11:43,241 --> 00:11:46,965
And stretch it into the shape
Of the front and back seats.
166
00:11:50,689 --> 00:11:54,068
Workers cut and staple the vinyl
Over a plywood base
167
00:11:54,068 --> 00:11:56,793
Covered with a layer
Of foam padding.
168
00:11:56,793 --> 00:11:58,551
They trim away the excess vinyl
169
00:11:58,551 --> 00:12:01,275
And set the finished seats
Aside.
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00:12:05,655 --> 00:12:08,379
Now it's time
To assemble the power train.
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00:12:08,379 --> 00:12:11,517
Here, workers place an axle
Onto the differential,
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00:12:11,517 --> 00:12:14,172
Which rotates the wheels.
173
00:12:17,862 --> 00:12:20,620
They cover it
With a staff ring...
174
00:12:20,620 --> 00:12:24,482
Then bolt the car's
48-volt electric motor
175
00:12:24,482 --> 00:12:26,344
Onto the transaxle,
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00:12:26,344 --> 00:12:31,586
The assembled transmission,
Differential, and drive axle.
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00:12:31,586 --> 00:12:34,517
They assemble the car's frame
On a fixture,
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00:12:34,517 --> 00:12:39,034
Starting with the driver side,
Then the passenger side...
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00:12:39,034 --> 00:12:43,000
Then the center I-beam that
Holds the two sides together.
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00:12:45,862 --> 00:12:48,965
They set the assembled frame
Onto the power train
181
00:12:48,965 --> 00:12:52,310
And bolt the car's front
Suspension mechanism onto it.
182
00:12:54,586 --> 00:12:57,724
As the car moves on
To the next assembly station,
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00:12:57,724 --> 00:12:59,620
A plastic underbody comes down
184
00:12:59,620 --> 00:13:02,448
To cover
The front part of the frame.
185
00:13:02,448 --> 00:13:06,241
Workers now set in the
Accelerator and brake pedal.
186
00:13:06,241 --> 00:13:09,206
Then they lower
The power compartment
187
00:13:09,206 --> 00:13:12,689
That holds the car's battery
At the vehicle's rear.
188
00:13:15,586 --> 00:13:19,551
They connect the battery to the
Motor with four separate wires,
189
00:13:19,551 --> 00:13:22,413
Then hook them up
To the electric control module
190
00:13:22,413 --> 00:13:24,413
That commands the engine.
191
00:13:24,413 --> 00:13:26,413
Now they can cover
The rear working parts
192
00:13:26,413 --> 00:13:28,068
With the plastic underbody.
193
00:13:30,655 --> 00:13:32,896
The underbody
Provides the support
194
00:13:32,896 --> 00:13:35,655
On which to install
The car's working parts,
195
00:13:35,655 --> 00:13:39,724
Like this pedal mechanism
Or the steering column.
196
00:13:40,862 --> 00:13:42,724
All the electric tools
That apply torque
197
00:13:42,724 --> 00:13:44,758
Are computer-monitored.
198
00:13:44,758 --> 00:13:46,655
If the amount of torque applied
199
00:13:46,655 --> 00:13:49,724
At any of the 130
Assembly stations is incorrect,
200
00:13:49,724 --> 00:13:53,793
The system prevents the car from
Advancing to the next station
201
00:13:53,793 --> 00:13:55,482
Until they get it right.
202
00:13:55,482 --> 00:13:58,482
This eliminates any problems
That might arise
203
00:13:58,482 --> 00:14:01,862
With over-tightened
Or loose bolts.
204
00:14:08,241 --> 00:14:10,586
Workers now tighten
The battery wires,
205
00:14:10,586 --> 00:14:12,206
Then check the accelerator.
206
00:14:12,206 --> 00:14:16,344
Golf cars may not attain speeds
Higher than 15 miles per hour
207
00:14:16,344 --> 00:14:19,275
In compliance
With industry regulations.
208
00:14:21,517 --> 00:14:23,758
Next, they set in
The front and back seats
209
00:14:23,758 --> 00:14:26,862
That fit snugly into
The molded plastic rear body
210
00:14:26,862 --> 00:14:30,310
And screw in the front fascia
That covers the underbody.
211
00:14:33,517 --> 00:14:35,448
They set the brake rod in place,
212
00:14:35,448 --> 00:14:38,172
Make sure it moves
The brake pedal properly,
213
00:14:38,172 --> 00:14:39,344
And tighten it.
214
00:14:41,206 --> 00:14:43,965
The screen located overhead
215
00:14:43,965 --> 00:14:47,172
Indicates when they've applied
Just the right amount of torque.
216
00:14:49,172 --> 00:14:52,068
Finally,
They hammer in the hubcaps
217
00:14:52,068 --> 00:14:54,620
And set in
The front beauty panel,
218
00:14:54,620 --> 00:14:57,103
Also made of molded plastic.
219
00:14:57,103 --> 00:15:02,137
The car's now fully assembled
And ready to roll.
220
00:15:02,137 --> 00:15:05,068
The finished golf cars
Offload automatically
221
00:15:05,068 --> 00:15:08,310
From the assembly line
Thanks to a hydraulic lift.
222
00:15:12,379 --> 00:15:15,551
They get a final inspection
From every angle --
223
00:15:15,551 --> 00:15:17,551
Even under the seat.
224
00:15:24,896 --> 00:15:28,862
Finally, workers drive them
To an outdoor lot.
225
00:15:28,862 --> 00:15:31,206
No worries --
Their aluminum chassis
226
00:15:31,206 --> 00:15:34,827
Ensures they can endure even
The harshest weather conditions.
227
00:15:34,827 --> 00:15:37,310
Soon,
They'll carry eager golfers
228
00:15:37,310 --> 00:15:40,482
Across courses
Throughout the world.
229
00:15:54,068 --> 00:15:55,896
Narrator:
An airship is basically
A large helium balloon
230
00:15:55,896 --> 00:15:57,482
With an engine for propulsion.
231
00:15:57,482 --> 00:16:01,448
The passengers and crew ride in
A gondola suspended underneath.
232
00:16:01,448 --> 00:16:03,931
When there's an inside frame
Supporting it,
233
00:16:03,931 --> 00:16:05,965
The airship
Is called a rigid type.
234
00:16:05,965 --> 00:16:08,068
When there's no framework,
235
00:16:08,068 --> 00:16:11,241
It's called a nonrigid type,
Or blimp.
236
00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:17,551
The envelope material
237
00:16:17,551 --> 00:16:21,448
Is made of five polyester-based
Fabrics bonded together.
238
00:16:21,448 --> 00:16:26,034
It's lightweight, yet resistant
To harsh weather and u.V. Rays.
239
00:16:26,034 --> 00:16:29,068
The crew inflates the envelope
With helium,
240
00:16:29,068 --> 00:16:31,758
An inert, nonflammable gas.
241
00:16:31,758 --> 00:16:33,793
At the back of the envelope
242
00:16:33,793 --> 00:16:37,448
Are a rudder and fins
For steering.
243
00:16:37,448 --> 00:16:39,965
The factory constructs
Each fin's frame
244
00:16:39,965 --> 00:16:43,241
Out of tough,
Lightweight carbon fiber.
245
00:16:43,241 --> 00:16:45,862
Workers coat it with adhesive,
246
00:16:45,862 --> 00:16:48,068
Then apply
A polyester aircraft fabric,
247
00:16:48,068 --> 00:16:52,137
Adding extra adhesive
To seal the seams.
248
00:16:58,206 --> 00:16:59,931
Then, using an iron,
249
00:16:59,931 --> 00:17:03,586
They heat-shrink the fabric
Until it's taut.
250
00:17:05,448 --> 00:17:10,103
They repeat this process with
Two additional layers of fabric,
251
00:17:10,103 --> 00:17:12,517
Then paint it white.
252
00:17:16,310 --> 00:17:18,241
They mount the fins
To the airship envelope
253
00:17:18,241 --> 00:17:21,275
With a combination
Of steel cables and rope.
254
00:17:21,275 --> 00:17:23,275
The steel cables are rigid,
255
00:17:23,275 --> 00:17:26,896
But the rope has some give when
The envelope flexes in flight.
256
00:17:31,275 --> 00:17:33,379
A system of cables and pulleys
257
00:17:33,379 --> 00:17:37,068
Connect the rudder and fin
To the cockpit.
258
00:17:37,068 --> 00:17:40,517
The pilot manipulates them
With yokes.
259
00:17:40,517 --> 00:17:43,000
The flaps
Control up-and-down movement,
260
00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:45,965
The rudder, sideways movement.
261
00:17:48,310 --> 00:17:51,965
Engineers inspect the envelope
Inside and out for pinholes
262
00:17:51,965 --> 00:17:54,275
To ensure
No helium can leak out.
263
00:17:56,344 --> 00:17:57,896
To repair a pinhole,
264
00:17:57,896 --> 00:18:01,448
Technicians first cover it
With a piece of tape,
265
00:18:01,448 --> 00:18:04,965
Then brush on some adhesive
In a circular pattern.
266
00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:10,931
They apply a circular patch
267
00:18:10,931 --> 00:18:14,448
Made of the same five-layer
Fabric as the envelope.
268
00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:19,344
Using a spatula, they push out
Air and excess glue
269
00:18:19,344 --> 00:18:22,241
To ensure airtight adhesion.
270
00:18:22,241 --> 00:18:25,896
The airship runs
On two gasoline-powered engines.
271
00:18:25,896 --> 00:18:27,862
Workers hoist them
Into the engine bay
272
00:18:27,862 --> 00:18:29,379
At the back of the gondola.
273
00:18:31,758 --> 00:18:36,413
The propeller's sharp blades are
Encased in a duct for safety.
274
00:18:36,413 --> 00:18:39,689
One propeller goes on each side.
275
00:18:42,620 --> 00:18:44,620
The blades
Of the propeller pivot
276
00:18:44,620 --> 00:18:46,793
To move the airship in reverse
277
00:18:46,793 --> 00:18:49,896
Without having to stop
The engine.
278
00:18:49,896 --> 00:18:53,482
The cockpit electrical panel
Has gas-management gauges
279
00:18:53,482 --> 00:18:57,206
Because as the airship rises,
The helium expands.
280
00:18:57,206 --> 00:19:00,655
So the pilot has to reduce
Air pressure inside the envelope
281
00:19:00,655 --> 00:19:02,758
To keep it from bursting.
282
00:19:02,758 --> 00:19:06,206
In a pinch, the pilot can also
Open a valve to vent helium.
283
00:19:08,034 --> 00:19:09,965
To test the helium valve,
284
00:19:09,965 --> 00:19:12,724
Technicians
Blow in pressurized air
285
00:19:12,724 --> 00:19:14,793
While brushing liquid
Along the edge.
286
00:19:14,793 --> 00:19:19,068
Any bubbles indicate leaks
That need sealing.
287
00:19:19,068 --> 00:19:22,482
The valve opens and closes
With levers and cables.
288
00:19:22,482 --> 00:19:25,344
Unlike electronic controls,
289
00:19:25,344 --> 00:19:28,862
Cables can be repaired in midair
If something breaks.
290
00:19:31,896 --> 00:19:33,551
Inside the envelope,
291
00:19:33,551 --> 00:19:36,758
They install air sacks
Called ballonets,
292
00:19:36,758 --> 00:19:39,206
The gray areas in this diagram.
293
00:19:39,206 --> 00:19:42,413
The pilot deflates the ballonets
To rise
294
00:19:42,413 --> 00:19:44,620
And inflates them to descend.
295
00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:49,827
Workers attach
The envelope and gondola
296
00:19:49,827 --> 00:19:51,931
With cables, belts, and braces
297
00:19:51,931 --> 00:19:55,586
And fill a ballast tank
Under the gondola with water.
298
00:19:55,586 --> 00:19:56,896
In an emergency,
299
00:19:56,896 --> 00:20:01,000
The crew can dump the water
For a boost of buoyancy.
300
00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:04,724
The gondola also has
Compartments for shot bags,
301
00:20:04,724 --> 00:20:07,655
22-pound bags of lead.
302
00:20:07,655 --> 00:20:11,068
Before takeoff,
The pilot checks the weight
303
00:20:11,068 --> 00:20:13,896
With passengers, equipment,
And fuel on board.
304
00:20:13,896 --> 00:20:16,000
Then the crew
Loads enough shot bags
305
00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:18,310
To balance the airship.
306
00:20:19,689 --> 00:20:23,068
To park the airship,
They lock its nose onto a mast.
307
00:20:31,103 --> 00:20:33,103
Just before flight time,
308
00:20:33,103 --> 00:20:35,931
A truck tows the mast
Out of the hangar.
309
00:20:35,931 --> 00:20:38,310
Then it's all hands on deck.
310
00:20:38,310 --> 00:20:43,379
Well, actually, all hands
On gondola, until takeoff.
311
00:20:53,551 --> 00:20:56,000
If you have any comments
About the show,
312
00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:58,965
Or if you'd like to suggest
Topics for future shows,
313
00:20:58,965 --> 00:21:01,310
Drop us a line at...
25191
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