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--captions by vitac--
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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Narrator: you can sense the
Difference between hot and cold,
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00:00:55,206 --> 00:00:57,655
But a thermometer
Puts a number on it.
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00:00:57,655 --> 00:00:59,482
The concept is simple --
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00:00:59,482 --> 00:01:01,655
Heat causes liquid to expand,
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00:01:01,655 --> 00:01:05,724
Forcing it up a glass column
With a scale attached to it.
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00:01:05,724 --> 00:01:10,586
Italy's galileo came up
With the idea in 1593.
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Incredibly,
These century-old thermometers
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Can still tell the temperature.
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00:01:19,241 --> 00:01:23,103
But modern versions
Are a bit more precise.
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00:01:23,103 --> 00:01:27,034
To make one, they clamp
Glass tubing onto a carousel.
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00:01:29,206 --> 00:01:33,620
As it spins, torches heat
The center of the hollow glass,
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00:01:33,620 --> 00:01:37,137
While below,
The operator pumps air into it.
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00:01:37,137 --> 00:01:40,689
This causes the melted glass
To blister.
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00:01:42,275 --> 00:01:44,620
They break the tubing
At the blister,
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00:01:44,620 --> 00:01:47,482
Creating two tubes
With funnel-shaped openings.
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00:01:48,206 --> 00:01:50,827
They anchor a shorter
Glass cylinder on a turntable
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00:01:50,827 --> 00:01:55,034
And suspend one of the
Funnel-mouth tubes above it.
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The tubes spin in concert
As torches melt them together.
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00:01:59,620 --> 00:02:01,137
The funnel ensures
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00:02:01,137 --> 00:02:04,241
That the melting doesn't close
The hollow tube.
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00:02:04,241 --> 00:02:08,827
Another torch now aims
Further down the cylinder.
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00:02:08,827 --> 00:02:12,965
It seals the end
And shapes it into a ball.
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00:02:12,965 --> 00:02:15,965
To test a sample
Of the production run,
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00:02:15,965 --> 00:02:19,137
They heat the entire length
Of the tubing.
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00:02:19,137 --> 00:02:21,241
This creates vacuum pressure
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00:02:21,241 --> 00:02:23,965
So that when they place
The open end in liquid wax,
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00:02:23,965 --> 00:02:27,517
The tubing sips it up
Like a straw.
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00:02:27,517 --> 00:02:30,379
By watching the liquid ascend,
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00:02:30,379 --> 00:02:32,965
They confirm that the
Thermometer fills as it should
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00:02:32,965 --> 00:02:35,862
And has the right dimensions.
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00:02:39,689 --> 00:02:43,068
Next, the glass tubing
Swirls on a carousel
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00:02:43,068 --> 00:02:46,103
As flames and forced air
Work together
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00:02:46,103 --> 00:02:48,103
To form a longer blister.
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00:02:48,103 --> 00:02:51,137
Again, they break the tubing
At the blister.
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00:02:53,310 --> 00:02:55,275
This blister creates openings
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00:02:55,275 --> 00:02:58,448
That allow them
To snake a narrow, hollow wire
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00:02:58,448 --> 00:03:01,620
Through the tubing,
Joining the two sections.
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00:03:01,620 --> 00:03:04,793
Flames melt and seal the glass
Around the wire.
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00:03:04,793 --> 00:03:07,379
This is called
A glass-to-metal weld,
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00:03:07,379 --> 00:03:10,896
And it creates
A more flexible thermometer.
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00:03:13,689 --> 00:03:18,310
They cool the welded glass
And wire on a conveyor.
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00:03:18,310 --> 00:03:21,931
Next, they turn on a vacuum pump
For several hours
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00:03:21,931 --> 00:03:25,034
To pull the air out of the wire
And tubing.
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00:03:25,034 --> 00:03:27,689
This draws
The blue liquid wax up,
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00:03:27,689 --> 00:03:30,137
But this time,
It's not a test.
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00:03:30,137 --> 00:03:33,344
The wax is a nontoxic
Alternative to mercury
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00:03:33,344 --> 00:03:36,103
That will expand and contract
With changing temperature.
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00:03:36,103 --> 00:03:39,482
The thermometers now travel
Through chilled alcohol,
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00:03:39,482 --> 00:03:41,137
Shrinking the blue liquid
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00:03:41,137 --> 00:03:44,793
Down to the closed end
Of the thermometer.
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As the tubing turns,
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Flames follow the top end
To melt and close it.
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A heat gun below
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00:03:52,137 --> 00:03:53,862
Then drives the liquid
Up the tubing,
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And the air pressure
Creates a bubble in the end
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00:03:56,551 --> 00:03:58,000
That was just closed.
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This bubble will be the
Thermometer's expansion chamber.
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00:04:01,034 --> 00:04:03,862
They plunge the thermometers
In ice water
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To calibrate the bulb liquid
To 32 degrees fahrenheit.
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They scratch the glass
At that mark.
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00:04:10,034 --> 00:04:13,034
Next, the thermometers
Warm up in a bath
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Set at 200 degrees fahrenheit.
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The blue liquid shoots up,
And they make another scratch.
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00:04:26,551 --> 00:04:29,586
They align the two scratches
In the thermometer
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With markings on a printed grid.
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00:04:31,551 --> 00:04:34,862
The distance between
The two scratches often varies,
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00:04:34,862 --> 00:04:37,172
So by measuring against
This grid,
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They can calibrate
The thermometer.
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00:04:42,655 --> 00:04:47,344
They then match the thermometer
With the corresponding scale.
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00:04:48,827 --> 00:04:52,137
They install the top section
Of the thermometer in a case
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00:04:52,137 --> 00:04:54,758
Which can be metal or plastic.
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00:04:56,275 --> 00:04:59,206
They then choose
The appropriate scale
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00:04:59,206 --> 00:05:02,724
And slide it between
The glass tubing and case.
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00:05:02,724 --> 00:05:06,068
They wrap part of the wire
Capillary around a joint
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00:05:06,068 --> 00:05:07,827
And then cap it.
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00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:13,172
The sensor bulb
Of this thermometer will be used
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00:05:13,172 --> 00:05:16,482
To gauge the temperature
Inside industrial piping.
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00:05:16,482 --> 00:05:18,724
So they protect it
With a metal sleeve
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Called a bulb chamber.
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A glass window slides easily
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Into the grooves of the casing.
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00:05:25,241 --> 00:05:28,172
A plastic cap
Is the finishing touch.
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00:05:31,310 --> 00:05:34,275
And now these thermometers
Are ready to gauge
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The highs and lows
Of industrial processing,
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And they're sure
To measure up to expectations.
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Narrator: much of what you buy
In the produce department
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Of your supermarket
Is sold by weight.
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00:05:56,689 --> 00:05:59,517
So the store usually hangs
A scale at the end of the aisle
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00:05:59,517 --> 00:06:01,482
On which you can weigh
Your purchase
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00:06:01,482 --> 00:06:03,344
Before heading off
To the checkout.
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This is typically
A type of scale
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00:06:05,137 --> 00:06:06,586
With fairly simple mechanics.
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00:06:06,586 --> 00:06:08,620
Internal springs spin a pointer
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To the correct weight mark
On a dial.
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The weight of produce
Hanging in the pan
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00:06:17,379 --> 00:06:20,034
Pulls on a pair of springs
Inside the scale.
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00:06:20,034 --> 00:06:23,620
They move the various internal
Components that turn the pointer
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To the corresponding weight mark
On the dial.
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00:06:26,758 --> 00:06:28,517
To make the scale's frame,
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A press stamps a steel plate
Five times,
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Progressively cutting
And bending it
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Into the final frame shape.
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00:06:37,655 --> 00:06:40,586
A washer goes
Into each steel spring.
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They turn it up or down
To adjust the spring's tension.
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00:06:43,482 --> 00:06:47,310
That's how they'll calibrate
The scale later.
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00:06:47,310 --> 00:06:50,620
The top part of each spring
Will bolt to the frame,
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00:06:50,620 --> 00:06:53,172
And the bottom part
To this slider --
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A long metal component
With weight markings.
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00:06:59,275 --> 00:07:02,379
Next, they attach a component
Called a rack
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To one end of the slider,
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00:07:04,137 --> 00:07:07,724
Securing the screw tightly
With thread-locking fluid.
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00:07:11,793 --> 00:07:15,689
The rack's teeth will mesh with
This pinion gear and turn it.
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00:07:15,689 --> 00:07:19,137
They install one end
Of the pinion into the frame.
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Then they screw on
A metal bridge
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To support the other end.
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They insert the slider
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00:07:27,034 --> 00:07:30,034
With the rack attached
Through the bridge.
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00:07:30,034 --> 00:07:33,482
Now when you pull on the slider,
The pinion turns.
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00:07:34,689 --> 00:07:38,241
Next, they attach the springs
To the frame and slider.
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00:07:38,241 --> 00:07:40,655
Each spring
In this imperial scale
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00:07:40,655 --> 00:07:42,862
Supports up to 20 pounds,
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00:07:42,862 --> 00:07:44,758
Making this a 40-pound scale.
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00:07:44,758 --> 00:07:47,068
When weight
Pulls on the springs,
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They move the rack,
Which turns the pinion,
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00:07:49,931 --> 00:07:52,931
Which rotates
The scale's pointer.
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00:07:52,931 --> 00:07:56,586
A press stamps out the dial face
From a steel plate.
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00:07:59,379 --> 00:08:01,172
After painting it white,
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00:08:01,172 --> 00:08:04,965
They print on the markings
With a silk-screen press.
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00:08:07,137 --> 00:08:08,689
They insert a spring
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00:08:08,689 --> 00:08:12,206
To prevent the rack
From slipping on the pinion.
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00:08:12,206 --> 00:08:15,275
Then they put the face
Over the bridge
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00:08:15,275 --> 00:08:19,586
So that the pinion protrudes
Through a hole in the middle.
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00:08:19,586 --> 00:08:22,068
A guide helps them align
The face
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00:08:22,068 --> 00:08:24,655
So that the zero will be
In the right spot.
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00:08:24,655 --> 00:08:29,172
Then they tighten two screws
To attach the face.
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00:08:29,172 --> 00:08:32,827
A press stamps the pointer
From a thin sheet of aluminum.
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00:08:34,172 --> 00:08:37,241
Using a special tool,
They twist the end,
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00:08:37,241 --> 00:08:40,896
Forming a thin tip
That won't obscure the fine line
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00:08:40,896 --> 00:08:44,206
To which the pointer's pointing.
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00:08:49,068 --> 00:08:52,689
Next, a coat of red paint
So the pointer will stand out
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00:08:52,689 --> 00:08:55,689
Against
The black-and-white face.
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Once the paint's dry,
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00:09:00,034 --> 00:09:03,137
They mallet the pointer
Onto the pinion.
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00:09:03,137 --> 00:09:05,827
Now they hang the pan
On the scale
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00:09:05,827 --> 00:09:07,965
And turn a little screw
In the slider
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00:09:07,965 --> 00:09:09,965
To adjust the pointer to zero.
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00:09:09,965 --> 00:09:13,413
This ensures the scale
Will weigh just the produce
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00:09:13,413 --> 00:09:15,896
Rather than the produce
And the pan.
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00:09:18,758 --> 00:09:20,896
Now they calibrate the scale.
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00:09:20,896 --> 00:09:24,827
To do this, they load it
With weights to full capacity,
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00:09:24,827 --> 00:09:27,206
Which is 40 pounds
For this scale.
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00:09:31,448 --> 00:09:35,413
If the pointer doesn't indicate
40 pounds on the nose,
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00:09:35,413 --> 00:09:37,655
They turn the washer
In each spring
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00:09:37,655 --> 00:09:39,206
To adjust the resistance.
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00:09:43,931 --> 00:09:47,344
Then they adjust the pointer
Back to zero again.
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This is what they call
A double-dial scale,
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00:09:58,655 --> 00:10:01,965
Meaning it has a face
And pointer on each side.
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00:10:01,965 --> 00:10:06,275
They install the second dial on
The opposite end of the pinion
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00:10:06,275 --> 00:10:09,275
So that the two pointers
Move in unison.
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They close up the space
Between the two dials
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00:10:12,862 --> 00:10:15,206
With a strip of white plastic.
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00:10:15,206 --> 00:10:17,310
This sash ring, as it's called,
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Has grooves for the dials
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00:10:19,103 --> 00:10:23,000
And for the transparent plastic
Cover that goes over them.
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00:10:23,827 --> 00:10:27,068
Hanging scales can have dials
Or digital readouts,
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00:10:27,068 --> 00:10:30,000
And they come
In a wide range of capacities,
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00:10:30,000 --> 00:10:33,551
From your common 20-pound,
Or 10-kilogram, grocery model,
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00:10:33,551 --> 00:10:38,517
To heavy-duty 600-pound,
Or 272-kilo, scales
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Designed to pull their weight
In industry.
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Narrator:
The stresses of flight are hard
On an aircraft's paint job.
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Ice, rain, and other
Environmental factors
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Can soon make an aircraft
Look travel-weary.
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00:11:02,034 --> 00:11:04,620
Regular paint jobs
Are just the ticket
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00:11:04,620 --> 00:11:07,344
When it comes
To keeping up appearances.
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00:11:07,344 --> 00:11:10,793
They also help maintain
The integrity of the airframe.
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00:11:14,965 --> 00:11:18,448
Problems may lurk beneath
The old paint of an aircraft.
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00:11:18,448 --> 00:11:23,517
Stripping it off can expose
Weaknesses in the aluminum skin.
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They brush on
A powerful chemical solution.
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The paint bubbles off,
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00:11:29,689 --> 00:11:33,655
Baring the aluminum and
Any small holes or dents in it.
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00:11:36,758 --> 00:11:38,793
They seal the windows and doors
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00:11:38,793 --> 00:11:41,689
And wrap sensitive components
Like antennas
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00:11:41,689 --> 00:11:45,000
To protect them during stripping
And pre-painting.
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00:11:51,379 --> 00:11:54,517
Back to those flaws
On the exposed aluminum.
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00:11:54,517 --> 00:11:56,000
A production manager
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00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:59,172
Flags any damage or corrosion
With blue tape.
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00:12:02,862 --> 00:12:06,379
A technician then mixes
A two-part aerodynamic filler.
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00:12:06,379 --> 00:12:08,655
He works quickly
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00:12:08,655 --> 00:12:11,724
Because the compound will harden
In minutes.
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00:12:11,724 --> 00:12:15,068
He spreads the filler
On the defects
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00:12:15,068 --> 00:12:18,275
Flagged by
The production manager.
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00:12:18,275 --> 00:12:22,172
The repair job smoothes
The surface for painting
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00:12:22,172 --> 00:12:26,344
And makes the airframe
Stronger and more aerodynamic.
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00:12:29,206 --> 00:12:32,586
This aircraft has been primed
And sanded.
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00:12:32,586 --> 00:12:35,758
Now technicians blow off
All the dust.
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00:12:40,551 --> 00:12:44,068
They also wipe it down
With adhesive cloths.
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00:12:44,068 --> 00:12:47,448
This intensive cleaning
Is crucial.
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00:12:47,448 --> 00:12:49,793
The plane
Has to be squeaky-clean
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00:12:49,793 --> 00:12:52,241
Or the paint
Won't adhere properly.
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00:12:55,275 --> 00:12:58,931
Next, they prepare
An additional primer.
203
00:13:00,413 --> 00:13:03,482
They spray it on areas
That need more coverage
204
00:13:03,482 --> 00:13:06,448
And around parts
That will get a lot of wear.
205
00:13:11,275 --> 00:13:13,793
They then mix polyurethane paint
206
00:13:13,793 --> 00:13:16,896
With various catalysts
And activators.
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00:13:16,896 --> 00:13:19,275
It's a special aircraft blend.
208
00:13:19,275 --> 00:13:21,793
Jets can be jumbo-sized,
Of course,
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00:13:21,793 --> 00:13:25,034
So they often prep and paint
A section at a time,
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00:13:25,034 --> 00:13:26,931
Sometimes on different days.
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00:13:26,931 --> 00:13:28,689
They're now working
On the fuselage and tail.
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00:13:28,689 --> 00:13:30,482
Respirators and full-body gear
213
00:13:30,482 --> 00:13:32,827
Protect them
From the hazardous fumes
214
00:13:32,827 --> 00:13:35,689
As they work from the top
Of the aircraft down.
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00:13:35,689 --> 00:13:38,620
A warm, low-humidity environment
Is essential
216
00:13:38,620 --> 00:13:41,034
To allow the paint
To cure properly.
217
00:13:41,034 --> 00:13:43,448
And they'll adjust
The paint formula
218
00:13:43,448 --> 00:13:46,379
To compensate
When conditions aren't optimal.
219
00:13:50,172 --> 00:13:53,137
An aircraft usually gets
Two to three coats,
220
00:13:53,137 --> 00:13:56,517
Resulting in
A high-gloss finish.
221
00:14:02,551 --> 00:14:04,275
While it dries,
222
00:14:04,275 --> 00:14:06,793
A technician demonstrates
For our camera
223
00:14:06,793 --> 00:14:09,758
The process of painting stripes
Onto an aircraft.
224
00:14:09,758 --> 00:14:12,482
He maps out the paint scheme
With tape,
225
00:14:12,482 --> 00:14:14,448
Then peels away some of it.
226
00:14:17,827 --> 00:14:22,068
He spray-paints
The exposed sections.
227
00:14:22,068 --> 00:14:23,655
He peels off more tape
228
00:14:23,655 --> 00:14:26,620
And then covers
The freshly painted stripes
229
00:14:26,620 --> 00:14:28,137
With protective paper
230
00:14:28,137 --> 00:14:31,206
So he can spray another color
Onto the plane.
231
00:14:33,586 --> 00:14:36,344
He pulls back
The final pieces of tape,
232
00:14:36,344 --> 00:14:39,758
And this job passes
With flying colors.
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00:14:44,517 --> 00:14:46,586
They do some final detail work
234
00:14:46,586 --> 00:14:49,689
To make sure the lines
Are clean and crisp.
235
00:14:49,689 --> 00:14:51,655
After all, appearances count
236
00:14:51,655 --> 00:14:54,965
In the high-flying world
Of international travel.
237
00:15:03,172 --> 00:15:06,655
Even very tiny imperfections
Won't be tolerated.
238
00:15:06,655 --> 00:15:10,379
Using fine-grit sandpaper,
They make them disappear.
239
00:15:10,379 --> 00:15:14,034
It can take four weeks
And 1,800 person-hours
240
00:15:14,034 --> 00:15:16,655
To repaint a large jet.
241
00:15:19,689 --> 00:15:23,413
And when it comes to price,
The sky's the limit.
242
00:15:23,413 --> 00:15:27,827
The least expensive jobs cost
Tens of thousands of dollars.
243
00:15:27,827 --> 00:15:31,068
So the customer
Has the final say.
244
00:15:31,068 --> 00:15:33,172
The handshake means
245
00:15:33,172 --> 00:15:38,172
This plane is ready to model
Its new look on the runway.
246
00:15:53,620 --> 00:15:55,344
Narrator:
Bite into a luxury chocolate,
247
00:15:55,344 --> 00:15:58,068
And you'll get a taste of one
Of the finer things in life.
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Each one tastes different
From the next,
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And it's that element
Of surprise
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That keeps us
Coming back for more.
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Of course you could consult
The index on the box,
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But that would spoil the fun.
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Ever since chocolate
Was discovered,
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People have had
A craving for it.
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00:16:19,965 --> 00:16:22,655
Today's luxury chocolates
Take our addiction
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To a whole new level.
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They add marshmallow cream
And lots of pure butter
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00:16:29,862 --> 00:16:31,724
To a mix of sugar and corn syrup
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00:16:31,724 --> 00:16:34,103
To whip up
Some buttercream chocolates.
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00:16:36,241 --> 00:16:39,310
Water, vanilla,
And a special yeast enzyme
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Complete the recipe.
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00:16:41,034 --> 00:16:44,241
The enzyme will enhance
The creaminess.
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00:16:46,689 --> 00:16:50,103
They tuck the buttercream
Between ridged rollers,
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00:16:50,103 --> 00:16:52,724
Which shape it
Into creamy columns.
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00:16:52,724 --> 00:16:57,206
A wire slices them
Into bite-sized morsels.
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00:17:03,862 --> 00:17:07,241
They tamp the buttercreams
To a uniform height.
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00:17:08,551 --> 00:17:12,344
Chocolate oozes up through
The slats of this conveyor
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00:17:12,344 --> 00:17:14,586
To coat the bottoms
Of the creams.
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00:17:14,586 --> 00:17:18,586
Then it's on
To a cool surface to solidify.
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00:17:18,586 --> 00:17:23,103
Next, the creams travel through
Two curtains of chocolate
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00:17:23,103 --> 00:17:26,000
While being coated
On the bottoms again.
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00:17:30,551 --> 00:17:34,448
A worker uses her fingers
To make a symbol on the top.
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00:17:34,448 --> 00:17:38,034
It's a clue as to what's inside.
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00:17:38,034 --> 00:17:41,620
A trip through a
24 1/2-foot-long cooling tunnel
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00:17:41,620 --> 00:17:45,103
Hardens the chocolate,
And it's a feast for the eyes.
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00:17:45,103 --> 00:17:47,103
You can look, but don't taste.
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00:17:47,103 --> 00:17:50,758
These chocolates
Are headed to the stockroom.
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00:17:50,758 --> 00:17:54,448
Now production
Takes a sweet turn
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00:17:54,448 --> 00:17:56,896
As they cook up
A caramel filling.
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00:17:56,896 --> 00:17:59,241
They add sugar and salt
To water,
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00:17:59,241 --> 00:18:02,551
Followed by corn syrup
And a lot of heavy cream.
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00:18:05,896 --> 00:18:10,379
They fire up the burner
And turn on the mixer.
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00:18:11,517 --> 00:18:14,172
They add butter to enhance
The flavor.
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00:18:14,172 --> 00:18:16,931
As the mix
Comes to a bubbling boil,
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00:18:16,931 --> 00:18:18,655
It caramelizes.
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00:18:18,655 --> 00:18:20,689
Then they kill the heat.
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00:18:20,689 --> 00:18:24,827
Otherwise, the next ingredient,
Pure vanilla, would evaporate.
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00:18:30,965 --> 00:18:34,344
They apply a nonstick substance
To a big pan,
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00:18:34,344 --> 00:18:38,172
Then pour the caramel into it.
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00:18:41,551 --> 00:18:45,517
They leave it to set overnight.
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00:18:45,517 --> 00:18:49,448
The next day, they divide
The caramel slab into squares.
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00:18:59,379 --> 00:19:01,379
They feed the caramel squares
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00:19:01,379 --> 00:19:03,896
Into a device
With circular knives.
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00:19:03,896 --> 00:19:06,137
It's called a gang cutter,
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00:19:06,137 --> 00:19:08,689
And it slices the squares
Into strips.
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00:19:08,689 --> 00:19:12,000
They turn
The sliced square sideways,
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00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:13,827
And it goes
Through the gang cutter again
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00:19:13,827 --> 00:19:16,103
To create caramel cubes.
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00:19:16,103 --> 00:19:19,793
They dust the caramels
With starch
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00:19:19,793 --> 00:19:22,137
So they won't stick
To each other
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00:19:22,137 --> 00:19:24,724
As they go through
The chocolate-coating system.
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00:19:30,862 --> 00:19:34,482
And that's how they get
The caramel in the chocolate.
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00:19:34,482 --> 00:19:37,172
To make
Cordial-cherry chocolates,
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00:19:37,172 --> 00:19:40,551
They load the cherries
Into a revolving pan.
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00:19:40,551 --> 00:19:44,344
They add sugar crystals,
And as the cherries roll around,
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00:19:44,344 --> 00:19:46,586
They get an even coating.
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00:19:50,137 --> 00:19:51,655
Along with the sugar,
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00:19:51,655 --> 00:19:54,724
These cherries have been coated
With a special enzyme.
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00:19:54,724 --> 00:19:57,931
It will turn the sugar to liquid
Over the next 10 days
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00:19:57,931 --> 00:20:00,551
For a juicer cherry taste.
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00:20:00,551 --> 00:20:02,793
The enzyme effect
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00:20:02,793 --> 00:20:05,655
Is why the cherries get
An extra coating of chocolate.
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00:20:05,655 --> 00:20:09,965
It creates a solid shell
That contains the sugary liquid.
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00:20:14,758 --> 00:20:19,068
And now they're ready
For cherry-picking chocoholics.
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00:20:20,482 --> 00:20:24,689
Each box of chocolates contains
18 to 20 different varieties.
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00:20:24,689 --> 00:20:27,896
Since they make
Three to four flavors a day,
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00:20:27,896 --> 00:20:29,517
It can take up to a week
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00:20:29,517 --> 00:20:32,344
To produce one of these
Luxury assortments.
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00:20:34,517 --> 00:20:37,206
Of course, they'll be devoured
In no time at all.
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00:20:37,206 --> 00:20:41,206
For the customer,
It's one sweet deal.
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00:20:52,620 --> 00:20:55,310
If you have any comments
About the show,
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00:20:55,310 --> 00:20:57,931
Or if you'd like to suggest
Topics for future shows,
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00:20:57,931 --> 00:21:01,517
Drop us a line at...
26113
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