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For three years, Julius Caesar
has been fighting a bloody civil war
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for control of the Roman Republic,
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against his former ally
Pompey the Great.
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But now, Pompey is dead.
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And Caesar gives thanks to the
gods for his victory.
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He will soon return to Rome.
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At stake is how Rome is going
to be governed from now on.
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It's one thing to win,
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but what's he going to do
with his victory?
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Caesar has grand plans.
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He wants to rule Rome's vast empire
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and restore the city of
his birth to greatness.
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But, in less than two years,
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Caesar will be dead...
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..and the Roman Republic
will lie in ruins.
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At the heart of the most powerful
empire in the ancient world
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stands Rome.
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For 500 years, it was ruled
by elected government.
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But, in a little over a decade,
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this republic was overthrown
by the ambitions of one man.
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The story of Caesar is
an incredibly enduring one.
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The resonance of it is so powerful.
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It remains the most thrilling,
the most extraordinary
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political story in Western history.
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Now, historians and experts
who understand the nature
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of political power
will chart his rise...
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He's so smart, he just knows how
to use his opportunities.
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..and ask how an individual
can push a centuries-old
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political system to breaking point.
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Julius Caesar is the most
dangerous kind of demagogue.
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This is the story of how ambition
turns to tyranny...
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He's a disgrace in every single way.
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He's immoral, he's irreligious,
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and he's a potential tyrant.
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..and how a dictator is born.
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The awful lesson is that,
in the end,
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a populist can corrupt
an entire state.
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For every other political system
that values stability and justice,
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and liberty, that should be,
at the very least, a wake-up call.
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Democracy has to be
constantly fought for.
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If we take it for granted,
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a new Caesar will come.
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Caesar is planning
his victorious return to Rome.
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To demonstrate his greatness,
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he makes his defeated enemies
an offer.
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As the man who is in the process
of winning the civil war,
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he could have murdered his enemies,
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he could have launched a bloodbath.
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But he doesn't.
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He tries to win his defeated
enemies over to him
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by showing them mercy.
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But mercy is something that
a superior shows to an inferior,
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a master can show a slave.
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It broadcasts Caesar's magnanimity.
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It also broadcasts
Caesar's greatness.
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Caesar also knows he needs his
erstwhile enemies on side.
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Rome has been devastated
by civil war.
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To revive it, he'll need
the support of republican senators
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who have survived the war.
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If he can persuade his opponents
to rally to his cause,
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and to work for the good -
both of Caesar and of the republic -
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Caesar would be unchallenged
as the ruler of Rome.
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The problem is that Caesar's
enemies think that what
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Caesar stands for is tyranny.
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Total takeover of
the system by one man,
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backed by military strength.
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Caesar doesn't see it
that way at all.
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Caesar says, "Of course you can
be friends with me.
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"I forgive you. Come on.
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"We all have, at heart,
the same cause,
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"which is the Roman Republic,
the good of Rome."
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But for Caesar,
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one man matters above all others.
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From the beginning of his career,
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Cato has defended the republic
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and obstructed Caesar's ambitions.
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Cato has seen, in Caesar,
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corruption, the pride, the envy.
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He was predicting from the
very beginning that,
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unless people moved against Caesar,
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Caesar would try to turn himself
into some kind of mini-emperor.
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Cato is fighting for
the domination of the Senate,
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the old constitution.
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He is fighting to preserve
the dream of Rome.
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Caesar's army has defeated
republican legions
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led by Cato in North Africa.
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And now, he has Cato cornered.
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If Caesar can get Cato
to accept his mercy,
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it will give him authority
as the master of Rome,
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the master of Rome's empire.
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Cato understands that Caesar
will want to pardon him,
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and he'll want to bring him
in behind Caesar.
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And that's necessary for Caesar,
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because Cato is a very
powerful politician.
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Cato has to now make a decision.
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And he probably could
convince himself,
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as many people convince themselves,
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"Maybe I can do more good on the
inside than the outside."
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But for Cato,
any compromise with a tyrant...
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..is the destruction of
the Roman Republic.
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The idea of compromising with
Caesar feels emotionally to him
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as it might do for somebody in
the 1930s being asked
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to compromise with Hitler.
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And, alone, he does
something extraordinary.
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He takes his sword...
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..plunges it into his chest.
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His son comes running in,
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tries to beg him, get doctors.
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And he must be in the most extreme
and astonishing agony.
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But Cato, looking into
the eyes of his son,
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reaches his hands into his bowels,
into his guts,
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and rips out his own entrails
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and dies.
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Cato's suicide is a very
deliberate and planned action,
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with heavy symbolism and
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absolute lack of compromise.
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Cato had always had a perhaps unique
ability to get under Caesar's skin.
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And, even with Cato dead,
his ghost continues to haunt Caesar.
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As a spirit in the underworld,
Cato remains undefeated.
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Cato's death is
the ultimate statement.
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No real Roman should ever
compromise with a man like Caesar.
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No real Roman should ever accept
the way this state is going.
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And the message that he sends is,
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"Shame. Shame on you."
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Cato is able to establish
himself as a martyr,
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and Caesar as a tyrant.
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Caesar finally returns to Rome,
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where Cato's martyrdom threatens to
reinvigorate republican opposition.
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Caesar faces a battle to persuade
everyone he's not a tyrant,
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but the saviour Rome needs.
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The civil war has caused
food shortages.
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People are very hungry, and there
is violence on the streets.
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Rome is in a state of crisis,
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it does need significant
intervention,
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and it does need people to
take action immediately.
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When Caesar comes back, there are
two great questions facing him.
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One is, what can he do, as a man
who is now wielding greater power
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than any man has ever had before,
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to solve the manifold crises
that are facing Rome?
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And the other, can the Republic
be put back together again?
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If it can't,
then what should replace it?
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00:10:24,120 --> 00:10:26,280
Since the start of the civil war,
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the Senate has been
barely functioning.
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For centuries, it's been
the heart of republican government,
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founded on the principle that
the people elect officials
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who use their seat in
the Senate to propose laws
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that are put back to the Roman
citizens for their vote.
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Caesar must decide whether
to revive the system or abandon it.
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Caesar wants to find a way of
making the Roman state work.
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He has no choice but
to get the Senate back up,
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and he knows as well that the key
to this is to get conservatives
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who have opposed him on his side.
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Caesar needs his opponents
to trust him.
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To help persuade them,
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he courts a young man held in
high regard by republicans.
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Marcus Junius Brutus.
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Brutus is the descendent of the
founder of the Republic,
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the man who expelled Rome's final
king 500 years before.
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And he led the people to swear
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an oath that they would never
again suffer one-man rule.
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So, Brutus is the poster boy
of the Roman Republic,
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and those who are
more conservative-minded
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look up to Brutus.
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But what's really fascinating is
that he's also connected to Caesar.
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Caesar's long-term lover and great
friend is Brutus's mother.
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And so, Caesar looks out
for Brutus throughout his life.
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There's even a rumour that, er,
Brutus may actually be
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Caesar's love child.
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With Brutus on his side,
Caesar could win the legitimacy
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he needs to get the Senate
working for him.
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He offers Brutus
a powerful position -
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the governorship of one of
Rome's territories.
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Brutus isn't going to
turn that down.
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He still has reservations about
what Caesar's up to,
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but, like many of his generation,
he wants to get to the top,
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he wants great political
prestige and power.
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As soon as Brutus jumps onto
Caesar's bandwagon,
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he's got the authority
and the cachet,
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and he convinces other senators
to accept Caesar's pardon
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and to join him.
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Amongst the old guard
that Brutus needs to persuade
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are senior republican statesmen.
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Marcus Tullius Cicero is an
orator, he's a lawyer,
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he's the consummate politician.
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He is political to his core,
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and he stands for the Republic,
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he stands for the senatorial system,
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and he believes that this is the way
in which Rome will thrive.
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Although Cicero has high political
principles, he's a realist.
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He can see that the Senate has
not given the leadership
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that Rome needs, and he hopes
that he can lead Caesar towards
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being somebody who rebuilds
the Republic.
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Caesar has power, and maybe that
power can be used for good.
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By the Autumn of 46 BC,
Brutus has helped bring old
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opponents like Cicero over
to Caesar's side.
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The Senate is reconvened...
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..but Caesar has no intention of
restoring its full authority.
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00:14:10,080 --> 00:14:15,360
Caesar is the man who has been in
the saddle for years and years.
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00:14:15,360 --> 00:14:18,520
His instincts are those of
a military commander -
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00:14:18,520 --> 00:14:20,760
he gives orders, they're obeyed.
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00:14:20,760 --> 00:14:25,320
And so, it's unsurprising that
he should find the requirements of
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a republican system
of government frustrating,
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and I suspect also
a little beneath him.
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Caesar promises
he's restoring the Republic,
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whilst also seeking a way
to legitimately take
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full command of the Senate.
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00:14:45,720 --> 00:14:47,920
Caesar, by Roman standards -
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00:14:47,920 --> 00:14:50,600
and the Romans are an inherently
conservative people -
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is incredibly radical.
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00:14:52,640 --> 00:14:55,520
And yet, he looks back to the past,
which is what Romans had
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always done whenever
they were faced with a crisis.
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00:14:59,040 --> 00:15:03,120
And in this lumber box of
Rome's constitutional past,
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00:15:03,120 --> 00:15:05,960
there's an office called
the dictatorship.
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00:15:08,160 --> 00:15:12,000
The position of dictator had
a very established place within
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00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:16,640
the Roman system of government,
as an extraordinary power
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00:15:16,640 --> 00:15:19,400
in a period where Rome was
in particular crisis.
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00:15:21,360 --> 00:15:25,840
The Roman Republic is founded on
the idea of power being shared.
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00:15:27,720 --> 00:15:33,040
Only in extreme crisis can
the office of dictator give one man
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00:15:33,040 --> 00:15:35,200
temporary control of Rome.
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In an emergency, you should
only be a dictator for
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a maximum of six months.
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You take Rome out of that emergency,
and then hand power back.
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Now Caesar pushes the limits of
constitutional propriety
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even further - he demands
that he be made dictator,
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00:15:54,840 --> 00:15:57,080
not for six months...
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00:15:58,680 --> 00:16:00,200
..not for a year...
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00:16:01,800 --> 00:16:03,400
..but ten years.
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The Senate reluctantly agree,
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but on the condition they will
review his position every year.
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00:16:14,520 --> 00:16:18,640
Men like Brutus are willing
to give Caesar these powers because
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00:16:18,640 --> 00:16:20,720
they think they're temporary.
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00:16:20,720 --> 00:16:24,840
But it's a huge gamble -
it's expecting Caesar
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not to be corrupted by power.
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00:16:29,120 --> 00:16:34,440
Cicero is open to the idea that
maybe Caesar is a necessary evil.
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00:16:36,320 --> 00:16:39,480
When a society is going through
really great strains,
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00:16:39,480 --> 00:16:43,600
when the political system doesn't
seem to be delivering for people,
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00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:48,520
then having a strong leader can be
a very seductive idea.
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00:16:51,880 --> 00:16:54,680
The Republic is in a state of ruin.
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00:16:54,680 --> 00:17:01,080
The predominant feeling in Rome
is a kind of exhausted hope
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00:17:01,080 --> 00:17:05,440
that perhaps Caesar will be able
to use these exceptional powers
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00:17:05,440 --> 00:17:07,000
to bring Rome back to life.
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00:17:09,360 --> 00:17:12,360
So, Caesar is made a dictator.
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00:17:12,360 --> 00:17:16,840
And they give him the permission
to sit between the consuls,
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00:17:16,840 --> 00:17:20,920
ie, superior to both of the consuls,
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00:17:20,920 --> 00:17:23,560
give him a special seat to sit on,
246
00:17:23,560 --> 00:17:24,800
give him a throne.
247
00:17:30,520 --> 00:17:33,440
Using his newly-sanctioned
authority,
248
00:17:33,440 --> 00:17:36,680
Caesar expands the powers
a dictator can hold.
249
00:17:37,720 --> 00:17:43,520
He creates a new title for himself -
the Prefect of Morals.
250
00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:49,000
Praefectus Morum -
the man in charge of morals.
251
00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:51,440
That's a really, really scary title.
252
00:17:52,720 --> 00:17:56,160
But what's really important
is that gives him a power
253
00:17:56,160 --> 00:17:58,200
to get people in and out
of the Senate.
254
00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:04,640
Caesar increases
the size of the Senate
255
00:18:04,640 --> 00:18:07,120
from 600 to 900 men.
256
00:18:08,200 --> 00:18:12,160
Caesar loyalists now outnumber
conservative opponents.
257
00:18:14,520 --> 00:18:17,800
For centuries, the Republican
system has given people
258
00:18:17,800 --> 00:18:20,560
the right to vote for magistrates -
259
00:18:20,560 --> 00:18:23,360
men who hold powerful roles
in the Senate.
260
00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:30,200
Now, Caesar decides he will appoint
all of the magistrates himself.
261
00:18:31,320 --> 00:18:35,120
Caesar's new power -
to choose the magistrates -
262
00:18:35,120 --> 00:18:40,720
is a very serious abandonment
of Republican tradition,
263
00:18:40,720 --> 00:18:46,240
because it's precisely the power
of the Roman people to choose,
264
00:18:46,240 --> 00:18:49,640
each year, who are going to be
its magistrates that gives
265
00:18:49,640 --> 00:18:51,840
the Roman people its voice.
266
00:18:51,840 --> 00:18:54,000
And Caesar, the Popularis,
267
00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:57,840
Caesar, the man who believes in
the power of the Roman people,
268
00:18:57,840 --> 00:19:00,200
is now, paradoxically,
269
00:19:00,200 --> 00:19:04,640
removing one of the central powers
of the Roman people.
270
00:19:06,920 --> 00:19:11,040
In just a few months,
Caesar centralises five centuries
271
00:19:11,040 --> 00:19:14,320
of Republican powers in the
office of dictator.
272
00:19:16,040 --> 00:19:20,880
He takes control of Rome's laws,
finances, armies,
273
00:19:20,880 --> 00:19:22,480
and elected officials.
274
00:19:24,320 --> 00:19:26,880
As long as he is dictator,
275
00:19:26,880 --> 00:19:28,960
Caesar alone controls Rome.
276
00:19:30,520 --> 00:19:35,280
Caesar is taking power as
his own personal possession
277
00:19:35,280 --> 00:19:37,160
and handing it out as he wishes.
278
00:19:37,160 --> 00:19:41,880
And that is a huge challenge to
the whole concept of the Republic.
279
00:19:41,880 --> 00:19:47,320
You're talking about the suspension
of all the normal rules of
280
00:19:47,320 --> 00:19:50,320
how Roman political life works.
281
00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:57,080
For senators of a conservative
inclination, Caesar's reforms
282
00:19:57,080 --> 00:19:59,480
seem wanton vandalism.
283
00:19:59,480 --> 00:20:01,760
But this is not how Caesar sees it.
284
00:20:01,760 --> 00:20:05,880
Caesar is bringing in policies that
are designed to heal Rome.
285
00:20:13,920 --> 00:20:18,760
Caesar uses his power to put
other radical policies into action.
286
00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:25,840
Caesar has got a hell of a lot
to do to deal with
287
00:20:25,840 --> 00:20:28,680
all the problems that have
been bubbling away,
288
00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:34,280
and try to get Rome back
on an even kilter.
289
00:20:34,280 --> 00:20:40,000
Er, it's astonishing how much
he could do so quickly.
290
00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:42,080
A lot of things aren't working,
291
00:20:42,080 --> 00:20:44,280
and a lot of things need repair -
292
00:20:44,280 --> 00:20:47,440
roads, infrastructure, aqueducts.
293
00:20:48,520 --> 00:20:50,240
There are food shortages.
294
00:20:51,400 --> 00:20:55,160
But he's in a position now to
ensure that the mass of
295
00:20:55,160 --> 00:20:56,920
the Roman people will be fed.
296
00:20:57,920 --> 00:21:04,440
He feels that he alone has
the ability and the vision to solve
297
00:21:04,440 --> 00:21:09,640
problems that his contemporaries had
manifestly been unable to solve.
298
00:21:11,040 --> 00:21:16,160
He sponsors the rebuilding and
beautification of the Senate house.
299
00:21:16,160 --> 00:21:19,640
He draws up plans to build
the largest temple of the world
300
00:21:19,640 --> 00:21:20,800
on the Campus Martius.
301
00:21:20,800 --> 00:21:25,160
He even has an astonishing scheme
to divert the very course of
302
00:21:25,160 --> 00:21:28,720
the Tiber, as though he is a man
so divine that, with his finger,
303
00:21:28,720 --> 00:21:32,040
he can, you know, reorder
the course of rivers.
304
00:21:34,960 --> 00:21:39,080
Nothing is beyond the reach
of Caesar to correct,
305
00:21:39,080 --> 00:21:41,240
to regulate, to improve -
306
00:21:41,240 --> 00:21:42,640
even the dimension of time.
307
00:21:44,520 --> 00:21:46,960
The Roman calendar,
by Caesar's lifetime,
308
00:21:46,960 --> 00:21:48,560
is in a state of chaos.
309
00:21:48,560 --> 00:21:52,720
It doesn't synchronise at all with
the rhythms of the seasons,
310
00:21:52,720 --> 00:21:54,080
the patterns of the years.
311
00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:59,840
And so, amid all the many other
things that Caesar is doing,
312
00:21:59,840 --> 00:22:02,800
he orders a recalibration
of the calendar.
313
00:22:05,040 --> 00:22:09,960
He gives us a calendar
which we have continued to use
314
00:22:09,960 --> 00:22:12,200
for the next two millennia!
315
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:21,280
It probably seems like life is going
to get better under Caesar.
316
00:22:23,240 --> 00:22:26,640
He offers the people
a little bit of stability,
317
00:22:26,640 --> 00:22:29,000
an improvement to
their day-to-day lives.
318
00:22:32,640 --> 00:22:34,600
Rome begins to prosper.
319
00:22:36,880 --> 00:22:40,480
But Republican senators
remain anxious that Caesar won't
320
00:22:40,480 --> 00:22:43,720
willingly relinquish his power
at the end of his term.
321
00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:48,120
Their hands aren't completely tied.
322
00:22:49,320 --> 00:22:52,520
Just as the Senate can grant him
the dictatorship,
323
00:22:52,520 --> 00:22:54,360
if enough turn against him,
324
00:22:54,360 --> 00:22:56,800
they could vote to take it away.
325
00:23:06,400 --> 00:23:09,800
Caesar wants to make it clear
who holds the reigns.
326
00:23:11,160 --> 00:23:15,480
He temporarily moves the base
of power to his own villa,
327
00:23:15,480 --> 00:23:18,280
20km outside Rome.
328
00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:24,600
What Caesar does,
by taking power outside of Rome,
329
00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:28,920
is demonstrating that, instead of
power being where Rome is,
330
00:23:28,920 --> 00:23:30,880
power is where Caesar is.
331
00:23:33,080 --> 00:23:37,400
Caesar decides to fill all
influential positions in the Senate
332
00:23:37,400 --> 00:23:39,320
with those loyal to him.
333
00:23:41,320 --> 00:23:47,680
He summons Rome's elite to find out
if they have a place in his plan.
334
00:23:47,680 --> 00:23:50,760
So, you have this
extraordinary spectacle -
335
00:23:50,760 --> 00:23:54,000
the great and the good of Rome
effectively queueing
336
00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:55,240
at Caesar's door.
337
00:23:57,640 --> 00:24:00,320
To ensure conservatives stay loyal,
338
00:24:00,320 --> 00:24:04,920
Caesar meets a man they all
look up to - Brutus.
339
00:24:07,320 --> 00:24:10,560
He sees Brutus as if he's a son
who he's looked after,
340
00:24:10,560 --> 00:24:12,440
cherished and promoted.
341
00:24:13,440 --> 00:24:16,560
Now, Caesar promises
Brutus fantastic things.
342
00:24:16,560 --> 00:24:19,080
He's going to get a
key appointment this year,
343
00:24:19,080 --> 00:24:21,560
and this will all put him on
track for a consulship
344
00:24:21,560 --> 00:24:22,720
in the future, as well.
345
00:24:25,160 --> 00:24:29,000
It's a really bittersweet
moment for Brutus.
346
00:24:30,880 --> 00:24:34,560
On the one hand, he is climbing
that ladder of offices.
347
00:24:34,560 --> 00:24:36,960
The consulship is in reach.
348
00:24:36,960 --> 00:24:42,200
But at the same time, he doesn't
like the fact that Caesar
349
00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:45,480
is centralising all of
this power around himself.
350
00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:52,800
But in the end, he's able
to shrug it off because,
351
00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:55,280
at the moment, he's benefitting
from the system.
352
00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:03,640
Another man Caesar wants at his side
is his most loyal general,
353
00:25:03,640 --> 00:25:04,960
Mark Antony.
354
00:25:06,960 --> 00:25:10,800
Antony has been Caesar's right-hand
man throughout the civil war.
355
00:25:14,600 --> 00:25:16,000
Mark Antony is one of the
356
00:25:16,000 --> 00:25:18,800
best-educated men of his time,
357
00:25:18,800 --> 00:25:21,440
which is why he's a terrific orator,
358
00:25:21,440 --> 00:25:24,520
as well as a talented,
valorous general.
359
00:25:28,360 --> 00:25:31,280
But he's also inclined
to drink too much...
360
00:25:33,920 --> 00:25:36,720
..had sex too often.
361
00:25:36,720 --> 00:25:40,600
And these are vices that don't
necessarily sit well with a man
362
00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:42,440
who's a distinguished Roman noble.
363
00:25:45,080 --> 00:25:50,040
But one of the reasons Caesar
is able to succeed is that,
364
00:25:50,040 --> 00:25:55,400
throughout his career,
he has a talent for drawing people
365
00:25:55,400 --> 00:25:58,320
into intimate associations
with himself.
366
00:25:59,720 --> 00:26:05,000
And so Caesar can exploit
the talents of ambitious men
367
00:26:05,000 --> 00:26:06,880
who are centred around him.
368
00:26:10,480 --> 00:26:14,000
Caesar promises Mark Antony
the consulship.
369
00:26:17,760 --> 00:26:21,760
Caesar becomes the focus
of attention for many
370
00:26:21,760 --> 00:26:25,920
ambitious young men who see
in Caesar an opportunity to become
371
00:26:25,920 --> 00:26:29,200
either wealthy or powerful,
or influential ahead of their time.
372
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:34,360
Caesar is it. He is how you
participate in this new Republic.
373
00:26:36,720 --> 00:26:40,000
Caesar is convinced the men
he's chosen will help him
374
00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:42,040
maintain control of the Senate.
375
00:26:43,880 --> 00:26:46,560
But there are many
he simply overlooks.
376
00:26:47,960 --> 00:26:51,640
Seeing Caesar handing the power
to his own underlings,
377
00:26:51,640 --> 00:26:54,440
Cicero is sitting outside waiting.
378
00:26:54,440 --> 00:26:59,480
This is definitely not the way that
former consuls should be treated.
379
00:26:59,480 --> 00:27:02,960
Caesar is not using his position
for the public good.
380
00:27:02,960 --> 00:27:07,360
He is using it to belittle somebody
who had great respect in the Senate.
381
00:27:09,240 --> 00:27:12,680
Caesar ignores some of Rome's
most senior statesmen...
382
00:27:14,120 --> 00:27:17,960
..but he also offends some of
its most ambitious men.
383
00:27:20,280 --> 00:27:23,360
Looking in on all of
this is Cassius.
384
00:27:23,360 --> 00:27:27,360
Cassius is 41, in his prime.
385
00:27:27,360 --> 00:27:32,280
He is a successful soldier
and a very skilled politician.
386
00:27:33,440 --> 00:27:35,840
He comes from an elite Roman family
387
00:27:35,840 --> 00:27:39,520
who've produced seven consuls
in the last 100 years.
388
00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:45,360
And he does go to Caesar
asking for promotion.
389
00:27:45,360 --> 00:27:48,120
He gets something, but not enough.
390
00:27:50,560 --> 00:27:54,400
Cassius is not happy with
Caesar personally,
391
00:27:54,400 --> 00:27:56,640
and certainly not politically.
392
00:27:56,640 --> 00:28:00,360
Everything now is increasingly
going through Caesar himself.
393
00:28:03,960 --> 00:28:07,160
TOM HOLLAND: There is, of course,
a problem for Caesar.
394
00:28:07,160 --> 00:28:12,080
Whereas before, people who were
defeated in elections really
395
00:28:12,080 --> 00:28:13,840
only had themselves to blame,
396
00:28:13,840 --> 00:28:16,760
now it is possible for them
to blame Caesar.
397
00:28:16,760 --> 00:28:21,320
And this, of course, is storing up
quite a reservoir of resentment.
398
00:28:40,440 --> 00:28:44,840
Back in Rome, senators who want
a seat at Caesar's table
399
00:28:44,840 --> 00:28:48,000
contrive ways to
ingratiate themselves.
400
00:28:49,160 --> 00:28:52,720
Caesar's ability to choose
the magistrates changes
401
00:28:52,720 --> 00:28:54,800
the nature of political life.
402
00:28:54,800 --> 00:28:57,240
And now, you've got to earn
his favour.
403
00:28:58,560 --> 00:29:03,960
So, the Senate dream up honour
after honour, after honour,
404
00:29:03,960 --> 00:29:09,920
give him a special wreath in gold
leaf to put around his head.
405
00:29:09,920 --> 00:29:13,440
But the more you honour Caesar,
406
00:29:13,440 --> 00:29:16,800
the more invidious you
make his position.
407
00:29:18,280 --> 00:29:21,480
While resentment
towards Caesar festers,
408
00:29:21,480 --> 00:29:26,760
he grows increasingly impatient
with petty Roman politics.
409
00:29:26,760 --> 00:29:30,520
And when a delegation approaches
him with more honours,
410
00:29:30,520 --> 00:29:32,920
he doesn't do what's
expected of him.
411
00:29:35,200 --> 00:29:38,960
A whole body of senators go
into Caesar's forum,
412
00:29:38,960 --> 00:29:44,160
and there he is, enthroned,
looking as grand as could be.
413
00:29:44,160 --> 00:29:46,720
And there's the Senate saying,
414
00:29:46,720 --> 00:29:50,280
"Caesar, we would like
to honour you."
415
00:29:50,280 --> 00:29:52,200
And Caesar doesn't stand up.
416
00:29:57,720 --> 00:30:00,840
In Rome, equals stand
to greet each other.
417
00:30:00,840 --> 00:30:04,520
It's as if he's saying,
in plain view,
418
00:30:04,520 --> 00:30:07,240
that the entire Senate
is beneath him.
419
00:30:10,040 --> 00:30:13,680
The problem that both Caesar
and the Senate face
420
00:30:13,680 --> 00:30:17,440
is that Caesar's preponderance
has made the traditional function
421
00:30:17,440 --> 00:30:21,120
of the Senate, the role of the
helmsmen guiding the ship of state,
422
00:30:21,120 --> 00:30:22,720
essentially irrelevant.
423
00:30:24,280 --> 00:30:27,240
Caesar is too impatient,
424
00:30:27,240 --> 00:30:32,480
too unsubtle not to let his
fellow senators know
425
00:30:32,480 --> 00:30:33,920
that he knows this.
426
00:30:37,800 --> 00:30:42,520
For Cicero, if Caesar is willing
to disregard the basic rules of
427
00:30:42,520 --> 00:30:45,640
the Senate, in terms of
how people treat each other,
428
00:30:45,640 --> 00:30:48,080
then what does that mean for
any other rules that
429
00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:50,240
the Senate may have?
430
00:30:50,240 --> 00:30:52,880
This is a shocking moment.
431
00:30:52,880 --> 00:30:55,200
And Cicero gives up his hope
in Caesar.
432
00:30:57,440 --> 00:31:02,200
It's a massive shock and must
really irk men like Brutus.
433
00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:06,000
He's still been holding out hope
that Caesar is going
434
00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:07,480
to restore the Republic.
435
00:31:10,480 --> 00:31:14,600
But is Caesar going
to restore authority to a Senate
436
00:31:14,600 --> 00:31:16,920
that he doesn't seem to care
much for any more?
437
00:31:18,720 --> 00:31:23,520
For some senators, Caesar's blatant
disregard for the unwritten rules
438
00:31:23,520 --> 00:31:25,480
is a step too far.
439
00:31:26,960 --> 00:31:31,920
As a constitutional lawyer in
Britain, I have spent many years
440
00:31:31,920 --> 00:31:36,000
believing in the beauty of
unwritten constitutions.
441
00:31:36,000 --> 00:31:38,440
But they have their weakness, too.
442
00:31:38,440 --> 00:31:44,200
If that constitution is really just
a gentlemen's agreement,
443
00:31:44,200 --> 00:31:49,480
what happens when one of them
decide that everything's going
444
00:31:49,480 --> 00:31:51,840
to change in their favour?
445
00:31:51,840 --> 00:31:58,360
Political process is dependent upon
integrity and mutual respect.
446
00:31:58,360 --> 00:32:00,840
If those rules break down,
447
00:32:00,840 --> 00:32:04,400
it's very difficult to see
the way forward for a democracy.
448
00:32:06,440 --> 00:32:11,200
If you believe in a system of
government that is designed
449
00:32:11,200 --> 00:32:13,360
to balance power,
450
00:32:13,360 --> 00:32:15,440
you have a moral duty to defend it.
451
00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:22,560
As Caesar shows increasing disregard
for republican conventions,
452
00:32:22,560 --> 00:32:25,400
it's Cassius who dares to speak up.
453
00:32:27,640 --> 00:32:32,680
Cassius really does try
to challenge Caesar openly,
454
00:32:32,680 --> 00:32:34,080
in plain view.
455
00:32:37,720 --> 00:32:39,680
Rather perceptively, he says,
456
00:32:39,680 --> 00:32:44,160
"All these honours are getting us
into really dangerous territory.
457
00:32:44,160 --> 00:32:46,280
"We are creating a monster here."
458
00:32:48,760 --> 00:32:54,280
Cassius is an idealist, and he does
care about the Republican ideal.
459
00:32:54,280 --> 00:32:57,080
But the more powerful
Caesar becomes,
460
00:32:57,080 --> 00:33:00,960
the more dangerous speaking out is
for people like Cassius.
461
00:33:02,280 --> 00:33:05,160
Cassius knows the tide is turning.
462
00:33:05,160 --> 00:33:09,720
It's time to act but, of course,
Cassius can't act alone.
463
00:33:11,400 --> 00:33:15,720
He must suspect that people
are feeling as he does,
464
00:33:15,720 --> 00:33:18,000
but will they be as brave?
465
00:33:21,120 --> 00:33:24,920
What's happening is that
the opposition to Caesar is
466
00:33:24,920 --> 00:33:27,400
becoming more coherent.
467
00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:29,440
It's crystallising -
468
00:33:29,440 --> 00:33:33,680
crystallising around a number
of people, a number of ideas.
469
00:33:37,120 --> 00:33:39,760
Whatever else he is,
Caesar is not an idiot.
470
00:33:39,760 --> 00:33:43,280
Of course he understands the
resentments that are festering away
471
00:33:43,280 --> 00:33:44,400
in the Senate.
472
00:33:44,400 --> 00:33:48,440
He's a Roman - I mean, every Roman
is aware that the resentment
473
00:33:48,440 --> 00:33:51,560
of your fellow senators is part
of the deal for greatness.
474
00:33:51,560 --> 00:33:54,160
Is he afraid, though?
Is he anxious?
475
00:33:54,160 --> 00:33:56,560
Is he alarmed by this?
I think not.
476
00:34:00,360 --> 00:34:04,400
Caesar has better things to do
than indulge his detractors.
477
00:34:05,680 --> 00:34:08,360
His ambitions reach beyond Rome.
478
00:34:11,120 --> 00:34:14,800
Caesar plans to conquer
the one great foe Rome has
479
00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:16,880
so far failed to subdue.
480
00:34:18,080 --> 00:34:19,680
The Parthian Empire.
481
00:34:21,720 --> 00:34:24,480
It was in Parthia nine years earlier
482
00:34:24,480 --> 00:34:28,800
that Caesar's old ally, Crassus,
lost many Roman legions...
483
00:34:28,800 --> 00:34:30,200
..and his own life.
484
00:34:32,040 --> 00:34:36,760
Caesar believes he is the man
to bring Parthia to heel.
485
00:34:38,080 --> 00:34:42,680
What Caesar has in mind is to
launch the most formidable
486
00:34:42,680 --> 00:34:46,000
and massive invasion
the Romans have ever launched.
487
00:34:47,200 --> 00:34:51,000
If Caesar is successful,
he will return to Rome
488
00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:53,120
the greatest conqueror in history.
489
00:35:00,240 --> 00:35:04,040
Caesar announces he'll leave for
Parthia in three months' time...
490
00:35:05,360 --> 00:35:07,800
..shortly after
the middle of March -
491
00:35:07,800 --> 00:35:10,720
known to the Romans as the Ides.
492
00:35:12,400 --> 00:35:15,800
He's always happiest
at the head of an army
493
00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:18,080
defeating visible foes.
494
00:35:18,080 --> 00:35:21,600
The toughest foe of all is
the foe you can't see,
495
00:35:21,600 --> 00:35:26,320
is your old friends and your old
enemies plotting together
496
00:35:26,320 --> 00:35:28,600
and sinking a knife in your back.
497
00:35:31,160 --> 00:35:33,480
Before he leaves for Parthia,
498
00:35:33,480 --> 00:35:38,520
Caesar uses supporters in the Senate
to create him a role that will
499
00:35:38,520 --> 00:35:41,520
consolidate his power indefinitely.
500
00:35:42,880 --> 00:35:46,520
They offer to make him dictator,
not just for ten years
501
00:35:46,520 --> 00:35:50,080
but perpetuous, forever.
502
00:35:50,080 --> 00:35:52,600
Which means that, if he accepts,
503
00:35:52,600 --> 00:35:55,400
no-one will ever be able
to take his dictatorship away.
504
00:35:59,720 --> 00:36:03,800
It's a quite extraordinary thing -
a really, really explicit
505
00:36:03,800 --> 00:36:07,840
contravention of Roman
customary practice.
506
00:36:07,840 --> 00:36:15,160
The entire idea of the
non-monarchical state is that
507
00:36:15,160 --> 00:36:17,800
no-one has power in perpetuity.
508
00:36:21,920 --> 00:36:25,720
There is a moment
when Caesar dooms himself.
509
00:36:25,720 --> 00:36:30,880
It's when he accepts the office
of dictator in perpetuity,
510
00:36:30,880 --> 00:36:32,360
dictator for life.
511
00:36:32,360 --> 00:36:35,120
Because, up until that moment,
512
00:36:35,120 --> 00:36:42,280
it had been possible for other
senators to envisage a time when
513
00:36:42,280 --> 00:36:46,280
the normal rhythms of the Republic
would be restored to them.
514
00:36:52,160 --> 00:36:56,360
Step by step, Caesar is being
corrupted by this power he's got.
515
00:36:57,760 --> 00:37:02,080
The moment he accepts
the title "dictator for life",
516
00:37:02,080 --> 00:37:04,040
the mask comes off.
517
00:37:04,040 --> 00:37:06,400
He is not going to restore
the Republic.
518
00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:12,920
The Roman Republic, as the Romans
have known it for so long,
519
00:37:12,920 --> 00:37:14,320
is on the brink of collapse.
520
00:37:19,120 --> 00:37:21,440
Cassius saw this coming.
521
00:37:21,440 --> 00:37:26,880
He said, "I told you so when he
wanted to appoint the magistrates.
522
00:37:28,840 --> 00:37:33,000
"I told you so when he wanted
to be a dictator for six months,
523
00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:35,400
"let alone ten years,
524
00:37:35,400 --> 00:37:40,160
"and now, in perpetuity -
I saw this coming."
525
00:37:52,000 --> 00:37:55,760
A month before Caesar's
planned departure for Parthia,
526
00:37:55,760 --> 00:37:59,440
a festival called Lupercalia
gives him a chance to gauge
527
00:37:59,440 --> 00:38:02,680
the people's appetite for
the rule of one man.
528
00:38:05,000 --> 00:38:07,720
Caesar presides over sacred rituals
529
00:38:07,720 --> 00:38:10,400
that celebrate
the King who founded Rome.
530
00:38:13,040 --> 00:38:16,640
The Lupercalia begins with
a sacrifice performed by
531
00:38:16,640 --> 00:38:18,400
the priests for this festival.
532
00:38:18,400 --> 00:38:23,240
They sacrifice goats,
and they sacrifice puppies.
533
00:38:23,240 --> 00:38:26,160
And the chief priest is Mark Antony.
534
00:38:27,480 --> 00:38:31,120
He has to smear blood on his body
535
00:38:31,120 --> 00:38:34,280
and exhibit his sweaty
masculinity to the people.
536
00:38:39,360 --> 00:38:43,200
The main spectacle takes place
in front of a large crowd
537
00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:44,760
in the public forum.
538
00:38:46,440 --> 00:38:49,760
Antony comes to Caesar,
and he presents Caesar
539
00:38:49,760 --> 00:38:51,160
with this diadem.
540
00:38:52,760 --> 00:38:55,640
Which is the symbol of kingship.
541
00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:05,360
This is the kind of public drama
that has been choreographed
542
00:39:05,360 --> 00:39:07,880
by Caesar and Antony together.
543
00:39:11,560 --> 00:39:15,000
It's an incredibly bold manoeuvre.
544
00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:17,560
Some of our sources say
this was a test.
545
00:39:17,560 --> 00:39:21,560
That Caesar was trying to decide
whether or not monarchy was going
546
00:39:21,560 --> 00:39:24,640
to be a route that he could
take going forward
547
00:39:24,640 --> 00:39:26,480
in his political regime.
548
00:39:28,080 --> 00:39:31,800
However, as Antony offers
Caesar the diadem,
549
00:39:31,800 --> 00:39:34,040
the crowd show their
extreme displeasure.
550
00:39:36,720 --> 00:39:40,040
And the response shows him,
in no uncertain terms,
551
00:39:40,040 --> 00:39:41,760
that the people do not want a king.
552
00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:47,600
And so, he very ostentatiously
removes the diadem.
553
00:39:47,600 --> 00:39:51,520
He tells Antony, "Take it away!
Give it to Jupiter.
554
00:39:51,520 --> 00:39:53,800
"For in Rome, there can be
only the one king -
555
00:39:53,800 --> 00:39:55,280
"Jupiter, King of the Gods."
556
00:39:58,000 --> 00:40:02,320
The Lupercalia is really the
tipping point for Brutus.
557
00:40:02,320 --> 00:40:07,800
His family history has been geared
towards saving the Republic,
558
00:40:07,800 --> 00:40:11,680
and not allowing any man
to become the king.
559
00:40:11,680 --> 00:40:15,480
Yet here is Antony offering
Caesar a crown,
560
00:40:15,480 --> 00:40:17,920
and Brutus is powerless to stop it.
561
00:40:19,920 --> 00:40:24,640
He now realises that Caesar is
the tyrant that Cato predicted
562
00:40:24,640 --> 00:40:28,000
he'd become, and now, he's got
to be stopped, whatever the cost.
563
00:40:33,560 --> 00:40:38,160
Later that same day,
Caesar attends a ritual sacrifice
564
00:40:38,160 --> 00:40:41,720
where the omens will reveal
the mood of the gods.
565
00:40:43,920 --> 00:40:47,360
A part of the Lupercalia is
a sacrifice to Jupiter,
566
00:40:47,360 --> 00:40:50,400
which was overseen by a man
named Spurinna,
567
00:40:50,400 --> 00:40:54,920
the priest in charge of
reading the entrails.
568
00:40:54,920 --> 00:40:58,360
He's one of the people in Rome
who performed a really important
569
00:40:58,360 --> 00:41:02,520
function in reading the signs to
determine whether the omens
570
00:41:02,520 --> 00:41:04,280
were approved by the gods.
571
00:41:07,440 --> 00:41:13,760
Spurinna must be alert to whispers,
to rumours of conspiracy.
572
00:41:13,760 --> 00:41:16,520
He will have picked up the threat,
573
00:41:16,520 --> 00:41:19,320
the danger that was closing in
on Caesar.
574
00:41:24,160 --> 00:41:27,680
Spurinna can't say out loud to
Caesar that he might be
575
00:41:27,680 --> 00:41:30,040
causing political unrest,
576
00:41:30,040 --> 00:41:32,680
but he does find a way to show him.
577
00:41:36,040 --> 00:41:38,960
Spurinna is consulting the entrails,
578
00:41:38,960 --> 00:41:41,920
reaching around inside the
slaughtered animal.
579
00:41:45,280 --> 00:41:48,280
And he is looking for
the heart of the bull...
580
00:41:50,800 --> 00:41:52,360
..and there is no heart.
581
00:41:56,760 --> 00:42:01,800
It's hard to imagine a more
terrifying or ominous portent.
582
00:42:05,480 --> 00:42:09,880
"Beware," Spurinna says,
"of the Ides of March."
583
00:42:26,400 --> 00:42:29,480
Why does Caesar ignore
these warnings?
584
00:42:29,480 --> 00:42:31,840
I mean, he absolutely could
have acted on them.
585
00:42:33,720 --> 00:42:39,880
But I think Caesar is convinced by
a sense of his own destiny.
586
00:42:42,760 --> 00:42:48,400
It is his authority, his rule
that is preserving peace in Rome.
587
00:42:48,400 --> 00:42:53,480
He thinks that no-one could
possibly be so stupid as
588
00:42:53,480 --> 00:42:54,760
to conspire against him.
589
00:42:57,880 --> 00:42:59,520
In the wake of the Lupercalia,
590
00:42:59,520 --> 00:43:02,480
there's this real hotbed
of discontent towards Caesar.
591
00:43:02,480 --> 00:43:06,280
People are really now starting
to see what Cato had seen all along.
592
00:43:09,000 --> 00:43:11,920
For the first time ever,
593
00:43:11,920 --> 00:43:14,800
Cassius now sees ordinary people
594
00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:18,360
expressing their revulsion
for Caesar's ego.
595
00:43:20,200 --> 00:43:25,480
Cassius needs to organise
senatorial forces against Caesar.
596
00:43:27,040 --> 00:43:29,520
He needs a figurehead.
597
00:43:29,520 --> 00:43:32,000
He really needs Brutus.
598
00:43:34,840 --> 00:43:39,560
People, senators, are calling
on Brutus to do something, to act.
599
00:43:40,720 --> 00:43:43,800
We see graffiti plastered over Rome,
600
00:43:43,800 --> 00:43:47,360
and it says things like,
"Brutus, are you asleep?"
601
00:43:47,360 --> 00:43:50,160
"Brutus, live up to your name."
602
00:43:50,160 --> 00:43:52,240
He has to get himself into gear,
603
00:43:52,240 --> 00:43:55,640
to free Rome from this new
threat of a monarchy.
604
00:43:58,000 --> 00:44:02,000
Brutus will know that the tide
is turning on Caesar.
605
00:44:03,240 --> 00:44:05,720
This is the right moment.
606
00:44:05,720 --> 00:44:09,640
Cassius will be able to persuade
Brutus that his better interests
607
00:44:09,640 --> 00:44:11,480
lie with the plotters.
608
00:44:11,480 --> 00:44:13,360
And they finally meet.
609
00:44:13,360 --> 00:44:16,080
There's a big question in
our sources about
610
00:44:16,080 --> 00:44:17,640
who instigated the plot,
611
00:44:17,640 --> 00:44:20,640
but the meeting of these
two minds is crucial.
612
00:44:20,640 --> 00:44:23,000
They can now test the waters.
613
00:44:23,000 --> 00:44:26,360
What are they going to do about
the problem of Caesar?
614
00:44:31,920 --> 00:44:35,520
As Caesar prepares to leave
for Parthia,
615
00:44:35,520 --> 00:44:40,320
Cassius and Brutus invite some of
Rome's most influential men
616
00:44:40,320 --> 00:44:41,600
to a dinner party.
617
00:44:43,520 --> 00:44:45,320
They can't ask questions like,
618
00:44:45,320 --> 00:44:47,520
"What do you think we should do
with Caesar?"
619
00:44:47,520 --> 00:44:49,360
They use philosophical discourse.
620
00:44:51,720 --> 00:44:56,760
Abstract, hypothetical,
even amusing discussions.
621
00:44:58,760 --> 00:45:02,160
To discuss what one should do
in the case of a tyranny
622
00:45:02,160 --> 00:45:04,400
over one's country.
623
00:45:04,400 --> 00:45:07,840
So, this is a conspiracy
of conversations.
624
00:45:10,560 --> 00:45:13,560
Cassius and Brutus manage
to bring together some
625
00:45:13,560 --> 00:45:17,240
long-standing enemies
and sceptics of Caesar -
626
00:45:17,240 --> 00:45:20,640
but also, it's possible to turn
even friends and associates
627
00:45:20,640 --> 00:45:22,920
of Caesar now.
628
00:45:22,920 --> 00:45:27,960
His power grab is just
so shameless and out of control.
629
00:45:30,680 --> 00:45:34,920
One of the things that they agree on
quite quickly is that there aren't
630
00:45:34,920 --> 00:45:36,840
really many options left.
631
00:45:38,840 --> 00:45:43,240
Caesar has the entire Roman army
at his beck and call,
632
00:45:43,240 --> 00:45:46,720
and it seems the only option
is to kill the tyrant.
633
00:45:51,520 --> 00:45:54,880
Brutus and Cassius succeed in
recruiting more than
634
00:45:54,880 --> 00:45:57,320
20 like-minded senators,
635
00:45:57,320 --> 00:46:01,000
who agree to play their part
in the tyrannicide.
636
00:46:02,280 --> 00:46:05,280
To succeed, they really have
to convince everyone that
637
00:46:05,280 --> 00:46:08,000
they're not just trying to take
power for themselves,
638
00:46:08,000 --> 00:46:11,360
but they're liberating Rome
from tyrannical rule.
639
00:46:11,360 --> 00:46:15,720
And, for this message to work,
they can't just stab Caesar in
640
00:46:15,720 --> 00:46:18,520
some street or some shady setting.
641
00:46:18,520 --> 00:46:20,680
He has to be killed in the Senate.
642
00:46:22,440 --> 00:46:25,560
But Caesar is only due at
the Senate once more
643
00:46:25,560 --> 00:46:27,400
before he departs for Parthia.
644
00:46:28,720 --> 00:46:31,040
That will be in
the middle of the month -
645
00:46:31,040 --> 00:46:32,840
the Ides of March.
646
00:46:34,120 --> 00:46:36,840
Either the conspirators act then,
647
00:46:36,840 --> 00:46:38,800
or it will be too late.
648
00:46:58,520 --> 00:47:01,080
The Ides of March, 44 BC,
649
00:47:01,080 --> 00:47:05,160
is probably the day for which
we have more information
650
00:47:05,160 --> 00:47:07,720
than any other day in
the whole of ancient history.
651
00:47:09,480 --> 00:47:13,680
Caesar is woken that morning by
his wife, Calpurnia,
652
00:47:13,680 --> 00:47:15,480
in a state of dread.
653
00:47:16,520 --> 00:47:20,200
Not only has Spurinna warned him
about the Ides of March,
654
00:47:20,200 --> 00:47:24,040
but also, his wife had a dream
in which Caesar is assassinated.
655
00:47:27,840 --> 00:47:29,480
Leaving his house that morning,
656
00:47:29,480 --> 00:47:32,280
it's his responsibility
to preside over a sacrifice.
657
00:47:39,760 --> 00:47:41,960
Spurinna is there officiating.
658
00:47:44,880 --> 00:47:47,400
And Caesar smiles and says
to Spurinna,
659
00:47:47,400 --> 00:47:51,880
"Well, the Ides of March
have arrived."
660
00:47:51,880 --> 00:47:56,560
To which Spurinna responds,
"They have arrived, Caesar,
661
00:47:56,560 --> 00:47:58,400
"but they have not yet gone."
662
00:48:06,560 --> 00:48:10,280
So, these two things combined do
have an effect on Caesar.
663
00:48:13,360 --> 00:48:17,560
He is asked by his wife,
"Just stay for the Ides of March.
664
00:48:17,560 --> 00:48:19,200
"Don't go to the Senate house."
665
00:48:19,200 --> 00:48:22,880
And he is persuaded by this,
and he decides he won't go.
666
00:48:28,800 --> 00:48:30,760
Word reaches Brutus and Cassius
667
00:48:30,760 --> 00:48:33,600
that Caesar is not coming to
the Senate after all.
668
00:48:33,600 --> 00:48:36,120
The stakes are really high.
669
00:48:36,120 --> 00:48:39,360
They've gambled everything on
this being successful.
670
00:48:42,520 --> 00:48:45,720
The urgent necessity is to
make Caesar come to
671
00:48:45,720 --> 00:48:47,600
the meeting of the Senate.
672
00:48:47,600 --> 00:48:49,800
The conspirators send one
of their number -
673
00:48:49,800 --> 00:48:52,400
the one they thought
he would trust most -
674
00:48:52,400 --> 00:48:54,480
Decimus, one of his loyal generals.
675
00:48:58,840 --> 00:49:01,400
Decimus has been with Caesar
from the start.
676
00:49:01,400 --> 00:49:04,240
He had served under Caesar as
a military general,
677
00:49:04,240 --> 00:49:06,080
and he'd been a lifelong supporter.
678
00:49:13,400 --> 00:49:15,400
Yet, like Brutus and Cassius,
679
00:49:15,400 --> 00:49:18,440
he was now feeling disenchanted
by Caesar's regime.
680
00:49:25,040 --> 00:49:28,800
Decimus says to Caesar, "This is
behaviour unbecoming of you.
681
00:49:28,800 --> 00:49:32,080
"What am I supposed to go
and tell the Senate?
682
00:49:32,080 --> 00:49:35,160
"That you're scared of shadows?
683
00:49:35,160 --> 00:49:38,560
"That you're obedient to a
woman's importunities?
684
00:49:38,560 --> 00:49:41,240
"This is not behaviour
appropriate to Caesar."
685
00:49:42,880 --> 00:49:47,320
Caesar's whole career
had been built on courage,
686
00:49:47,320 --> 00:49:50,880
on a readiness to confront risk.
687
00:49:50,880 --> 00:49:55,280
And so, the idea that he,
of all men, would start at shadows,
688
00:49:55,280 --> 00:49:57,120
I think it's unthinkable.
689
00:49:58,760 --> 00:50:01,520
And so Caesar is shamed,
and he goes to the Senate.
690
00:50:08,080 --> 00:50:10,040
When Caesar finally leaves
his house,
691
00:50:10,040 --> 00:50:11,560
the plan kicks into action.
692
00:50:13,880 --> 00:50:16,920
The conspirators have planned
everything in detail,
693
00:50:16,920 --> 00:50:21,400
and they know that they have to
isolate Caesar from his supporters.
694
00:50:21,400 --> 00:50:24,360
They need to stop anyone from
springing to his defence,
695
00:50:24,360 --> 00:50:27,720
and they need to make it clear that
it's only Caesar's tyranny
696
00:50:27,720 --> 00:50:29,000
that they are targeting.
697
00:50:29,000 --> 00:50:32,360
That this isn't going to turn into a
bloodbath of all of his supporters.
698
00:50:32,360 --> 00:50:35,360
The one man that they need
to prevent from being
699
00:50:35,360 --> 00:50:37,440
at Caesar's side is Mark Antony.
700
00:50:41,880 --> 00:50:45,120
Antony is a big, strong,
powerful man
701
00:50:45,120 --> 00:50:48,680
who's devoted to Julius Caesar.
702
00:50:49,880 --> 00:50:54,560
Antony is kept out of
the Senate by way of conversation,
703
00:50:54,560 --> 00:50:56,080
by way of dialogue.
704
00:51:06,640 --> 00:51:11,560
Caesar goes in as the
most important person in Rome.
705
00:51:11,560 --> 00:51:14,960
All kind of senators come up
and start asking him for favours,
706
00:51:14,960 --> 00:51:16,280
asking him questions.
707
00:51:18,840 --> 00:51:21,320
Cassius watches this.
708
00:51:21,320 --> 00:51:25,320
He watches Caesar
heading for his, well,
709
00:51:25,320 --> 00:51:28,160
what is effectively his throne,
710
00:51:28,160 --> 00:51:35,000
and sees before him the vindication
of why this is necessary.
711
00:51:45,560 --> 00:51:48,440
As the first conspirator
approaches Caesar,
712
00:51:48,440 --> 00:51:50,800
Brutus must be in turmoil.
713
00:51:50,800 --> 00:51:55,280
This is a man he's known his
entire life, he has supported him.
714
00:51:55,280 --> 00:51:58,760
In many respects,
he's treated him like a son.
715
00:51:58,760 --> 00:52:02,400
And yet, he also poses
the greatest threat to the Republic
716
00:52:02,400 --> 00:52:05,040
in its entire 500-year history.
717
00:52:09,480 --> 00:52:13,480
Caesar is approached by a
particularly importunate senator
718
00:52:13,480 --> 00:52:14,840
with a petition.
719
00:52:16,240 --> 00:52:17,800
He pays attention to it...
720
00:52:20,360 --> 00:52:25,040
..and suddenly, he's feeling a
searing pain on his neck.
721
00:52:37,840 --> 00:52:40,880
And he looks round,
and he sees a man with a dagger.
722
00:52:40,880 --> 00:52:43,960
It's dripping with blood -
his blood - and he cries out,
723
00:52:43,960 --> 00:52:47,080
"This is violence!
What are you doing?"
724
00:52:47,080 --> 00:52:51,680
There is an authentic tone
of shock, of surprise.
725
00:52:53,520 --> 00:52:58,400
It's deeply shocking
to see knives drawn in the Senate.
726
00:52:58,400 --> 00:53:02,480
It's one of the most extraordinary
historical moments.
727
00:53:08,320 --> 00:53:11,480
The blows continue to rain
down on Caesar
728
00:53:11,480 --> 00:53:15,120
because it has been agreed by
the assassins that all of them must
729
00:53:15,120 --> 00:53:17,240
dip their fingers in Caesar's blood,
730
00:53:17,240 --> 00:53:19,520
all of them must inflict a wound.
731
00:53:30,440 --> 00:53:34,200
The moment when Caesar
irrevocably accepts his fate
732
00:53:34,200 --> 00:53:35,680
and surrenders to it...
733
00:53:39,200 --> 00:53:43,480
..is when he sees the face of
the man who perhaps
734
00:53:43,480 --> 00:53:46,400
he had most loved, most trusted.
735
00:53:50,360 --> 00:53:52,840
Caesar says to Brutus,
736
00:53:52,840 --> 00:53:54,880
"And you, my boy?"
737
00:54:18,080 --> 00:54:21,040
As Brutus looks upon
the bloody corpse of Caesar,
738
00:54:21,040 --> 00:54:23,720
he's hoping the Senate are going
to rush to his side to
739
00:54:23,720 --> 00:54:27,840
show that this was a tyrannicide,
justly executed.
740
00:54:27,840 --> 00:54:30,800
But actually, it's a pandemonium.
741
00:54:30,800 --> 00:54:33,440
There's panic and everyone flees.
742
00:54:34,840 --> 00:54:37,200
As the liberators come out of
the Senate house,
743
00:54:37,200 --> 00:54:39,840
they're covered in blood -
and understandably,
744
00:54:39,840 --> 00:54:42,560
the people are quite confused
about what's happened.
745
00:54:44,080 --> 00:54:46,960
Brutus and Cassius think that
they'll be paraded through
746
00:54:46,960 --> 00:54:48,840
the streets as the liberators.
747
00:54:48,840 --> 00:54:51,200
But the people are scared.
748
00:54:51,200 --> 00:54:54,320
It throws Rome into a state
of violence once again.
749
00:54:58,200 --> 00:55:02,120
Brutus and Cassius thought
they were saving the Republic.
750
00:55:02,120 --> 00:55:05,680
But all they really achieved was
the creation of more chaos.
751
00:55:05,680 --> 00:55:09,840
The very chaos which Caesar had
been trying desperately
752
00:55:09,840 --> 00:55:11,840
to bring under control
753
00:55:11,840 --> 00:55:13,840
is unleashed again.
754
00:55:19,320 --> 00:55:24,880
And Caesar's body is left there
on the marble floor,
755
00:55:24,880 --> 00:55:26,760
surrounded by his own blood.
756
00:55:46,800 --> 00:55:50,120
I think the tragedy of the
Roman Republic is that
757
00:55:50,120 --> 00:55:56,040
its greatest man -
the man who, in so many ways,
758
00:55:56,040 --> 00:56:01,720
exemplified all its qualities to
an absolute pitch of achievement -
759
00:56:01,720 --> 00:56:06,360
those achievements brought the Roman
Republic crashing down into rubble.
760
00:56:08,360 --> 00:56:10,680
Caesar had greatness in many ways.
761
00:56:10,680 --> 00:56:16,560
He was a brilliant military leader,
he was a great politician.
762
00:56:16,560 --> 00:56:21,840
But ultimately, the power that
he had taken unto himself
763
00:56:21,840 --> 00:56:23,200
corrupted him.
764
00:56:24,600 --> 00:56:27,800
When Julius Caesar commenced
his political career,
765
00:56:27,800 --> 00:56:30,800
he could never have imagined
that the Roman Republic
766
00:56:30,800 --> 00:56:33,000
would come to an end.
767
00:56:33,000 --> 00:56:35,840
And he certainly couldn't
have imagined that he would be
768
00:56:35,840 --> 00:56:37,600
the agent that brought that about.
769
00:56:37,600 --> 00:56:40,760
And yet, that's what happened
in a very short time.
770
00:56:40,760 --> 00:56:44,640
What are the lessons for
modern representational systems
771
00:56:44,640 --> 00:56:46,920
that aren't nearly so old?
772
00:56:46,920 --> 00:56:49,960
Could modern democracy collapse?
773
00:56:49,960 --> 00:56:52,800
Perhaps we simply take
our political norms for granted.
774
00:56:53,880 --> 00:56:58,080
There was a moment where the
Roman Republic seemed the most
775
00:56:58,080 --> 00:56:59,840
perfect political state on Earth.
776
00:56:59,840 --> 00:57:02,800
Then it had got itself into trouble.
777
00:57:02,800 --> 00:57:04,920
And this reminds us
a bit of our own period.
778
00:57:04,920 --> 00:57:07,120
From about 1989,
democracy was on the rise.
779
00:57:07,120 --> 00:57:09,880
The number of democracies
in the world doubled.
780
00:57:09,880 --> 00:57:13,880
And then, a period of deep,
deep uncertainty began,
781
00:57:13,880 --> 00:57:16,320
including the rise of populism.
782
00:57:16,320 --> 00:57:20,720
And it's in that environment
authoritarianisms rise,
783
00:57:20,720 --> 00:57:24,800
that strong men come forward
to challenge democracy.
784
00:57:26,680 --> 00:57:29,440
I think the Caesar story
really is a wake-up call.
785
00:57:30,840 --> 00:57:33,960
Democracy has to be
constantly fought for.
786
00:57:33,960 --> 00:57:39,000
If we take it for granted,
a new Caesar will come.
787
00:57:42,480 --> 00:57:44,680
After 500 years,
788
00:57:44,680 --> 00:57:48,720
the Roman Republic dies
with Julius Caesar,
789
00:57:48,720 --> 00:57:52,640
and Rome is plunged once more
into civil war.
790
00:57:54,000 --> 00:57:55,840
In the decades that follow,
791
00:57:55,840 --> 00:57:59,240
it will be fought over by
Brutus, Cassius,
792
00:57:59,240 --> 00:58:01,680
Mark Anthony, and a boy -
793
00:58:01,680 --> 00:58:04,920
named in Caesar's will as his heir,
794
00:58:04,920 --> 00:58:06,440
Octavian.
795
00:58:07,640 --> 00:58:12,840
Ultimately, Caesar's death marks
the beginning of an era of emperors
796
00:58:12,840 --> 00:58:16,760
that will endure for the
next 500 years.
797
00:58:18,680 --> 00:58:22,400
We know that Romans were keen
to imagine that people might talk
798
00:58:22,400 --> 00:58:24,400
about them long into the future.
799
00:58:24,400 --> 00:58:26,480
But, of course, 2,000 years on,
800
00:58:26,480 --> 00:58:29,480
we're definitely still
talking about Caesar.
801
00:58:29,480 --> 00:58:35,800
And I'm sure that Caesar would be
absolutely delighted to know
802
00:58:35,800 --> 00:58:39,480
that his glory, his fame,
endures into the present day.
101746
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