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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 0 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,630 MICHAEL HEMANN: So genetics represents, essentially, 1 00:00:03,630 --> 00:00:06,660 a diverse class of interests and speaks 2 00:00:06,660 --> 00:00:08,770 to a lot of different areas of study. 3 00:00:08,770 --> 00:00:10,710 So what does genetics tell us about? 4 00:00:10,710 --> 00:00:13,470 Well, genetics tells us, obviously, about heredity. 5 00:00:13,470 --> 00:00:15,840 It tells us why we look like our parents 6 00:00:15,840 --> 00:00:18,630 and why our children will likely look like us, 7 00:00:18,630 --> 00:00:21,750 those things that we pass on, those things that we inherit, 8 00:00:21,750 --> 00:00:24,330 those things that are characteristic of the people 9 00:00:24,330 --> 00:00:27,480 or the communities that we grow up in. 10 00:00:27,480 --> 00:00:29,940 But they also tell us a lot about medicine. 11 00:00:29,940 --> 00:00:32,430 So they tell us about predisposition 12 00:00:32,430 --> 00:00:34,860 towards particular conditions, they talk about-- 13 00:00:34,860 --> 00:00:36,540 tell us about biological diversity 14 00:00:36,540 --> 00:00:37,800 and medical diversity. 15 00:00:37,800 --> 00:00:40,080 They speak to potential therapeutics, 16 00:00:40,080 --> 00:00:43,410 things that we can do or be careful of in thinking 17 00:00:43,410 --> 00:00:46,950 about to improve our own health, or the health of our community 18 00:00:46,950 --> 00:00:47,700 members. 19 00:00:47,700 --> 00:00:52,270 So it tells us a lot about us as people. 20 00:00:52,270 --> 00:00:56,370 But it tells us also about our connection with other species 21 00:00:56,370 --> 00:00:59,460 and how things evolve, how different organisms evolve, 22 00:00:59,460 --> 00:01:02,820 how we evolved and what our connections are 23 00:01:02,820 --> 00:01:05,730 with a broad range of other organisms. 24 00:01:05,730 --> 00:01:09,840 And of course genetics informs basic biology. 25 00:01:09,840 --> 00:01:11,790 We learn about molecular circuits. 26 00:01:11,790 --> 00:01:16,080 We learn about the connections between a gene and resulting 27 00:01:16,080 --> 00:01:20,520 phenotypes, resulting biological systems, networks, 28 00:01:20,520 --> 00:01:21,900 tissue architecture. 29 00:01:21,900 --> 00:01:26,680 So it speaks to a broad biological community. 30 00:01:26,680 --> 00:01:30,850 But of course, these days, genetics actually is enabling. 31 00:01:30,850 --> 00:01:32,390 It allows us to do things. 32 00:01:32,390 --> 00:01:36,850 So we can actually engineer things using genetics in ways 33 00:01:36,850 --> 00:01:38,900 that we never have before. 34 00:01:38,900 --> 00:01:42,040 So we have really unique capabilities now 35 00:01:42,040 --> 00:01:44,530 to actually engineer genomes. 36 00:01:44,530 --> 00:01:46,810 There are technologies like CRISPR 37 00:01:46,810 --> 00:01:50,470 that we'll talk a lot about that allows one to manipulate cells 38 00:01:50,470 --> 00:01:54,252 so we can create things like genetically modified organisms. 39 00:01:54,252 --> 00:01:56,210 I mean, this has been going on for a long time. 40 00:01:56,210 --> 00:02:00,010 But we can manipulate plants, we can manipulate cells. 41 00:02:00,010 --> 00:02:02,620 So we can introduce new cell therapies 42 00:02:02,620 --> 00:02:05,350 to try to treat particular conditions. 43 00:02:05,350 --> 00:02:09,160 And in fact, we can actually generate modified embryos. 44 00:02:09,160 --> 00:02:11,170 Now whether we should do these things, 45 00:02:11,170 --> 00:02:13,000 I think, are important questions, 46 00:02:13,000 --> 00:02:14,765 and the ethics of doing these things 47 00:02:14,765 --> 00:02:16,390 are really important issues, and things 48 00:02:16,390 --> 00:02:18,320 that we should think about. 49 00:02:18,320 --> 00:02:20,650 But these are the decisions that you are all 50 00:02:20,650 --> 00:02:23,140 going to make in the long run as people that understand 51 00:02:23,140 --> 00:02:25,720 this technology and use this technology 52 00:02:25,720 --> 00:02:29,150 and weigh what we ought to do, and what we can do. 53 00:02:29,150 --> 00:02:31,990 But right now, we exist in an era, essentially, 54 00:02:31,990 --> 00:02:33,860 of enabling technology. 55 00:02:33,860 --> 00:02:39,190 We have the ability to modify, using a broad toolset 56 00:02:39,190 --> 00:02:41,450 to alter biological systems. 57 00:02:41,450 --> 00:02:46,600 So in essence, we're in an age of genome engineering. 58 00:02:46,600 --> 00:02:49,300 Now of course in a biology that you're now all 59 00:02:49,300 --> 00:02:52,240 very familiar with, we can also create. 60 00:02:52,240 --> 00:02:54,760 So on the right, we're looking at an entity 61 00:02:54,760 --> 00:02:56,450 that you're all really familiar with. 62 00:02:56,450 --> 00:02:58,420 So this is COVID-19. 63 00:02:58,420 --> 00:03:01,960 And on the left is a schematized diagram 64 00:03:01,960 --> 00:03:03,850 of a COVID vaccine, the kinds that 65 00:03:03,850 --> 00:03:06,410 are made at Moderna and Pfizer, Moderna 66 00:03:06,410 --> 00:03:09,430 very close to where I'm sitting right now, and close to many 67 00:03:09,430 --> 00:03:10,000 of you. 68 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:12,080 This is a piece of RNA. 69 00:03:12,080 --> 00:03:15,790 So it's an engineered nucleic acid sequence 70 00:03:15,790 --> 00:03:19,060 that is now a prevailing vaccine, a prevailing 71 00:03:19,060 --> 00:03:22,240 technology that is used front-line 72 00:03:22,240 --> 00:03:24,730 in the treatment or the preventative treatment 73 00:03:24,730 --> 00:03:26,680 of COVID. 74 00:03:26,680 --> 00:03:29,902 So again, this technology is here as well. 75 00:03:29,902 --> 00:03:32,110 And so we're going to learn about all of these things 76 00:03:32,110 --> 00:03:33,982 in the context of this current course. 77 00:03:33,982 --> 00:03:36,190 We're going to look about the-- look at the interface 78 00:03:36,190 --> 00:03:38,200 between genetics and biology, we're 79 00:03:38,200 --> 00:03:41,178 going to look at the things that you can do with genetics, 80 00:03:41,178 --> 00:03:42,970 and the things that are already being done. 81 00:03:42,970 --> 00:03:44,620 Essentially, what are the possibilities 82 00:03:44,620 --> 00:03:47,560 and how can we engineer using genetics 83 00:03:47,560 --> 00:03:50,280 in more sophisticated ways? 6389

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