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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:30,866 --> 00:00:33,651 We're being as efficient as possible. 2 00:00:34,616 --> 00:00:37,946 Some people, including my friends, sacrifice 3 00:00:38,116 --> 00:00:41,446 their personal lives looking for answers. 4 00:00:42,908 --> 00:00:45,278 - Let's change the subject. 5 00:00:46,200 --> 00:00:49,861 After your last success, you got famous 6 00:00:49,991 --> 00:00:52,361 but you were known beforehand. 7 00:00:52,491 --> 00:00:54,150 Because of a series of lectures for 8 00:00:54,325 --> 00:00:57,157 people not familiar with science. 9 00:00:57,241 --> 00:00:59,408 Universities of technology 10 00:00:59,408 --> 00:01:01,647 are full of your pupils. 11 00:01:01,741 --> 00:01:03,945 But... 12 00:01:04,033 --> 00:01:07,564 - Yes, l'm fond of those lectures. 13 00:01:12,950 --> 00:01:16,113 Before we go through the story from the start, 14 00:01:16,908 --> 00:01:21,648 l should talk a bit about the space where l'll show the visuals. 15 00:01:22,575 --> 00:01:25,656 This is mind warm-up, it'll take two minutes. 16 00:01:27,700 --> 00:01:33,364 Let's look at a point. lt's a simple item. Nothing simpler but the lack of it. 17 00:01:35,200 --> 00:01:36,657 There, 18 00:01:37,283 --> 00:01:38,195 not there. 19 00:01:38,450 --> 00:01:39,729 There, 20 00:01:40,408 --> 00:01:41,356 not there. 21 00:01:41,991 --> 00:01:43,069 There. 22 00:01:44,033 --> 00:01:46,782 There's hardly a simpler distinction. 23 00:01:49,741 --> 00:01:52,616 Let's give the point some freedom, 24 00:01:52,616 --> 00:01:55,484 the first space in history. . . 25 00:01:55,575 --> 00:01:56,736 and from now on, 26 00:01:56,825 --> 00:01:58,198 it can be here, 27 00:01:59,408 --> 00:02:00,356 here, 28 00:02:00,991 --> 00:02:02,318 or here, 29 00:02:03,783 --> 00:02:05,406 there. . . 30 00:02:15,325 --> 00:02:20,776 For the first continuous movement to take place, we need time and space. 31 00:02:26,408 --> 00:02:29,773 When l turn the view around, things are different. 32 00:02:29,866 --> 00:02:32,271 That initial symmetry is broken. 33 00:02:32,366 --> 00:02:34,404 What the object looks like now, 34 00:02:34,491 --> 00:02:37,741 depends on the point of view. 35 00:02:37,741 --> 00:02:41,107 So now we have a point in time and space. 36 00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:44,814 Which is enough for what l'm about to show, to make sense. 37 00:02:44,908 --> 00:02:47,700 How do we get time and space, 38 00:02:47,700 --> 00:02:50,783 and why is there actually something instead of nothing? 39 00:02:50,783 --> 00:02:52,773 Science has no answer to that. 40 00:02:52,866 --> 00:02:55,022 Some religions do. 41 00:02:55,616 --> 00:03:00,190 We're looking at a section of spacetime. Let's make it a bit denser... 42 00:03:04,575 --> 00:03:07,738 This grey slime, that's just so you can see better. 43 00:03:07,825 --> 00:03:09,198 The sound too, 44 00:03:09,283 --> 00:03:11,238 it's just there to show you, 45 00:03:11,325 --> 00:03:14,491 no one knows what space is really made of. 46 00:03:14,491 --> 00:03:16,814 l'll start swinging points around... 47 00:03:16,908 --> 00:03:21,241 each one rages on its own, like noise on TV. No communication. 48 00:03:21,241 --> 00:03:25,365 Only when l add these links, a kind of glue... 49 00:03:26,950 --> 00:03:31,607 There, so movement is passed onto neighbors. 50 00:03:31,700 --> 00:03:35,279 lt's the first space where cause and effect work. 51 00:03:35,366 --> 00:03:41,943 lt's only now we can even talk about a future or a past for this cube. 52 00:03:44,866 --> 00:03:47,864 Which instantly makes it more interesting. 53 00:05:11,491 --> 00:05:13,233 End of warm-up. 54 00:05:13,325 --> 00:05:14,950 Let's talk about life 55 00:05:14,950 --> 00:05:18,196 from the beginnings of the universe. 56 00:05:24,408 --> 00:05:28,908 The very beginning is probably infinite energy: 57 00:05:28,908 --> 00:05:33,281 outrageous temperature and wrinkling of spacetime, 58 00:05:38,825 --> 00:05:42,653 as first distinctions separate. 59 00:05:42,741 --> 00:05:46,735 Like when boiling water oozes foamy scum. 60 00:05:50,491 --> 00:05:52,741 Gravitational waves. 61 00:05:52,741 --> 00:05:58,027 l'll separate the gravitational field from the rest of the noise and we have this. 62 00:06:07,241 --> 00:06:09,066 The graviton. 63 00:06:10,283 --> 00:06:14,229 Within less than a nanosecond, there's new turbulences. 64 00:06:14,325 --> 00:06:15,865 lt's gluons. 65 00:06:15,950 --> 00:06:19,481 But here another particle separates: the Higgs boson 66 00:06:19,575 --> 00:06:22,028 or ''God particle''. 67 00:06:44,158 --> 00:06:47,575 Probably at the moment when Higgs field emerges, 68 00:06:47,575 --> 00:06:52,066 monster tensions and linkages are produced. 69 00:06:56,325 --> 00:06:58,066 lt's inflation. 70 00:07:09,241 --> 00:07:13,105 Upon a violent relaxation, matter doesn't spread smoothly. 71 00:07:13,200 --> 00:07:17,240 On a cosmic scale, spacetime wrinkles form everywhere. 72 00:07:17,325 --> 00:07:19,943 Like on a scrotum in winter. 73 00:07:20,033 --> 00:07:22,075 ln quantum scale, 74 00:07:22,075 --> 00:07:25,487 the aforementioned Higgs field seems to suppress relaxation. 75 00:07:25,575 --> 00:07:30,075 The other fields wrinkle into new, distinct fluctuations... 76 00:07:30,075 --> 00:07:32,528 the first quarks, for instance. 77 00:07:32,616 --> 00:07:36,562 They're awfully small, vibrating among the gluons. 78 00:07:44,533 --> 00:07:49,025 Photons and weak bosons W and Z separate. 79 00:07:57,116 --> 00:08:04,908 A new field of electrons also emerges. And, their perfect opposites - the positrons. 80 00:08:04,908 --> 00:08:08,825 The free electron is quite hard to show as a phenomenon, 81 00:08:08,825 --> 00:08:11,575 as it can be elsewhere in every frame of film. 82 00:08:11,575 --> 00:08:13,233 ln simple words: 83 00:08:13,325 --> 00:08:15,445 the electron, or another particle, 84 00:08:15,533 --> 00:08:19,575 can be precisely shown in space and its photograph is sharp. 85 00:08:19,575 --> 00:08:22,825 But then we don't know about the direction it travels in. 86 00:08:22,825 --> 00:08:29,575 Or, l find out about the direction, but l'll lose the sharpness of position. 87 00:08:29,575 --> 00:08:35,523 We can never have both kinds of information at once with high precision. 88 00:08:47,283 --> 00:08:50,648 And now you can see quarks join together. 89 00:08:50,741 --> 00:08:55,866 They're held by an immense force generated by gluons buzzing inside. 90 00:08:55,866 --> 00:08:59,533 New balls of energy are thus formed, to last over time. 91 00:08:59,533 --> 00:09:02,484 They'll be called protons one day. 92 00:09:02,575 --> 00:09:04,075 Or neutrons. 93 00:09:04,075 --> 00:09:07,616 Depending on the way the quarks are bound. 94 00:09:07,616 --> 00:09:13,234 Balls of energy fail to meet, as it's still too hot for them to link. 95 00:09:13,325 --> 00:09:17,021 Upon cooling down, some of them stick together. 96 00:09:27,575 --> 00:09:31,022 Around them, a field of photons buzzes. 97 00:09:31,116 --> 00:09:36,532 They cannot flow freely, always bumping into other items: electrons, for instance. 98 00:09:38,533 --> 00:09:45,063 lf we could look at that world from outside, it would be fog smothering radiation. 99 00:09:46,241 --> 00:09:48,575 Temperature keeps falling. 100 00:09:48,575 --> 00:09:52,575 Upon several milion years it's cool enough 101 00:09:52,575 --> 00:09:57,066 for free electrons to start clinging to those balls of energy. 102 00:10:00,200 --> 00:10:03,067 Stable clusters are formed. 103 00:10:04,283 --> 00:10:09,023 ln a dozen billion years people will call them hydrogen atoms. 104 00:10:13,408 --> 00:10:18,148 The once imprisoned photons shoot in all directions. 105 00:10:19,158 --> 00:10:22,075 A religious person will say, 106 00:10:22,075 --> 00:10:24,528 ''there was light''. 107 00:10:26,408 --> 00:10:30,733 For some billions of years, he universe keeps on expanding. 108 00:10:30,825 --> 00:10:34,071 Balls of energy, or atoms, float around. 109 00:10:37,866 --> 00:10:40,615 An atom is overlapping waves 110 00:10:40,700 --> 00:10:42,939 of very specific parameters. 111 00:10:43,033 --> 00:10:45,950 First l'll mention the scale and proportions. 112 00:10:45,950 --> 00:10:47,526 They're incredible. 113 00:10:50,075 --> 00:10:54,364 lf the atomic nucleus is the size of a MP's head, 114 00:10:54,450 --> 00:10:58,064 the electron cloud is as big as an agglomeration. 115 00:10:59,200 --> 00:11:04,533 lf the cloud were smaller, all of it would fall apart, and we wouldn't be there. 116 00:11:05,158 --> 00:11:08,654 Now fix your eyes on your thumb, 117 00:11:09,325 --> 00:11:11,031 on the nail. 118 00:11:11,366 --> 00:11:16,070 A few bilion milion atoms on the tip of the nail. . . 119 00:11:16,825 --> 00:11:20,521 lt's good for you to train mind leaps like that. 120 00:11:25,866 --> 00:11:30,073 Quarks held by strong gluons are protons and neutrons. 121 00:11:30,825 --> 00:11:36,525 The latter, combined, create a superior cluster called the atomic nucleus. 122 00:11:37,408 --> 00:11:42,065 A positively charged nucleus oozes an electromagnetic field. 123 00:11:42,158 --> 00:11:45,283 A negative electron falls into this trap. 124 00:11:45,283 --> 00:11:49,533 So that there's any kind of permanence of the whole thing, 125 00:11:49,533 --> 00:11:52,981 the electron spreads around the center. 126 00:11:54,158 --> 00:11:56,866 Hence the popular image of atoms as small. . . 127 00:11:56,866 --> 00:11:58,572 jelly beans, or balls. 128 00:11:58,658 --> 00:12:00,575 lt's a huge simplification. 129 00:12:00,575 --> 00:12:04,782 lt's more like a sphere of fog thickening towards the center. 130 00:12:12,408 --> 00:12:15,700 A different amount of protons and neutrons inside 131 00:12:15,700 --> 00:12:18,235 is a different shape of fog on the orbit. 132 00:12:18,325 --> 00:12:24,653 l haven't made that up. This much you can see directly under a special AFM microscope. 133 00:12:24,741 --> 00:12:27,064 That is the beauty in physics: 134 00:12:27,158 --> 00:12:32,147 theoretical fun on paper coincides with what is seen under a microscope. 135 00:12:40,200 --> 00:12:42,325 This will one day be called carbon. 136 00:12:42,325 --> 00:12:45,322 Entirely different properties while colliding and sticking. 137 00:12:45,408 --> 00:12:49,069 lt's only these differences that chemistry stems from, 138 00:12:49,158 --> 00:12:51,279 and the possibility of forming all these sorts of molecules. 139 00:12:51,825 --> 00:12:53,531 Let's add 92 protons. 140 00:12:56,158 --> 00:13:00,815 The electron cloud takes an eerily complex shape. 141 00:13:01,616 --> 00:13:05,075 Nonetheless, the nucleus is unstable. 142 00:13:05,075 --> 00:13:07,030 lt pukes photons in all directions. 143 00:13:07,116 --> 00:13:09,071 They tremble aggressively. 144 00:13:21,408 --> 00:13:24,241 Atoms collide incessantly. 145 00:13:24,241 --> 00:13:30,071 Exchange of photons eventually occurs, and transfer of the movement direction. 146 00:13:31,908 --> 00:13:34,029 This is the simplest collision. 147 00:13:34,116 --> 00:13:36,154 Problem is, it might work out different. 148 00:13:36,241 --> 00:13:38,908 For instance, the photon emitted can skip like so. 149 00:13:39,033 --> 00:13:40,360 Or so. 150 00:13:42,741 --> 00:13:44,234 Possibilities are many. 151 00:13:44,325 --> 00:13:45,568 Too many. 152 00:13:46,575 --> 00:13:49,691 To precisely calculate the angles of electron collisions 153 00:13:49,783 --> 00:13:51,939 will make the fastest computer lag... 154 00:13:55,658 --> 00:13:59,438 Nonetheless, once we've worked out a few dozen diagrams of collisions, 155 00:13:59,533 --> 00:14:00,812 we can obtain.... 156 00:14:00,908 --> 00:14:04,653 an approximation sufficient to meet human needs: 157 00:14:04,741 --> 00:14:08,071 plugs, computers, washing machines. 158 00:14:08,658 --> 00:14:10,575 These events were once counted by hand, 159 00:14:10,575 --> 00:14:13,905 for you to be able to switch on the light in the staircase. 160 00:14:13,991 --> 00:14:17,273 Does anyone even know who we owe that to? 161 00:14:27,366 --> 00:14:29,950 While l'm talking about starcases, 162 00:14:29,950 --> 00:14:32,616 atoms of helium and hydrogen thicken into the first structures 163 00:14:32,700 --> 00:14:34,571 visible to the naked eye. 164 00:15:02,783 --> 00:15:08,068 This thickening of atoms will one day be named a nebula. 165 00:15:24,991 --> 00:15:29,408 l have a purpose in not showing color. Color is human invention. 166 00:15:29,408 --> 00:15:32,690 For color to be visible, we need an observer with a brain 167 00:15:32,783 --> 00:15:35,697 which can produce the impression of red. 168 00:15:35,783 --> 00:15:41,020 Otherwise it's just anonymous vibration. Like sound with no witness. 169 00:15:41,366 --> 00:15:47,150 So these shots should stay black and white until spiders are created. 170 00:15:47,241 --> 00:15:51,616 But as the public, you are observers and you do have brains, 171 00:15:51,616 --> 00:15:53,903 so l'll let color in already. 172 00:16:29,033 --> 00:16:32,943 The range of waves seen with our eyes is meager. 173 00:16:33,783 --> 00:16:37,907 Let's say someone's hand is drifting here. 174 00:16:37,991 --> 00:16:42,533 We miss very dense photon waves called Roentgen waves. 175 00:16:42,533 --> 00:16:47,783 Now, somewhat longer waves are ultraviolet. We almost see them. 176 00:16:47,783 --> 00:16:50,900 Next there's that familiar blue. 177 00:16:51,366 --> 00:16:54,530 Even longer waves, that's green. 178 00:16:55,241 --> 00:16:57,066 Then red. 179 00:16:57,866 --> 00:17:01,075 Slightly longer waves and there we go missing out. 180 00:17:01,075 --> 00:17:04,156 lt's ultrared, received by touch as warmth. 181 00:17:10,741 --> 00:17:13,230 Even longer waves are microwaves. 182 00:17:13,325 --> 00:17:17,075 Their crests are several centimeters long. They yield very poor image. 183 00:17:17,075 --> 00:17:21,450 Waves longer than a meter are radio waves. They are invisible, 184 00:17:21,450 --> 00:17:23,487 but the radio will receive them. 185 00:17:23,825 --> 00:17:28,398 That someone's hand is a bit too small to reflect them well. 186 00:17:34,325 --> 00:17:38,075 We've just made it to see the first visible structures 187 00:17:38,075 --> 00:17:40,112 which the normal audience has heard about. 188 00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:42,522 lt'll get easier from now on. 189 00:18:24,491 --> 00:18:27,939 This is one of the first galaxies which emerged. 190 00:18:37,866 --> 00:18:43,235 How's it even possible today to see an event from 1 3 billion years ago? 191 00:18:43,325 --> 00:18:47,318 Well, when looking into the sky we look at the past. 192 00:18:47,408 --> 00:18:51,697 lt's only now that photons released in these times, reach us. 193 00:18:51,783 --> 00:18:55,480 Worse thing is, our spacetime keeps expanding. . . 194 00:18:55,575 --> 00:18:58,033 so part of them won't catch up with us at all. 195 00:18:58,033 --> 00:19:01,233 This is how a limit to our observation is formed. 196 00:19:01,325 --> 00:19:05,365 Looking at this frontier, the last thing we see 197 00:19:05,450 --> 00:19:09,700 is a wall of photons called background radiation, coming our way. 198 00:19:09,700 --> 00:19:14,072 Should you like to experience that, switch your TV onto an empty channel. 199 00:19:14,158 --> 00:19:17,819 The radio buzz is largely background radiation 200 00:19:17,908 --> 00:19:20,361 from the beginnings of the universe. 201 00:19:25,158 --> 00:19:28,156 Balls form which are the size of small town. 202 00:19:28,241 --> 00:19:31,825 They're pulsars. They spin 7 00 times per second. 203 00:19:31,825 --> 00:19:34,575 Just imagine what's going on there! 204 00:19:34,575 --> 00:19:41,021 lf you took all public railway wagons and pressed them into the size of a sugarcube... 205 00:19:43,616 --> 00:19:47,075 This pulsar winds matter from a nearby star onto itself. 206 00:19:47,075 --> 00:19:48,697 A vampire. 207 00:19:52,700 --> 00:19:57,200 With unabated gravitational flow, a whole menagerie of creations originates. 208 00:19:57,200 --> 00:19:59,866 ln various stages of metamorphosis. 209 00:21:49,700 --> 00:21:51,773 Millions of years go by. 210 00:21:51,908 --> 00:21:57,110 Some stars lose their balance and start yielding to pressure. 211 00:21:57,283 --> 00:22:00,575 Here, it shows that the star softens up. 212 00:22:00,575 --> 00:22:03,110 The death of a big star is spectacular. 213 00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:26,779 A series of shocks pukes a layer into the cosmos. 214 00:22:31,075 --> 00:22:34,908 Among the shreds are also atoms of carbon and oxygen. 215 00:22:34,908 --> 00:22:39,197 The same ones you're made of. Plus, there's other, heavier atoms. 216 00:22:39,283 --> 00:22:43,193 They join other condensations, forming new clots. 217 00:22:43,283 --> 00:22:45,902 Planets suspended in vacuum. 218 00:22:46,741 --> 00:22:49,111 Let's talk about nothing for a minute. 219 00:22:49,241 --> 00:22:51,564 Take a section of vacuum. 220 00:22:52,241 --> 00:22:53,817 ls it empty? 221 00:22:55,658 --> 00:22:59,782 Or rather: what is there between two nearby atoms? 222 00:23:02,116 --> 00:23:05,280 l don't want to discuss vacuum like a physics teacher, 223 00:23:05,366 --> 00:23:08,897 because you'll take it for abstract matter that doesn't concern you. 224 00:23:08,991 --> 00:23:11,740 l'll better show it on something common. 225 00:23:13,991 --> 00:23:16,658 The artist brings alcohol home. 226 00:23:17,950 --> 00:23:20,568 The bag is made of black plastic, 227 00:23:21,950 --> 00:23:25,113 it's mainly chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms. 228 00:23:26,658 --> 00:23:30,652 Look at the spot where the bag weighs down on his finger. 229 00:23:30,741 --> 00:23:33,741 Tense atoms emit virtual photons. 230 00:23:33,741 --> 00:23:37,325 Thanks to which the bag won't penetrate through the finger. 231 00:23:37,325 --> 00:23:39,908 Thanks to which we have hardness. 232 00:23:39,908 --> 00:23:43,366 lt seems you can zoom in ad infinitum. 233 00:23:43,366 --> 00:23:46,151 lt's a recipe for a mathematical catastrophe. 234 00:23:46,241 --> 00:23:48,481 There's a few options not to go crazy. 235 00:23:50,116 --> 00:23:52,190 For the time being, it's helpful 236 00:23:52,283 --> 00:23:55,565 to establish the shortest possible length and assume that the 237 00:23:55,658 --> 00:24:00,116 the world's smallest pixel is the so-called Planck's length. 238 00:24:00,116 --> 00:24:03,363 Anything smaller than that is undifferentiated. 239 00:24:04,491 --> 00:24:07,783 Another proposal is this: note the noise. 240 00:24:07,783 --> 00:24:09,773 lt's quantum foam. 241 00:24:09,866 --> 00:24:12,437 Loops of spacetime flicker. 242 00:24:13,033 --> 00:24:17,866 This flickering is where our tridimensional space and time emanate from. 243 00:24:17,866 --> 00:24:22,607 Or we can assume that the smallest point in space has more to it. 244 00:24:22,700 --> 00:24:26,314 Additional dimensions are curled into shapes. 245 00:24:26,408 --> 00:24:31,148 These determine the way atoms vibrate in three dimensions. 246 00:24:33,658 --> 00:24:36,940 Coming back to the chronology of events. 247 00:24:37,033 --> 00:24:43,195 Some galaxies collide. A sudden process throws stardust into vacuum. 248 00:24:56,408 --> 00:25:01,528 On one of the star's orbits, the dust thickens into small clots. 249 00:25:01,908 --> 00:25:05,902 Creaky rocks. This one's the size of a fist. 250 00:25:07,450 --> 00:25:11,775 A few million years later, it's the size of Germany. 251 00:25:13,283 --> 00:25:18,568 Millions of years go by and gravity slowly enforces a spherical shape. 252 00:27:20,950 --> 00:27:24,315 Unluckily, another ball enters collision course. 253 00:27:27,616 --> 00:27:30,898 What's left is two orbs and lots of dust. 254 00:27:30,991 --> 00:27:34,658 The lighter shred starts spinning around the heavier ball. 255 00:27:34,658 --> 00:27:36,565 lt has survived the collision. 256 00:27:40,575 --> 00:27:42,980 The fog gets even denser. 257 00:27:43,075 --> 00:27:47,020 lt binds atoms of oxygen, carbon, sulfur, and hydrogen. 258 00:28:04,491 --> 00:28:08,485 A big part comes from stones which evaporated during the collisions. 259 00:28:08,575 --> 00:28:10,067 Toxic rains. 260 00:28:12,241 --> 00:28:16,614 This young planet is a transition place where atoms combined 261 00:28:16,700 --> 00:28:21,570 into big molecules can hold on longest, in their trembling stability. 262 00:28:21,658 --> 00:28:23,575 On stars, that won't do, 263 00:28:23,575 --> 00:28:25,779 everything tears apart there. 264 00:28:25,866 --> 00:28:30,026 Stability allows for keeping up new states of matter. 265 00:28:34,075 --> 00:28:39,064 Water is perfect for binding molecules in even stranger shapes. 266 00:28:40,741 --> 00:28:43,866 Here it'll touch them a bit, but no binding. 267 00:28:43,866 --> 00:28:46,651 There, it'll move them a bit, no tearing though. 268 00:28:52,825 --> 00:28:55,064 ln some spots on land, 269 00:28:55,158 --> 00:28:56,947 warm mud is formed. 270 00:28:57,033 --> 00:29:01,658 lt is bombarded with photons that come flying in from the closest star. 271 00:29:01,658 --> 00:29:04,200 Photons bring particles in vibration. 272 00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:10,113 The distance from the star is such that the mud neither fries not freezes. 273 00:29:12,825 --> 00:29:15,527 A similar mechanism occurs deep under water, 274 00:29:15,616 --> 00:29:20,072 near warm currents coming out of hell, from the planet's insides. 275 00:29:21,700 --> 00:29:26,025 What is being formed here is made out of the most common atoms. 276 00:29:26,116 --> 00:29:29,695 On land, the next bombarding phase takes place. 277 00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:34,738 The mud, seen up close, is French mustard of various molecules. 278 00:29:34,825 --> 00:29:39,529 The wall is clung to by simplest balls of energy, or hydrogen atoms. 279 00:29:39,991 --> 00:29:41,575 They're the only ones that can do so. 280 00:29:41,575 --> 00:29:43,281 The other ones bounce away. 281 00:29:43,366 --> 00:29:46,945 This is how lots of atomic spikes are set aside. 282 00:29:47,075 --> 00:29:52,111 They're officially called ''fatty acids'', but it's a disgusting word. 283 00:29:52,200 --> 00:29:55,647 Spikes can't glue together, as water is boiling. 284 00:30:00,450 --> 00:30:03,650 The geyser explodes and throws it all in the wind. 285 00:30:03,741 --> 00:30:05,897 Some drops of water are spiked. 286 00:30:05,991 --> 00:30:10,400 Water evaporates, and spikes remain in a stellate layout. Urchins are formed. 287 00:30:10,491 --> 00:30:13,359 Their official name is ''micellae''. 288 00:30:14,700 --> 00:30:18,030 Urchins emerge on land and in the deeps. 289 00:30:18,116 --> 00:30:20,818 Part of them gets thrown out in foam. 290 00:30:20,908 --> 00:30:23,029 Let's take a closer look. 291 00:30:25,658 --> 00:30:29,604 The wave motion makes the urchins join in sheets. 292 00:30:29,700 --> 00:30:35,234 With fluctuations and the acidic environment, the sheets curl up into balls. 293 00:30:38,866 --> 00:30:41,241 This is how membranes form. 294 00:30:41,241 --> 00:30:43,694 The most complex structures on the planet. 295 00:30:43,783 --> 00:30:47,065 Bear in mind that here there's still water particles all around, 296 00:30:47,158 --> 00:30:50,654 but l have to exclude them from view so that we see anything. 297 00:30:54,241 --> 00:30:58,021 Some membranes reach scandalous sizes. 298 00:30:58,658 --> 00:31:01,063 We'll come back to these in a minute, as in the meantime, in muddy 299 00:31:01,158 --> 00:31:05,021 in muddy areas on the shore, even more interesting structures emerge. 300 00:31:09,325 --> 00:31:13,614 On the clay walls, molecular chains are set aside. 301 00:31:13,700 --> 00:31:15,075 Or strings, 302 00:31:15,075 --> 00:31:17,112 as they're flimsy and tear easily. 303 00:31:17,200 --> 00:31:18,657 More and more of them. 304 00:31:21,283 --> 00:31:25,442 With the vast ocean space, with violent storms, 305 00:31:25,533 --> 00:31:28,696 no wonder the strings came across membranes. 306 00:31:28,783 --> 00:31:31,567 Most strings are torn into shreds. 307 00:31:31,658 --> 00:31:35,741 But some of their fragments happen to fall inside the membrane. 308 00:31:35,741 --> 00:31:38,111 That's how a capsule is formed. 309 00:31:42,325 --> 00:31:46,105 The strings inside, sheltered from the surrounding chaos, 310 00:31:46,200 --> 00:31:49,944 can tangle and randomly combine into longer chains. 311 00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:56,033 This kind of process goes on for some millions of years in all warm oceans. 312 00:31:56,033 --> 00:31:59,283 Containers keep growing. 313 00:31:59,283 --> 00:32:01,569 The bigger ones absorb the smaller. 314 00:32:04,366 --> 00:32:09,070 There is no purpose or will to survive. Physical forces only. 315 00:32:11,866 --> 00:32:15,563 Finally, the membrane is cast onto the shore. 316 00:32:17,575 --> 00:32:21,106 The wind ruffles the foam, the container can't take it anymore. 317 00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:24,114 The content is divided at random. 318 00:32:32,825 --> 00:32:37,866 Strings inside remain intact and can go on sticking together freely. 319 00:32:37,866 --> 00:32:40,116 They have different particle models. 320 00:32:40,116 --> 00:32:44,075 The ones which took shapes encouraging simple divisions, 321 00:32:44,075 --> 00:32:47,654 multiply more efficiently, sheltered by the container. 322 00:32:53,658 --> 00:32:57,700 The most durable models live for as long as a few months, 323 00:32:57,700 --> 00:33:02,273 thousands of copies form from them. Some mutate at random. 324 00:33:02,366 --> 00:33:05,115 Here, an atom has shifted. 325 00:33:06,783 --> 00:33:09,402 Oh, that links a bit better. 326 00:33:09,491 --> 00:33:13,236 Most of these shapes are good for nothing. 327 00:33:15,325 --> 00:33:18,690 But once in a while a shape is formed which 328 00:33:18,783 --> 00:33:22,195 helps strengthen the container from inside. 329 00:33:24,950 --> 00:33:28,694 Some strings have time to curl into spirals. 330 00:33:28,783 --> 00:33:30,904 The atom layout fosters this. 331 00:33:36,616 --> 00:33:39,069 This seems improbable and too purposeful, 332 00:33:39,158 --> 00:33:45,865 but figure that one drop of waterholds five undecilion atoms. 333 00:33:45,950 --> 00:33:50,991 So how many chances of similar events are there, in the globe's oceans? 334 00:33:50,991 --> 00:33:54,653 Over the course of the next ten milion years? 335 00:35:06,741 --> 00:35:10,107 After milions of years, durable string cannot exist without containers. 336 00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:11,313 And vice versa. 337 00:35:11,408 --> 00:35:14,489 You can see the areas for waste disposal. 338 00:35:15,033 --> 00:35:16,490 The protrusions you see 339 00:35:16,575 --> 00:35:21,279 help move in whichever direction is richer in useful building material. 340 00:35:28,283 --> 00:35:30,190 l'd say ''cells'', 341 00:35:30,283 --> 00:35:32,439 but this is a cliched name. 342 00:35:32,533 --> 00:35:35,283 l'll refer to them as ''capsules''. 343 00:35:35,283 --> 00:35:37,522 Survival capsules. 344 00:35:39,200 --> 00:35:40,609 Why? 345 00:35:41,200 --> 00:35:44,695 Because strings have now found themselves in the best position. 346 00:35:44,783 --> 00:35:47,741 Sheltered from all the surrounding mess... 347 00:35:47,741 --> 00:35:50,111 Longer than ever. 348 00:35:58,950 --> 00:36:03,607 We can remember how first containers divided under gusts of wind. 349 00:36:03,700 --> 00:36:07,147 After so many years of shredding, it's less random. 350 00:36:12,075 --> 00:36:13,900 Let's take a closer look. 351 00:36:14,616 --> 00:36:17,318 The string trembles around discs. 352 00:36:17,408 --> 00:36:19,979 lt's an introduction to denser packing. 353 00:36:21,116 --> 00:36:25,062 The discs tighten up even more, and the spooled string 354 00:36:25,158 --> 00:36:29,198 takes a shape which tangles the least possible. 355 00:36:31,116 --> 00:36:32,775 A baguette. 356 00:36:35,283 --> 00:36:38,067 The spindle from the stretchers additionally fosters 357 00:36:38,158 --> 00:36:40,777 the baguettes fitting together. 358 00:36:50,075 --> 00:36:53,275 And here shows a hook called a kinetochore. 359 00:36:53,366 --> 00:36:56,981 Left, we have string spooled on discs. 360 00:37:01,241 --> 00:37:02,825 All is set. 361 00:37:02,825 --> 00:37:07,529 Allong the tubules, kinesines and dyneins start. 362 00:37:12,325 --> 00:37:15,322 They signal: it's time to divide. 363 00:37:30,700 --> 00:37:34,030 The capsules multiply, each one holds copies of strings. 364 00:37:35,908 --> 00:37:38,822 lneffective ways of dividing are lost forever. 365 00:37:38,908 --> 00:37:41,313 Broken string goes into the abyss, 366 00:37:41,408 --> 00:37:44,322 and its molecules will produce some new string. 367 00:37:44,408 --> 00:37:45,948 lt's not over yet. 368 00:37:46,033 --> 00:37:48,908 The capsule conglomerate keeps expanding. 369 00:37:48,908 --> 00:37:51,147 Multiplication is regulated. 370 00:37:51,450 --> 00:37:55,283 Proper concentration of chemicals slows it down. 371 00:37:55,283 --> 00:37:58,032 Or changes the direction. 372 00:38:10,616 --> 00:38:14,657 lnitially, capsules multiply via simplest division. 373 00:38:15,825 --> 00:38:18,908 The underwater swinging of some clusters slowly 374 00:38:18,908 --> 00:38:22,075 takes its toll on the strings' atomic model. 375 00:38:22,075 --> 00:38:26,566 Out of some areas that carry electrons better, calluses are formed. 376 00:38:26,658 --> 00:38:28,897 This has no purpose. 377 00:38:28,991 --> 00:38:32,241 But sometimes the electrones extracted from the background. . . 378 00:38:32,241 --> 00:38:38,108 skip so far over the body, that random contortions are produced. 379 00:38:38,741 --> 00:38:43,482 The generations whose contortions lead them towards light and food, survive. 380 00:38:43,575 --> 00:38:45,565 Others are lost. 381 00:38:48,075 --> 00:38:50,397 Some hundred thousand generations later, you can see 382 00:38:50,491 --> 00:38:52,944 the distinct concentration on the crest. 383 00:38:53,033 --> 00:38:55,568 Most photons come from above. 384 00:38:55,658 --> 00:38:58,775 Here one of the sides is more dense... 385 00:38:58,866 --> 00:39:02,241 which orders up the mess in the electron flow. 386 00:39:02,241 --> 00:39:04,481 The thing's motion is less chaotic. 387 00:39:04,575 --> 00:39:08,106 A lifehack that makes capsule multiplication efficient. 388 00:39:15,783 --> 00:39:19,366 The systems which shrink at the ''shade moment'' 389 00:39:19,366 --> 00:39:22,400 last longer and multiply more string. 390 00:39:22,491 --> 00:39:27,065 Next generations come in ever stranger shapes and behavior. 391 00:39:32,575 --> 00:39:39,105 Body shape is the external expression of string hidden in each survival capsule. 392 00:39:39,200 --> 00:39:44,615 The ones that multiply with abandon, are dangerous as they mess up the environment. 393 00:39:44,700 --> 00:39:49,736 The ones with a division counter are left on the scene. 394 00:39:51,366 --> 00:39:56,356 lf the body hasn't managed to copy the string, then its model is lost forever. 395 00:39:59,908 --> 00:40:02,575 ln the meantime, here comes danger. 396 00:40:02,575 --> 00:40:05,277 Due to its position towards the nearby star, 397 00:40:05,366 --> 00:40:09,312 the planet slowly turns into a ball of ice. 398 00:40:09,408 --> 00:40:12,406 The cold means slower vibrations. 399 00:40:12,491 --> 00:40:17,491 Stillness may make these splendid molecular machines scarce. 400 00:40:17,491 --> 00:40:22,533 But somewhere deep beneath the ice, a few strings keep on ruffling. 401 00:40:22,533 --> 00:40:26,573 Closed off in particularly thick survival capsules. 402 00:40:27,991 --> 00:40:32,283 A few hundred thousand laps later, the planet is aligned differently again. 403 00:40:32,283 --> 00:40:36,277 The ice melts and we get a new tide of photon waves. 404 00:40:39,116 --> 00:40:41,075 All of it multiplies even faster, 405 00:40:41,075 --> 00:40:43,397 with less and less loss in strings. 406 00:41:04,366 --> 00:41:08,407 Some capsules excrete oxygen atoms. lt's quite reactive. 407 00:41:08,491 --> 00:41:11,276 Ever stranger shapes grow. 408 00:41:17,533 --> 00:41:20,401 Strings get their transport again. 409 00:43:20,033 --> 00:43:23,325 This cluster has as much as a quarter million capsules, 410 00:43:23,325 --> 00:43:27,021 called neurons. ln each one there's some string. 411 00:43:33,200 --> 00:43:37,857 An ordered flow of impulses leads to an ordered movement. 412 00:44:10,783 --> 00:44:13,781 Let's sum it up before people arrive. 413 00:44:15,158 --> 00:44:19,408 The string is found in cells of every living being. 414 00:44:19,408 --> 00:44:23,532 Starting from cabbage, then snails, and finally, in humans. 415 00:44:30,450 --> 00:44:33,241 Nature is blind, sadly. 416 00:44:33,241 --> 00:44:38,527 ln 2008, a fragment of string was rearranged in the fruit fly. . . 417 00:44:38,616 --> 00:44:43,108 lt's offspring's bodies was overgrown with extra eyes. 418 00:44:43,200 --> 00:44:47,193 The insects died, but the eyes worked partly right. 419 00:44:47,866 --> 00:44:49,028 The same fragment, 420 00:44:49,116 --> 00:44:53,325 called PAX 6, is in your body. 421 00:44:53,325 --> 00:44:55,564 lt regulates eye growth. 422 00:45:06,200 --> 00:45:09,575 How with all this research and prizes, 423 00:45:09,575 --> 00:45:13,022 do you find time to be with your family? 424 00:45:13,116 --> 00:45:16,980 - What time?... What do you mean? 425 00:45:19,700 --> 00:45:22,982 You have a young wife, a one year old son. 426 00:45:26,325 --> 00:45:27,825 Do you have time for them? 427 00:45:27,825 --> 00:45:31,272 - Excuse me, where did you learn this? 428 00:45:32,616 --> 00:45:36,325 Anyway, what doesthis have to do with the interview? 429 00:45:36,325 --> 00:45:39,033 - l'm just asking, as a human being. 430 00:45:39,033 --> 00:45:42,533 Outside the lab, do you have time for them? 431 00:45:42,533 --> 00:45:44,908 - l do or l don't and it really isn't 432 00:45:44,908 --> 00:45:47,116 the subject of this interview! 433 00:45:47,116 --> 00:45:53,116 - What if we turnt this camera off? 434 00:45:53,116 --> 00:45:57,572 - Excuse me, don't you understand the words ''l don't''?! 435 00:46:08,450 --> 00:46:13,320 ln search of energy, the survival machines move further into land. 436 00:46:16,075 --> 00:46:17,900 After all these millions of years of copying, 437 00:46:17,991 --> 00:46:21,688 the transport for strings takes quite a mobile form. 438 00:46:35,200 --> 00:46:41,450 As yet, the strings which have survived are those that form a kind of a supersystem. 439 00:46:41,450 --> 00:46:43,523 l mean a stock. 440 00:46:55,700 --> 00:47:00,522 Ancestors from another continent didn't understand what death is. 441 00:47:20,991 --> 00:47:25,281 lt's only the next generations who began to grasp that. 442 00:47:31,450 --> 00:47:33,523 The wandering goes on for several thousand years. 443 00:47:33,616 --> 00:47:36,283 The offspring is a bit smarter. 444 00:47:44,283 --> 00:47:47,533 A volcano explosion on the opposite side of the globe 445 00:47:47,533 --> 00:47:51,029 reduces their number to a few thousand. 446 00:48:30,866 --> 00:48:32,825 Every bit of data saved is precious, 447 00:48:32,825 --> 00:48:35,527 as these are probably the world's most complex structures. 448 00:48:36,575 --> 00:48:39,608 The ones who straighten their backs see more. 449 00:48:39,700 --> 00:48:42,651 Keeping bodies up straight is tiring, they seldom do that. 450 00:48:42,741 --> 00:48:47,896 But in the better nourished stocks it's become a habit to imitate. 451 00:48:51,991 --> 00:48:56,115 This thin layer of cells gets denser with every generation. 452 00:48:56,200 --> 00:48:59,695 Which is why communication within the stock gets much better. 453 00:49:02,575 --> 00:49:05,738 These brains discern minor nuance. 454 00:49:05,825 --> 00:49:07,981 Body language is faster than sound. 455 00:49:08,075 --> 00:49:09,864 Energy-saving. 456 00:49:10,325 --> 00:49:14,982 Expressive eye whites make it easier to read directions of looks. 457 00:49:17,116 --> 00:49:18,822 They make tools. 458 00:49:19,325 --> 00:49:22,904 This is something you can't transfer in the string. 459 00:49:25,575 --> 00:49:28,241 The young mimic the parents. 460 00:49:28,325 --> 00:49:31,939 For the first time, weaker individuals are valuable. 461 00:49:32,616 --> 00:49:36,527 They are carriers of behavior, which is not there in the strings. 462 00:49:37,241 --> 00:49:42,029 lt's in the brains instead, as a sustained impulse flow. 463 00:49:44,408 --> 00:49:49,112 ln a hundred thousand years, this will be named culture. 464 00:50:17,616 --> 00:50:22,522 One of the most contagious skills is control over fire. 465 00:50:28,783 --> 00:50:32,908 The whole group becomes a superior survival capsule. 466 00:50:32,908 --> 00:50:40,148 lt's bound by social ties, simple emotions and beginnings of love as we know it. 467 00:50:42,075 --> 00:50:44,610 Dispassionate, as of yet. 468 00:50:49,033 --> 00:50:52,116 Multiplying bodies is still vital for the strings. 469 00:50:52,116 --> 00:50:55,363 But protecting the brain gets more important than ever. 470 00:50:56,658 --> 00:51:00,106 From now on, biology goes hand in hand with culture. 471 00:51:00,200 --> 00:51:04,063 Next to the dead body, they lay down tools and hides. 472 00:51:04,158 --> 00:51:06,065 ln case she wakes up, right? 473 00:51:10,116 --> 00:51:15,153 The brain is dense enough to allow creating event simulation. 474 00:51:15,616 --> 00:51:18,283 No risk, no need to leave the cave. 475 00:51:18,575 --> 00:51:20,897 Today, we call it imagination. 476 00:51:21,283 --> 00:51:25,656 Fear of harsh weather gets combined with fear of predators. 477 00:51:26,200 --> 00:51:28,653 That l don't know how to show. 478 00:51:28,741 --> 00:51:33,979 But see what's before my eyes when l think of those days. 479 00:51:34,658 --> 00:51:36,530 Like an impression. 480 00:51:37,241 --> 00:51:40,575 ln the more developed brains, emerges a sensation of some 481 00:51:40,575 --> 00:51:44,271 impalpable being of tremendous supremacy. 482 00:52:12,616 --> 00:52:15,484 Local imagery can be seen in rituals. 483 00:52:18,991 --> 00:52:23,741 These behaviors are transferred via mimicry from generation to the next. 484 00:52:23,741 --> 00:52:27,356 They make their way into brains of more and more beings... 485 00:52:33,491 --> 00:52:40,566 Only in a few thousand years, the wide notion of ''God'' comes about. 486 00:52:41,700 --> 00:52:43,441 Wherever the circumstances are stable, 487 00:52:43,533 --> 00:52:45,488 faith in a protective and kind deity is usually formed. 488 00:52:46,866 --> 00:52:49,402 Like a flow of opium milk. 489 00:52:49,908 --> 00:52:54,115 But where nature is brutal, what develops most often is a belief 490 00:52:54,200 --> 00:52:58,525 in a capricious deity, clotted milk, compote and ...smells. 491 00:53:00,616 --> 00:53:03,401 Religious behaviors also mutate. 492 00:53:04,741 --> 00:53:06,815 Those which help survive, 493 00:53:06,908 --> 00:53:10,771 last in millions of brains as patters of neuron activity. 494 00:53:12,241 --> 00:53:15,322 Thousands of years later, only a few prominent 495 00:53:15,408 --> 00:53:18,325 religious behaviors remain on the globe. 496 00:53:18,325 --> 00:53:22,816 People reside in groups of a few hundred, often near rivers. 497 00:53:23,241 --> 00:53:27,566 ln these small social cells, simple punishment is developed, 498 00:53:27,658 --> 00:53:32,730 concerning incest and all actions which lead to degradation in the group. 499 00:53:32,825 --> 00:53:37,700 For instance: having several partners at a time is a tough challenge. 500 00:53:37,700 --> 00:53:40,318 lt's a constant fight with other males. 501 00:53:40,408 --> 00:53:44,982 Which is probably why monogamous relationships get more numerous. 502 00:53:47,991 --> 00:53:51,991 lndividuals living outside norms are expelled from groups. 503 00:53:51,991 --> 00:53:55,108 Clear bans for harmful behavior arise. 504 00:53:55,825 --> 00:53:58,822 With small populations it's especially important. 505 00:53:58,908 --> 00:54:00,945 We call it law today. 506 00:54:06,825 --> 00:54:11,114 Extreme conservatism however, leads to lack of adaptation in new conditions. 507 00:54:11,200 --> 00:54:13,237 Group degradation follows. 508 00:54:15,616 --> 00:54:19,444 Too many mischief-makers, in turn, cause disappearance of rules and chaos, 509 00:54:19,533 --> 00:54:21,275 which devastates the tribe as well. 510 00:54:25,325 --> 00:54:28,366 Religions and laws usually promote conservatism, 511 00:54:28,366 --> 00:54:31,779 striving at keeping up tried behaviors. 512 00:54:37,658 --> 00:54:44,448 ln this way a shaky balance between stability and elasticity of societies is kept. 513 00:54:47,325 --> 00:54:48,782 Oh, sorry... 514 00:54:50,866 --> 00:54:54,066 Over thousands of years, this self-regulation 515 00:54:54,158 --> 00:54:57,109 turns out to foster duration of largest groups. 516 00:54:57,200 --> 00:55:01,359 As a result, the DNA strings are doing better than ever. 517 00:55:02,075 --> 00:55:05,985 l've just presented ten million years in four minutes. 518 00:55:06,075 --> 00:55:09,072 Sorry. But it's good sometimes to see these things 519 00:55:09,158 --> 00:55:12,986 from the DNA strings' perspective. Not like, human only. 520 00:55:15,866 --> 00:55:18,283 - But everywhere there are 521 00:55:18,283 --> 00:55:21,316 people suspicious of science. 522 00:55:22,575 --> 00:55:27,075 These people need to trust that the quarks are real 523 00:55:27,075 --> 00:55:30,606 or that their DNA chains are half a meter long. 524 00:55:32,158 --> 00:55:35,783 They need to take for granted that... 525 00:55:35,783 --> 00:55:37,491 - That we landed on the Moon? 526 00:55:37,491 --> 00:55:38,991 They don't have to. 527 00:55:38,991 --> 00:55:46,031 You know what? 528 00:55:46,116 --> 00:55:49,075 Please, spit in here. 529 00:55:49,075 --> 00:55:50,075 - Excuse me? 530 00:55:50,075 --> 00:55:51,615 - Come on, spit in here. 531 00:55:52,491 --> 00:55:53,605 - Alright. 532 00:55:58,075 --> 00:55:59,733 - Thank you. 533 00:56:15,075 --> 00:56:17,866 - ln other words, what l mean is that you 534 00:56:17,866 --> 00:56:20,615 have your story, but there are others. 535 00:56:20,700 --> 00:56:23,366 - Yes, and that's the problem. 536 00:56:23,366 --> 00:56:26,366 lf someone doesn't like the kinesins walking 537 00:56:26,366 --> 00:56:28,866 on the DNA and deems it as 538 00:56:28,866 --> 00:56:31,106 too far fetched to be real 539 00:56:33,283 --> 00:56:36,491 and says that photons are just another tale 540 00:56:36,491 --> 00:56:38,612 as silly as others, 541 00:56:40,283 --> 00:56:43,075 then this person should look for a country, 542 00:56:43,075 --> 00:56:45,491 where the laws of physics are more 543 00:56:45,491 --> 00:56:48,525 accessible, the molecules bigger... 544 00:56:53,075 --> 00:56:55,075 easier to understand. 545 00:56:55,075 --> 00:56:57,065 You can't convince them. 546 00:56:59,866 --> 00:57:01,110 Yeah. 547 00:57:02,658 --> 00:57:05,229 You can't change what you see 548 00:57:08,158 --> 00:57:10,528 under the microscope, it is what it is. 549 00:57:10,616 --> 00:57:13,318 And we don't know why. 550 00:57:13,408 --> 00:57:16,738 Basically, even this unawareness 551 00:57:17,575 --> 00:57:21,438 is better than knowing everything. 552 00:57:30,075 --> 00:57:32,314 Here we have your DNA chain. 553 00:57:32,991 --> 00:57:36,273 Probably, with the kinesins still attached. 554 00:57:38,116 --> 00:57:41,647 We can go downstairs and take a closer look. 555 00:57:47,616 --> 00:57:50,700 String division in people is a dramatic process. 556 00:57:50,700 --> 00:57:54,491 You're really lucky to have been able to hatch. 557 00:57:54,491 --> 00:57:58,900 Look how little you need for something to go wrong. A couple of atoms. 558 00:58:00,700 --> 00:58:06,317 Day one: lt starts out classic, a father's spermatozoons carrying string. 559 00:58:15,283 --> 00:58:18,281 They swarm around the female egg. 560 00:58:20,491 --> 00:58:22,529 Dissolving the wall. 561 00:58:26,950 --> 00:58:29,616 lt plants tangled string inside. 562 00:58:30,325 --> 00:58:33,192 Some proteins attach immediately. 563 00:58:35,491 --> 00:58:37,241 lt's a nucleosom, 564 00:58:37,241 --> 00:58:41,982 it spins the string onto its disc, as discs allow efficient packing. 565 00:58:48,991 --> 00:58:51,065 They curl into cigars. 566 00:58:51,158 --> 00:58:53,279 These are chromosomes. 567 00:58:55,825 --> 00:58:59,450 The microtubule spindle helps to compress. 568 00:58:59,450 --> 00:59:01,440 And makes them stand on end. 569 00:59:05,908 --> 00:59:07,982 This hook is a kinetochore, 570 00:59:08,075 --> 00:59:11,191 here it checks if division should start. 571 00:59:12,575 --> 00:59:14,115 Not yet. 572 00:59:15,241 --> 00:59:16,734 Not yet. 573 00:59:17,491 --> 00:59:19,197 Not yet. 574 00:59:21,491 --> 00:59:22,521 But now. . . 575 00:59:22,616 --> 00:59:26,033 dyneins and kinesines drag along the spindle. 576 00:59:26,033 --> 00:59:27,822 Regulating the load. 577 00:59:28,366 --> 00:59:30,653 Braces let out cigars, 578 00:59:30,741 --> 00:59:32,616 and spindles draw backwards, 579 00:59:32,616 --> 00:59:34,654 spreading out up there. 580 00:59:36,491 --> 00:59:39,200 See, there's a problem with this bracket. 581 00:59:39,200 --> 00:59:41,653 lt hasn't let out a cigar to divide. 582 00:59:41,741 --> 00:59:44,443 lt's been left inside, one too many. 583 00:59:51,033 --> 00:59:52,573 The body is growing, 584 00:59:52,658 --> 00:59:55,277 replisomes copy with an error. 585 00:59:58,241 --> 01:00:00,860 Day three, eight capsules now. 586 01:01:09,241 --> 01:01:10,491 Oh, a loop. 587 01:01:10,491 --> 01:01:12,446 Another problem. 588 01:01:23,366 --> 01:01:24,740 And again. 589 01:01:24,825 --> 01:01:27,692 Tape jammed in a tape recorder. 590 01:01:27,950 --> 01:01:30,575 And now it multiplies over limbs, 591 01:01:30,575 --> 01:01:32,897 slightly altered protein is formed. 592 01:01:41,325 --> 01:01:42,652 The child grows, 593 01:01:42,741 --> 01:01:46,272 has Down syndrome and problems with its fingers. 594 01:01:46,366 --> 01:01:48,819 The parents don't know that yet. 595 01:01:50,533 --> 01:01:52,607 The body takes shape. 596 01:01:55,158 --> 01:01:58,903 l don't have to remind you what it's all made of. 597 01:02:27,116 --> 01:02:29,107 Boy or girl? 598 01:02:29,491 --> 01:02:33,355 Brain structures responsible for the sex form quite slowly. 599 01:02:33,450 --> 01:02:35,689 The primary pattern is female, 600 01:02:35,783 --> 01:02:39,942 it's only the soaking with testosteron that makes the difference. 601 01:02:40,450 --> 01:02:41,777 That one's a boy. 602 01:02:41,866 --> 01:02:44,402 Or not, maybe. . . 603 01:02:44,491 --> 01:02:45,825 Not much hormone. 604 01:02:45,825 --> 01:02:47,325 Probably a boy. 605 01:02:47,325 --> 01:02:50,109 But with a brain built like a female's. 606 01:03:06,741 --> 01:03:08,897 The environment will shape the rest. 607 01:03:13,491 --> 01:03:16,116 Your institute spent 300 608 01:03:16,116 --> 01:03:18,023 thousand on free will research. 609 01:03:18,200 --> 01:03:20,071 - What does free will 610 01:03:20,200 --> 01:03:21,991 have to do with science? 611 01:03:21,991 --> 01:03:25,200 - We need this research 612 01:03:25,200 --> 01:03:27,700 to find something to weaken 613 01:03:27,700 --> 01:03:29,655 the OCD accompanying 614 01:03:29,783 --> 01:03:31,991 the Parkinson's disease. 615 01:03:31,991 --> 01:03:33,650 and we're really close. 616 01:03:34,575 --> 01:03:38,200 And among other things, that's why 617 01:03:38,200 --> 01:03:40,653 our team received the prize. 618 01:03:41,200 --> 01:03:42,783 - For trying to cure 619 01:03:42,783 --> 01:03:44,738 the OCD or the Parkinson's? 620 01:03:45,200 --> 01:03:48,446 - Both. l suppose that in this building 621 01:03:49,366 --> 01:03:53,200 there are at least two persons suffering from 622 01:03:53,200 --> 01:03:57,145 OCD and l don't mean frequent hand washing 623 01:03:59,866 --> 01:04:02,533 because you can live with this. 624 01:04:02,991 --> 01:04:05,527 l mean intrusive thoughts, 625 01:04:06,200 --> 01:04:08,522 like the fear of losing control 626 01:04:09,366 --> 01:04:12,234 or doing some nasty things. 627 01:04:15,783 --> 01:04:18,651 lt really can ruin people's lives. 628 01:04:22,283 --> 01:04:24,575 For example, religious people 629 01:04:24,575 --> 01:04:29,445 have sacrilegious or pornographic thoughts 630 01:04:32,200 --> 01:04:36,028 or thoughts about their sister's funeral. 631 01:04:43,741 --> 01:04:48,778 BE YOND MANKlND 632 01:05:50,408 --> 01:05:54,864 Let's deal with the organ which enabled such a tiny group of beings 633 01:05:54,950 --> 01:05:58,860 to change so much all over the globe. 634 01:06:11,658 --> 01:06:12,819 This is my father in law. 635 01:06:12,908 --> 01:06:14,152 Stanisław. 636 01:06:21,825 --> 01:06:25,200 l don't want to discuss the brain as they do in school, 637 01:06:25,200 --> 01:06:27,770 on anonymous drawings and dummies. 638 01:06:28,200 --> 01:06:33,533 l like it truer. For you to feel that all of it concerns you, every day. 639 01:06:35,408 --> 01:06:37,778 Let's look at Staszek's brain. 640 01:06:40,866 --> 01:06:45,156 The deeper the area, the more basic function it holds. 641 01:06:45,866 --> 01:06:48,825 This is the brain stem, a primitive reptile part. 642 01:06:48,825 --> 01:06:52,190 Breathing, heartbeat, salivating, digestion. 643 01:06:53,283 --> 01:06:56,115 This part is the limbic part. 644 01:06:56,200 --> 01:07:00,489 Responsible for emotions and simple social behaviors. 645 01:07:03,158 --> 01:07:06,109 And back there is the cerebellum. 646 01:07:06,658 --> 01:07:08,483 Motion coordination. 647 01:07:11,116 --> 01:07:16,450 The outer, ridged layer is the area where complex processes are processed: 648 01:07:16,908 --> 01:07:20,688 the point of that joke about the MP,, calculations, 649 01:07:20,783 --> 01:07:23,697 awareness of the self, and imagination. 650 01:07:24,200 --> 01:07:26,241 Obviously, the borders are not sharp. 651 01:07:26,241 --> 01:07:30,733 Our behavior results from a rhythmic melody of these structures. 652 01:07:31,491 --> 01:07:34,773 When the melody loses the rhythm, problems arise. 653 01:07:34,866 --> 01:07:38,777 Stanisław, for instance, has Parkinson's. But that's for later. 654 01:07:53,616 --> 01:07:59,491 Looking closer, the knots turn out to be capsules called neurons. 655 01:07:59,491 --> 01:08:02,738 Of course, each of them is a capsule for the string. 656 01:08:02,825 --> 01:08:05,075 lt can also send information. 657 01:08:05,075 --> 01:08:08,819 The way this happens is extraordinary. 658 01:08:09,783 --> 01:08:14,283 Current flow in an integrated circuit is nothing compared to this. 659 01:08:14,283 --> 01:08:18,775 Ordinary current is electrons flowing in a specific direction. 660 01:08:19,241 --> 01:08:21,148 ln the brain, it's different. 661 01:08:21,241 --> 01:08:24,772 Everyone seems to realize that, but somehow. . . 662 01:08:25,450 --> 01:08:29,950 Showing nervous impulse as christmas lights is embarassing 663 01:08:29,950 --> 01:08:32,568 and it introduces bad thinking habits. 664 01:08:36,033 --> 01:08:38,189 lt gets more interesting. 665 01:08:38,575 --> 01:08:40,980 Here we have an atom surplus. 666 01:08:42,825 --> 01:08:44,696 They want to mix with the ones inside 667 01:08:44,783 --> 01:08:46,655 but a wall separates them. 668 01:08:46,741 --> 01:08:50,984 Nature strives at leveling out surplus, so tension is produced. 669 01:08:52,158 --> 01:08:56,104 The capsule wall is a membrane spiked with valves. 670 01:08:56,575 --> 01:08:58,364 Which eventually let go. 671 01:09:00,783 --> 01:09:04,362 ln a rhythm that makes it a cascade of pumpings. 672 01:09:04,450 --> 01:09:06,357 This thing is an impulse. 673 01:09:07,908 --> 01:09:10,443 This is how our thoughts flow. 674 01:09:11,575 --> 01:09:15,319 The average impulse speed is 1 00 kilometers per hour. 675 01:09:20,283 --> 01:09:23,897 On the tip, excitement makes bags with dust open. 676 01:09:23,991 --> 01:09:26,693 Professionally called neurotransmitters. 677 01:09:26,783 --> 01:09:28,359 But you can also say dust. 678 01:09:28,450 --> 01:09:32,360 These are super tiny particles, a few dozen atoms at the most. 679 01:09:32,450 --> 01:09:35,566 Upon release, they cling to canals at the other side. 680 01:09:35,658 --> 01:09:37,575 The energy cascade moves on, 681 01:09:37,575 --> 01:09:42,564 and the rest of dust gets absorbed and packed in bags again. 682 01:09:43,241 --> 01:09:45,950 Why does the brain need these breaks? 683 01:09:45,950 --> 01:09:50,109 To regulate the impulse flow more precisely, among others. 684 01:09:51,450 --> 01:09:54,283 We have several kinds of dust. 685 01:09:54,283 --> 01:09:56,700 For instance, shortage in this, 686 01:09:56,700 --> 01:09:59,366 dopamine, gives symptoms of Parkinson's disease. 687 01:09:59,450 --> 01:10:01,033 Too little dust, 688 01:10:01,033 --> 01:10:02,609 and impulses do not move on, 689 01:10:02,700 --> 01:10:05,318 which in effect interferes with Staszek's muscle performance. 690 01:10:12,825 --> 01:10:15,241 l'd like to apologize in advance to my colleagues 691 01:10:15,241 --> 01:10:17,232 for the scandalous simplification. 692 01:10:17,325 --> 01:10:20,525 To be fair with this, l'd have to make a TV series on synapses. 693 01:10:25,408 --> 01:10:29,402 Let's look at Emilia for a change - Stanisław's wife. 694 01:10:33,741 --> 01:10:35,732 She's making a scarf for her husband. 695 01:10:37,325 --> 01:10:38,947 Counting the rows. 696 01:10:39,033 --> 01:10:42,114 You can see the activation of areas above the ears. 697 01:10:48,366 --> 01:10:51,033 A branch of this neuron is a dendrite. 698 01:10:51,116 --> 01:10:54,944 ln real time, little stems form on its walls. 699 01:10:55,033 --> 01:10:56,609 Then they die. And so it goes. 700 01:10:56,700 --> 01:11:00,616 Stems are surrounded with a molecular scaffolding. 701 01:11:00,616 --> 01:11:04,444 lt's actin. lts growth influences the shapes of stems. 702 01:11:09,200 --> 01:11:10,822 A freeze for biologists. 703 01:11:10,908 --> 01:11:12,733 This is cofilin, for instance. 704 01:11:12,825 --> 01:11:14,950 lt helps grow the scaffolding. 705 01:11:14,950 --> 01:11:19,026 And here's the ''Arp 2 to 3'' joint. A friend of mine invented the name. 706 01:11:20,200 --> 01:11:21,776 Why does my mother in law need it all? 707 01:11:21,866 --> 01:11:22,779 Let's see. 708 01:11:22,866 --> 01:11:24,158 She's counting the rows. 709 01:11:24,158 --> 01:11:28,696 Each number remembered means physically thickening the dendrite's stems. 710 01:11:28,783 --> 01:11:31,616 The scaffolding makes bridges between dendrites. . . 711 01:11:31,616 --> 01:11:33,523 The impuls goes a different way... 712 01:11:34,283 --> 01:11:38,325 These seconds are enough to sustain attention over a row number. 713 01:11:38,325 --> 01:11:40,825 Not only the stems have scaffolding. 714 01:11:40,825 --> 01:11:45,233 Whole neurons have it. Virtually all cells in your bodies. 715 01:11:59,200 --> 01:12:01,155 And this is Bruno. 716 01:12:01,991 --> 01:12:04,823 New transport for my string. 717 01:12:35,366 --> 01:12:39,988 Bruno has a myriad of sensory receptors. They're dispersed thoughout the body. 718 01:12:44,283 --> 01:12:46,991 ln this strip of the brain, there's a map of sensation. 719 01:12:46,991 --> 01:12:52,229 lf l were to show it in 3D, this sort of homunculus would form. 720 01:12:53,116 --> 01:12:57,572 The bigger the fragment, the more innervated the body region. 721 01:12:58,241 --> 01:13:01,275 ln a dog, the map looks different. 722 01:13:03,283 --> 01:13:07,775 The insides are also mapped, but the resolution is much lower. 723 01:13:07,991 --> 01:13:09,448 Thankfully enough, 724 01:13:09,533 --> 01:13:14,025 as the sensation of swallowing in HD is some kind of gluey schizophrenia. 725 01:13:15,783 --> 01:13:17,738 Not to mention sex. 726 01:13:20,866 --> 01:13:22,359 Or excretion... 727 01:13:23,783 --> 01:13:26,022 Which is what my son's doing right now. 728 01:13:30,575 --> 01:13:32,944 Let's look at the drive of Bruno's intestines, 729 01:13:33,033 --> 01:13:35,568 although this concerns all of your muscles. 730 01:13:41,075 --> 01:13:45,613 Thick fiber is composed of minor ones, made up of even smaller ones, sarcomeres. 731 01:13:45,700 --> 01:13:49,776 All in all, it's almost the same scaffolding as in the brain. 732 01:13:52,533 --> 01:13:55,401 Actin in oblong form. 733 01:13:59,741 --> 01:14:02,775 Upon a signal from the brain, actin filaments 734 01:14:02,866 --> 01:14:05,947 are moved along an immobile slat of myosin. 735 01:14:13,033 --> 01:14:15,272 A similar mechanism works in the heart. 736 01:14:15,366 --> 01:14:17,522 All your life, without rest. 737 01:14:22,825 --> 01:14:25,313 Stuff moves through the intestines. 738 01:14:25,575 --> 01:14:28,905 l'm only showing one sarcomere, one fiber. 739 01:14:29,450 --> 01:14:32,364 But when a finger, or poo, are to be moved, 740 01:14:32,450 --> 01:14:35,696 this happens in bulk along all fibers. 741 01:15:19,950 --> 01:15:24,026 By the way: Have you ever seen a child's skull? 742 01:15:24,908 --> 01:15:28,487 No big deal, but a second set of teeth is waiting right there. 743 01:16:27,950 --> 01:16:31,031 Stanisław is observing an object. 744 01:16:32,033 --> 01:16:33,988 Let's watch it in slow motion. 745 01:16:38,200 --> 01:16:40,818 lnitially, Staszek doesn't know what he's looking at, 746 01:16:40,908 --> 01:16:42,982 although he might have seen it many times. 747 01:16:50,450 --> 01:16:56,695 The backyard is penetrated by photon waves: the lnternet, cellphones, TV, the army. 748 01:16:57,616 --> 01:16:59,616 These are colorless vibrations, 749 01:16:59,616 --> 01:17:02,650 differentiated only by crest density. 750 01:17:04,866 --> 01:17:06,283 Atoms on a watermelon. 751 01:17:06,283 --> 01:17:09,648 The surrounding photon waves are bouncing off them. 752 01:17:10,366 --> 01:17:13,866 A photon spurt gushes into the eyes, 753 01:17:13,866 --> 01:17:17,611 passes through cloudy spots and sits in the back of the eye. 754 01:17:18,575 --> 01:17:20,366 Here, in the back of the eye, 755 01:17:20,366 --> 01:17:23,981 the waves are divided and transferred to the optic nerve. 756 01:17:25,700 --> 01:17:29,450 Meeting in his head and then flowing into the back of the skull, 757 01:17:29,450 --> 01:17:31,736 to the area known as V 1 . 758 01:17:34,450 --> 01:17:38,609 ln V 1 the signals from the eye are not understood as a ''watermelon''. 759 01:17:41,741 --> 01:17:45,071 Part of the impulses goes further onto V 2... 760 01:17:45,700 --> 01:17:47,856 but they hook against memory areas. 761 01:17:47,950 --> 01:17:53,187 The melody of this shape as if overlaps with the pattern of red seen somewhere. 762 01:17:54,866 --> 01:17:58,860 Staszek gets the impression of ,,something red''. 763 01:18:01,491 --> 01:18:06,533 Then there's dispersion onto other areas of V 3, V 4 and so on. 764 01:18:06,533 --> 01:18:08,737 A quarter second later, 765 01:18:08,825 --> 01:18:11,443 Staszek does not know what he's looking at. 766 01:18:12,075 --> 01:18:16,815 The sum of signals gets through here, the hypocampus or the memory area. 767 01:18:18,700 --> 01:18:21,816 A comparison takes place, with familiar objects. 768 01:18:23,533 --> 01:18:26,783 lf it's positive, then signals reach consciousness 769 01:18:26,783 --> 01:18:30,990 and somewhere in the front of his head, Staszek senses: ''oh, a watermelon''. 770 01:18:34,825 --> 01:18:38,653 The fruit has provoked an association with sunny climes... 771 01:18:39,825 --> 01:18:41,531 that he'd never visited. 772 01:18:43,366 --> 01:18:47,490 Subjectively, what Stanisław feels is regret. 773 01:19:59,700 --> 01:20:04,033 Sleep function is somewhat like defragmentation of nervous links. 774 01:20:04,033 --> 01:20:08,408 Removing unfinished stems, thickening the ones often used. 775 01:20:08,408 --> 01:20:11,525 This is probably what brings forth dreams. 776 01:20:11,616 --> 01:20:14,982 Some kinds of dust get extinguished altogether. 777 01:20:20,158 --> 01:20:23,570 Whereas a stronger activityin the amygdala, 778 01:20:24,325 --> 01:20:27,986 or the emotion area, and the hypocampus, or memory, 779 01:20:28,075 --> 01:20:30,823 infuses dreams with strange images. 780 01:21:38,575 --> 01:21:41,575 The sleeper is not responsible for the content of dreams. 781 01:21:41,575 --> 01:21:46,397 This depends largely on proportions in dust and the memories' layout. 782 01:21:55,825 --> 01:21:57,566 This process is impossible to describe in a film. 783 01:21:57,658 --> 01:21:59,613 Plus it's not researched well enough. 784 01:22:35,033 --> 01:22:39,737 Why does the body stay in bed despite such things under its eyelids? 785 01:22:39,825 --> 01:22:43,033 Because an ancient reticular formation - here, 786 01:22:43,033 --> 01:22:48,402 sends suppressing signals to the spinal cord and silences motion neurons. 787 01:22:48,491 --> 01:22:50,565 Sleepwalkers will disagree. 788 01:22:55,575 --> 01:22:56,950 Stanisław is asleep. 789 01:22:56,950 --> 01:23:01,358 We'll take advantage of night-time to discuss more mysterious matters. 790 01:23:02,075 --> 01:23:05,736 Each of us, including Emilia, has a sense of the self - 791 01:23:06,200 --> 01:23:07,692 ''l, Emilia''. 792 01:23:08,616 --> 01:23:11,021 We place it somewhere in here. 793 01:23:12,158 --> 01:23:13,532 Or here. 794 01:23:13,950 --> 01:23:16,023 Yes. ln my case it's here. 795 01:23:16,825 --> 01:23:20,486 Close your eyes, please, and recall a toothache. 796 01:23:22,116 --> 01:23:25,896 lt is a clear but elusive feeling. A percept. 797 01:23:26,700 --> 01:23:28,773 l see something like this. 798 01:23:29,825 --> 01:23:31,365 You see something else. 799 01:23:32,200 --> 01:23:35,233 And my question is - where does this impression come from? 800 01:23:35,325 --> 01:23:37,366 From some mental space? 801 01:23:37,366 --> 01:23:41,858 ls it enough to explain it as work of the neural network? 802 01:23:42,241 --> 01:23:46,815 How is the neuron tension converted to mental images in your mind? 803 01:23:48,325 --> 01:23:51,690 A little more is known about the imagination. 804 01:23:52,658 --> 01:23:56,486 Essentially, it is the ability to observe your own thoughts. 805 01:23:57,033 --> 01:24:02,484 We can instantly create ''a mind in the mind'' and engage in self-reflection. 806 01:24:02,866 --> 01:24:07,654 lmagination is simulating events without leaving home. 807 01:24:07,741 --> 01:24:12,979 ln computers, it is called a virtual machine. You need a lot of RAM. 808 01:24:13,075 --> 01:24:15,825 ln people who use their imagination professionally, 809 01:24:15,825 --> 01:24:18,033 these machines are often mostrous. 810 01:24:18,033 --> 01:24:20,735 At the cost of other skills, obviously. 811 01:24:20,825 --> 01:24:22,815 Look at a man of letters. 812 01:24:22,908 --> 01:24:24,697 He's polishing this sentence - 813 01:24:24,783 --> 01:24:26,857 ''l'll eat these stones off the wall. 814 01:24:26,950 --> 01:24:31,275 While chewing, the shards will mix with my teeth into a single taste''. 815 01:24:31,366 --> 01:24:34,700 The man of letter's trained system detects mess, 816 01:24:34,700 --> 01:24:36,690 or energy wasting in the brain. 817 01:24:36,783 --> 01:24:39,075 lmmediately, it strives at simplification. . . 818 01:24:39,075 --> 01:24:42,440 ''l Eat Stones. They Are the Taste of Teeth'' . 819 01:24:42,533 --> 01:24:44,950 Perfect: not more, not less. 820 01:24:44,950 --> 01:24:49,772 Those insensitive to literature will not sense the pleasant melody of this phrase: 821 01:24:49,866 --> 01:24:52,983 ''l Eat Stones. They Are the Taste of Teeth''. 822 01:24:58,491 --> 01:25:01,489 But as a biologist, l have a question: 823 01:25:01,575 --> 01:25:05,189 How come people engage in things as refined as modern art? 824 01:25:05,283 --> 01:25:08,283 Or, one thing hanged on another, wood slats, 825 01:25:08,283 --> 01:25:09,906 face obliteration, 826 01:25:13,158 --> 01:25:16,275 nudity, and these fu. . . freaking neons. 827 01:25:23,116 --> 01:25:26,233 Some sort of evolutionary fitness for brains? 828 01:25:33,325 --> 01:25:35,232 Oh, and secretions. 829 01:25:38,866 --> 01:25:41,533 - What do you do at work? 830 01:25:43,783 --> 01:25:46,236 - lt's boring, nothing of your interest. 831 01:25:46,783 --> 01:25:50,528 Mostly writing applications for grants. 832 01:25:51,366 --> 01:25:54,283 - Yes, but l mean a more creative part of work 833 01:25:54,283 --> 01:25:57,530 of a molecular biologist. 834 01:25:58,075 --> 01:26:00,907 They say that you research the space. 835 01:26:02,366 --> 01:26:04,522 Come on, let's not spoil the interview. 836 01:26:04,866 --> 01:26:07,615 - Please, at least try to answer. 837 01:26:08,366 --> 01:26:10,522 As if l were a six-year-old. 838 01:26:13,450 --> 01:26:16,366 - What l do is, l keep zooming in 839 01:26:16,366 --> 01:26:19,400 on the pixels looking for new things, and 840 01:26:20,450 --> 01:26:23,450 at one point l can't go any further, because 841 01:26:23,450 --> 01:26:26,575 the photon wave is bigger than the image 842 01:26:26,575 --> 01:26:30,734 l see and it doesn't reflect back into my eye. 843 01:26:33,783 --> 01:26:37,231 Then we have to resort to other methods. 844 01:26:37,783 --> 01:26:39,525 - Which means? 845 01:26:40,450 --> 01:26:43,658 - lndirect detection of the smallest particles 846 01:26:43,658 --> 01:26:46,229 is like when a criminologist examines a staircase. 847 01:26:48,116 --> 01:26:51,731 We're observing the walls of the detectors 848 01:26:51,825 --> 01:26:54,075 after a hit and we try 849 01:26:54,075 --> 01:26:56,563 to understand what happened. 850 01:26:56,991 --> 01:27:00,991 You'd be suprised by how much you can learn 851 01:27:00,991 --> 01:27:03,942 on the basis of these ''splashes''. 852 01:27:09,408 --> 01:27:11,861 - Alright, one last question. 853 01:27:13,325 --> 01:27:16,655 ln the October issue of the ''Science World'', you suggested that 854 01:27:17,116 --> 01:27:20,861 the machines will completly eclipse us in thinking. 855 01:27:21,533 --> 01:27:27,363 That's now how l put it and l have no idea what the future will bring us. 856 01:27:29,200 --> 01:27:31,408 - Ar the end, why don't we 857 01:27:31,408 --> 01:27:35,069 boldly predict the future? 858 01:27:36,325 --> 01:27:37,700 For life in general. 859 01:27:37,700 --> 01:27:41,444 - l don't know whether you realize how much l risk 860 01:27:42,825 --> 01:27:45,573 by doing something like that on live television. 861 01:27:46,616 --> 01:27:49,200 - No one's going to criticize us for it. 862 01:27:49,200 --> 01:27:50,941 - This is for our archives. 863 01:27:51,700 --> 01:27:52,943 - lt's silly. 864 01:27:53,825 --> 01:27:57,116 - This interview will be played in a 1 00 years 865 01:27:57,116 --> 01:28:00,647 at your funeral and we'll see how wrong you were 866 01:28:05,825 --> 01:28:07,566 - Beginning now? 867 01:28:10,533 --> 01:28:12,408 - Yes, today. 868 01:28:12,408 --> 01:28:15,075 - Starting from today. 869 01:28:18,825 --> 01:28:20,365 l don't know. 870 01:28:20,450 --> 01:28:23,991 Your brain's now working on the verge of transfer. Mine as well. 871 01:28:23,991 --> 01:28:28,198 The fibers are so thin that a denser cortex seems impossible. 872 01:28:28,283 --> 01:28:32,526 Further condensation is noise, epilepsy and static. 873 01:28:32,616 --> 01:28:38,032 That is probably why the lnternet, an excrescence on our brains, was created. 874 01:28:38,116 --> 01:28:41,741 ln 201 5 we already have several hundred satellites, 875 01:28:41,741 --> 01:28:47,110 they let out balloons so that the network covers the earth like a second atmosphere. 876 01:29:05,033 --> 01:29:06,146 But let's go further. 877 01:29:06,241 --> 01:29:10,491 l imagine that there is no annihilation of humanity. 878 01:29:10,491 --> 01:29:12,783 The planet gets quite crammed, 879 01:29:12,783 --> 01:29:16,777 while electronic devices crawl closer and closer to human heads. 880 01:29:25,825 --> 01:29:28,739 Keyboards are redundant. My son will not use them. 881 01:29:28,825 --> 01:29:33,575 And there is a way out from the century-long stagnation in physics, 882 01:29:33,575 --> 01:29:37,403 these flying cars must eventually come into existence. 883 01:29:42,491 --> 01:29:46,651 Americans still prohibit filming urban fountains - 884 01:29:48,158 --> 01:29:53,147 as suspicious behavior, but fear of terrorism gradually fades. 885 01:29:54,200 --> 01:29:57,151 Longing for the old aesthetics increases... 886 01:29:57,241 --> 01:30:00,358 which is why not much seems to be changing. 887 01:30:02,366 --> 01:30:06,573 Electric fabrics enhance the eruption of motley. 888 01:30:10,241 --> 01:30:13,275 Youths are out of ideas for mixing styles. 889 01:30:13,366 --> 01:30:17,063 They promote fashion for identical uniforms for everyone. 890 01:30:17,158 --> 01:30:19,611 And total obedience. 891 01:30:21,241 --> 01:30:23,611 Nobody cares for terrorists. 892 01:30:23,700 --> 01:30:28,689 Quality of life improves. Even along the equator, physical suffering declines. 893 01:30:53,658 --> 01:30:56,656 The Otis Group is the first to copy a minute 894 01:30:56,741 --> 01:30:59,573 of dog's brain activity onto a data carrier. 895 01:31:00,866 --> 01:31:03,947 Then it runs a clone on a virtual machine. 896 01:31:05,783 --> 01:31:08,697 We slowly enter the era of mind backup. 897 01:31:11,033 --> 01:31:13,575 A mere several decades later, 898 01:31:13,575 --> 01:31:15,151 in the western wing of the headquarters, 899 01:31:15,241 --> 01:31:17,611 that data is successfully uploaded onto the brain of a volunteer. 900 01:31:22,575 --> 01:31:25,241 For the first time, if only for a few seconds, 901 01:31:25,325 --> 01:31:29,270 a human experiences directly what's going on in a dog's head. 902 01:31:41,241 --> 01:31:43,315 And does not forget after being unplugged. 903 01:31:46,200 --> 01:31:49,779 lt is easier from here to form a human-human interface. 904 01:31:50,325 --> 01:31:52,813 Sugar is the first to volunteer. 905 01:31:53,241 --> 01:31:55,611 Brain activity is turned into a program. 906 01:31:55,700 --> 01:31:59,030 lt can be put onto various data carriers. 907 01:32:00,075 --> 01:32:04,483 Two hundred minds can be run simultaneously on bred networks. 908 01:32:05,200 --> 01:32:08,032 Of course there are glitches from simplifications, 909 01:32:08,116 --> 01:32:10,865 but after Sugar's death his consciousness lives on... 910 01:32:10,950 --> 01:32:13,864 in many copies, called instances. 911 01:32:13,950 --> 01:32:16,450 Serious ethical problems arise. 912 01:32:16,450 --> 01:32:18,658 Conservatives want to stop that, 913 01:32:18,658 --> 01:32:21,940 while in the meantime tissue hardware proliferates. 914 01:32:23,700 --> 01:32:30,028 The biggest controversy since the artificial womb problem seems imminent. 915 01:32:33,866 --> 01:32:39,068 A platform that allows to add and remove instances is created. 916 01:32:39,158 --> 01:32:40,567 According to needs. 917 01:33:15,825 --> 01:33:18,111 The Connectome runs ceaselessly. 918 01:33:18,200 --> 01:33:22,773 No, it does not turn against humanity. lt just needs cooling all over. 919 01:33:23,283 --> 01:33:27,323 lt must be the most influential phenomenon since the lnternet. 920 01:33:27,408 --> 01:33:34,158 At first, the Connectome is used to resolve genetic problems and develop new physics. 921 01:33:34,158 --> 01:33:39,692 But commercial applications of the Connectiome appear soon. 922 01:33:40,616 --> 01:33:45,072 lt's only a few decades later that they manage to link the Connectome 923 01:33:45,158 --> 01:33:50,029 with the old lnternet which has been treated like air for a long time now. 924 01:33:50,950 --> 01:33:53,983 Most people breathe information. 925 01:33:54,075 --> 01:33:56,859 Memory is no longer necessary. 926 01:33:56,950 --> 01:34:00,066 Even chewing gum is connected to the network, 927 01:34:17,491 --> 01:34:19,233 not to mention paper. 928 01:34:20,450 --> 01:34:24,325 The brain gets a bit smaller, but people don't get dumber. 929 01:34:24,325 --> 01:34:29,989 The body is as if less necessary. Age is prolonged to nonsensical limits. 930 01:34:30,283 --> 01:34:33,648 The world record is held by Ahdol Unero. 931 01:34:33,950 --> 01:34:39,401 His body keeps up the extended brain tissue for over three hundred years. 932 01:34:41,075 --> 01:34:44,072 Which it feels like a thousand on the inside. 933 01:34:46,325 --> 01:34:50,448 Once in a while a safety copy is made, a mind-save. 934 01:34:51,450 --> 01:34:53,950 Emulation can be stopped and resumed, 935 01:34:53,950 --> 01:34:57,408 which will theoretically prolong life in infinity. 936 01:34:57,408 --> 01:34:59,575 Can you combine minds? 937 01:34:59,575 --> 01:35:00,605 You can. 938 01:35:00,700 --> 01:35:05,321 That's how the issue of sexual reproduction gradually disappears. 939 01:35:07,575 --> 01:35:10,028 What's going on in politics? 940 01:35:10,116 --> 01:35:13,950 The progressive encourage the elderly to use emulation. 941 01:35:13,950 --> 01:35:19,450 Some countries experiment with politics and economy controlled by fast processors. 942 01:35:19,450 --> 01:35:20,907 Not people. 943 01:35:21,200 --> 01:35:25,533 Both governments and citizens come off quite well with this. 944 01:35:25,533 --> 01:35:29,616 Whereas conservative parties focus too much on the past, 945 01:35:29,616 --> 01:35:35,032 preoccupied above all with the increasing dissolution of national borders. 946 01:35:36,616 --> 01:35:38,690 The number of force conflicts decreases. 947 01:35:38,783 --> 01:35:42,859 Army aircrafts are remodeled into autonomous weapons. 948 01:35:45,908 --> 01:35:50,648 The profession of pilot is now a thing of the past. The same goes for troops. 949 01:36:00,866 --> 01:36:05,191 Protest still serves to regulate the speed of progress. As always. 950 01:36:06,075 --> 01:36:07,825 There really is a problem. 951 01:36:07,825 --> 01:36:10,443 The unemployed go crazy en masse. 952 01:36:30,616 --> 01:36:34,029 Suicides among animals are harder to explain. 953 01:36:37,491 --> 01:36:40,773 No wonder, if cities clean themselves up. 954 01:36:44,033 --> 01:36:46,735 Nearly everything happens by itself. 955 01:36:50,408 --> 01:36:52,731 A few hundred years go by. 956 01:36:57,033 --> 01:36:58,656 What's up in architecture? 957 01:36:59,450 --> 01:37:01,275 The gaudy motley is in retreat. 958 01:37:03,033 --> 01:37:04,312 Finally. 959 01:37:24,325 --> 01:37:29,147 The duture is easy to discuss in the context of a glamorous metropolis. 960 01:37:29,533 --> 01:37:31,073 What's with the countryside? 961 01:37:31,158 --> 01:37:33,195 ln Poland, for instance? 962 01:37:33,616 --> 01:37:36,531 Gierczyce eight hundred years later... 963 01:37:55,033 --> 01:37:58,908 Even though the pollution and salt water problems have been solved, 964 01:37:58,908 --> 01:38:02,075 there's recurrent concern for energy resources. 965 01:38:02,075 --> 01:38:03,816 Everything eats them up. 966 01:38:03,908 --> 01:38:08,648 Only work in a simulated environment uses less material resources. 967 01:38:08,741 --> 01:38:12,901 Many spheres of life are transferred entirely into the Connectome. 968 01:38:13,575 --> 01:38:17,616 World population, traditionally understood, starts to slowly decrease. 969 01:38:17,616 --> 01:38:19,737 Not because there's not enough people. 970 01:38:19,825 --> 01:38:23,071 Corporeality is no longer energetically profitable. 971 01:38:23,158 --> 01:38:26,737 Humanity simply changes its state of matter into a more frugal one. 972 01:38:26,825 --> 01:38:31,197 Almost everything happens inside the Connectome. Whole lives. 973 01:38:34,241 --> 01:38:38,241 A huge part of the Connectome focuses on automaton production. 974 01:38:38,241 --> 01:38:42,282 lt's a new industrial revolution of sorts. This goes on for a few hundred years. 975 01:38:42,366 --> 01:38:45,696 Automatons build more server-buildings. 976 01:38:49,575 --> 01:38:52,866 The Connectome learns in a way beyond reason, because. . . 977 01:38:52,866 --> 01:38:55,355 here's some national symbols and BlC razors? 978 01:38:57,158 --> 01:38:59,444 Our intellectual advantage is lost. 979 01:39:00,866 --> 01:39:03,283 Automatons do alright in the outside world. 980 01:39:03,283 --> 01:39:07,116 But this world is now almost inaccessible for the bodily human. 981 01:39:07,116 --> 01:39:11,939 Only the toughest stay there, their children, and some fortified plants. 982 01:39:13,533 --> 01:39:18,818 Bodily persons follow the fate of aborigines from a few thousand years before. 983 01:39:23,075 --> 01:39:25,741 This disturbing thing is application fog. 984 01:39:25,825 --> 01:39:30,861 lt helps control the weather and facilitates many other dispersed tasks. 985 01:39:31,575 --> 01:39:34,277 Local temperatures are regulated in accordance 986 01:39:34,366 --> 01:39:36,487 with the calculation centers' needs. 987 01:39:37,866 --> 01:39:40,366 Subsequent inventions result simply from life's inert tendency 988 01:39:40,366 --> 01:39:44,940 towards a possibly optimum information transfer. 989 01:39:48,366 --> 01:39:50,273 Are there any conflicts at all? 990 01:39:50,366 --> 01:39:51,366 There are. 991 01:39:51,366 --> 01:39:55,312 They involve competing for energy resources for your own network. 992 01:39:56,075 --> 01:39:58,397 The usual thing, basically. 993 01:39:59,450 --> 01:40:04,190 Connectome area A0232 is the first to create an apparatus 994 01:40:04,283 --> 01:40:07,980 to draw energy directly from the Sun. 995 01:40:08,533 --> 01:40:13,404 These are, among others, Dyson rings, ridiculed in 201 4. 996 01:40:14,450 --> 01:40:17,033 The patent is sold to other networks, 997 01:40:17,033 --> 01:40:19,700 exchanged for access to their energy sources. 998 01:40:20,075 --> 01:40:22,030 Even the outdated ones. 999 01:40:24,408 --> 01:40:27,157 Every single photon starts to count. 1000 01:40:41,575 --> 01:40:46,113 Space travel is mainly base transceiver station installation. 1001 01:40:47,783 --> 01:40:52,523 But even the largest transports are launched with no witness by now. 1002 01:40:52,908 --> 01:40:56,404 lndividual bodies don't exist for some time now. 1003 01:40:56,866 --> 01:41:00,113 What counts is activity patterns in the network. 1004 01:41:15,241 --> 01:41:18,325 See, this is civilization 2.0. 1005 01:41:18,325 --> 01:41:22,069 The Connectom takes the energy for it from nearby stars. 1006 01:41:23,491 --> 01:41:26,738 ls there space in it for less practical things, 1007 01:41:26,825 --> 01:41:29,657 equivalents of music or sense of humor? 1008 01:41:30,283 --> 01:41:31,776 That's hard to guess. 1009 01:41:31,866 --> 01:41:34,947 The old world looks extremely functional. 1010 01:41:35,033 --> 01:41:38,150 No need for colors, as there are no eyes. 1011 01:41:40,283 --> 01:41:43,980 Server facilities are placed in an extremely efficient way. 1012 01:41:44,075 --> 01:41:49,360 To us, that's a sorry sight, but we only see the outside effect of these actions. 1013 01:41:49,450 --> 01:41:55,031 Because what happens inside these networks is inconceivable for a single brain. 1014 01:41:55,116 --> 01:41:56,988 No use in trying. 1015 01:42:03,700 --> 01:42:04,730 What's next? 1016 01:42:04,825 --> 01:42:06,780 There are mistakes, of course. 1017 01:42:10,116 --> 01:42:14,690 lt happens for whole planets to get covered in something like paper clips, 1018 01:42:16,408 --> 01:42:19,820 as the local network made faulty nanomachines. 1019 01:42:21,783 --> 01:42:24,069 Perhaps this is a form of sense of humor. 1020 01:42:26,158 --> 01:42:30,531 Well, and then it's a nightmare of a schizophreniac. 1021 01:42:30,866 --> 01:42:32,904 Civilization 3.0. 1022 01:42:33,866 --> 01:42:37,030 Stations for energy intake from galaxies 1023 01:42:37,116 --> 01:42:39,866 are distributed onto large areas of the cosmos. 1024 01:42:39,866 --> 01:42:41,866 No aerials or fiberoptics. 1025 01:42:41,866 --> 01:42:44,200 There's less and less matter in general. 1026 01:42:44,200 --> 01:42:49,022 lt's starting to ressemble a thoughtful vacuum of an increasingly less random flux. 1027 01:42:49,116 --> 01:42:50,741 lt can be suspected that... 1028 01:42:50,741 --> 01:42:55,741 it is a ''recreational'' activity of the network to simulate the old times. 1029 01:42:55,741 --> 01:42:58,194 Life on Earth, for instance. 1030 01:43:04,033 --> 01:43:06,604 Just as we would once frisk through atoms, 1031 01:43:06,700 --> 01:43:09,270 here it's dimensions that are frisked through. 1032 01:43:13,241 --> 01:43:18,479 The old Sun and its surroundings have long died out, sucked out of any photon remains. 1033 01:43:20,658 --> 01:43:24,189 The thing is grabbing increasingly larger areas. 1034 01:43:25,033 --> 01:43:27,319 l don't know, l can also try to show it 1035 01:43:27,408 --> 01:43:30,441 as perfectly distributed points of transmission... 1036 01:43:31,991 --> 01:43:34,823 New vacuum trembles incomprehensibly. 1037 01:43:36,366 --> 01:43:38,156 l don't know what's next. 86752

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