All language subtitles for Brian.Cox.Seven.Days.on.Mars.2022.1080p.WEBRip.x264-CBFM

Right now, that rover, Perseverance,

is 200 million miles away,
on the surface of Mars.

It's on the floor of Jezero Crater,
and it's taking the images

and collecting the samples
that might tell us

whether life ever existed
on the Red Planet.

Jezero Crater is one of the most
important and enigmatic sites

in the solar system.

Around 3.8 billion years ago

it was filled with a lake.

But that lake is long gone.

Mars has become
a dry and barren world.

Today, Perseverance
and the Ingenuity helicopter

are searching the crater
for signs of the life

that may once have lived there.

What they find could transform our
understanding of life -

on Earth and throughout
the universe.

It is certainly the most
audacious mission

ever sent to the surface
of another world.

TDL, this is mission.
I have you five by five. How read?

I have you five by, as well.

This is a crucial
seven days for the rover...

..and I've been given extraordinary
access to the Perseverance mission.

I'll be following the rover's
every move

as it attempts to travel further
and faster than ever before.

Through its cameras,

we'll show you what it's like
to stand on...

..and explore the surface
of another world.

This week, we'll see the Red Planet

as no-one has seen it before.

This is Nasa's
Jet Propulsion Laboratory,

4,800 Oak Grove Drive,
Pasadena, California.

From the 1960s onwards,
it's been the control centre

for Nasa's pioneering
deep space missions,

and now it's the headquarters
for the hundreds of scientists

and engineers who make
up the Perseverance team.

JPL is a really special place for me
because, way back in 1980,

I wrote to them because
I was interested

in the exploration of the planets,
and they wrote back!

And this is it.

Imagine the excitement
when this brown envelope arrived

from California, filled with images
of the solar system,

the moons of Jupiter,
and the rings of Saturn.

This is one of the reasons
I became a physicist.

Well, now, 40 years later,

I'm actually at JPL
because, as I speak,

there is a rover roving
across the Martian surface -

the first mission dedicated
to the search for life on Mars.

And this week,
we have unique access,

not only to Mission Control,

but also to the navigators who are
plotting the path

of Perseverance around the boulders

and the mountains of Mars.

And we're also going to see
the photographs,

the data come down in real time.

We're going to learn things
about Mars that nobody

has ever known before.

Can't wait.

Just over a year ago,
the world held its breath

as the Perseverance rover...

..the flagship of
the Mars 2020 mission,

made its final approach
towards Mars.

After seven years of development

and a six-month journey,

no-one knew if
the 2.7 billion dollar rover

would make it safely
onto the surface.

Since then, Perseverance
has been exploring the area

around its landing site
in Jezero Crater,

sending back
the most extraordinary images.

With the exception of
the occasional animation,

every image of Mars
in this programme

has been captured by the cameras
on Perseverance,

or the other spacecraft around Mars.

Perseverance's mission is to search
for signs of long-extinct life.

What it discovers

could answer one of the great
existential questions...

..are we alone in the universe?

This is JPL's Space Flight
Operations Facility

or, better, Mission Control.

And this room is iconic for anyone
that's into space flight,

because this is the room
in which all those dramatic moments

that we all remember happened.

The dive of Cassini
into Saturn,

the landing of Curiosity,

and Perseverance on Mars.

They're talking now to
the solar system,

anything that's out there.

This is where all the data comes
down from the Perseverance Rover.

TDL, this is five by,
I have you five by.

I have you five by, as well.

This morning, the crew
in Mission Control are waiting

to hear from Perseverance,

which is currently 200 million miles
away on the surface of Mars.

To find out how communication works
across such vast distances,

I've come to see Rick Welch.

So this room, sometimes, we call
the centre of the universe.

This is where all the data comes
to this facility

from all our spacecraft out
in the solar system.

So you can see up on the
screen the different antenna.

We actually have antennas at three
locations around the Earth,

which allow us to really look out
and see spacecraft, no matter

what planet they happen to be at.

How does that work?

Because Mars is... What is it?
About 200 million miles away,

give or take, at the moment.

Right now, as you said, we're about
300 million kilometres away,

and it's probably about 16 minutes
to get our signal

all the way to Mars, one way.

So compare that to the moon.
It only takes a couple of seconds

for a signal to get back and forth
to the moon.

So even when we had
astronauts there,

it seemed like we could talk back
and forth in real time.

You know, 16 minutes is really
too long to do any kind

of real-time communication.

This delay in communication
between Earth and Mars

determines so much of how
the mission operates.

Because the team are unable
to control the rover in real time,

they must compile detailed sets
of instructions to send

to Perseverance every day.

So the scientists and engineers
here on Earth

spend about eight hours deciding
the next things for the rover to do,

and building the commands. We then
send that up in the Martian morning.

The rover is on its own to execute
those the best it can.

And then we hear back in
the Martian afternoon

what actually happened on Mars.

Oh, so that says,
"Next UHF two hours."

So is that... is that what that
means? That's right.

So we're very interested
in getting our downlink today to see

how the rover is doing.

And that will be arriving
here in about two hours.

While the crew in
Mission Control wait...

..Perseverance is uploading its
latest data

to one of several spacecraft
in orbit around Mars.

That spacecraft will relay the data
back to Earth in two hours' time...

..which gives me time to explore
the JPL campus.

JPL is set in a beautiful location
in the mountains around Pasadena.

It's about ten miles
from Los Angeles.

And there's a reason that it's here,

isolated, because it began life
as a rocket test facility.

And the thing about rockets
when you're testing them,

is that sometimes they explode.

But in the 1950s, this became
the centre of America's exploration

of the solar system and beyond,
and the first American satellite,

Explorer 1, was built
and controlled from here,

as were all those things
I grew up with -

Voyager, Cassini, and now,
the latest, Perseverance.

And in here, in the Mars yard,
we're going to meet its twin.

This is Optimism.

Engineers like their acronyms,
so that actually stands

for Operational Perseverance Twin
with the Integration of Mechanisms

and Instruments Sent to Mars.

But it is, in every important
way, an exact engineering replica

of Perseverance.

There are a few things missing.

For instance, on Earth, it's not
safe for the rover to be powered

by nuclear battery, so instead
it's plugged into the mains.

But, for example, it has exactly
the same

flight computers as Perseverance.

So if they want to upload
new software, then they upload

it to that first, and test it
to make sure it works.

And it's quite an imposing
thing, isn't it?

It's bigger than I thought.

Weighing over a ton on Earth, and
standing just over two metres tall,

the rover is a beast.

And it's packed with instruments
designed to scrutinise

the Martian surface.

Among them are 19 cameras,
more than any other spacecraft.

Five are mounted at the top of
the mast

to give a human-like
eye-level view

of the Martian landscape.

Lower down, cameras focus
on the area in front of the rover...

..where the robot arm is deployed
to study and sample the surface,

looking for signs of life.

In just over a year, the rover's
cameras have sent

over 200,000 images back to Earth.

This morning, the latest batch
of photos

are just about to arrive at JPL...

..and I'm going to look at them
with the leader of the science team,

Ken Farley.

So here we have one of the images
that just came down from Mars today,

and it's a great landscape looking
off to the north and east

in Jezero Crater.

Yeah. And do you still get excited
by the idea that nobody's ever seen

this planet from this angle before?
It's completely new data.

How could you not?
I mean, this is just...

I love it. This is... Every day,
to be able to take in a landscape

like this and be surprised
by things that we see.

Still exciting to see it every day.

Can you describe what we're seeing
in this image? In the foreground,

you see the area that we've been
exploring for most of the last year.

That's the crater floor.

And then the thing that just
captures everybody's attention,

including mine, is the delta.

And the delta is very distinctive
and it's got a flat top.

You can see the flat top
on the left side. Yeah.

That's about 40 metres high.

The delta is the most important
feature in Jezero Crater,

and it's the reason Perseverance
was sent here.

It was formed at the mouth
of a river that flowed into the lake

that once filled the crater.

The delta's layers of
sedimentary rock

are thought to be the most likely
place to find evidence

of the life that may once
have lived on Mars.

And it's where the rover
is headed to next.

We are just about to embark
on about a five-kilometre drive

to get to the Delta. We would love
to just go straight there.

It's only about two kilometres,
two and a half kilometres

as the crow flies. But there are
boulders in the foreground

and, in the middle distance, that
you can't easily see in this image,

there are sand dunes, so we have to
go all the way around

to get there.

You don't want to get stuck.

We absolutely do not want
to get stuck. That would be bad.

Well, we've arrived at an extremely
exciting time

for Perseverance on Mars.

For the last year, it's been
exploring this region around here,

but now it's going to set
off to its primary target,

here in the ancient river delta.

Now, it can't, or they don't want
to, take the direct route,

because that would be through
this rocky dune field.

It would take a long time, might
even be dangerous for the rover.

And so what will be happening this
week is it's going to head off

about, hopefully, 200 or 300 metres
a day

driving in this direction.

And then, by the end of the week -

I really am looking forward
to this -

it's going to thread its way,
we think, around the side

of this crater. It looks quite nasty
from the air, but they say

that it's certainly passable.

And so, if we're lucky, then
Perseverance will be around here,

at the end of our week here at JPL.

Over the next week, I'll follow
the rover's every move as it starts

the most important drive
of its mission so far.

To cover the 1,200 metres

to La Orotava crater in just
seven days,

the rover will need to break
all distance and driving records.

No rover has gone so far
across the surface of another planet

in such a short space of time.

We're hoping that journey will
start today,

but first we need to be sure

the rover is ready to move on.

This is where it happens.

So Rick is taking me to the daily
briefing meeting,

on the rover operations floor.

Coming in to
the Perseverance Operation Facility,

we have this great selfie
of the rover,

which is awesome to see.

And this picture is actually taken

with a camera at the end
of the robotic arm.

So if you were the rover, it's
taking over 50 different pictures

to actually build this mosaic.

I remember one of your engineers
actually saying that it behaved

like one of his teenagers would,

because it landed and the first
thing it did was take a selfie.

Exactly. Exactly.

This maze of rooms is the beating
heart of the mission.

It's usually strictly off-limits
to outsiders,

but today I've been given special
clearance to join the team inside.

So this is one of our big
operations room.

We call this the
Mission Support Area or MSA.

And this is where our data comes.

Our tactical downlink lead
today is Keith.

He's actually checking
in with all the team members,

all our engineering and
science members to make sure

they can hear him.

This is the team's chance to check
on the status of the rover,

and this morning it seems
all is not well.

Occasionally, we do need to say,
we see some issue with this system.

And so let's preclude use
of that for tomorrow,

until we have more time
to look at it.

Yeah, I think he said, didn't he,
that the drill had paused.

Monday, we'll be looking...

Before it's even started
its record-breaking drive,

the rover is facing a problem
that could delay its progress.

And it stems from this.

The last task in its investigation
of the crater floor was to take

a rock sample from this boulder,

informally known as Sid.

So what have we got?

This is a very interesting image,

because we are trying to take
a core sample of this rock.

And the rock was too hard

and the coring faulted.

It stopped with the drill
still stuck in the rocks.

It's not supposed to be like that.

I suppose you don't want to break
a drill bit, right?

That's exactly right. If the rock is
too hard,

you start to dull the drill bit,

and we have a small number of drill
bits and once they're all dull,

we're not going to be collecting
any more rocks.

So we are very careful not
to push the drill too hard.

And while the drill is stuck
in the rock,

the rover can't go anywhere.

This is what it's like on
a rover mission.

Every day, there's something
new that you have to deal with.

So what do you do?
We're asking for a core

that was about six centimetres long,

and we know it got to five
centimetres before it faulted.

So five centimetres - good enough.

So you don't care about
the extra centimetre.

You just want to get that core...
Right.

We've decided that the best thing
to do was to simply snap

off this core from the rock,

and ingest it into the rover
and seal it.

As our first day at JPL ends,
the instructions telling the rover

to break off the sample
and withdraw the drill,

are sent to the Deep Space Network,
and onwards to Mars.

We won't know if it's been a success
until we return.

Our fascination with Mars
is nothing new.

We know now that, in the early years
of the 20th century, this world

was being watched closely
by intelligences greater than man's.

Stories of Martian visitors
were once a staple

of cinema and radio.

And at the time, those stories
didn't seem as far-fetched

as they do today.

Intellects vast cool
and unsympathetic,

regarded this Earth
with envious eyes,

and slowly and surely
drew their plans against us.

It's hard to believe today,
but a century ago - actually,

as recently as the 1930s -
it was perfectly respectable

to imagine that there was
a civilisation on Mars.

Gee-whiz.

Invaders from Mars,
weird, fantastic beings

of a superintelligence, ruling
a race of synthetic humans

and pitting them against mankind's
dream to conquer the universe.

They were beings as intelligent
or even more intelligent than us,

staring down at Earth.

This could be the beginning
of the end for the human race.

For what men first thought were
meteors, or the often-ridiculed

flying saucers are, in reality,
the flaming vanguard

of the invasion from Mars.

Even into the 1950s, it was
reasonable to think that Mars

was covered in vegetation.

And the reason is that until
the space age,

this was the best
photograph we had of Mars.

This is from the 100-inch
telescope at Mount Wilson.

And these dark markings
on the surface, which move around,

actually, or appear to, as the
months pass and the seasons change,

look for all the world
like vegetation.

This is a book written by the great
Patrick Moore in the 1950s.

It's titled A Guide to Mars.

And in the chapter called
Life on Mars,

Patrick Moore writes this,

"To sum up, there is no reason
to suppose that low forms

"of vegetation may not exist
on Mars,

"whilst there is a great deal
of evidence that they do."

But that changed with the dawn
of the space age.

In November 1964, Nasa launched
Mariner 4 towards Mars...

..on a mission to return the first
close-up images of the planet.

The spacecraft is flying
toward Mars, about to pass

within 6,000 miles of its surface.

Back at JPL, they waited anxiously
as the data trickled in.

This would be the first
time we'd seen the surface

of another planet and, potentially,
signs of extraterrestrial life.

But all that emerged
was a barren, crater-scarred world,

with no sign of life
and certainly no Martians.

On August 20th 1975, the first
Viking spaceship was launched.

Subsequent missions revealed
the planet

in greater and greater detail,

hinting at a very different past.

By the mid-1970s, the Viking
missions had discovered

great river valleys, proof that
large amounts of water

had flowed across
the Martian surface.

To investigate that history
of water,

a string of rovers were sent
to explore the surface.

They discovered a very different
world to the Mars we see today.

There was evidence that,
in the past,

Mars was covered in lakes
and even oceans.

On Earth, we know that wherever we
find water, we find life.

This all suggests that even if Mars
is a dead world today,

it may not always have been so.

In just 50 years,

we've come full circle, from
Mariner 4 apparently suggesting

that Mars is a dead world,

to believing again that it is
certainly possible

that life may have existed
at some point

in the history of the Red Planet.

And now it's up to Perseverance
to see if that's true.

Day two at JPL, and I return
to Mission Control

to see the new data that
Perseverance has sent back.

Ken. So, last time we spoke,
the drill bit was stuck in the rock.

So what happened?

Well, we have this image of a
beautiful rock in the drill bit.

So now we know, just from this image
alone, that the drill was able

to break off the rock core
and pull out.

So that one's been solved.

The sample's safely stowed away.

So what's the plan today?

Well, that was the last thing
we had to do to complete

the crater floor campaign,

and we are ready to begin
the drive campaign.

So the main activity for the next
few weeks is drive, drive, drive.

With the time lost to the drilling
fault, Perseverance will now

have to average 200 metres a day

if it is to reach
La Orotava Crater

by the end of the week.

But the pictures from its cameras

showed that it's starting
from a tricky position,

surrounded by a maze of rocks
and sand traps.

To find its way onto clearer ground,

Perseverance is going to need help.

Vandi Verma is head
of the Rover Driving Team.

Hello, Vandi.
Hi. Nice to meet you.

So you're about to set off
on the journey, the long journey

around to the delta.

So how do you plan the next route?

So we look at the images. So I would
look at these

navigation camera images I took in
the direction we expect to drive.

And we turn these 3D goggles on.

If I put it into stereo
so you can yourself see it...

Oh, that really is quite
impressive, actually.

I can see the surface of Mars coming
out from the screen.

And you can see a curved ripple
here, with the rocks on it.

It's a really good substitute
for standing where the rover is

on Mars, and kind of looking
out to see

how you would navigate the terrain.

Using the 3D images, Vandi can begin
to plot Perseverance's route

through the obstacles.

Essentially, we are saying we want
to navigate around this area,

so we are doing the path
so it goes around this.

But we don't want to go over here,

because it's very sandy,
and sand, actually,

the wheels don't do very well in.
Ah, yeah.

You can see all the layers
as you start...

In hazardous terrain like this,

the only way the rover can safely
find its way

is by following Vandi's
carefully plotted route.

But this mode of rover driving
is slow.

It's only possible to programme

around 30 metres of driving
each day,

nowhere near enough to cover
the distances required

to reach the delta.

So once the rover reaches
safer ground,

Vandi points it in
the right direction

and activates its secret weapon.

So, now we're going to turn
on AutoNav,

because the rover will know more
on Mars

at that point than we know here.

AutoNav allows the rover to drive
itself across open terrain

where there are fewer obstacles
to avoid,

analysing the stereo images
from its cameras in real time

to pick a route across the surface.

For a demonstration of how it works,

I'm back in the Mars yard

to meet the Perseverance
project manager, Jennifer Trosper.

So I was told we have to wear
these coats.

I thought it was for my safety,

but I'm told it's for its safety,
to protect it from me.

It is, it is. Static. Yes.

And that's why I'm hooking up
right here, so that I don't zap

any of the electronics.

So, if I were to sit here - and
I can't believe I'm saying this -

but if I sit down, will she
recognise me?

Because of how well it's working
on Mars,

I wouldn't expect it to run
over you,

but we could give it a try.

Let's check it out. Let's have a go.

I love the words that you...
"She should."

No, she will.
"What should happen..."

She's... Really, just...

I mean, if I just sit here...

All right.

As I settle down for this game
of interplanetary chicken,

the first thing that becomes evident
is that Optimism

is more of a tortoise than hare.

This is top speed,
4.2 centimetres a second

or just under one mile
every ten hours.

I'd like to say it's nerve-racking
but, in all honesty,

I could definitely get
out of the way.

As the rover drives forwards,

it's constantly imaging the ground
in front,

building a map
of the obstacles that it will

need to avoid - in this case, me.

She's just taking some more images
to update her nav map.

Then she has to decide how to get
around you.

So it should be identifying...

There you go. Looks like she has
identified you as an obstacle

and is choosing to turn.

So it looks like she's not
going to drive over you.

It does.

Although the wheels are slightly
resetting towards me.

She's going to make a close pass,
I think.

Oh, excellent.

It's gone straight over the GoPro.

HE LAUGHS

So she was very careful with me,

but not so careful with our cameras.

The thing that's impressive
is that nobody's driving.

So even though it doesn't look
like it's driving fast,

you've got to remember that she's
driving across unknown terrain,

making her own decisions.

And this makes this rover,
Perseverance, by far the fastest

thing we've ever sent to the surface
of any other planet.

It's this unique set of skills
that allows the rover to travel

200 to 300 metres every day.

And if Perseverance is going to make
it to La Orotava Crater

by the end of the week,
it'll need to go flat out.

At the end of day two, I head back
to the rover operations floor,

where Vandi and the rover driving
team should have finished the plans

for the first stage of that drive.

So when the rover's route
has been planned,

then those instructions have
first of all got to be checked

and amalgamated in with all
the other instructions

to all the instruments on the rover.
So what's the arm going to do?

What are the experiments
going to do?

Where are the cameras
going to be looking?

And those sequences, those commands,
are all put together

in this meeting, which is called
the cam meeting,

the command approval meeting.

And only when everybody's happy,
and all those commands

have been sent to simulators -
twice, actually -

that check that everything's
going to be OK,

can those commands be signed off
and sent to the Deep Space Network,

and onwards to the rover on Mars.

In here, the team are putting
together the final list

of instructions that will
determine exactly

what the rover does tomorrow.

There are thousands of lines of code

and each one must be scrutinised.

A single bug in the software
could jeopardise

the carefully plotted drive plan.

What we do after we finish
on this shift is we really celebrate

the effort that everybody put
together, and we actually hit

the gong behind me, that we would
love for you to do it today.

Really? Because that is
the tremendous honour.

Am I supposed to say something?

"I declare this meeting closed."

That sounds about right to me.

And with that bang of the gong,

the instructions are sent
off on their long journey to Mars.

All being well,
the rover should receive them

and finally be able to start

on its record-breaking journey
in the morning.

Perseverance has already changed
the way we look at the Red Planet.

The photos it takes
can be stitched together

into astonishing panoramas.

Scenes that let us stand
on the surface of another world.

It is a stark and barren
landscape, dimmer than the Earth.

Because it's farther from the sun,
less than half the amount

of sunlight reaches the surface.

But, in some ways, it looks
remarkably familiar.

There are sand dunes and boulder
fields that could have been

photographed in deserts
here on Earth.

There are even clouds in
the orange-coloured skies.

And because Perseverance is the only
Martian rover to carry microphones,

we can hear the sounds of Mars
for the first time.

The whistling of the wind

that stirs up the dust devils that
ghost across the surface.

Perseverance has even observed
a solar eclipse,

as Mars's moon Phobos passes in
front of the sun.

But although there are undoubted
similarities to the Earth,

Mars is also a very alien world.

Because it's half the diameter
of our planet,

gravity on the surface is just 38%
as strong.

And while the Earth is wet,
warm and welcoming,

Mars is a desolate,
inhospitable place.

Its dusty surface is bone dry,
and covered by a thin

carbon dioxide atmosphere
just 1% the density of Earth's.

The average temperature
is -63 degrees Celsius.

It is cold, dry and dead.

This is the world that Perseverance
is exploring.

Day three, and it's an early
start at JPL.

Just see it there.

So coincidentally, early morning
at JPL,

we've just walked into
Mission Control,

and that bright point of light
in the sky there, Venus,

and just below it, you can just see
this faint red pixel

in the morning sky.

That's Mars.

In the brightening sky,

Mars is too faint for our cameras.

But somewhere out there,
Perseverance will hopefully

have just completed the first
stage of its drive.

So how did the drive go yesterday?

It looks like it went well,
but we really can't tell yet.

The data comes down in bits
and pieces, and right now

we have an image that was taken
in the late afternoon

at about the time I would
expect the drive to stop.

This is looking forward,
and if we look backward,

we should be able to see
the rover tracks.

So now we're looking back
the way we came.

So it looks just as you would expect
if it had executed its full drive.

That's interesting, actually,

if you go back to that one, it's
just so obvious when you say it.

You can tell it's late afternoon
because of the long shadows on Mars.

Yeah, it's like Earth, you know,

it's not surprising.
You figure it out. Of course. Yeah.

When the telemetry from the rover
returns to Earth,

it shows exactly how well the rover
has fared on its drive.

To start off, it follows Vandi's
route through the treacherous

sand patches and boulders.

And then, as the AutoNav takes over,
the rover swings north

and drives itself
towards La Orotava Crater.

Covering a total distance of
204 metres

and 96 centimetres.

It's a great start to the journey.

But after this initial success,

the team are now facing an enforced
change of plan.

Tomorrow, the mission will
temporarily lose access

to the Deep Space Network.

For 24 hours, they will not be able
to communicate

with the rover on Mars.

So to keep up with the schedule,
they've been forced into

a risky change of strategy.

So we're making a two-day drive
plan, because tomorrow

we don't have access to the antennas
that communicate with the rover.

So we send two days' worth
of instructions and just let

the rover do its thing and we get
a day off.

So how far would you hope to get?
About 500 metres.

Oh, really? Yeah, that's...
That'll be a big jump.

Today, they will be doing
a two-stop plan.

So when you're doing your assessment
today, let's make sure

that everything is green
and go for these activities

that will be coming up.

Now, we just heard that the plan
for the next two days

is for Perseverance to do
a two-day drive.

And as I speak, you can see
there, Canberra Deep Space Network

antennae 35, there's communication
upwards to MRO.

That's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

So those are probably the
instructions that are going

to Perseverance to tell
it what to do on that two-day drive.

As the commands hurtle their way
towards Mars,

I want to find out how Perseverance
got to Jezero Crater.

Jezero is the most dangerous
location that NASA has ever

tried to land a spacecraft on Mars.

It is full of hazards
that could be fatal to the mission.

But if there's one place to come
to find the engineers who could

pull off this feat of precision
landing, it's JPL.

And this is JPL's motto,
Dare Mighty Things.

And JPL lives up, definitely,
to that motto,

as you can see from this award
cabinet, the trophy cabinet.

And it's just a history of space
exploration. For anyone who's

interested in our exploration
of the universe,

then this is just magnificent.

You see awards for Voyager,

Mars Exploration Rovers,

the Dawn Mission, Cassini,
just everything.

What's that one up there?
That's quite ornate, isn't it?

Appreciation for your support
and participation

in The American Space Experience
at Disneyland.

Upstairs from the trophy cabinet
is the office of Al Chen,

the engineer who was in charge
of designing the entry, descent

and landing system that would
allow Perseverance

to touch down in Jezero.

The scientists tell us about, you
know, the potential for life there.

But when we look at it from
a landing perspective,

all you can see are the ways
we're going to die there.

The death that's out there.
It's a site unlike any other place

we've tried to land on Mars.

It's just got hazards
all over the place.

If we turn on the slope hazards
here, you see the edge of the delta,

which is that 60 metre-ish cliff.

And then, of course, the edges
of craters,

and those are places we don't want
to land.

But of course, that's not it.

These are all the rocks
that we could see from space,

which means about a half metre
tall or so, or more.

If you manage to encounter
one of those red places,

you're very likely
to have a bad day.

So those blue areas, they're
the safe areas. That's right.

When I look at that, it looks
like mainly hazard to me.

Al's job was to design a system
that would allow Perseverance

to identify and then land in one
of the safe areas near the delta.

But the first time his landing
system could be fully tested

was on February the 18th, 2021...

..as the spacecraft approached Mars
at the end of its six-month journey.

You are not triggered for talk.

It's kind of weird to have the only
test that you ever get a chance

to do, you know, in front of
everybody else in the world, right?

Definitely, my heart was racing.

I probably didn't want to know
what my blood pressure was.

As the spacecraft makes
its final approach,

it's travelling at
20,000km per hour.

The job of Al's entry, descent
and landing system is to slow

it down to walking pace by the time
it reaches the surface.

Because of the delay
in communication with Mars,

the whole process is automated.

All the crew in Mission Control
can do is watch and wait.

They call it the seven minutes
of terror.

In the first stage of the descent,

the spacecraft skims across the top
of the Martian atmosphere.

Even though it's much thinner
than the Earth's, the friction

is immense, causing the spacecraft's
heat shield to glow red-hot.

After four minutes, the spacecraft
has slowed

to 1,500 kilometres an hour.

It's now just 11km
above the planet's surface.

Filmed with the lander's cameras,

this is the actual video
of the parachute deploying

in the Martian atmosphere.

As the heat shield falls away,

the unique artificial intelligence
system Al designed kicks in.

Its job is to scan the ground
below and identify

a safe landing zone.

2km above the surface...

..the parachute is released

and the eight lander rockets fire up

to steer the craft towards its
chosen landing site.

And then the most
nerve-racking moment.

The rover is lowered the last
few metres on cables,

touching down in a swirl
of Martian dust.

Where did Perseverance choose
to come down?

Perseverance came down in the Seitah
area, so we ended up kind of

down in this region right
about here.

You can see the hazards
that are out there.

But you can see that the area right
around the rover is nice and clean.

It's the parking
lot we were looking for.

The first pictures taken
by Perseverance on the surface

showed just how precise
the landing was.

It had picked out a tiny area
of flat ground in a landscape filled

with boulders and sand dunes.

But this landscape was not
always so dry and dusty.

It was once submerged.

About 3.8 billion years ago,

Jezero Crater was filled with water,

forming a lake 45km across.

On Earth, we always find
life where there's water.

If the same is true on Mars,

then life could have existed

in Jezero Lake at almost
exactly the same time

that it was evolving on Earth.

With the Deep Space Network down,

there will be no update
from Perseverance today.

But a couple of hours' drive
from JPL

is a unique lake called
the Salton Sea.

Set amongst the desert mountains,

I could almost imagine the lake
in Jezero Crater.

I've come here to meet
astrobiologist Tim Lyons.

We're sat here in the middle
of a desert.

Very hot, very dry.
No sign of rain.

And yet there's this lake.
So why is the lake here?

Well, the lake is here because of
an engineering disaster.

In 1905, an irrigation canal
was breached

by floodwaters from the Colorado,

and it drained almost unabatedly
into this basin for two years.

Subsequent to that, it has received
agricultural runoff.

So the water that we're looking
at now is essentially waste water.

It's a pretty nasty place,
to be honest with you.

And the fish are not doing
very well,

and the birds are correspondingly
being impacted.

But algae, bacteria,
microbes are thriving.

It's not a healthy environment,
but it is teeming with life.

It's this lake's unique
microbial ecosystem

that makes it an ideal place for
studying the origin of life

on Earth and on Mars.

Look at these pools of colour.

Pools of life!

This is the stuff.

That's the warm little pond
teeming with life.

It looks just like...
I'm a physicist.

It just looks like some
floating scum.

That's one description of it, yeah.

So this is what you'd call
a microbial mat?

Well, I would say that this might
be a microbial mat in the making.

And so this is what early
Earth life was like.

Some of our very best, most
convincing evidence for life

going back in time on Earth
are microbial mats, things

like this pond that end up with
these laminated concentrations,

things we call stromatolites,

found in places like Australia that
go back, convincingly,

to three and a half billion
years ago,

and some people would argue
maybe even to 3.7 billion years ago.

That's very close to the window
of time

that is being studied in Jezero.

So if we were to imagine sort
of, what, 3.8 billion years ago,

standing on the shores of
Jezero Crater,

is there any chance
it may have looked like this?

Oh, absolutely. I think so.

I think even a sceptic
would have to admit that.

And so here we're looking
at the actual life

that may have been present,

analogous life present
on Mars in Jezero,

3.8, 3.7 billion years ago.

Now I suppose you might
reasonably ask,

why are we so interested
in the question,

"Did life exist on a planet
millions of miles away

"three and a half billion
years ago?"

I don't think, actually, that's
a reasonable question

because the question, "Are we alone
in the universe?"

is one of the most
profound philosophical questions.

But if you want to be more pragmatic
about it, then you might

be interested in how life
began here.

How did we come to be here on Earth?

And the evidence for the origin
of life on Earth

has actually largely been erased,
because Earth is an active world.

There's plate tectonics which take
the evidence

and literally take it down
inside the planet.

There's weathering with rain
and wind and the oceans.

And so there's very little evidence
of what Earth was like

three and a half billion years ago.

But on Mars, it's different,
because Mars is a planet

that's been in deep freeze for
three and a half billion years.

There is no plate tectonics.
There's very little weathering.

So if life began on Mars,
the evidence may still be there.

So paradoxically, if you're
interested in how we came

to be here, the answer might lie
up there.

It's these profound questions
about the origin of life

that make Perseverance's mission
so important.

But searching for signs
of ancient life

on the surface of Mars isn't easy.

Finding the remnants of it and then
proving that it really is evidence

of life is the rover's
biggest challenge.

Back at JPL,
I'm meeting Luther Beegle...

Hello, Luther. Hey.

..one of the chief scientists
on the Perseverance team.

It would be one of
the greatest discoveries

in the history of science,
wouldn't it?

In the history of civilisation.
"We're not alone in the universe."

So how much would it take
to convince you?

I know that you can never convince
a roomful of scientists.

Not all of them.

No, we're not... We're not
convincing a roomful of scientists

on what they had for lunch.

But I don't know what that level
of convincing would be.

It's something that's going to take
a lot of evidence and a lot

of chains, and a lot of different
measurements to prove out.

Luther is in charge of an instrument
called Sherlock.

Located at the end
of the rover's arm,

it's a laser scanner designed
to detect

the faintest chemical traces
that life leaves behind.

And we can demonstrate its abilities

with some of the most ancient
evidence of life on Earth.

Life always leaves its imprint
on its environments.

I can show you in this
particular sample here,

this is a stromatolite from
the Strelley pool formation

in Australia. It's about
3.5 billion years old.

I love the way you throw
that away, by the way.

Three and a half billion years old.

Yeah. I mean, it just looks
like a rock to me.

So what... What...

How would you convince me or anyone
else that was biological?

Well, if I wet this rock, you
can kind of see

the lines a little bit
better. And so...

So here you can really see, they
really come out a little bit better.

Oh, yeah. So you can see
the white layer and the black layer,

back and forth. Yeah, I can see
those really clearly. Yeah.

So why does that indicate
biological activity?

These particular stromatolites
are curved,

have different formations,

that could only have been created
through biological processes.

So are you looking for patterns
like this on Mars?

We are looking for patterns
like this on Mars

as a first indication that this
is either a sedimentary rock,

or a stromatolite.

And then we have to do the next
layer of analysis on those rocks.

And this is where Sherlock comes in.

After scraping away the surface
of the rock, it zooms in

to examine it in microscopic detail.

Using the reflected light
from lasers to detect

the tiny variations
in chemical composition

that are left behind
by living organisms.

So here you can see what a Sherlock
scan, where we went in and looked

at where the organic molecules
on this particular rock was.

The purple material here
is the ancient organic material.

You can see that there are lines
associated with this,

where the basic biology then grew
and died,

and grew and died, and moved
up the rock like this.

So these are literally the remains
of organisms that lived potentially

billions of years ago. Potentially
billions of years ago.

The great hope is that Perseverance
will find similar signs of life

when it reaches the delta.

You must be waiting...

I know the Perseverance
landed, and there's a lot

of geology being done.
You must be saying,

"Can you just get
round to the delta, please?"

We do. "Can we go? Can we go?
Can we go?

"I want to go to the delta.
I want to go to the delta."

But we understand the geology.

You know, we're a big giant
400-person team, so you kind

of want to work together.

But at the same time,
"Can we can get to the delta?

"Can we get to the delta?

"Can we stay at the delta
for a while?" Yeah.

So images like this, you know,
potentially, in a golden scenario,

we could expect results
like this in a few months?

Yeah, in months rather than years,

which is nice
to see the finish line.

It is a tantalising thought that we
may soon get our first hints,

our first pieces of evidence

that life may once
have filled this crater.

Day five.

After 24 hours of radio silence,
contact is re-established

with Perseverance on Mars...

..and we get our first update
on the two-day drive.

Photos and telemetry show the first
part of the drive

has gone according to plan.

The rover covering another
259 metres and 37 centimetres

around the edge of the Seitah
sand dunes.

But it seems that this is as far
as the rover will be going for now.

News filters through that
the instructions

for the second day's drive
had a bug in them

and were never received
by the rover.

To find out what went wrong,

I'm off to find deputy mission
scientist Katie Stack Morgan.

So do you know what happened
overnight when the data came down?

Yes. So we had planned two days'
worth of driving.

And that's a brand-new capability
for Mars rovers, being able to plan

drives in a row like that.

But we encountered an issue that
prevented us from uplinking

both of those drives, and sending
both of those drives to the rover.

It's interesting to me that the
problem was not with... on Mars.

No issue on Mars at all.

But it's the computer
software, basically. That's right.

You know, and these things
happen all the time.

And we deal with them. In
a way this is helpful to us,

because by giving the rover
a whole day to recharge,

we then fill up our batteries all
the way to the top,

and we can get ready to do
long drives in the weekend plan.

So - silver lining to that,
to not being able

to get that other drive up.

Having fallen another day
behind schedule, the rover now

has to travel 750 metres in just
two days

to reach La Orotava crater

by the end of the week.

But Perseverance isn't the only
vehicle that the team has on Mars.

And this week, I've also come
to learn about its companion.

Ingenuity, the first-ever
extraterrestrial helicopter.

I'm fascinated by this machine
because it was designed to do

the seemingly impossible - to fly
in Mars's almost vanishingly thin

atmosphere, just 1% as thick
as the Earth's.

To find out how Ingenuity
achieves such a feat,

I'm meeting Havard Grip, the
helicopter's chief pilot, who's

taking me to see the engineering
model of the helicopter.

So this is our helicopter lab.

It's probably the most important
space that we have as a project.

So here you want to stay away
from the model in the middle,

and the hardware along the edges.

I'm really... I'm really excited
to see this.

It's smaller than I imagined.

Although the blades look, to me,
much bigger than I'd imagined.

Much thicker.
That's right.

So the main thing you notice
is just the size of the rotor.

1.2 metres, tip to tip.

It's just huge, you know,

And if that was on Earth
with this same kind of rotor,

it could lift a huge amount of mass.

But on Mars, you need that just
to lift this tiny little helicopter

off the ground.
How much does it weigh? 1.8kg.

Is that all? That's it, yeah.

Even at 1.8 kilos, it wasn't clear
that Ingenuity would be able to fly

in Mars's atmosphere.

On April 19, 2021, Perseverance
pointed its cameras

at the helicopter, as it prepared
for its first flight.

And millions of miles away
at JPL, its engineering team

waited for news...

..of success or failure.

I see you brought your logbook,
which has got

to be the coolest logbook.

It's pretty neat. It's called the
pilot's logbook

for planets and moons.

Yeah. So it's you and
the Apollo astronauts.

That's basically...
That's pretty much it.

I love this. So the remarks
are fantastic.

"First powered flight by an aircraft
on another world."

That's right. That's fantastic.

It was fun to write that, yeah.

"Climb to three metres, turns
96 degrees to the right."

That's just wonderful. That will go
down in history, won't it?

That's going to be one of those
things that has a picture.

It is aviation history, you know,
so it's pretty special

to be part of it.

Ingenuity's place in history
is assured.

Initially, it was only designed
to survive for three months and make

just five flights.

But over a year later, it was still
going strong, making 20 flights,

clocking up over 36 minutes'
total flight time,

and covering over 4km.

But its real contribution
to the mission may still be to come.

If the helicopter can make
it to the delta, this ability to fly

over the steep slopes and cliffs

that the rover can't access
will prove invaluable.

But even reaching the delta
will be an enormous challenge.

And just before our seven-day rover
mission began, Ingenuity attempted

the next flight on that journey.

It's very exciting, actually,
because yesterday, Earth time,

the helicopter flew and we don't
know what happened to it.

Actually, the data came down last
night, and this is the meeting

where the engineering teams

look at the data from the
helicopter, and see what it did.

And they've allowed us... It wasn't
clear they were going to do this,

but they've allowed us to go
into the meeting and watch

as they review the engineering data
from the flight.

This is a make or break
flight for Ingenuity.

Rather than taking the long
way round to the delta,

it's going to attempt to take
a short cut

across the treacherous
Seitah sand dunes.

But the helicopter relies
on Perseverance

for its communication with Earth.

And this journey will take
the vehicles further apart

than ever before.

So a safe landing in a spot
where it can maintain radio contact

with the rover will be crucial.

As the team go
through the flight data,

there's a nervous wait.

These are the pictures Ingenuity
took during the flight.

As it looks down at its shadow,

we can track its path as it rises
ten metres into the air,

then traverses the 370 metres
to its new landing spot...

..from where it should be able
to stay in communication

with Perseverance
as it drives to the delta.

INDISTINCT

That's really interesting,

and what really strikes me is that

this helicopter was not
really designed to last this long.

They thought it would maybe fly
four or five times.

It's now had its 21st
flight, and it's all working

and it's recharging properly.

So it's a, you know, it's a
tremendous engineering achievement.

Remember you're flying a little
helicopter autonomously

on the surface of another planet.

Nobody's flying it,
it's flying itself.

If you told the 12-year-old me

who first wrote to JPL

that one day I'd be here

seeing a helicopter fly on Mars,
I wouldn't have believed it.

But Ingenuity is just one of many
reminders of how far our

technology has advanced.

This is a piece of history
because this is the first picture

ever returned of the surface
of Mars by spacecraft.

It's Mariner 4, 1965.

And you might see actually,
it's kind of a fuzzy picture.

It's actually hand-drawn.

These are strips of tape that came
out of the printer with numbers

printed on, which are the data
from the cameras on Mariner 4,

and they correspond to colours.

And the data link was so slow

that the engineers and,
in particular,

one engineer called Richard Grumm,

got so bored with waiting

that he went to an art shop
in Pasadena,

bought these crayons,

these are the real ones, in this
box, and then sat there colouring

it in so he could see the image
from Mariner.

Compare that to the high resolution
images that we're getting

back from Perseverance.

Yeah.

There's technology marching on.

Day six begins.

And once again, we're waiting
to hear from Perseverance.

Overnight, it should have received
the instructions for the delayed

second half of its two-day drive.

And the incoming data reveals
an astonishing day

of auto nav driving.

Perseverance has recorded the second
furthest distance any Martian rover

has ever travelled in a single day.

297 metres and 60 centimetres.

So far this week, the rover
has covered over 760 metres.

But with only one day to go in our
time at JPL, La Orotava crater

is still nearly half
a kilometre away.

It will take a Herculean effort
to reach there tomorrow.

And while Vandi and the rover
driving team build the plan

for that drive...

..I have another appointment
with Optimism in the Mars yard.

Today, the engineering team
are running tests on what may

be the most important and ambitious
system on the rover.

Starting move to contact.

All right, Greta, you can kick
off coring.

All right. Yep.

Sending coring in three, two, one.

Perseverance, as you can see
and hear,

is equipped with a drill.

And drills are always noisy.

Be less noisy on Mars, by the way,
because of the much

less dense atmosphere.

We're at a depth of 3.9mm

out of our target five millimetres.
Thanks, Greta.

On Mars, Perseverance uses exactly
the same system to collect cylinders

of rock that may contain key
evidence for the existence of life.

So far, it's collected and stored
eight samples, with room for 30

more when it reaches the delta.

And the reason that this process
is so important is that, one day,

these samples will hopefully
be brought back to Earth.

Mini Wadhwa is the science lead
for the mission that will return

the Martian rocks to this planet.

Why is it so important to bring
the samples back to Earth?

Because I suppose, naively,
"We've got

"this tremendously sophisticated
robot.

"It's got the samples.

"Why doesn't it just look
for signs of life itself?"

This is an incredible machine.

But the kinds of analyses
that we want to be able to do

with the samples is going to require
really the best and most

sophisticated instrumentation

that you have available on the
Earth.

And it's just not possible
on a small rover like that.

The other factor is that we want
to be able to reproduce results.

I mean, can you imagine
what it would be like if somebody

actually found evidence
of past life in these samples?

We'd want to verify those results,

and we'd want to verify them

in independent laboratories.

That's not something you can do
with a remote laboratory on Mars.

You've got to bring them back
here, so that the best scientists

and the best labs can
really have at it.

Yeah, I suppose it is an example
of extraordinary claims

require extraordinary evidence,
isn't? Exactly.

Bringing the samples back to Earth
will not be a trivial task.

To do it, engineers have designed a
mission

unlike anything I've ever seen.

It's called Mars Sample Return.

The Mars Sample Return mission
sounds really simple

as a concept, right?

All you've got to do is get some
samples from the surface of Mars

and bring them back to Earth.

But actually, when you hear
the engineering solution,

how to do that, it sounds
fantastical.

So there are two missions
that fly to Mars.

One is the so-called fetch rover,
which is a little rover,

which is going to land
on the surface of Mars,

and it's going to drive
around and it's going to pick

up the samples, bring them
back to an ascent vehicle,

which is the thing that's going
to launch those samples into orbit.

And then the sample thing
itself detaches away.

And it's only about a basketball
size, maybe a bit bigger.

And then another mission comes
from Earth, and it has to locate

this thing that's in orbit somewhere
around Mars, and then it has to kind

of go and grab it in space.

And then when it gets to Earth,
it'll detach,

with this precious cargo in it, will
enter the Earth's atmosphere.

No rockets, no parachutes.

It will just impact into the sand
somewhere in Utah.

And then they'll go and find it
and bring it back into laboratories.

And that, believe it or not,
is the simplest and safest

engineering solution to bringing
something about that big, filled

with samples from Mars,
back to Earth.

Now, all that might sound
like science fiction, but actually

it's going to have to become science
fact pretty soon, because the first

bits of the sample return mission
is supposed to launch in 2026,

which is only, what, about four
years away.

They're preparing for it now.

In fact, up there - see that tower?

That's the test-bed

for the dropping the capsule
that returns those samples to Earth,

to see, when it hits the ground,
if it survives.

So it is not an exaggeration to say,

as I'm going to say it, that I think

the best engineers in the world
are working on this project.

Here at JPL,
development is well under way.

They're already testing the systems
that will launch the rocket

from the surface of Mars.

And the capsule that will crash
into the Utah desert.

If all goes to plan, the samples
collected on Mars could be returned

to Earth by as early as 2031.

It's undoubtedly a risky mission.

But there may also be risks
when the Martian rocks are safely

back on Earth.

And that's what I want to
investigate on my last day at JPL.

Bringing Martian samples back
to Earth is going to be vital

if we're ever going to prove that
there was life on Mars.

But there is an outside possibility
that those samples could also cause

a problem for life on Earth.

Welcome.

Oh, I mean, I've got to say,
there are badges of every mission

that I grew up with here.

So what's this room?

This is the spacecraft
assembly facility.

It's where all of the magic happens.

Every single spacecraft built at JPL
was assembled in this room.

Moogega Cooper is one of the people
whose job it is to make sure

that our planet stays safe.

So you have one of the best
job titles, I think,

which is Planetary Protection Lead
for Mars 2020.

So what is planetary protection?

Planetary protection is two-fold.

We have to make sure that,
as we send spacecraft

out into the solar system,

whether to planets, moons or
asteroids, we have to make sure

that we don't spread our
contaminants to those places

of interest, especially
if it could harbour life.

And the flip side,
if we were to bring samples back

to our own planet, we have to make
sure our planet is protected

from anything that might be harmful
out there.

So are we worried about microbes
from Mars? Yeah.

In fact, the assumption is to handle
it as if it's hazardous

until proven otherwise.

The level of precaution
that is going to be taken

with these samples is that
of a hazardous material.

So when we bring the samples back,

so we've heard this audacious idea -

I mean, Mars sample return
is terrifying, from an engineering

perspective - but essentially
you're going to crash it into Utah.

Right. A controlled crash.

I know that's not the language.

There's going to be a controlled
descent... There we go.

..without parachutes, into Utah.

So what is the procedure
from then on?

So you have this capsule,
sealed capsule...

Yeah. ..in the desert.
What happens to it?

The goal in general is to take
that capsule, bring it to a facility

that is unlike any facility
that exists today on our planet,

to safely contain anything
that might be in that sample

while we open it up, extract
the samples

and interrogate it scientifically.

So it will be a... It will be...

We will build a bio lab
like no other.

Exactly. Essentially. Yeah.

For the Martian samples, Nasa
is planning on creating the most

biosecure laboratory ever built.

More secure than the labs
like these that handle lethal

diseases like Ebola and smallpox.

But while taking all possible
precautions is definitely the right

thing to do...

..it's probably
too late to protect us

from Martian contamination.

When we speak about planetary
protection, that sort of gives

the sense that Mars and Earth
are completely isolated

from each other.

But that's certainly not
the case because this

is a piece of Mars.

It's from a Martian meteorite
that fell in Nigeria in 1962.

Now, that raises an interesting
possibility, because if rocks

can be transferred from Mars
to Earth,

and actually about 500kg of Mars

floats down onto the Earth every
year,

then maybe so can life.

The idea that life could migrate
between the planets

may sound incredible.

But there are scientists who believe
it's possible that life

could have arisen on Earth
and been carried to Mars

on a meteorite.

And it's also possible that life
began on Mars and was transported

to the Earth.

Now, we don't know if that happened.

But a key step towards finding out

would be to find traces
of life on Mars.

And it certainly adds an extra
dimension to Perseverance's mission.

As our week at JPL comes
to a close, we get a final

update from Perseverance.

It's still trundling
towards La Orotava.

The telemetry showing
it's completed another

240 metres and 70 centimetres
of auto nav driving.

It's 200 metres short
of the crater.

But it's still been a remarkable
week.

So are you happy with the way
the rover's performed?

Because I know that this was a big
week for you, making this transition

from the first scientific
campaign to the long drive

around to the delta.

Yes, this was a big week
for the mission

and a major turning point.

We've been moving our way slowly
through the crater floor.

But now with this goal of getting
to the delta as quickly as possible,

we're really flexing the rover's
legs, so to speak, and trying

out a new mode of operation.

And that led to some unexpected
surprises for us.

Yeah, that's what I find
really interesting.

What I've learned is that, even
though you know this rover

well, now, the moment you ask
it to do something slightly

different, then you learn
a lot more about the rover.

But the way it behaves on Mars
and that terrain

can always surprise us.

This is the rover's eye view
of the journey it's made this week.

Even with the hiccups, the drill
stuck in a rock, and the day lost

to a software error,

Perseverance has still covered
over a kilometre.

At 1003 metres, it's the furthest
any planetary rover has ever

travelled in such a short
space of time.

JPL's motto is Dare Mighty Things.

And after spending a week watching
Perseverance drive over the surface

of Mars in search of alien life,

my overriding impression is that
that is entirely appropriate.

The sheer engineering excellence,

the attention to detail,

the teamwork required to do that
is nothing short of astounding.

It turns out that, if we try to
answer the most profound questions,

to acquire new knowledge
about the universe, not

because it's useful in some sense,
but just because we want to know,

brings out the best in us.

But the end of our week at JPL

is not the end of the story.

Several weeks later,
Ingenuity is still flying.

It's now clocked up almost an hour
of flight time,

and is still sending
back remarkable aerial photographs,

including these images

of the mission's parachute

and protective back shell,

that were last seen as they were
jettisoned on the descent

on to the Martian surface.

Ingenuity made it to the delta
in another seven hops

across the Seitah sand dunes.

And the rover kept on driving.

Covering the remaining 4km in just
31 days,

capturing some truly wonderful
pictures, as it approached the steep

scarps of the Delta.

The rover and helicopter
are already investigating

the delta sedimentary rocks.

And have begun searching them
for the faint signs of ancient life.

Whatever Perseverance finds,

it will tell us something
important about ourselves.

I think there are three
possibilities for what Perseverance

might find on Mars.

One, which sounds like the most
disappointing possibility,

is it sees no sign of life at all.

If we establish that there was water
in Jezero Crater,

all the conditions
were right - geological activity,

all the right ingredients,

and yet, life did not begin.

Then that may be telling us
that we're alone, certainly

in our neighbourhood.

The second possibility
is that we find life.

But the life is very similar
to life here on Earth.

That would be... It would be
wonderful.

We'd know that there are two
planets in our solar system

that are living worlds.

But it might suggest that
there was only one genesis

in our solar system.

But we know that material
moves from Mars to Earth.

We have Martian meteorites
here, and from Earth to Mars.

And so, then, I suppose, the story
becomes, "Where did life begin?"

It is certainly possible that life
began on Mars,

and was transferred
here to Earth.

I suppose, in that sense,
we're Martians.

What a discovery that would be.

The third possibility is
that we find signs that life existed

on Mars, and that life is
very different to the life we see

here on Earth - has a different
biochemistry.

There was a different genesis.

That would mean that life began

separately in two places
in our solar system,

and that will tell us a tremendous
amount, because it will tell us

that we can assume that wherever
the conditions

are right, life begins.

That will be a profound discovery,

will change the way we think

of our universe,

because it will mean that we are in
a living universe.

It should change the way you look at
those points of light

in the sky.

Many of them, most of them
have planets around them.

And I think we'll be able to assume
that a good number of them

are living worlds.