All language subtitles for How the Universe Works s03e08 Starman.eng

The Earth is in danger.

Future cosmic events are going to blast

burn or rip us to shreds.

The universe is incredibly violent there are
huge events going on all time

one day life on Earth will become
impossible

there will be disasters in the future
and one of them

will destroy us

to save mankind we'll have to find other
places

to call home it really has to be our
destiny to move off the earth

if we are going to survive it's as
simple as that

we need an insurance policy.
We must do it and we must get started now

we'll need a lifeboat and new homes amongst
the stars

and this is how we could do it

Our Voyage to the Stars

the earth as far as we know it's the
only home

to life in the universe

Earth is such an ideal environment for life

everything about our bodies our biology
or chemistry evolved here on earth

literally we are on the perfect space ship

but our perfect space ship is careening
through a cosmic minefield

Every 30 million years or so

unnatural or cosmic disaster it's the
earth so hard

that millions of creatures go extinct

extinction events tend to kill off the
dominant species

and right now that's us

it's certainly true
that in an extinction event

it's the large and powerful
that get wiped out

They go so you know that if there's an
extension on earth

we humans are vulnerable were in a
category at large and powerful

the only way for humankind to survive
global extinction

used to spread our genes to more than
one planet

we have no choice

the law evolution geology and physics
the alternative

is death an extension will have to build

a giant space craft capable of crossing
interstellar space

and colonizing distant worlds around
other stars

duly sensually me

a new dole's hard but is going to be a
space market has the

in cab SLE all other divers the Abarth
inside this one ship

the space arc will have to be huge big
enough to house the thousands of people

needed to create a healthy gene pool on
the new plans

too massive to construct on earth the
giant Kraft will have to be built in

space

far from the pool hurts gravity

but building a shipyard in the sky

was no small challenge

nasa is tackling it head on

generation Eddie with rockets copy SLs

ICDs alas as a capability that's going
to allow us to put an industrial base

between the earth in the moon after we
do that

and we're out there routinely working in
space that's when we'll assemble the

craft it'll take us to the stars

yo bus johnson's job is to plan the
future of space exploration

today he's observing test-firing mobile
one

20 scale model SLs

real deal takes all

the SLS will become the most powerful
rocket

ever launched the SLs

is be it's going to give us the
capability to take lots of stuff up

Beachwalk and it can be big for you and
you could potentially

launch three of these big rockets versus
perhaps fifteen or twenty

at the other rockets we have available
today to get the same amount of material

out in space lesson visions

SLs rockets taking prefabricated units
beyond rumors were

where space engineers will assemble them
into a colossal

industrial workshop

miners will then fly out to different
bodies in the solar system

to collect the ball materials needed to
build the space arc

will have factories on the moon

perhaps even beyond that on China rocks

inside the asteroid belt

asteroids have a fraction Earth's
gravity here

it will be much easier to build massive
sections

lift them to the arc as it begins to
take shape

the inner solar system will provide all
we need to make the giant superstructure

the space arc but there's something
missing

colonizing a distant world will require
a propulsion system

faster than anything we've ever built
spaces huge our solar system issued

I even get to Mars would take almost a
year but

its that's nothing compared to exploring
the distance between start

near stars for our on are several light
years away

even light the fastest thing in the
universe take several years to get there

the Suns closest neighbor is a triple
star system

called out the Suntory

a spaceship burning conventional

take tens of thousands of years to get
there

the crew would die of old age long
before the ship arrived

sold what fuel to use

Wed

science fiction appears to have the
solution but it sounds too good to be

true

0 every chechyan their heart of hearts
knows that is

anti-matter anti-matter is the fuel for
an interstellar chip

anti-matter Israel

we create a few Adams anti-matter every
year and high-energy particle colliders

it's the mirror image have all the
matter that we see around us

it has an explosive property it would
make it

the most efficient rocket fuel ever
created

here's a cool thing about anti-matter
with anti-matter and matter

meet very a highly charms

that means that the matter

ceases to exist

they convert into pure energy

its own 100 percent efficient process
scientists have calculated that a rocket

powered by anti-matter could reach 15
percent

speed of light that's fast enough to get
to the moon

in 8 1/2 seconds I'll we will have
almost

unlimited power we could travel anywhere
in the universe we want

%uh our space arc

could reach office and Tori in just over
28 years

on well within the lifetime a bitumen
payload

now this sounds like a great idea right
let's get together a lot anti-matter

let's create some anti-matter

and this combined with regular battery
we have this outstanding energy source

by anti-matter every while

and that is exactly was advantages
witness matter

is going on I like bakery energy fill a
conventional fuel tank

with a single pounded anti-matter and
you'll get an explosion

more powerful than thousand Hiroshima
bombs

0 anti-matter

is just too hot to handle we need

a reliable energy source back in power
are starship for years at a time

and there are only a few Canada's that
can do this among them

fusion power harnessing the power of the
Sun

itself

in the Suns hot day in school hydrogen
atoms collide

smashing into each other with such force
the fuse

releasing enormous amounts of energy

this is nuclear fusion

what we want to do in space travel is
miniaturize it

and put it in a spacecraft and use that
as your power system

and as your proportion system for deep
space exploration

perfusion rocket is still two-thirds the
speed of one powered by anti-matter

a vessel wall its fuel hydrogen gas

can be found in past clouds in the space
between stars

it would simply automatically fire in
our space using interstellar gas

and principled it would never require
refueling

our fusion powered space are heads for
its first target alpha centauri

at 10 percent the speed of light

it will take forty two years to complete
the journey and its precious load a few

min pioneers

must be delivered safe and well but the
crossing

may be deadly are violent cosmos as a
million ways to kill

on

on

a giant space arc fires its fusion
rockets

inside the ship are thousands have human
volunteers

there on a one-way mission to colonize

a distant planet I

one day we will have to make this
journey

it's inevitable that we go off planet I
think we're gonna have to do it to

survive as a species

York's first target is the closest star
system to the Sun

alpha centauri and the journey will be
long

around forty years

keeping the crew fit healthy severity

but it won't be easy lot of things
happen to the human body when you go

into space

the moment you become weightless usually
get camp

full headed feeling of you get dizzy

back and make you feel nauseous where OJ
I'll spend six months

on the International Space Station long
enough to experience

the damaging effects in zero gravity and

your bones are feeling any impact to
your body decides it doesn't need bones

anymore

and it'll begin to demilitarize your
bones and then your muscles through

tissues

or still naturally actually very quickly
on

the human body evolved to live with
Earth's gravity way without it

bones lose two percent of their mass for
every month spent in space

when the cardiovascular system suffers
to

body fluids cooled

heart rates blood pressure rise

resistance training helps reduce the
symptoms

were scheduled for two hours of exercise
them space station's to keep our

cardiovascular system fair to keep our
muscles and bones fed

exercising can hold of the dangers
wasting process

but a forty two-year journey to office
and Tori without gravity

would be fatal obviously we need a
permanent solution to wait list

there's nothing to prevent us in the
near future

from creating artificial gravity

the answer is centrifugal force

it's the force thats text daredevil
bikers to vertical walls

it keeps thrill seekers glued to their
seats and theme parks

rotation produces this out workforce and
creating it

the spaceship would be relatively simple

by rotating a space capsule it means at
the Azana

inside will experience artificial
gravity

spinning the living quarters just the
right speed will hold of bone and muscle

wasting

but as they journey deep into space low
gravity

is the least have the dangers are
pioneers face

radiation is probably the biggest
challenge

we're gonna be exposed to much harsher
levels much higher levels of radiation

the sun's surface shoots out a constant
stream

dangerous charged particles I'll

protons and electrons traveling a close
to a million miles an hour

these teams will break your DNA bill
cause cancer

any will kill you

the Earth's magnetosphere

the atmosphere above our heads

for taxes from the worst this radiation
but far from the earth

the Pioneers will face radiation head on

that really is the biggest technical
barrier to mankind sending

people out farther and deeper into space
it's not propulsion is that computers

are navigation

it how we keep people healthy could be
on the boundary of our solar system

the radiation threats gets worse

large particles comment you even fast

in some cases there are single protons
the actual pack as much about punch

as a hundred mile-an-hour fastball these
cosmic rays were joined by an even

deadlier force

gamma rays blasted out like violence

cosmic events no the cosmic phenomena

from stars exploding

two black holes eating up large parts
gallon

Bruce radiation and particles that are
incredibly energetic

you've never seen the sparkle before
your body's not adapted to them

can't they come at you all the time and
their

very high energy

galactic cosmic radiation

ripped through the cells in our human
cargo

liquefying their bodies

the only hope is to somehow shield
spacecraft

in science fiction starships create a
protective magnetic bubble

similar to the magnetic field to protect
your but a deflector shield

to take a huge amount of energy to
sustain and like any electrical device

it would be prone to failure the safest
option

is to go low-tech coating the ship with
a thick layer

a physical shield chilling is not a
simple problems not just a matter of

bringing a bunch letter anything like
that in fact

what you find is a need to do something
like that I it absorbs the radiation and

then it redeem its in in a more
dangerous form

on

medals won't work but scientists have
come up

the brilliant alternative you

this won the Best shield cosmic breeze
something simple

water

and it actually something you need to
bring with you as you venture into

interstellar space

the hydrogen atoms in water absorb
high-energy particles

getting sufficient volume water can also
block tamarins

the living quarters at the park will
have the Vic outer skin

filled with the ship's water

and outside that a second skin filled
with the ship's

hydrogen supply transfusion engines

our astronauts are now safe from
radiation sickness and with artificial

gravity

their bodies will stay strong the
deadliest right now

each other

I'm

good

a cosmic catastrophe Monday light bus

from the face of the earth

to save mankind will need to escape to
the stars in a giant space arc

search other new home

its precious human cargo will be kept in
top physical condition

with artificial gravity and hydrogen
rich shielding

but what about their mental health

one of the biggest challenges for people
in space or the people taking people

putting them in a tin can

incredibly dangerous environment having
to get along with each other for months

or years

and stay alive through the journey is
going to be

an enormous challenge we know when

people going submarines that they have
to be very carefully tested and those

submarines

are go out for missions that there are
done certainly no last year's

we can start a new civilization with the
crew

ravaged by cosmic boredom infighting

and mental illness

it would be better if the entire crew
were unconscious

one possibility which course again is a
possibility in science fiction

is to have people be asleep during most
of it

could you put people into an induced
coma and then we come up in time to go

do their science mission it might be
easier thing to do than to say

well now you sit still for the next ten
years

reaped the closest we come to suspended
animation in today's world

is storing human embryos in liquid
nitrogen them

but could be really save the human race

with test-tube babies because of the
enormous hurdles facing space travel

some people have advanced the idea well
why do we have to send humans into outer

space

wanna send embryos or sperm and egg
cells

in theory we could transport frozen
embryos

across vast distances space sidestepping
the need for food

were complicated life-support systems
they could withstand the rigors of space

travel and weightlessness

but how will they be socialized

you put a baby in a hit single place
along the Montgomery they wouldn't

survive in fact we're

very dependent we are social beings we
would have to develop

intelligent robots to hatch the embryos

and then teach them what it means to be
human

is conceivable that perhaps a hundred
years into the future

we will have brought by nannies that can
incorporate the laws of social

interaction

a robot really raise child or in our
rush to save humanity

will we wind up for getting what it
means to be human

raising human embryos

maybe too much a damn good sold could we
freeze

adults instead without affecting their
health it's a much bigger challenge

but nature has almost solved

a lot of animals on earth will go into
suspended animation or hibernation

when conditions get bad is some cases
they can stay that way for a long time

the alaskan wood frog survives cold
winters

frozen nice

at sub-zero temperatures its metabolism
slows

effectively shuts down

when the ice falls the frogs reanimate

Harbaugh as though nothing happened
could humans

ever do the same thing

when you freeze somebody alive they have
are

ice crystals which one which begin to
expand rupturing the cells

and try and sells in too much

so how the frog survive the deep freeze

the answer is they have an antifreeze in
their plight and that is

glucose so even though their surrounding
environment is

solid ice inside theirselves

are liquid the problem with humans is

that amount if any freeze would kill us

deep freezing humans isn't going to work

but to hibernate

we may not have to chill that loan

Pittsburgh surgeons developed a
groundbreaking technique

using chilled saline solution

to rapidly lower their patient's body
temperature to just a few degrees above

freezing

at this temperature cellular activity

stocks

just like the wood frogs

patients are effectively in suspended
animation

weekend in operating rooms we can call
people down and put them in artificial

common for a while so it sounds good

and like everything else is with
exploring

whether through freezing embryos were
putting adults into a cold

deep sleep suspended animation may be
the best bet

for keeping our precious human cargo
alive on the long trip

alpha centauri the new but what if they
get there

and find there's no place like home

be good

a spaceship filled with human volunteers
approaches the triple star system

alpha centauri up

the crew hopes to find the first

many new worlds for mankind to call but
which

if any of these stars will have the
right kind of planets

we want to buy to hold that a similar or
as we can possibly

because we're fine too for this plan
which 52

for the surface gravity provide time for
the atmosphere

this radiation environment the stars

build the space craft displays and soon

the outline of planets will be visible

0 the brightest in the trio

is alpha centauri okay 0 it slightly
bigger

and slightly brighter than our signed

throwing more heat into the space around

well

its smaller cooler neighbor Alpha
Centauri B

live so close gravity pulls the two
stars into a wide

slow binary forbid

rotating once every eighty years on

that's bad news for pioneers

planets rarely form stable orbits around

wide binary systems so there's little
chance of finding a place to settle you

but the third star the trio offers hope

Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf 4 a.m.

work start too small and doomed to be
seen from earth with the naked eye

yet astronomers have found earth-like
planets around this type of star

throughout the Milky Way galaxy

for finding that red dwarfs are ideal
number a

ways in particular just they seem to be
absolutely teeming with their sites

planets

astronomers have already discovered one

earth-sized planet around Proxima
Centauri it forbids too close to the

stars

sustain human life but there's a good
chance

it may have sister planets that can

if we were to look up into the night sky
and look at the nearest

into work stars say Proxima Centauri I
would expect to see

a system 326 very small planets

an extremely compact or its meaning
orbital period of only a few days

Proxima Centauri may well be home to a
rocky planets

ideal for life by with a thick
atmosphere

warm liquid oceans and a strong
magnetosphere to protect it

the perfect refuge for mankind set up
our first

new home

but what if we find the planet

that's a little less than perfect

too cold perhaps with too much gravity

or maybe the wrong kind of atmosphere

we are genetically programmed to thrive
on the planet Earth

with a specific amount of oxygen a
specific amount of carbon dioxide in a

certain weight

however once we land on a distant planet

we're gonna have to change our bodies so
that we can thrive in different

environments

we're gonna have to be able to engineer
our sales we're gonna have to be able to

evolve our cells

rap that may mean taking genes from
other life forms

to give ourselves some property that we
need that might just be the best

solution

scientists have searched high and low

find people to the jeans for survival in
space

and they may have found them in a
creature no bigger

the grain have said

right now at nasa we're doing
experiments on untangle animals called

target greens

card a greater tough they can survive a
range of temperatures

from freezing to boiling point they can
live without food or water

for a decade or more and crucially
whether DNA

gets damaged by radiation it repairs
itself

title microscopic thing can survive more
radiation

them kill her developed somehow the DNA
no

to repair itself we're trying to figure
out how we could modify human DNA

to do the same thing one day

DNA from these tiny creatures may allow
us to set foot on the planet

battered by radiation from its parent
star

genetic tinkering may hold the key too
much more

allowing us to colonize a multitude
apostol

alien worlds

if the plan has a larger gravitational
field we may have to increase the

strength of our bones is trying to my
muscles

so we don't collapse every time we walk
under surface are the large

planet

we could you can adapt different
atmospheres

who were you on my one planet different
oxygen level different carbon dioxide

level

we may have to alter our metabolism rate

we are beginning to take control of our
own evolution we are designing

gene therapies we're finding ways to
modifier biology

is a wonderful chance here to really
take control over

own destiny and drive ourselves to the
stars

who knows what the future astronaut will
look like but I strongly suspect

that they will look like you for me well

if we find habitable worlds around
proxima Suntory

a shuttle fall genetically-altered
pioneers

will be dispatched to the surface in
order to start

a new human civilization

but this is just the first stage a much
bigger plan we must continue to search

out

more world's traveling ever deeper and
faster

into the Milky Way

I'll on

one day a cosmic event is going to get
beer so hard it will wipe out

every human on the planet

live on a deadly into the future he
would be is gonna have to leave player

are only hope

build the space arc that will take us to
new whirls

around distant stars

my is fragile and that's why I believe
we should be at least

a to plant species

the first target was by far the easiest

it took forty two years for our space
arc to reach Proxima Centauri

using fusion powered engines but now

the arc must move on to find even more
distant worlds

the crew can be held in suspended
animation

but they'll still deteriorate with each
passing year

need to go Baxter closer to the speed of
light

but there's a small problem the laws of
physics

me what albert Einstein figured out is
that if you start traveling near the

speed of light

things get a little bizarre you get near
the speed of light U-mass

increases me that he had to have more
energy to keep you going

by the time you getting near the speed
of light all the field turns into

increasing the mass so all the fuel that
before would increase the speed a lot

does increase the speed all it just
increases the mass eventually

you don't speed up at all you just get
heavier and heavier has issued a

propeller

physics allows travel through space at
the kind of speed

but there's a loophole that may allow us
to cut through hyperspace

reach distant planets a whole lot faster

the next thing showed us that space
itself

expand faster than the speed of light
space and time

is not nothing there's a substance to it
fabric

if you will and you can stretch it and
you could be ended

and science fiction galactic travelers
manipulate the fabric of space-time

using work drives crossing the cosmos

in minutes not pull any no imagine your
room under the carpet and you get to the

other side a room

one thing you can do is you can take the
carpet and

folded up and bring all up close to you
didn't stop over DePaul

carpet in the lead on ball behind you
and now you've moved across the room

really quickly

it would take a colossal amount of
energy to more all the space between you

and your destination

far more than we could ever hope to
generate but modern physics

says the warp drive is possible if you
only work the space

surrounding the ship so we know that
space expands

space can also contract soap you have a
ship

you can track space in front view expand
space behind you

hickory a walk boggle n is built
directly shoulder to be moved up to ten

times

feel like

this new generation work drive creates
we

in space-time the travels faster than
the speed of light

carrying the ship along with it like a
surfer

riding a wave

mathematicians have looked at the
numbers and a new generation work drive

would work on people

now nasa wants to get it to work in the
lab

is an impossible or is a plausible

I think we're in that category are
starting to to think about we've got

some possibilities here

are let's go see if we can't to do some
scientific efforts and see validation up

the math and physics

tara White is planning a future
experiment

to see if he can workspace on a
microscopic scale

he hopes to concentrate energy into a
single point in space

and then measure the progress have laser
light

crossing if the light completes the
journey faster than normal

he'll have succeeded working space time

their body always asks me about when's
this going to be ready to bolt on two

spacecraft and

there's a lot of sites we need to do
first not only just now starting to look

into this

we don't know if it's going to work or
not we might as well figured out if it

does

bomb and if it doesn't well we've
learned something interesting about math

and science in the way the universe
works

warp drive would fire us to Proxima
Centauri

in just five months and to the 50 stars
be on

just a few years but that's still just
our galactic backyard

work trip to the far side of the Milky
Way

would take 10,000

the trip beyond it to the closest
galaxies hundreds

thousands of years

on the scale of the universe even work
drive

seems pathetically slow

but there is one last time

another way to go faster than the speed
of light

is to drill a hole in the fabric of
space and time

this is called a wormhole

wormhole is a theoretical tunnel

rip through the fabric of space-time
connecting to distant points

it's created by huge concentrations mass

warping space-time ok

think about is looking glass you put
your hand to the looking glass

in your hand winds up on the other side
of the gals

if our spacecraft could enter this
hospital shortcut we could jump

thousands years and instant you were
trouble

strong numbers have never seen one and
attempting

to create one on would be fatal on

to bend space it either mother the warm
all to make a tunnel

give to produce huge amounts amass but
mass is attractive and we can prove

that normal masses all you have that
either

end up the were more will collapse to
form a black hole

in time skill shorter then we take you
to go through the wormhole

I don't think more moles were ever gonna
work that way transportation

but you know what typically goals people
who say that something could happen in

size

turned out to be wrong so I take that
back things are likely

but it may happen what drives

wormholes

distant dreams for now fusion is the
likely fuel to take us to the stars

but it may take millions who years

for a giant space arc to colonize enough
planets to guarantee our survival the

only way to go faster with Fusion is to
make our space arc

much smaller so small in fact there'd be
no room for people inside

so is this really game over for

could be saved humanity without humans

and

not so long ago

astronomers weren't sure if the stars
they saw on the night sky

at planets orbiting them 0 perhaps the
Sun was unique

the earth along in the Milky Way ok

but over the last twenty years we've
revealed

mind-blowing truth 0 it seems that

a large fraction of stars in the galaxy
have planets

and in fact many of those stars have
multiple planets

these XO planets range in size from

gas giant planets bigger than Jupiter on

to rocky worlds like the earth

there everywhere we look our planet
Earth

is not unique it's not even rarer their
art

tons hordes flocks if you will

above other earth-like planets out there
fluttering around the other stars

some stars probably have multiple hurts
orbiting them that's how common

earth-like planets are I'll

look into the night sky top 5 stars

one of those stars hasn't earth-size
planet around maybe our next home

apply what we found to the rest of the
Milky Way and the results

are staggering

around sun-like stars up to 11

billion warm

wet hurts around red dwarf stars

another 22 billion

and gas giant XO planets may be home to
tens of billions more potential

Earth's in the form up habitable X owns

there are many earth-like planets that
we're gonna have as options

places to go almost for the menus spring
up from the bus clearly

finding new Earth's is not the problem
the problem is getting

the universe is actually kinda
tantalizing us

earth-like planets are common to all
over the place but they're so far away

that the current technology can't
imagine how to get there

a giant space arc powered by fusion

engines and filled with thousands of
human volunteers

should allow us to colonize habitable
worlds near our son

but to go beyond that to the far reaches
the Milky Way

we need plan be

one radical solution would be to send
miniature robots

to distant planets instead humans

one think about how much we're learning
about the human brain and how it works

and there's still a long way to go

it does seem to be fairly inevitable
that someday we'll be able to put on

hold ourselves

into a robot the name it. that's so sad
because we want to get humans on those

plans

well one if you really wanna think
science fiction why not

%uh ultimately pic machine adult human
gether and

home plants

spread their genes by selling huge
numbers of tiny

mobile seeds into the whim

many seats will be lost to the elements
but those that find warm

Wed earth come to life

imagine firing tiny now

months into space like seeds with human
genomes

burned onto their hard drives

if they fall through the atmosphere

a wet one planet suitable for humans

the spring into action

the land and make shelters from the
materials they find

plan and somehow bill also make the
humans

that live inside

maybe wolf and thousands of these man
was shipped as their car maybe millions

in them like

seeds to a nearby star hoping that just

a few other a few with them actually
reach their destination

the technology to create a human from
scratch is clearly a long way off

but it does raise intriguing
philosophical questions

fight should really save humans 3.7

million species on Earth we the only
ones

worth saving

well and we can send the full gamut of
life on Earth

why not simply send bacteria to distant
worlds

and let evolution do the rest

and who knows maybe an alien species is
already done that

on the earth may be in your backyard
there's another ship

from my distance star system and you
would

never know

wherever we wind up and whatever we
ultimately become

the time to start planning for our
survival

is right now

the human imagination is taking us in
some truly amazing paths

and the main lead us to find a way for
interstellar travel could really work

our feet is in many ways

were not dinosaurs we have a space
program

were smart

if we have colonies on other planets the
earth can be wiped out

and humanity won't be

in that sense our future our long-term
future

that in our own

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