Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:04,126 --> 00:00:07,626
- We stand today on the edge
of a new frontier,
2
00:00:07,751 --> 00:00:09,835
the frontier of the 1960s.
3
00:00:09,960 --> 00:00:11,543
[dramatic music]
4
00:00:11,668 --> 00:00:13,043
- Somebody once asked him,
5
00:00:13,126 --> 00:00:14,376
why do you want to run
for president?
6
00:00:14,501 --> 00:00:17,251
And his answer,
that's where the action is.
7
00:00:17,418 --> 00:00:20,876
- What's notable is
the lead that Kennedy takes
8
00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:23,543
in insisting on a strong
civil rights plank.
9
00:00:23,668 --> 00:00:26,335
- Black people lined up
behind Kennedy.
10
00:00:26,418 --> 00:00:29,710
- The candidates need
no introduction.
11
00:00:29,835 --> 00:00:31,043
- It was neck and neck
all night.
12
00:00:31,168 --> 00:00:34,418
all: We want Kennedy!
We want Kennedy!
13
00:00:34,543 --> 00:00:36,710
We want Kennedy!
14
00:00:36,876 --> 00:00:39,126
♪ ♪
15
00:00:39,251 --> 00:00:42,210
- So now my wife and I prepare
for a new administration
16
00:00:42,335 --> 00:00:43,543
and for a new baby.
17
00:00:43,668 --> 00:00:44,585
Thank you.
18
00:00:44,751 --> 00:00:45,710
[cheers and applause]
19
00:00:48,251 --> 00:00:49,751
- To lead us
to a fruitful America,
20
00:00:49,918 --> 00:00:51,668
from the state
of Massachusetts,
21
00:00:51,793 --> 00:00:55,376
John F. Kennedy.
22
00:00:55,460 --> 00:00:58,043
- John F. Kennedy lived a life
that would help define
23
00:00:58,168 --> 00:01:01,501
an entire generation.
24
00:01:01,626 --> 00:01:03,626
- Together we shall
save our planet,
25
00:01:03,751 --> 00:01:07,043
or together we shall
perish in its flames.
26
00:01:07,168 --> 00:01:09,585
- What was it about that guy?
27
00:01:09,751 --> 00:01:12,876
- Looks, style, empathy.
28
00:01:13,001 --> 00:01:14,501
He was incredibly charming.
29
00:01:14,585 --> 00:01:17,293
- Intellectual
and progressive.
30
00:01:17,418 --> 00:01:20,918
- He was the future.
He was next.
31
00:01:21,085 --> 00:01:23,460
- President
for just over 1,000 days,
32
00:01:23,585 --> 00:01:26,585
Kennedy navigated
events and crises
33
00:01:26,751 --> 00:01:28,335
that changed the world.
34
00:01:28,418 --> 00:01:30,001
- Kennedy is feeling
the pressure
35
00:01:30,126 --> 00:01:31,376
from the civil rights
activists.
36
00:01:31,460 --> 00:01:33,876
- This was a country
on nuclear war footing.
37
00:01:34,043 --> 00:01:36,126
♪ ♪
38
00:01:36,210 --> 00:01:37,835
- This could be
the last mistake
39
00:01:37,960 --> 00:01:38,876
that anybody makes politically.
40
00:01:38,960 --> 00:01:41,376
♪ ♪
41
00:01:41,585 --> 00:01:44,376
- He changed us in the process
of his own growth.
42
00:01:44,543 --> 00:01:47,251
- We choose to go to the moon
in this decade
43
00:01:47,418 --> 00:01:50,751
and do the other things,
not because they are easy,
44
00:01:50,918 --> 00:01:52,293
but because they are hard.
45
00:01:52,460 --> 00:01:54,001
♪ ♪
46
00:01:54,085 --> 00:01:56,710
- 60 years after
his assassination,
47
00:01:56,835 --> 00:02:00,626
we are still fascinated
by the triumphs and flaws
48
00:02:00,751 --> 00:02:04,335
of the youngest president
ever elected.
49
00:02:04,418 --> 00:02:08,335
- I ask you to join us in all
the tomorrows yet to come,
50
00:02:08,418 --> 00:02:11,585
in building America,
moving America,
51
00:02:11,710 --> 00:02:15,460
taking this country of ours up
and sending it into the '60s.
52
00:02:15,585 --> 00:02:22,418
♪ ♪
53
00:02:25,210 --> 00:02:26,960
- You,
John Fitzgerald Kennedy,
54
00:02:27,085 --> 00:02:28,793
do solemnly swear...
55
00:02:28,876 --> 00:02:31,251
- I, John Fitzgerald Kennedy,
do solemnly swear...
56
00:02:31,418 --> 00:02:33,168
- That you will
faithfully execute
57
00:02:33,293 --> 00:02:35,501
the Office of President
of the United States...
58
00:02:35,626 --> 00:02:37,293
- That I will
faithfully execute
59
00:02:37,418 --> 00:02:39,418
the Office of President
of the United States...
60
00:02:39,543 --> 00:02:43,126
- So help you God.
- So help me God.
61
00:02:43,251 --> 00:02:47,043
[cheers and applause]
62
00:02:47,210 --> 00:02:51,376
- On the frigid morning
of January 20, 1961,
63
00:02:51,418 --> 00:02:54,501
John F. Kennedy took
the oath of office,
64
00:02:54,585 --> 00:02:59,043
becoming the 35th president
of the United States.
65
00:02:59,126 --> 00:03:04,251
At 43 years old, he was
the youngest man ever elected.
66
00:03:04,376 --> 00:03:06,126
- He's very young
and he doesn't fit the mold
67
00:03:06,251 --> 00:03:08,210
and he's very glamorous.
68
00:03:08,376 --> 00:03:10,126
He caught our imagination.
69
00:03:10,251 --> 00:03:15,710
And he gives this terrific
inaugural address.
70
00:03:15,835 --> 00:03:19,043
- It's one of the great
speeches in history.
71
00:03:19,126 --> 00:03:22,751
- Fellow citizens,
we observe today
72
00:03:22,918 --> 00:03:25,460
not a victory of party,
73
00:03:25,585 --> 00:03:28,126
but a celebration of freedom,
74
00:03:28,251 --> 00:03:33,293
symbolizing an end,
as well as a beginning,
75
00:03:33,418 --> 00:03:38,293
signifying renewal,
as well as change.
76
00:03:38,418 --> 00:03:41,043
- So a lot of politicians
use their inaugural address
77
00:03:41,168 --> 00:03:44,918
to just almost list policies
and check boxes.
78
00:03:45,043 --> 00:03:46,876
And he didn't do that.
79
00:03:46,960 --> 00:03:51,626
- Let the word go forth,
from this time and place,
80
00:03:51,751 --> 00:03:56,710
to friend and foe alike
that the torch has been passed
81
00:03:56,751 --> 00:04:00,293
to a new generation
of Americans,
82
00:04:00,418 --> 00:04:05,418
born in this century,
tempered by war,
83
00:04:05,543 --> 00:04:08,335
disciplined by a hard
and bitter peace.
84
00:04:08,418 --> 00:04:10,460
[cheers and applause]
85
00:04:10,543 --> 00:04:13,626
- His words were amplified
across the National Mall
86
00:04:13,751 --> 00:04:17,668
and beamed to millions
watching on their televisions.
87
00:04:17,793 --> 00:04:22,376
- And so my fellow Americans,
ask not
88
00:04:22,543 --> 00:04:25,168
what your country can do
for you.
89
00:04:25,293 --> 00:04:27,710
Ask what you can do
for your country.
90
00:04:27,835 --> 00:04:30,126
[cheers and applause]
91
00:04:30,251 --> 00:04:37,210
♪ ♪
92
00:04:37,335 --> 00:04:38,835
- He's very optimistic
in this address
93
00:04:38,918 --> 00:04:40,876
in terms of what America
can potentially be
94
00:04:41,043 --> 00:04:43,001
and what it really should be.
95
00:04:43,085 --> 00:04:44,210
- He had risked his life.
96
00:04:44,376 --> 00:04:46,293
His brother had lost his life.
97
00:04:46,418 --> 00:04:49,376
So he had great credibility
giving a speech
98
00:04:49,501 --> 00:04:52,126
in which he was asking
Americans to sacrifice.
99
00:04:52,251 --> 00:04:55,501
♪ ♪
100
00:04:55,626 --> 00:04:58,293
- In the early 1960s,
the United States
101
00:04:58,376 --> 00:05:01,626
was experiencing
a civil rights crisis
102
00:05:01,793 --> 00:05:04,210
and a daunting Cold War
with the Soviet Union.
103
00:05:04,293 --> 00:05:07,460
♪ ♪
104
00:05:07,626 --> 00:05:09,876
Outgoing President Eisenhower
considered
105
00:05:09,960 --> 00:05:13,876
the incoming president
callow and unprepared.
106
00:05:14,001 --> 00:05:16,210
On the day
before the inauguration,
107
00:05:16,335 --> 00:05:18,918
the two met
at the White House.
108
00:05:19,001 --> 00:05:20,710
Eisenhower warned Kennedy
109
00:05:20,835 --> 00:05:22,751
about foreign policy
challenges,
110
00:05:22,876 --> 00:05:26,876
including the spread of
Communism in Southeast Asia,
111
00:05:27,001 --> 00:05:30,251
mounting tension in Cuba,
and the ongoing struggle
112
00:05:30,418 --> 00:05:33,543
between the U.S.
and the Soviet Union.
113
00:05:33,626 --> 00:05:35,376
- I think he was scared.
114
00:05:35,501 --> 00:05:39,835
How would Kennedy do
confronting Soviet leaders?
115
00:05:39,960 --> 00:05:42,460
And how would he do
on the world stage,
116
00:05:42,585 --> 00:05:45,335
given he was so young
and inexperienced?
117
00:05:46,210 --> 00:05:49,001
- [speaking Russian]
118
00:06:01,335 --> 00:06:05,793
- There was a sense of threat,
very much a sense of threat.
119
00:06:05,918 --> 00:06:08,585
It is our freedom
that's at stake.
120
00:06:08,668 --> 00:06:13,210
If we don't stop
the spreading of Communism,
121
00:06:13,293 --> 00:06:15,960
other countries may fall
like dominoes,
122
00:06:16,085 --> 00:06:20,460
and we'll lose out
in this global competition
123
00:06:20,585 --> 00:06:26,043
for influence in the world
and for military power.
124
00:06:28,293 --> 00:06:29,585
- Eisenhower was dropping
125
00:06:29,751 --> 00:06:32,043
an enormous
geopolitical challenge
126
00:06:32,168 --> 00:06:34,543
in the new president's lap.
127
00:06:34,668 --> 00:06:36,876
- He was instantly overwhelmed
by it,
128
00:06:36,918 --> 00:06:40,210
the sheer number of concerns
that were piled onto his plate.
129
00:06:40,335 --> 00:06:42,126
And they were urgent issues.
130
00:06:42,251 --> 00:06:46,293
There were crises mounting.
131
00:06:46,418 --> 00:06:47,668
- He understood
this was not just
132
00:06:47,751 --> 00:06:49,543
any old moment
in the march of time,
133
00:06:49,626 --> 00:06:52,335
but a moment
when the United States had
134
00:06:52,460 --> 00:06:54,710
an unusually large capacity
135
00:06:54,876 --> 00:06:56,543
to shape
the international environment
136
00:06:56,668 --> 00:06:58,960
and the course
of humankind's history.
137
00:06:59,085 --> 00:07:02,335
- But he had never been
in charge of that much before.
138
00:07:02,460 --> 00:07:04,210
So he had a lot to learn.
139
00:07:04,293 --> 00:07:07,085
♪ ♪
140
00:07:07,210 --> 00:07:09,793
- As Kennedy prepared
for the challenges ahead,
141
00:07:09,918 --> 00:07:13,085
he ensured he had allies
in his corner.
142
00:07:13,251 --> 00:07:16,376
He appointed his brother Bobby
as attorney general
143
00:07:16,460 --> 00:07:19,501
and filled his cabinet
with mostly young men
144
00:07:19,626 --> 00:07:21,626
who, like him, had
both liberal
145
00:07:21,751 --> 00:07:25,043
and conservative ideas.
146
00:07:25,168 --> 00:07:28,043
Work began immediately
in the White House.
147
00:07:28,210 --> 00:07:32,626
On March 1, 1961,
the new president created
148
00:07:32,751 --> 00:07:35,126
a progressive program
that he believed
149
00:07:35,251 --> 00:07:36,710
would combat Communism
150
00:07:36,835 --> 00:07:39,876
and promote democracy
worldwide.
151
00:07:39,960 --> 00:07:42,543
- I have today signed
an executive order
152
00:07:42,668 --> 00:07:45,543
providing for the establishment
of a Peace Corps.
153
00:07:45,710 --> 00:07:48,376
- The Peace Corps was
charged with providing
154
00:07:48,501 --> 00:07:50,376
socioeconomic support
155
00:07:50,501 --> 00:07:54,418
to isolated developing parts
of the world.
156
00:07:54,585 --> 00:07:58,001
- That's a very noble,
optimistic idea.
157
00:07:58,126 --> 00:07:59,918
Following up on his message
in the inaugural,
158
00:08:00,043 --> 00:08:02,085
he's now taking that
a step further and saying,
159
00:08:02,210 --> 00:08:04,043
what can we do for the world?
160
00:08:04,126 --> 00:08:05,751
- Members of the Peace Corps
will work
161
00:08:05,835 --> 00:08:08,668
in three different areas,
first as teachers,
162
00:08:08,793 --> 00:08:11,418
secondly as agriculturalists,
163
00:08:11,585 --> 00:08:13,960
and third,
they will work on health.
164
00:08:14,085 --> 00:08:16,626
- Kennedy understood
that global poverty was
165
00:08:16,751 --> 00:08:18,543
not simply
a humanitarian concern.
166
00:08:18,710 --> 00:08:21,210
It was also
a national security concern,
167
00:08:21,293 --> 00:08:23,876
that these nations were either
going to be vulnerable
168
00:08:24,043 --> 00:08:27,085
to exploitation by Communists,
or they were going
169
00:08:27,210 --> 00:08:28,960
to collapse
into a kind of disorder
170
00:08:29,085 --> 00:08:32,793
that was going to ultimately
require a response.
171
00:08:32,918 --> 00:08:35,710
- We don't just fight
the Cold War through weapons,
172
00:08:35,876 --> 00:08:37,376
but we're going
to fight the Cold War
173
00:08:37,501 --> 00:08:40,043
by doing good overseas.
174
00:08:40,168 --> 00:08:44,710
- I hope that from it will come
renewed understanding
175
00:08:44,835 --> 00:08:48,793
by people all over the world
of a common desire for peace.
176
00:08:48,876 --> 00:08:50,585
♪ ♪
177
00:08:50,710 --> 00:08:53,543
- Despite a promising start
to his presidency,
178
00:08:53,668 --> 00:08:57,168
Kennedy would soon face
an alarming matter in Cuba
179
00:08:57,251 --> 00:09:00,501
that threatened to destabilize
his political agenda.
180
00:09:00,626 --> 00:09:05,043
[crowd shouting]
181
00:09:05,210 --> 00:09:10,793
April 1961, just 90 miles
off the Coast of Florida,
182
00:09:10,918 --> 00:09:13,585
the island nation of Cuba
was now run
183
00:09:13,751 --> 00:09:15,960
by dictator Fidel Castro.
184
00:09:16,085 --> 00:09:18,418
Castro had overthrown
the old regime
185
00:09:18,585 --> 00:09:21,960
in a daring revolution.
186
00:09:22,085 --> 00:09:25,376
After he took power,
Castro's regime began
187
00:09:25,543 --> 00:09:28,043
a courtship
with the Soviet Union.
188
00:09:28,126 --> 00:09:31,085
His politics began
to follow suit.
189
00:09:31,251 --> 00:09:35,543
- He started with a lot
of anti-American rhetoric.
190
00:09:35,668 --> 00:09:37,626
And then he started
jailing people
191
00:09:37,751 --> 00:09:41,710
who had the temerity
to speak up against him.
192
00:09:41,876 --> 00:09:45,168
He started acting
like a totalitarian.
193
00:09:45,293 --> 00:09:48,126
♪ ♪
194
00:09:48,251 --> 00:09:51,835
- I never understood
why a leader of a country
195
00:09:51,918 --> 00:09:57,376
can be as cruel and as bad.
196
00:09:57,543 --> 00:10:00,418
- The relationship between
the United States and Cuba
197
00:10:00,543 --> 00:10:02,251
soon deteriorated.
198
00:10:02,376 --> 00:10:03,876
- As Castro became
199
00:10:03,960 --> 00:10:06,043
closer and closer
to the Soviet Union,
200
00:10:06,210 --> 00:10:09,126
they worried
that Castro was a Communist.
201
00:10:09,251 --> 00:10:11,376
And the idea of having
a Soviet satellite
202
00:10:11,501 --> 00:10:13,126
within 90 miles
of the United States
203
00:10:13,293 --> 00:10:14,918
was intolerable.
204
00:10:15,043 --> 00:10:17,710
- The administration
viewed Castro's actions
205
00:10:17,876 --> 00:10:21,710
as a direct threat
to American national security.
206
00:10:21,835 --> 00:10:25,168
With the Cold War
now in America's backyard,
207
00:10:25,293 --> 00:10:29,210
the growing tensions with Cuba
would need to be addressed.
208
00:10:33,168 --> 00:10:34,043
[tense music]
209
00:10:34,210 --> 00:10:36,626
- In early 1961,
as Kennedy stepped
210
00:10:36,751 --> 00:10:38,876
into the presidency,
he was briefed
211
00:10:38,960 --> 00:10:41,168
on the festering situation
with Cuba
212
00:10:41,251 --> 00:10:44,376
and the plan
he would be inheriting.
213
00:10:44,501 --> 00:10:46,043
Several months earlier,
214
00:10:46,168 --> 00:10:49,376
the CIA under Eisenhower
had created a plan
215
00:10:49,501 --> 00:10:52,918
to overthrow
the Castro regime.
216
00:10:53,043 --> 00:10:55,751
- It wasn't about Cuba
in and of itself.
217
00:10:55,918 --> 00:10:59,251
It was about the fate
of that region,
218
00:10:59,376 --> 00:11:04,418
a region that we did not want
to lose to the Communists.
219
00:11:04,501 --> 00:11:08,210
- Starting in March 1960,
the CIA had begun
220
00:11:08,335 --> 00:11:12,835
to train Cuban exiles
to conduct an invasion.
221
00:11:13,001 --> 00:11:15,335
These exiles would
ideally put up a fight
222
00:11:15,460 --> 00:11:18,168
that would inspire
the Cuban people to rise
223
00:11:18,251 --> 00:11:22,376
and help topple Castro
in a coup d'état,
224
00:11:22,585 --> 00:11:26,376
replacing the dictatorship
with a democratic government.
225
00:11:26,460 --> 00:11:28,043
- I was 16 at the time.
226
00:11:28,210 --> 00:11:32,335
Sometimes, people ask me,
you know, how at that age,
227
00:11:32,460 --> 00:11:36,543
you know, you make a decision
to go into a fight.
228
00:11:36,668 --> 00:11:39,043
It's not like an obligation
or a duty.
229
00:11:39,210 --> 00:11:43,710
I consider it a gift
that somebody was offering me
230
00:11:43,876 --> 00:11:47,335
training and armaments
to go and fight
231
00:11:47,460 --> 00:11:49,043
to liberate my country.
232
00:11:49,168 --> 00:11:51,293
- So it was
a very easy decision.
233
00:11:51,418 --> 00:11:53,418
You know, we have to fight
for the country.
234
00:11:53,585 --> 00:11:58,335
And it didn't take too much
time for me to realize that.
235
00:11:58,460 --> 00:12:00,960
- Kennedy was unsure
about authorizing
236
00:12:01,085 --> 00:12:03,001
the complex invasion.
237
00:12:03,085 --> 00:12:05,793
He was worried,
if it became public,
238
00:12:05,918 --> 00:12:08,251
that the Soviets would see
the American intervention
239
00:12:08,376 --> 00:12:13,210
in Cuba, their ally,
as an official act of war.
240
00:12:13,376 --> 00:12:16,418
- The CIA was telling him
that Castro was
241
00:12:16,585 --> 00:12:17,918
about to get
a large shipment of arms
242
00:12:18,085 --> 00:12:20,876
from the Soviet Union,
including MiG fighter jets.
243
00:12:20,960 --> 00:12:23,585
And once Castro got these,
it would be
244
00:12:23,710 --> 00:12:25,710
almost impossible
to get rid of him.
245
00:12:25,835 --> 00:12:28,626
So it was kind of now or never.
246
00:12:28,751 --> 00:12:31,001
He felt compelled
to go forward with it.
247
00:12:31,085 --> 00:12:33,043
He knew it was a bad idea,
248
00:12:33,210 --> 00:12:37,168
but he did not know
how to undo it.
249
00:12:37,251 --> 00:12:40,210
- On April 16,
Kennedy reluctantly agreed
250
00:12:40,251 --> 00:12:43,251
to the plan
with one major exception.
251
00:12:43,418 --> 00:12:46,835
If the operation foundered
for the Cuban exiles,
252
00:12:46,960 --> 00:12:50,876
the U.S. military
would not intervene.
253
00:12:51,001 --> 00:12:53,001
- We were moved
from Guatemala.
254
00:12:53,085 --> 00:12:55,835
That was where
the training camps were.
255
00:12:55,918 --> 00:12:58,710
We went to Nicaragua.
256
00:12:58,793 --> 00:13:00,585
We arrived there
in the afternoon
257
00:13:00,751 --> 00:13:03,460
on the 16th of April.
258
00:13:03,585 --> 00:13:05,210
We were going to win.
259
00:13:05,335 --> 00:13:07,918
There was no doubt
that that was going to happen.
260
00:13:10,585 --> 00:13:17,335
♪ ♪
261
00:13:21,251 --> 00:13:23,835
- On the morning
of Monday, April 17,
262
00:13:23,918 --> 00:13:26,751
the exiles had landed
near the Bay of Pigs,
263
00:13:26,918 --> 00:13:29,210
and the invasion had begun.
264
00:13:29,251 --> 00:13:31,251
♪ ♪
265
00:13:31,376 --> 00:13:33,751
- It was such
a magnificent feeling.
266
00:13:33,918 --> 00:13:36,126
We're here,
and we're going to do it.
267
00:13:36,251 --> 00:13:39,376
And a few minutes later,
we hear this other airplane
268
00:13:39,543 --> 00:13:41,376
shooting at us.
269
00:13:41,501 --> 00:13:47,876
♪ ♪
270
00:13:48,043 --> 00:13:51,293
- By Tuesday, April 18,
the Cuban exiles were caught
271
00:13:51,418 --> 00:13:54,168
between Castro's
overwhelming forces
272
00:13:54,293 --> 00:13:57,543
and the sea,
with nowhere to go.
273
00:13:57,668 --> 00:13:58,918
- These are 1,400 men.
274
00:13:59,085 --> 00:14:02,168
Castro's army is 25,000.
275
00:14:02,293 --> 00:14:05,043
The real story here
is these desperate men
276
00:14:05,126 --> 00:14:08,210
on the beach watching
their chances go away
277
00:14:08,376 --> 00:14:10,876
and back in the White House,
Kennedy suffering mightily
278
00:14:10,960 --> 00:14:13,001
with what to do about this.
279
00:14:13,126 --> 00:14:15,043
- As the disaster
was unfolding,
280
00:14:15,210 --> 00:14:18,793
it soon became clear
that CIA officials had
281
00:14:18,918 --> 00:14:21,126
misled the president,
secretly hoping
282
00:14:21,251 --> 00:14:24,043
they could sway him
to involve the U.S. military
283
00:14:24,168 --> 00:14:27,668
when the situation
became dire.
284
00:14:27,793 --> 00:14:30,543
When the United States
involvement in the invasion
285
00:14:30,626 --> 00:14:33,835
became public knowledge,
the Soviet Union warned him
286
00:14:33,960 --> 00:14:37,460
against taking
any further steps in Cuba.
287
00:14:37,585 --> 00:14:40,043
- He feels terrible
about what's happening.
288
00:14:40,126 --> 00:14:42,460
But on the other hand,
he doesn't want to start
289
00:14:42,585 --> 00:14:44,876
World War III over it.
290
00:14:45,001 --> 00:14:46,876
- Kennedy felt cornered
by those
291
00:14:46,960 --> 00:14:49,043
he thought he could trust.
292
00:14:49,168 --> 00:14:53,626
Facing threats of nuclear war,
Kennedy decided to back away,
293
00:14:53,751 --> 00:14:57,626
refusing requests
to send in the U.S. military
294
00:14:57,751 --> 00:15:00,835
to save the Cuban exiles.
295
00:15:00,960 --> 00:15:04,085
With that, the mission met
its tragic end.
296
00:15:04,251 --> 00:15:07,460
More than 1,000
U.S.-backed Cuban exiles
297
00:15:07,585 --> 00:15:10,876
were captured by Castro's army
and thrown into prisons
298
00:15:11,001 --> 00:15:14,293
with deplorable conditions.
299
00:15:14,418 --> 00:15:17,543
Over 100 members
of the brigade perished.
300
00:15:17,710 --> 00:15:20,710
♪ ♪
301
00:15:20,876 --> 00:15:23,376
Kennedy fell
into a state of despair.
302
00:15:23,543 --> 00:15:26,043
His wife Jackie would
later recall him
303
00:15:26,126 --> 00:15:28,210
with his head in his hands,
304
00:15:28,335 --> 00:15:32,085
weeping that evening
in his bedroom.
305
00:15:32,210 --> 00:15:34,876
- Whether he received
the bad advice or not,
306
00:15:35,043 --> 00:15:36,460
still, he's a president.
307
00:15:36,585 --> 00:15:38,043
He took the action.
308
00:15:38,168 --> 00:15:39,710
He took the decision,
309
00:15:39,793 --> 00:15:44,085
and the result was
a total disaster.
310
00:15:44,210 --> 00:15:45,626
- He walked around
the White House,
311
00:15:45,751 --> 00:15:47,126
ashen-faced, saying,
312
00:15:47,251 --> 00:15:50,043
how could I have been
so stupid?
313
00:15:50,168 --> 00:15:52,460
- The Bay of Pigs was
a mistake,
314
00:15:52,585 --> 00:15:54,835
and Kennedy knew it.
315
00:15:54,960 --> 00:15:56,876
Meeting with him
at Camp David,
316
00:15:57,001 --> 00:15:59,085
Kennedy remarked
to Eisenhower,
317
00:15:59,251 --> 00:16:01,585
"No one knows
how tough this job is
318
00:16:01,751 --> 00:16:05,043
until after he's been in it
for a few months."
319
00:16:05,210 --> 00:16:07,543
"Mr. President,"
Eisenhower replied,
320
00:16:07,668 --> 00:16:09,418
"if you'll forgive me,
321
00:16:09,543 --> 00:16:13,293
I think I mentioned that
to you three months ago."
322
00:16:13,418 --> 00:16:14,960
- What's interesting
about Kennedy is,
323
00:16:15,085 --> 00:16:16,751
it becomes
a learning experience.
324
00:16:16,918 --> 00:16:19,085
Some presidents double down
on mistakes.
325
00:16:19,210 --> 00:16:22,043
But for him,
this is instantly a lesson
326
00:16:22,168 --> 00:16:25,335
about the limits
of military advice.
327
00:16:25,501 --> 00:16:28,918
- This administration intends
to be candid about its errors.
328
00:16:29,043 --> 00:16:31,293
For as a wise man once said,
329
00:16:31,418 --> 00:16:33,876
an error doesn't become
a mistake
330
00:16:34,001 --> 00:16:36,918
until you refuse
to correct it.
331
00:16:37,085 --> 00:16:40,126
- The Bay of Pigs forged
a lasting skepticism
332
00:16:40,251 --> 00:16:44,210
in Kennedy of the CIA
and military leaders.
333
00:16:44,335 --> 00:16:46,210
He had to be careful
who he trusted
334
00:16:46,335 --> 00:16:49,001
and use the presidency
to lead,
335
00:16:49,126 --> 00:16:52,668
not be led by others
who wished to influence him.
336
00:16:52,793 --> 00:16:55,835
Kennedy was astonished
when a new Gallup poll
337
00:16:55,960 --> 00:16:57,751
following the failure
announced
338
00:16:57,876 --> 00:17:00,335
that 83% of the people
in the country
339
00:17:00,460 --> 00:17:04,251
were standing by
their new president.
340
00:17:04,376 --> 00:17:08,335
But not all Americans agreed
that Kennedy was living up
341
00:17:08,460 --> 00:17:10,501
to the expectations he set
342
00:17:10,626 --> 00:17:14,043
during his
presidential campaign.
343
00:17:14,168 --> 00:17:16,460
- At the time
that Kennedy came in,
344
00:17:16,585 --> 00:17:18,210
quite a few
Black people thought
345
00:17:18,335 --> 00:17:20,251
that he represented change.
346
00:17:20,418 --> 00:17:22,793
But as soon as he was elected,
347
00:17:22,918 --> 00:17:27,126
all of the things that he said
he was going to do,
348
00:17:27,251 --> 00:17:28,835
none of it happened.
349
00:17:28,960 --> 00:17:31,418
- African Americans are
asking the federal government
350
00:17:31,543 --> 00:17:33,876
to do its job,
which is force states
351
00:17:34,001 --> 00:17:35,210
to enforce the Constitution.
352
00:17:35,376 --> 00:17:37,126
They're fighting
for full-class,
353
00:17:37,251 --> 00:17:40,001
first-class citizenship.
354
00:17:40,126 --> 00:17:43,126
- In spring 1961,
355
00:17:43,251 --> 00:17:46,293
the civil rights movement
raged on.
356
00:17:46,460 --> 00:17:47,960
Although Kennedy was slow
357
00:17:48,085 --> 00:17:50,501
to move ahead
with legislation,
358
00:17:50,585 --> 00:17:54,751
soon, a situation in the South
would demand his attention.
359
00:17:58,793 --> 00:17:59,918
[dramatic music]
360
00:18:00,168 --> 00:18:04,626
- On May 4, 1961,
13 civil rights activists,
361
00:18:04,751 --> 00:18:09,043
including Congress of Racial
Equality leader James Farmer
362
00:18:09,168 --> 00:18:11,668
and future Representative
John Lewis,
363
00:18:11,751 --> 00:18:14,543
took a Greyhound bus
from Washington, D.C.,
364
00:18:14,710 --> 00:18:17,043
to the Deep South.
365
00:18:17,168 --> 00:18:19,460
A provocative
and historic campaign
366
00:18:19,585 --> 00:18:24,043
was beginning that would be
known as the Freedom Rides.
367
00:18:24,168 --> 00:18:27,335
Their goal was to test
a Supreme Court ruling
368
00:18:27,460 --> 00:18:29,251
which banned
racial discrimination
369
00:18:29,418 --> 00:18:31,710
on Interstate highways.
370
00:18:31,793 --> 00:18:34,335
- The goal was to sit
Black and white constituents
371
00:18:34,460 --> 00:18:38,210
on the bus and seated together
throughout the entire bus,
372
00:18:38,376 --> 00:18:41,668
not in segregated spaces,
and then travel the South.
373
00:18:41,751 --> 00:18:44,543
- The Freedom Riders traveled
from city to city
374
00:18:44,710 --> 00:18:48,376
in Virginia, North Carolina,
South Carolina,
375
00:18:48,418 --> 00:18:51,001
Georgia, and Alabama.
376
00:18:51,085 --> 00:18:54,210
As the trip went on and word
of the Freedom Riders spread,
377
00:18:54,335 --> 00:18:57,293
conditions became
more dangerous.
378
00:18:57,376 --> 00:18:59,335
The protesters were
increasingly targeted
379
00:18:59,418 --> 00:19:02,210
by white supremacists.
380
00:19:02,251 --> 00:19:07,210
- Well, I know it was
something we had to do.
381
00:19:07,335 --> 00:19:12,418
It was always a possibility
382
00:19:12,585 --> 00:19:16,460
of us losing our life
or getting hurt.
383
00:19:16,585 --> 00:19:19,001
♪ ♪
384
00:19:19,085 --> 00:19:24,126
- They do run into some trouble
in Virginia and South Carolina,
385
00:19:24,293 --> 00:19:28,626
but nothing like
what they found in Alabama.
386
00:19:28,751 --> 00:19:31,501
- Dr. King said,
"Look, the things I'm hearing
387
00:19:31,626 --> 00:19:33,918
"from Alabama
are really frightening.
388
00:19:34,085 --> 00:19:36,626
"It may be suicidal
to go on, frankly,
389
00:19:36,751 --> 00:19:39,460
because the Klan is planning
quite a welcome for you."
390
00:19:39,585 --> 00:19:46,251
♪ ♪
391
00:19:46,376 --> 00:19:49,793
- Dr. King was proven right.
392
00:19:49,918 --> 00:19:53,210
Once in Alabama, the Riders
were met with violence,
393
00:19:53,376 --> 00:19:55,835
instigated
by the Ku Klux Klan,
394
00:19:55,918 --> 00:19:59,751
who were supported by white
supremacist police forces.
395
00:19:59,876 --> 00:20:01,668
[explosion]
396
00:20:01,793 --> 00:20:04,126
A bus was firebombed
in Anniston,
397
00:20:04,293 --> 00:20:08,376
and riots followed
in Birmingham and Montgomery.
398
00:20:08,501 --> 00:20:11,043
The Freedom Riders looked
to the new presidential
399
00:20:11,168 --> 00:20:14,335
administration for support.
400
00:20:14,460 --> 00:20:17,376
- We are asserting
our rights as citizens,
401
00:20:17,501 --> 00:20:20,001
and we expect
that you will support
402
00:20:20,126 --> 00:20:21,543
these kinds of campaigns.
403
00:20:21,626 --> 00:20:24,168
Because we're not taking
an aggressive action.
404
00:20:24,251 --> 00:20:27,210
It's just riding the bus.
405
00:20:27,335 --> 00:20:30,376
- Focused primarily
on the escalating Cold War,
406
00:20:30,543 --> 00:20:32,543
President Kennedy
was irritated
407
00:20:32,626 --> 00:20:35,335
by the situation in Alabama.
408
00:20:35,418 --> 00:20:38,876
- You have Kennedy trying
to walk this tightrope.
409
00:20:39,001 --> 00:20:42,043
How do I manage the Cold War
but also adhere
410
00:20:42,126 --> 00:20:45,043
to the real dilemma that
African Americans are facing?
411
00:20:45,168 --> 00:20:47,210
He delegates down
to the attorney general,
412
00:20:47,335 --> 00:20:49,543
his brother,
who actually is the liaison
413
00:20:49,710 --> 00:20:51,210
between
the civil rights movement
414
00:20:51,376 --> 00:20:53,543
and the Kennedy
administration.
415
00:20:53,626 --> 00:20:55,501
- Attorney General
Robert Kennedy
416
00:20:55,626 --> 00:20:59,501
deployed 400 federal marshals
to protect the Riders
417
00:20:59,626 --> 00:21:02,585
and urged Alabama Governor
John Patterson
418
00:21:02,751 --> 00:21:05,751
to send in
the Alabama National Guard.
419
00:21:05,876 --> 00:21:09,710
♪ ♪
420
00:21:09,793 --> 00:21:13,210
Once order was restored,
Bobby issued a statement
421
00:21:13,335 --> 00:21:16,585
calling for a cooling off
period.
422
00:21:16,710 --> 00:21:19,626
But the Freedom Riders
did not abandon their cause
423
00:21:19,751 --> 00:21:23,376
and continued on
to Mississippi.
424
00:21:23,543 --> 00:21:25,918
- With Bobby and John Kennedy,
if you don't have
425
00:21:26,043 --> 00:21:29,043
the Freedom Rides, they don't
start moving to a position
426
00:21:29,251 --> 00:21:31,085
where they are
going to support
427
00:21:31,210 --> 00:21:32,751
the civil rights movement.
428
00:21:32,876 --> 00:21:35,126
Basically, the Freedom Rides
forced them to choose.
429
00:21:35,251 --> 00:21:36,543
You're either with us,
430
00:21:36,668 --> 00:21:38,168
or you're with
the white supremacists.
431
00:21:38,251 --> 00:21:40,543
And we think
that you'll choose
432
00:21:40,668 --> 00:21:44,043
to uphold the Constitution
and uphold civil rights.
433
00:21:44,168 --> 00:21:45,543
And they were right.
434
00:21:45,710 --> 00:21:49,043
♪ ♪
435
00:21:49,210 --> 00:21:52,376
- While the Freedom Riders
continued to fight for justice
436
00:21:52,460 --> 00:21:54,626
domestically,
Kennedy was locked
437
00:21:54,751 --> 00:21:58,043
into an ongoing competition
with the Soviet Union
438
00:21:58,085 --> 00:22:00,001
for supremacy in space.
439
00:22:08,710 --> 00:22:11,585
- Russian cosmonaut
Yuri Gagarin
440
00:22:11,751 --> 00:22:17,585
had orbited Earth three times
in his spacecraft the Vostok.
441
00:22:17,751 --> 00:22:20,460
- Even though it was long
expected that the Soviets
442
00:22:20,585 --> 00:22:22,418
would beat the U.S.
to this milestone
443
00:22:22,585 --> 00:22:24,960
in sending the first person
into space,
444
00:22:25,085 --> 00:22:27,626
there was a shock to the system
when it actually happened.
445
00:22:27,793 --> 00:22:30,085
Kennedy's
policymaking process,
446
00:22:30,210 --> 00:22:33,376
when it comes into space,
goes into total overdrive.
447
00:22:33,501 --> 00:22:35,543
The nation
that was ahead in space
448
00:22:35,668 --> 00:22:37,585
seemed to be the nation
that could
449
00:22:37,710 --> 00:22:41,001
do anything technologically
and therefore militarily.
450
00:22:41,085 --> 00:22:48,293
♪ ♪
451
00:22:49,251 --> 00:22:52,460
- Less than a month later,
a breakthrough would advance
452
00:22:52,585 --> 00:22:55,793
the space program
like nothing before.
453
00:22:55,918 --> 00:22:59,043
- The transfer trailer that
brought astronaut Alan Shepard
454
00:22:59,210 --> 00:23:03,376
to his rendezvous with history
arrived at Launch Complex 5,
455
00:23:03,501 --> 00:23:06,043
Cape Canaveral,
at 5:00 on Friday morning,
456
00:23:06,168 --> 00:23:07,918
the 5th of May.
457
00:23:08,043 --> 00:23:10,043
Reporters and cameramen
focused on America's
458
00:23:10,168 --> 00:23:12,085
first manned spacecraft,
459
00:23:12,210 --> 00:23:15,210
poised and ready
for all the world to see.
460
00:23:15,376 --> 00:23:21,001
♪ ♪
461
00:23:21,126 --> 00:23:22,751
Liftoff.
462
00:23:22,918 --> 00:23:25,710
And the great white rocket
with its human cargo
463
00:23:25,793 --> 00:23:30,043
rose higher, higher, higher.
464
00:23:30,210 --> 00:23:32,918
♪ ♪
465
00:23:33,085 --> 00:23:36,376
- In a scientific triumph,
Alan Shepard became
466
00:23:36,501 --> 00:23:41,543
the first American in space
on May 5, 1961.
467
00:23:41,710 --> 00:23:44,460
"What a beautiful view,"
Shepard remarked,
468
00:23:44,585 --> 00:23:48,043
while looking
at the world below.
469
00:23:48,168 --> 00:23:50,501
- The dramatic achievements
in space which occurred
470
00:23:50,626 --> 00:23:53,668
in recent weeks should have
made clear to us all
471
00:23:53,793 --> 00:23:57,210
the impact of this adventure
472
00:23:57,335 --> 00:23:59,668
on the minds
of men everywhere.
473
00:23:59,793 --> 00:24:02,376
I believe that this nation
should commit itself
474
00:24:02,585 --> 00:24:06,293
to achieving the goal
before this decade is out
475
00:24:06,460 --> 00:24:07,876
of landing a man on the moon
476
00:24:08,001 --> 00:24:10,710
and returning him safely
to the Earth.
477
00:24:10,876 --> 00:24:13,543
No single space project
in this period
478
00:24:13,668 --> 00:24:16,835
will be more impressive
to mankind or more important
479
00:24:16,960 --> 00:24:19,751
for the long-range
exploration of space,
480
00:24:19,876 --> 00:24:24,293
and none will be so difficult
or expensive to accomplish.
481
00:24:24,418 --> 00:24:27,043
- You need a president
who has vision
482
00:24:27,168 --> 00:24:30,543
and can set what appear to be
unrealistic goals.
483
00:24:30,668 --> 00:24:32,626
Sometimes they become
realistic.
484
00:24:32,751 --> 00:24:36,210
To me, that was Kennedy
and the space program.
485
00:24:36,376 --> 00:24:38,251
- Never one to rest
on his laurels,
486
00:24:38,418 --> 00:24:41,460
Kennedy knew this was only
a momentary progression
487
00:24:41,668 --> 00:24:45,043
in a much more crucial race.
488
00:24:45,126 --> 00:24:47,460
Advances toward the stars
could have
489
00:24:47,585 --> 00:24:50,543
dire consequences on earth.
490
00:24:50,710 --> 00:24:53,376
Rapidly evolving technology
meant
491
00:24:53,460 --> 00:24:56,335
that political differences
could soon end
492
00:24:56,418 --> 00:24:58,876
in total annihilation.
493
00:25:02,585 --> 00:25:04,835
[dramatic music]
494
00:25:04,918 --> 00:25:08,293
- By the summer of 1961,
Kennedy had been in office
495
00:25:08,418 --> 00:25:10,960
less than six months.
496
00:25:11,085 --> 00:25:13,668
He had already endured
the Bay of Pigs failure
497
00:25:13,751 --> 00:25:16,876
and made great strides
in the space race.
498
00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:21,668
But now there was a new crisis
escalating in Europe.
499
00:25:42,876 --> 00:25:45,626
- Following World War II,
Germany was divided
500
00:25:45,751 --> 00:25:47,710
among the Allied forces.
501
00:25:47,876 --> 00:25:51,793
By 1961, the U.S.,
Great Britain, and France
502
00:25:51,960 --> 00:25:54,793
occupied West Germany,
while the Soviet Union
503
00:25:54,918 --> 00:25:57,085
occupied East Germany.
504
00:25:57,168 --> 00:25:59,918
The capital, Berlin,
though located
505
00:26:00,085 --> 00:26:03,126
within the Soviet zone,
was also split
506
00:26:03,251 --> 00:26:08,585
into a Western side
and a Communist Eastern side.
507
00:26:08,710 --> 00:26:12,210
- Berlin is something
that the United States
508
00:26:12,418 --> 00:26:16,751
and the Soviet Union inherited
from a much happier times,
509
00:26:16,918 --> 00:26:18,876
from the times
of the Second World War,
510
00:26:18,960 --> 00:26:21,793
when they were allies,
and there was a belief
511
00:26:21,918 --> 00:26:23,751
that they could actually share
the city.
512
00:26:23,918 --> 00:26:27,793
But as World War II made way
to the Cold War,
513
00:26:27,918 --> 00:26:31,710
sharing became, really,
an impossibility.
514
00:26:41,543 --> 00:26:43,960
- East Germans began
to flee Communism
515
00:26:44,085 --> 00:26:47,876
by crossing into West Berlin,
hoping to find an improved
516
00:26:48,001 --> 00:26:51,043
quality of life,
better job opportunities,
517
00:26:51,168 --> 00:26:55,335
and the chance to continue
onward to Western Europe.
518
00:26:55,418 --> 00:27:00,918
- The Soviet Union's
eastern empire was in trouble.
519
00:27:01,043 --> 00:27:04,126
East Germany was
hemorrhaging people
520
00:27:04,251 --> 00:27:07,876
who were going to the west
via Berlin.
521
00:27:08,043 --> 00:27:10,543
And Khrushchev was
very nervous
522
00:27:10,585 --> 00:27:12,710
that East Germany,
which was the jewel
523
00:27:12,835 --> 00:27:14,876
of the Soviet crown,
if you will,
524
00:27:14,960 --> 00:27:17,210
in Eastern Europe,
would fall away.
525
00:27:17,293 --> 00:27:22,043
- The Soviet leader wanted
the West out of West Berlin.
526
00:27:22,210 --> 00:27:24,293
- For Kennedy,
losing West Berlin
527
00:27:24,418 --> 00:27:28,376
meant losing Europe as a whole
to Soviet Communism.
528
00:27:28,543 --> 00:27:30,168
It simply wasn't an option.
529
00:27:43,085 --> 00:27:45,835
- Over time, Khrushchev's
demands for West Berlin
530
00:27:45,918 --> 00:27:49,210
became more threatening
and more urgent.
531
00:27:49,376 --> 00:27:53,126
A European summit was planned,
giving Kennedy the opportunity
532
00:27:53,251 --> 00:27:56,335
to meet Khrushchev
face-to-face to discuss
533
00:27:56,418 --> 00:27:58,001
the future of Berlin.
534
00:27:58,126 --> 00:28:01,251
♪ ♪
535
00:28:01,376 --> 00:28:03,293
He embarked
on a week-long journey,
536
00:28:03,418 --> 00:28:06,126
with stops in Paris,
London, and Vienna
537
00:28:06,251 --> 00:28:09,085
for the summit
with Premier Khrushchev.
538
00:28:09,168 --> 00:28:12,960
♪ ♪
539
00:28:13,043 --> 00:28:15,210
Kennedy began his journey
in France,
540
00:28:15,335 --> 00:28:20,001
making a grand entrance
in Paris on June 1, 1961.
541
00:28:20,126 --> 00:28:21,835
♪ ♪
542
00:28:21,960 --> 00:28:24,710
People lined the streets,
screaming and cheering
543
00:28:24,751 --> 00:28:26,460
as he and Jackie rode by.
544
00:28:35,293 --> 00:28:37,251
- The coverage in the press
was triumphant.
545
00:28:52,335 --> 00:28:55,043
[applause]
546
00:28:55,168 --> 00:28:57,501
♪ ♪
547
00:28:57,585 --> 00:29:00,043
- Though the trip started out
bright and celebratory
548
00:29:00,210 --> 00:29:02,626
in France,
it was about to take on
549
00:29:02,751 --> 00:29:04,543
a far more serious tone.
550
00:29:04,710 --> 00:29:07,751
♪ ♪
551
00:29:07,918 --> 00:29:09,751
Kennedy was finally
going to meet
552
00:29:09,918 --> 00:29:12,668
face-to-face
with Nikita Khrushchev.
553
00:29:12,751 --> 00:29:15,293
♪ ♪
554
00:29:15,418 --> 00:29:18,293
Vienna, June 4, 1961.
555
00:29:38,876 --> 00:29:40,751
- Kennedy knew
the world was watching,
556
00:29:40,876 --> 00:29:42,876
and this conversation
would determine
557
00:29:43,001 --> 00:29:46,085
the future of the nation.
558
00:29:46,210 --> 00:29:49,418
If an agreement could not be
reached with the Soviet Union,
559
00:29:49,585 --> 00:29:52,751
the ongoing tensions
between the two superpowers
560
00:29:52,876 --> 00:29:54,251
could reach a boiling point.
561
00:29:54,376 --> 00:30:00,876
♪ ♪
562
00:30:01,043 --> 00:30:03,710
Before their meeting,
Kennedy and the Soviet premier
563
00:30:03,876 --> 00:30:05,210
posed for a photo.
564
00:30:05,335 --> 00:30:08,251
♪ ♪
565
00:30:08,376 --> 00:30:13,376
The president was tense
but eager to stand his ground.
566
00:30:13,501 --> 00:30:17,001
- The idea that a young man
who came from privilege
567
00:30:17,085 --> 00:30:21,085
could possibly have
the toughness to operate
568
00:30:21,251 --> 00:30:23,876
on a global scale
vis-à-vis Khrushchev
569
00:30:24,001 --> 00:30:27,043
made Khrushchev laugh.
570
00:30:27,251 --> 00:30:29,210
- Khrushchev was unyielding
571
00:30:29,293 --> 00:30:32,835
in his demands
for West Berlin.
572
00:30:32,918 --> 00:30:36,710
- Kennedy knew the one thing
he could not negotiate
573
00:30:36,835 --> 00:30:38,376
was Berlin.
574
00:30:38,501 --> 00:30:39,876
There was no price
575
00:30:40,043 --> 00:30:41,543
the United States was
willing to pay.
576
00:30:41,668 --> 00:30:45,501
- Kennedy says, "We are
not leaving West Berlin.
577
00:30:45,710 --> 00:30:48,668
"And if you interrupt
578
00:30:48,793 --> 00:30:51,293
"freedom of access
to West Berlin,
579
00:30:51,418 --> 00:30:55,918
"freedom of daily life
in West Berlin,
580
00:30:56,001 --> 00:30:59,876
that is grounds for war."
581
00:30:59,960 --> 00:31:02,001
- With both Kennedy
and Khrushchev
582
00:31:02,085 --> 00:31:05,835
unwilling to relent,
Kennedy warned the premier,
583
00:31:05,960 --> 00:31:09,876
"Then, Mr. Chairman,
it will be a cold winter."
584
00:31:13,751 --> 00:31:15,210
[dramatic music]
585
00:31:15,418 --> 00:31:17,376
- No advantage or concession
was either gained or given.
586
00:31:17,501 --> 00:31:21,585
No major decision was
either planned or taken.
587
00:31:21,710 --> 00:31:27,126
No spectacular progress was
either achieved or pretended.
588
00:31:27,251 --> 00:31:29,293
- Kennedy's meeting
with Khrushchev in Vienna
589
00:31:29,418 --> 00:31:32,043
ended without
a clear resolution.
590
00:31:32,210 --> 00:31:34,126
The administration
had to calculate
591
00:31:34,210 --> 00:31:36,460
their next steps carefully.
592
00:31:36,585 --> 00:31:40,960
A wrong move could have
catastrophic results.
593
00:31:41,085 --> 00:31:42,918
Shortly after
Kennedy's return,
594
00:31:43,085 --> 00:31:45,168
his secretary found
a slip of paper
595
00:31:45,251 --> 00:31:47,418
on which he had written...
596
00:31:47,585 --> 00:31:50,543
- "I know there is a God,
and I see a storm coming.
597
00:31:50,668 --> 00:31:54,126
If he has a place for me,
I believe I am ready."
598
00:31:54,251 --> 00:31:55,918
I mean, that's ominous.
599
00:31:56,043 --> 00:31:58,918
So he's clearly
coming back thinking
600
00:31:59,085 --> 00:32:00,710
he's going to face
a historic moment
601
00:32:00,835 --> 00:32:03,376
for all the wrong reasons.
602
00:32:03,418 --> 00:32:06,876
- Kennedy comes out
of Vienna worried
603
00:32:07,043 --> 00:32:09,543
because the Soviets are
pushing on the one thing
604
00:32:09,668 --> 00:32:11,335
that he can't negotiate.
605
00:32:11,418 --> 00:32:14,043
He's thinking,
if the Soviets are really
606
00:32:14,168 --> 00:32:19,210
serious about this ultimatum,
and I can't give in on this,
607
00:32:19,293 --> 00:32:21,876
then we're headed towards war.
608
00:32:22,043 --> 00:32:23,751
- Are the Soviets going
to send in the troops
609
00:32:23,918 --> 00:32:25,168
like they have before?
610
00:32:25,251 --> 00:32:27,418
Are we going to have
to respond?
611
00:32:27,585 --> 00:32:31,043
Like, this could
spiral out of control.
612
00:32:31,210 --> 00:32:34,001
- Robert Kennedy thought
there was a 1 in 5 chance
613
00:32:34,126 --> 00:32:35,876
of nuclear war igniting
614
00:32:36,001 --> 00:32:39,418
from the confrontation
in Berlin.
615
00:32:39,543 --> 00:32:42,585
President Kennedy encouraged
the nation to prepare
616
00:32:42,668 --> 00:32:45,418
by whatever means necessary.
617
00:32:45,585 --> 00:32:48,710
- Now,
in the thermonuclear age,
618
00:32:48,793 --> 00:32:51,960
any misjudgment on either side
619
00:32:52,085 --> 00:32:54,460
about the intentions
of the other
620
00:32:54,585 --> 00:32:58,460
could rain more devastation
in several hours
621
00:32:58,585 --> 00:33:02,501
than has been wrought in all
the wars of human history.
622
00:33:02,668 --> 00:33:04,876
♪ ♪
623
00:33:05,001 --> 00:33:07,210
- That summer,
numerous fallout shelters
624
00:33:07,335 --> 00:33:09,251
were built around the country,
625
00:33:09,418 --> 00:33:11,835
and new nuclear war
public service announcements
626
00:33:11,960 --> 00:33:13,668
were created.
627
00:33:13,751 --> 00:33:16,418
In drills across the country,
children were taught
628
00:33:16,585 --> 00:33:18,876
to seek shelter
underneath their desks
629
00:33:19,001 --> 00:33:21,085
in case of an attack.
630
00:33:21,251 --> 00:33:25,085
- In the event of an attack,
the lives of those families
631
00:33:25,251 --> 00:33:28,668
which are not hit
in a nuclear blast and fire
632
00:33:28,793 --> 00:33:33,043
can still be saved if they can
be warned to take shelter
633
00:33:33,210 --> 00:33:35,543
and if that shelter
is available.
634
00:33:35,668 --> 00:33:39,210
We owe that kind of insurance
to our families.
635
00:33:39,251 --> 00:33:41,543
- There were dog chains
that kids had.
636
00:33:41,668 --> 00:33:43,710
The reason they had it
was to identify
637
00:33:43,835 --> 00:33:45,293
the charred remains of kids
638
00:33:45,418 --> 00:33:47,210
if there had been
a nuclear war.
639
00:33:47,335 --> 00:33:49,335
They watched a thing
called Bert the Turtle,
640
00:33:49,501 --> 00:33:51,501
which was a cartoon
that played in schools,
641
00:33:51,626 --> 00:33:53,501
which taught you
duck and cover drills.
642
00:33:53,626 --> 00:33:56,168
And he was a character
like Bugs Bunny,
643
00:33:56,335 --> 00:33:58,043
but it wasn't about comedy.
644
00:33:58,168 --> 00:34:01,376
It was about how to prepare
for nuclear war.
645
00:34:01,543 --> 00:34:04,251
This was a country
on nuclear war footing.
646
00:34:04,418 --> 00:34:06,835
The idea we could get
into a nuclear war
647
00:34:06,960 --> 00:34:10,460
during the '60s was very real.
648
00:34:10,585 --> 00:34:13,210
- These actions will require
sacrifice on the part
649
00:34:13,335 --> 00:34:15,460
of many of our citizens.
650
00:34:15,585 --> 00:34:17,960
More will be required
in the future.
651
00:34:18,085 --> 00:34:20,501
They will require
from all of us
652
00:34:20,585 --> 00:34:25,085
courage and perseverance
in the years to come.
653
00:34:25,210 --> 00:34:27,668
- Both the U.S.
and the Soviet Union
654
00:34:27,793 --> 00:34:29,126
prepared for the worst,
655
00:34:29,251 --> 00:34:31,210
increasing
their defense spending
656
00:34:31,335 --> 00:34:33,335
and building up
their militaries.
657
00:34:33,501 --> 00:34:39,835
♪ ♪
658
00:34:39,918 --> 00:34:44,168
- On Saturday night,
August 12,
659
00:34:44,293 --> 00:34:49,876
suddenly the East Germans
shut down the border in Berlin.
660
00:34:50,043 --> 00:34:53,001
♪ ♪
661
00:34:53,126 --> 00:34:56,543
- After weeks of escalation,
on August 13,
662
00:34:56,710 --> 00:34:59,001
Khrushchev laid out
the foundation
663
00:34:59,126 --> 00:35:01,543
of what would be
the Berlin Wall,
664
00:35:01,751 --> 00:35:06,918
a towering physical boundary
dividing the city.
665
00:35:07,001 --> 00:35:12,210
- Over 1,000 East Germans
were fleeing from East Berlin
666
00:35:12,293 --> 00:35:15,876
to West Berlin every day.
667
00:35:15,960 --> 00:35:19,001
And finally,
the Soviets agreed
668
00:35:19,085 --> 00:35:22,251
to the East German
government's request,
669
00:35:22,418 --> 00:35:26,001
close down access
to West Berlin.
670
00:35:26,085 --> 00:35:28,668
And they did,
building the Berlin Wall.
671
00:35:28,793 --> 00:35:30,543
♪ ♪
672
00:35:30,668 --> 00:35:33,376
- In building the wall,
Khrushchev conceded
673
00:35:33,460 --> 00:35:38,293
that for now, he wasn't going
to overtake West Berlin.
674
00:35:38,418 --> 00:35:41,126
The two sides were
now divided,
675
00:35:41,251 --> 00:35:42,960
effectively defusing tensions
676
00:35:43,085 --> 00:35:45,418
between the U.S.
and the Soviet Union
677
00:35:45,585 --> 00:35:49,043
and ending
the 1961 nuclear scare.
678
00:35:49,210 --> 00:35:51,376
♪ ♪
679
00:35:51,460 --> 00:35:55,210
But the Berlin Wall had
devastating effects as well,
680
00:35:55,335 --> 00:35:58,626
keeping many people trapped
in Communist territory
681
00:35:58,751 --> 00:36:03,710
and separating them from
their friends and families.
682
00:36:03,793 --> 00:36:06,543
- When Kennedy found out
the next day,
683
00:36:06,585 --> 00:36:09,335
he ultimately said
to his advisors,
684
00:36:09,460 --> 00:36:13,335
"You know, it's not nice,
685
00:36:13,418 --> 00:36:17,626
but a wall is a hell of a lot
better than a war."
686
00:36:17,751 --> 00:36:21,751
♪ ♪
687
00:36:21,876 --> 00:36:23,876
- Though conflict had been
narrowly avoided,
688
00:36:24,043 --> 00:36:25,501
things were far from over
689
00:36:25,626 --> 00:36:28,251
between the United States
and the Soviets.
690
00:36:28,376 --> 00:36:31,543
One letter, one announcement,
or one misstep
691
00:36:31,710 --> 00:36:35,043
could lead to war,
and Kennedy treaded lightly
692
00:36:35,168 --> 00:36:37,418
in the political minefield.
693
00:36:37,585 --> 00:36:43,501
- And we in this hall
shall be remembered
694
00:36:43,626 --> 00:36:46,585
either as part
of the generation
695
00:36:46,710 --> 00:36:52,710
that turned this planet
into a flaming funeral pyre
696
00:36:53,043 --> 00:36:56,876
or the generation
that met its vow
697
00:36:57,001 --> 00:37:01,210
to save succeeding generations
from the scourge of war.
698
00:37:05,251 --> 00:37:06,418
[dramatic music]
699
00:37:06,585 --> 00:37:08,710
- As the threat of war
began to die down,
700
00:37:08,835 --> 00:37:12,543
calm gradually returned
to the Kennedy White House.
701
00:37:12,668 --> 00:37:15,543
Everyone fell back
into their daily routines,
702
00:37:15,710 --> 00:37:18,210
including
the Kennedy children:
703
00:37:18,293 --> 00:37:20,626
the shy Caroline, almost four,
704
00:37:21,043 --> 00:37:24,835
and John Jr., nicknamed
John-John by a reporter,
705
00:37:24,960 --> 00:37:28,418
who was almost one year old.
706
00:37:28,585 --> 00:37:30,418
Whether playing
with the family dogs,
707
00:37:30,543 --> 00:37:32,501
running around
the White House grounds,
708
00:37:32,585 --> 00:37:34,210
or going to school,
709
00:37:34,293 --> 00:37:36,585
Jackie made sure
the children grew up
710
00:37:36,751 --> 00:37:40,043
with a sense of relative
normality and privacy.
711
00:37:40,210 --> 00:37:42,335
♪ ♪
712
00:37:42,418 --> 00:37:44,543
Though they seemed like
the perfect family,
713
00:37:44,710 --> 00:37:48,543
there were cracks
in the romantic façade.
714
00:37:48,751 --> 00:37:52,335
When Kennedy came into office
in January 1961,
715
00:37:52,460 --> 00:37:55,043
he continued
his sexual escapades
716
00:37:55,210 --> 00:37:57,876
under the nose
of White House staff,
717
00:37:57,960 --> 00:38:02,543
Secret Service agents,
and Jackie herself.
718
00:38:02,668 --> 00:38:06,876
- Well, Kennedy's many
relationships and dalliances
719
00:38:06,960 --> 00:38:11,835
and affairs with women,
I think, in almost all cases,
720
00:38:11,918 --> 00:38:13,710
were simply about the sex.
721
00:38:13,835 --> 00:38:16,668
- Part of it was just
this was a Washington
722
00:38:16,793 --> 00:38:21,043
in the early 1960s
where womanizing was common.
723
00:38:21,168 --> 00:38:22,876
♪ ♪
724
00:38:23,043 --> 00:38:25,543
- Franklin Roosevelt had
an affair with Lucy Mercer.
725
00:38:25,668 --> 00:38:28,210
Did Dwight Eisenhower have
an affair with Kay Summers?
726
00:38:28,335 --> 00:38:29,710
Yes, he did.
727
00:38:29,793 --> 00:38:32,043
Did Bill Clinton? Yes, he did.
728
00:38:32,126 --> 00:38:34,210
Lyndon Johnson boasted,
"I've had more women
729
00:38:34,335 --> 00:38:36,043
than John F. Kennedy
ever did."
730
00:38:36,210 --> 00:38:38,793
It isn't to justify
that behavior.
731
00:38:38,918 --> 00:38:41,293
But I think what historians
have done is said,
732
00:38:41,418 --> 00:38:45,376
yes, these are flawed people.
733
00:38:45,501 --> 00:38:47,043
- It was reckless.
734
00:38:47,210 --> 00:38:49,335
It's really extraordinary
735
00:38:49,460 --> 00:38:51,293
that there wasn't
somebody there
736
00:38:51,418 --> 00:38:56,043
to put the brakes on him,
to say, no, no,
737
00:38:56,126 --> 00:38:59,001
you're in the White House now.
738
00:38:59,126 --> 00:39:02,376
- Jackie responded
by distracting herself,
739
00:39:02,501 --> 00:39:07,168
regularly going on trips
for days at a time.
740
00:39:07,293 --> 00:39:09,876
Despite this,
the two still maintained
741
00:39:10,001 --> 00:39:12,418
an intimate relationship.
742
00:39:12,585 --> 00:39:14,960
The Kennedy family member
later described it
743
00:39:15,085 --> 00:39:19,543
as a marriage of its time,
saying, at the end of the day,
744
00:39:19,668 --> 00:39:22,793
Jack came back to Jackie,
and that was it.
745
00:39:22,918 --> 00:39:28,918
♪ ♪
746
00:39:29,043 --> 00:39:34,168
- In 1961, the world relations
of this country
747
00:39:34,335 --> 00:39:37,876
have become tangled
and complex.
748
00:39:37,960 --> 00:39:42,793
One of our former allies
has become our adversary.
749
00:39:42,918 --> 00:39:46,460
The names of cities
changed overnight.
750
00:39:46,585 --> 00:39:49,876
We increase our arms
at a heavy cost,
751
00:39:50,043 --> 00:39:54,210
primarily to make certain
that we will never use them.
752
00:39:54,251 --> 00:39:57,210
We must face up
to the chance of war
753
00:39:57,293 --> 00:40:00,001
if we are to maintain
the peace.
754
00:40:00,126 --> 00:40:03,960
- Kennedy certainly had
a rocky first year.
755
00:40:04,085 --> 00:40:05,918
There's no question.
756
00:40:06,085 --> 00:40:07,751
- Of course it was tough.
757
00:40:07,876 --> 00:40:10,543
And they didn't have
many successes to report then.
758
00:40:10,668 --> 00:40:12,543
But they were not discouraged.
759
00:40:12,626 --> 00:40:14,543
They just thought,
we have to do better.
760
00:40:14,668 --> 00:40:16,960
We'll do more and do better.
761
00:40:17,085 --> 00:40:20,960
- In the final days of 1961,
Kennedy was informed
762
00:40:21,085 --> 00:40:23,626
that reporters were
considering writing a book
763
00:40:23,751 --> 00:40:26,543
about his first year
in the White House.
764
00:40:26,668 --> 00:40:29,376
Kennedy responded,
"Who would want to read
765
00:40:29,460 --> 00:40:31,876
a book about disasters?"
766
00:40:32,001 --> 00:40:34,585
♪ ♪
767
00:40:34,710 --> 00:40:37,043
Throughout his first year,
Kennedy had learned
768
00:40:37,085 --> 00:40:41,043
the dangers of putting
his trust in the wrong people.
769
00:40:41,126 --> 00:40:45,043
- Bobby Kennedy, of course,
became a real right-hand man
770
00:40:45,085 --> 00:40:46,876
for John Kennedy.
771
00:40:46,918 --> 00:40:50,376
- Joe Kennedy told the boys
when they were growing up,
772
00:40:50,501 --> 00:40:52,376
stick together.
773
00:40:52,543 --> 00:40:55,626
When Jack became president
and in the aftermath
774
00:40:55,751 --> 00:41:00,335
of the Bay of Pigs,
this stick together doctrine
775
00:41:00,460 --> 00:41:02,460
became something
that Jack lived.
776
00:41:02,585 --> 00:41:04,585
He stuck together with Bobby.
777
00:41:04,751 --> 00:41:06,668
And whenever he had
a foreign policy challenge,
778
00:41:06,793 --> 00:41:11,543
he most valued Bobby's advice.
779
00:41:11,710 --> 00:41:14,293
- A year full of mistakes
and lessons learned
780
00:41:14,376 --> 00:41:16,418
came to a close.
781
00:41:16,585 --> 00:41:19,126
As the civil rights movement
called on Kennedy
782
00:41:19,210 --> 00:41:22,418
to be more active
and Cold War threats loomed
783
00:41:22,585 --> 00:41:25,751
over Washington,
Kennedy accepted the past
784
00:41:25,876 --> 00:41:28,835
and kept his eyes
on the horizon,
785
00:41:28,960 --> 00:41:34,710
determined to lead his country
to a better 1962.
786
00:41:34,835 --> 00:41:38,210
- Let us go forth
to lead the land we love,
787
00:41:38,376 --> 00:41:41,376
asking His blessing
and His help,
788
00:41:41,460 --> 00:41:44,210
but knowing that here on Earth,
789
00:41:44,376 --> 00:41:47,335
God's work must truly be
our own.
790
00:41:47,460 --> 00:41:50,793
♪ ♪
791
00:42:00,751 --> 00:42:02,710
- I realized
I could get killed out here
792
00:42:02,793 --> 00:42:05,293
because of so many bullets
are flying around.
793
00:42:05,418 --> 00:42:08,793
- Kennedy's national security
advisor knocks on his door
794
00:42:08,918 --> 00:42:12,501
and says, "We've discovered
missiles in Cuba."
795
00:42:12,626 --> 00:42:15,501
- This country will do
whatever must be done
796
00:42:15,585 --> 00:42:17,710
to protect its own security.
797
00:42:17,793 --> 00:42:19,543
- The first thing
that I think about
798
00:42:19,626 --> 00:42:20,876
when I think about
the Cuban Missile Crisis is
799
00:42:21,001 --> 00:42:23,293
how much worse
the situation was
800
00:42:23,418 --> 00:42:25,210
than the people
at the time knew.
801
00:42:25,376 --> 00:42:29,376
- Nuclear weapons had become
exponentially more powerful.
802
00:42:29,543 --> 00:42:32,043
These weren't
city killers anymore.
803
00:42:32,168 --> 00:42:34,085
♪ ♪
804
00:42:34,251 --> 00:42:36,668
These were country killers.
61917
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.