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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:12,400 --> 00:00:14,979 There is a crisis in forensic science. 2 00:00:16,242 --> 00:00:18,266 The most trusted crime fighting tools 3 00:00:18,267 --> 00:00:21,801 responsible for hundreds of thousands of convictions, 4 00:00:21,802 --> 00:00:27,068 may not be as bulletproof as once thought. 5 00:00:27,137 --> 00:00:30,782 There's a laundry list of forensic techniques 6 00:00:30,852 --> 00:00:32,403 that are now scrutinized. 7 00:00:32,472 --> 00:00:35,812 Fingerprints may not be as unique as we thought. 8 00:00:35,882 --> 00:00:37,602 Nobody's ever questioned fingerprints before. 9 00:00:37,671 --> 00:00:39,425 And decades-old techniques 10 00:00:39,493 --> 00:00:43,477 like blood spatter analysis and bite mark comparisons 11 00:00:43,546 --> 00:00:49,927 are being exposed as more art than science. 12 00:00:49,993 --> 00:00:51,411 Killers are walking free, 13 00:00:51,481 --> 00:00:54,381 and innocent people are going to prison. 14 00:00:54,451 --> 00:00:55,530 I don't belong here. 15 00:00:55,597 --> 00:00:56,679 I'm innocent. 16 00:00:56,747 --> 00:00:58,467 Can new technologies 17 00:00:58,536 --> 00:01:02,553 help put the science back in forensic science? 18 00:01:04,950 --> 00:01:07,819 Now, researchers and crime scene investigators 19 00:01:07,889 --> 00:01:11,027 venture into the not-so-distant future 20 00:01:11,096 --> 00:01:13,846 where avatar detectives enter murder scenes 21 00:01:13,916 --> 00:01:15,230 to witness the moment of death. 22 00:01:15,265 --> 00:01:17,257 We can see the body on the floor. 23 00:01:19,216 --> 00:01:20,666 Forensic engineers 24 00:01:20,735 --> 00:01:23,434 make identifications from fingerints of glass. 25 00:01:23,504 --> 00:01:26,743 And coroners conduct virtual autopsies, 26 00:01:26,812 --> 00:01:30,154 peeling back layers of 3D victims, 27 00:01:30,222 --> 00:01:34,812 exposing once undetectable evidence of murder. 28 00:01:34,880 --> 00:01:38,020 Now, NOVA puts forensics under the microscope 29 00:01:38,088 --> 00:01:41,193 to see how good science can go bad 30 00:01:41,262 --> 00:01:47,338 and how to make getting away with murder a thing of the past. 31 00:01:47,406 --> 00:01:51,693 Right now on NOVA-- "Forensics on Trial." 32 00:02:44,300 --> 00:02:46,802 March 11, 2004. 33 00:02:47,369 --> 00:02:48,836 7:30 a.m. 34 00:02:48,904 --> 00:02:50,706 Rush hour. 35 00:02:58,483 --> 00:03:01,252 Ten bombs rip through Madrid's crowded commuter trains. 36 00:03:03,221 --> 00:03:09,829 191 people are killed, more than 1,800 wounded. 37 00:03:09,896 --> 00:03:13,532 It is the worst terror attack in Spain's history 38 00:03:13,601 --> 00:03:16,870 and bears the hallmarks of Al Qaeda. 39 00:03:21,409 --> 00:03:23,477 The scale of these attacks has horrified Spain. 40 00:03:23,546 --> 00:03:24,912 Soft targets chosen, no warnings given. 41 00:03:24,980 --> 00:03:26,749 The international manhunt that follows 42 00:03:26,815 --> 00:03:31,086 triggers a crisis in forensic science 43 00:03:31,154 --> 00:03:34,355 that will shake it to its very foundation. 44 00:03:34,424 --> 00:03:37,127 ...knew about the shoddy work of the FBI special agent. 45 00:03:37,194 --> 00:03:41,031 Forensic techniques trusted by police for over 100 years 46 00:03:41,098 --> 00:03:43,234 are shown to be dangerously flawed. 47 00:03:43,301 --> 00:03:45,368 ...served 18 years in prison 48 00:03:45,436 --> 00:03:47,837 for a murder he did not commit. 49 00:03:47,906 --> 00:03:49,342 Killers are walking free 50 00:03:49,408 --> 00:03:55,114 while innocent people are sent to prison, and even death row. 51 00:03:55,183 --> 00:03:58,152 This was a gross perversion of justice. 52 00:03:58,219 --> 00:04:01,789 The investigation to find the Madrid bomber 53 00:04:01,856 --> 00:04:04,459 sends shockwaves through the forensic community. 54 00:04:05,895 --> 00:04:07,761 And it all starts here. 55 00:04:11,035 --> 00:04:13,635 In a commuter parking lot ten stations away 56 00:04:13,703 --> 00:04:19,444 from where the bomb went off, Spanish police find a van. 57 00:04:19,511 --> 00:04:21,879 Inside is a blue plastic bag 58 00:04:21,946 --> 00:04:25,250 containing bomb-making materials. 59 00:04:25,318 --> 00:04:28,153 It could be a huge break. 60 00:04:29,457 --> 00:04:32,123 It's possible fingerprints have been left behind 61 00:04:32,191 --> 00:04:34,762 on the bag itself. 62 00:04:37,866 --> 00:04:40,768 The idea that every person's fingerprint is unique 63 00:04:40,836 --> 00:04:43,104 has been a foundation of forensic investigation 64 00:04:43,173 --> 00:04:46,207 for over 100 years. 65 00:04:46,275 --> 00:04:50,313 But this case poses a potential challenge. 66 00:04:50,380 --> 00:04:53,051 The lines and ridges that form the distinctive patterns 67 00:04:53,114 --> 00:04:56,920 of fingerprints left on evidence are created from sweat and oil. 68 00:04:56,988 --> 00:05:01,825 A print left on plastic, like the bag recovered in Madrid, 69 00:05:01,893 --> 00:05:05,362 can be easily wiped off or distorted. 70 00:05:07,500 --> 00:05:12,072 Mark Acree is a former FBI fingerprint analyst. 71 00:05:12,139 --> 00:05:14,641 Plastic bags by their very nature are nonporous. 72 00:05:14,708 --> 00:05:16,909 The fingerprint is sitting on the surface, 73 00:05:16,977 --> 00:05:20,717 and it's very vulnerable to being smeared or smudged. 74 00:05:20,782 --> 00:05:24,152 But there are established ways 75 00:05:24,218 --> 00:05:27,122 to recover prints from nonporous surfaces. 76 00:05:27,189 --> 00:05:33,662 Evidence ranging from gun handles to keys to plastic bags 77 00:05:33,731 --> 00:05:36,165 are placed in an airtight chamber. 78 00:05:38,570 --> 00:05:41,472 Inside, a chemical called cyanoacrylate, 79 00:05:41,539 --> 00:05:46,477 more commonly known as superglue, is heated up. 80 00:05:46,547 --> 00:05:48,848 Its vapors coat the sweat and oil of the print 81 00:05:48,916 --> 00:05:52,386 with a sticky white residue, making the print visible. 82 00:05:55,521 --> 00:05:57,624 But it does have limitations. 83 00:05:59,061 --> 00:06:02,231 Superglue chemically alters the lines of sweat and oil 84 00:06:02,298 --> 00:06:06,935 and can even obscure details of a print's unique pattern. 85 00:06:07,003 --> 00:06:09,139 Using this method, 86 00:06:09,204 --> 00:06:12,876 Spanish investigators recover a partial print on the bag. 87 00:06:16,181 --> 00:06:20,251 They rush digital photos to forensic labs across the globe, 88 00:06:20,319 --> 00:06:24,356 including the FBI. 89 00:06:24,425 --> 00:06:26,491 Examiners first need to determine 90 00:06:26,559 --> 00:06:29,062 if there are enough lines and details in the ridges 91 00:06:29,129 --> 00:06:33,865 for a clear comparison. 92 00:06:33,934 --> 00:06:36,936 Ridge details are broken down into distinctive shapes, 93 00:06:37,003 --> 00:06:40,641 like dots, that look like islands, 94 00:06:40,710 --> 00:06:44,044 endings, where ridgelines terminate, 95 00:06:44,113 --> 00:06:48,717 and intersecting lines called bifurcations. 96 00:06:48,785 --> 00:06:52,221 From the Madrid bomber's print, the FBI is able to zero in 97 00:06:52,290 --> 00:06:55,661 on seven unique traits for comparison. 98 00:06:55,727 --> 00:06:59,328 Now they look for a match. 99 00:06:59,398 --> 00:07:01,898 They take the image, they encode it, 100 00:07:01,968 --> 00:07:04,736 and then it's launched against this database. 101 00:07:04,803 --> 00:07:09,942 From over 47 million criminals, federal employees, 102 00:07:10,010 --> 00:07:13,913 military personnel and people of national security interest, 103 00:07:13,980 --> 00:07:17,084 the FBI's supercomputer identifies 20 prints 104 00:07:17,151 --> 00:07:20,187 that contain some of the same distinctive traits 105 00:07:20,255 --> 00:07:22,125 as the Madrid print. 106 00:07:22,191 --> 00:07:26,663 Examiners require that 12 unique traits correspond 107 00:07:26,730 --> 00:07:29,032 to declare a match. 108 00:07:29,099 --> 00:07:33,802 The FBI identifies one of the 20 prints 109 00:07:33,872 --> 00:07:36,541 that actually shares 15 traits in common 110 00:07:36,609 --> 00:07:40,545 with the one found in Madrid. 111 00:07:40,615 --> 00:07:44,148 It comes from the left index finger of this man, 112 00:07:46,719 --> 00:07:50,690 a 37-year-old former U.S. Army lieutenant... 113 00:07:52,960 --> 00:07:54,293 and a convert to Islam, 114 00:07:54,362 --> 00:07:58,399 Brandon Mayfield. 115 00:07:59,770 --> 00:08:02,603 As a lawyer now living in Portland, Oregon, 116 00:08:02,671 --> 00:08:07,610 Mayfield recently represented a convicted terrorist. 117 00:08:13,117 --> 00:08:15,885 The FBI sneaks into his home while he's at work... 118 00:08:18,421 --> 00:08:23,395 taps his phones, collects samples for DNA 119 00:08:23,464 --> 00:08:26,767 and watches his wife and children. 120 00:08:32,007 --> 00:08:36,277 On May 6, 2004, just two months after the bombing, 121 00:08:36,345 --> 00:08:38,612 the FBI moves in. 122 00:08:38,680 --> 00:08:43,352 They pushed their way into my office. 123 00:08:43,421 --> 00:08:47,589 They took my hands behind my back, and they handcuffed me. 124 00:08:47,656 --> 00:08:50,060 I didn't know what they were searching and arresting me for. 125 00:08:50,128 --> 00:08:52,463 They never told me. 126 00:08:52,531 --> 00:08:54,631 This fingerprint match 127 00:08:54,699 --> 00:08:56,399 sparks the arrest of American Brandon Mayfield 128 00:08:56,467 --> 00:08:59,239 as the bomber responsible for the murder 129 00:08:59,304 --> 00:09:04,709 of nearly 200 people-- Spain's 9/11. 130 00:09:04,778 --> 00:09:08,115 A fingerprint top counterterrorism officials 131 00:09:08,181 --> 00:09:10,249 now tell Newsweek magazine is a, quote, 132 00:09:10,318 --> 00:09:13,220 "Absolutely incontrovertible match" 133 00:09:13,287 --> 00:09:15,457 to Portland attorney Brandon Mayfield. 134 00:09:15,525 --> 00:09:19,060 Mayfield insists on his innocence. 135 00:09:19,128 --> 00:09:21,898 He hires his own fingerprint analyst 136 00:09:21,966 --> 00:09:23,866 to testify at a pretrial hearing. 137 00:09:23,934 --> 00:09:28,504 The expert's testimony is not what Mayfield expects. 138 00:09:28,573 --> 00:09:30,841 He sd, "It's a match." 139 00:09:32,978 --> 00:09:35,646 That's when I knew the train to a death penalty 140 00:09:35,713 --> 00:09:37,715 had just pulled out of the station. 141 00:09:37,783 --> 00:09:42,987 Federal agents take Mayfield back to jail to await trial. 142 00:09:45,193 --> 00:09:47,393 Hours later, half a world away, 143 00:09:47,461 --> 00:09:50,329 Spanish investigators make a stunning discovery 144 00:09:50,397 --> 00:09:51,832 that changes Brandon Mayfield's life. 145 00:09:54,336 --> 00:09:57,904 I was told that the Spanish police had found 146 00:09:57,973 --> 00:10:00,442 that this fingerprint belonged to an Algerian; 147 00:10:00,511 --> 00:10:05,181 that it wasn't me. 148 00:10:09,254 --> 00:10:10,387 Spanish police determine 149 00:10:10,454 --> 00:10:14,359 that the fingerprint belongs to this man-- 150 00:10:14,425 --> 00:10:16,127 Ouhnane Daoud, a known terrorist. 151 00:10:16,195 --> 00:10:18,864 News from Spain. 152 00:10:18,931 --> 00:10:20,364 A fingerprint found on a bag 153 00:10:20,432 --> 00:10:22,335 linked to the Madrid train attacks 154 00:10:22,401 --> 00:10:24,972 belongs to an Algerian national, not Brandon Mayfield. 155 00:10:25,039 --> 00:10:29,410 Mayfield is released from jail after 15 days. 156 00:10:29,477 --> 00:10:33,981 Now the question on everyone's mind is, 157 00:10:34,049 --> 00:10:37,085 how could this misidentification happen? 158 00:10:37,152 --> 00:10:40,621 It's a question that will eventually make its way 159 00:10:40,689 --> 00:10:43,358 to the United States Congress. 160 00:10:43,426 --> 00:10:47,730 The similarity between Mayfield's print 161 00:10:47,798 --> 00:10:50,801 and the bomber's is undeniable. 162 00:10:50,868 --> 00:10:55,040 It challenges a century-old pillar of forensic science-- 163 00:10:55,108 --> 00:10:57,542 that no two prints are identical. 164 00:10:57,610 --> 00:11:00,077 We always assumed that fingerprints 165 00:11:00,145 --> 00:11:01,244 are very, very unique. 166 00:11:01,314 --> 00:11:05,853 But what the Mayfield case demonstrates 167 00:11:05,921 --> 00:11:09,388 is that parts of a fingerprint can be so similar 168 00:11:09,455 --> 00:11:11,693 that it's possible for two people 169 00:11:11,759 --> 00:11:16,431 to be identified to one latent print. 170 00:11:16,499 --> 00:11:18,167 The U.S. Congress 171 00:11:18,234 --> 00:11:20,702 calls on the National Academy of Sciences, 172 00:11:20,770 --> 00:11:23,572 the nation's most prestigious research institution, 173 00:11:23,640 --> 00:11:25,308 to conduct an investigation 174 00:11:25,376 --> 00:11:28,845 into all forensic technologies and techniques. 175 00:11:28,913 --> 00:11:32,449 In July 2009, they release their report. 176 00:11:32,517 --> 00:11:34,118 In short, they find 177 00:11:34,185 --> 00:11:38,824 there's not enough science in forensic science. 178 00:11:38,891 --> 00:11:40,859 The big news was that forensic science was fractured. 179 00:11:40,926 --> 00:11:43,296 Jessica Gabel is a professor of law 180 00:11:43,364 --> 00:11:46,299 and frequently lectures on the NAS findings. 181 00:11:46,367 --> 00:11:48,668 It lacks the rigors, the standards, 182 00:11:48,736 --> 00:11:50,739 the quality controls and procedures 183 00:11:50,807 --> 00:11:52,641 that we find usually in science. 184 00:11:52,708 --> 00:11:54,842 And in that light, 185 00:11:54,910 --> 00:11:57,511 forensic science actually can sometimes contribute 186 00:11:57,581 --> 00:11:58,981 to wrongful convictions. 187 00:12:01,818 --> 00:12:03,251 The Madrid bomber case 188 00:12:03,320 --> 00:12:05,289 is a perfect storm of forensic flaws. 189 00:12:05,356 --> 00:12:09,959 Only a partial print is recovered on a plastic surface, 190 00:12:10,027 --> 00:12:11,830 and that is eventually distorted. 191 00:12:11,896 --> 00:12:15,333 There is also a surprising similarity 192 00:12:15,402 --> 00:12:18,938 between parts of Mayfield's print and the real bomber's. 193 00:12:19,005 --> 00:12:21,508 Together these could have led 194 00:12:21,575 --> 00:12:25,045 to the conviction of an innocent man. 195 00:12:28,617 --> 00:12:33,854 Can modern science prevent this from happening again? 196 00:12:33,921 --> 00:12:36,893 The answer is deceptively simple-- 197 00:12:36,960 --> 00:12:38,844 examiners need a way 198 00:12:38,912 --> 00:12:42,082 to expose more of fingerprints' unique details. 199 00:12:42,150 --> 00:12:45,252 I was talking to Dr. Shaler... 200 00:12:45,321 --> 00:12:47,721 Akhlesh Lakhtakia and his team 201 00:12:47,787 --> 00:12:51,074 at Penn State University's Materials Research Institute 202 00:12:51,143 --> 00:12:57,080 are eyeing a new technology that promises to do just that. 203 00:12:57,149 --> 00:13:02,823 His project got wings from a fly. 204 00:13:05,492 --> 00:13:08,863 A fly's ability to elude capture 205 00:13:08,931 --> 00:13:12,667 fascinated Lakhtakia since he was a boy. 206 00:13:12,734 --> 00:13:13,968 Before you can approach the fly, 207 00:13:14,034 --> 00:13:15,472 the fly has seen you somehow or the other, 208 00:13:15,539 --> 00:13:17,607 and has flown off. 209 00:13:17,674 --> 00:13:22,178 Lakhtakia wonders if the structure of the fly's eye 210 00:13:22,245 --> 00:13:24,148 gives it a unique ability 211 00:13:24,213 --> 00:13:27,783 to see predators approaching from all angles. 212 00:13:27,852 --> 00:13:32,425 To find out, he turns to an ultrathin material called CTF-- 213 00:13:32,492 --> 00:13:34,460 Columnar Thin Film-- 214 00:13:34,528 --> 00:13:36,662 to make an impression of the minutest contours 215 00:13:36,728 --> 00:13:39,164 of the fly's cornea. 216 00:13:42,303 --> 00:13:44,304 Each square inch of the film 217 00:13:44,371 --> 00:13:46,908 contains billions of glass bristles. 218 00:13:46,974 --> 00:13:52,881 It forms a layer 200 times thinner than a sheet of paper. 219 00:13:52,947 --> 00:13:54,783 When it coats the fly's eye, 220 00:13:54,852 --> 00:13:59,020 the bristles conform to every peak and valley. 221 00:14:01,360 --> 00:14:04,796 The result is that microscopic nooks and crannies 222 00:14:04,862 --> 00:14:10,267 show up in stunning three-dimensional detail. 223 00:14:10,336 --> 00:14:14,239 The technology isn't helping Lakhtakia catch flies. 224 00:14:14,307 --> 00:14:17,175 But it does give him an idea for how to catch criminals. 225 00:14:17,245 --> 00:14:20,647 Could this technology be used 226 00:14:20,714 --> 00:14:25,853 to get the same incredible detail from a fingerprint? 227 00:14:25,921 --> 00:14:28,990 This film would reproduce the topographic features, 228 00:14:29,057 --> 00:14:30,925 the geography, if you will, 229 00:14:30,993 --> 00:14:32,260 of the ridges in the fingerprint. 230 00:14:34,797 --> 00:14:37,299 If CTF can capture a fingerprint, 231 00:14:37,367 --> 00:14:39,401 it could revolutionize forensics. 232 00:14:40,738 --> 00:14:42,106 But will it work? 233 00:14:43,541 --> 00:14:46,408 The team places a fingerprint on a glass slide. 234 00:14:46,478 --> 00:14:50,315 The slide is loaded into a chamber 235 00:14:50,382 --> 00:14:52,484 called a thermal evaporator. 236 00:14:53,690 --> 00:14:59,765 OpenSubtitles.org AP stops working soon, but not for VIP members -> osdb.link/vip 237 00:15:01,196 --> 00:15:02,795 Inside the evaporator, 238 00:15:02,864 --> 00:15:06,099 the fingerprint is sprayed with a microscopically thin layer 239 00:15:06,167 --> 00:15:09,438 of vaporized glass. 240 00:15:09,505 --> 00:15:11,172 Unlike superglue, 241 00:15:11,241 --> 00:15:13,308 the glass does not chemically alter the oils 242 00:15:13,376 --> 00:15:15,177 that form the print. 243 00:15:17,380 --> 00:15:20,684 After about 30 minutes, the glass bristles harden 244 00:15:20,751 --> 00:15:24,689 into an ultrathin film that preserves minute details. 245 00:15:30,998 --> 00:15:34,601 Even with the naked eye, the CTF print reveals ridges 246 00:15:34,669 --> 00:15:37,703 that would be missing in a superglue print. 247 00:15:37,771 --> 00:15:40,338 With the new technique, the ridges are far more prominent. 248 00:15:40,407 --> 00:15:41,842 You can see creases. 249 00:15:41,909 --> 00:15:43,011 Like, this is a crease. 250 00:15:43,079 --> 00:15:43,844 This is a crease. 251 00:15:43,913 --> 00:15:44,746 This is another crease. 252 00:15:46,015 --> 00:15:47,081 Under a microscope, 253 00:15:47,148 --> 00:15:50,651 there are exponentially more ridgelines. 254 00:15:50,720 --> 00:15:52,922 With this technique, 255 00:15:52,988 --> 00:15:55,324 examiners in the Madrid bombing case 256 00:15:55,392 --> 00:15:58,328 could have had more points for comparison 257 00:15:58,397 --> 00:16:02,497 and a better chance to match the fingerprint to the real bomber. 258 00:16:05,369 --> 00:16:06,837 The CTF fingerprint technique 259 00:16:06,903 --> 00:16:10,276 is currently being reviewed for use in the field. 260 00:16:15,849 --> 00:16:18,085 But fingerprint analysis is not alone 261 00:16:18,153 --> 00:16:19,818 on the list of forensic disciplines 262 00:16:19,887 --> 00:16:22,423 currently under the microscope. 263 00:16:22,492 --> 00:16:26,093 There's a laundry list of forensic techniques 264 00:16:26,161 --> 00:16:28,596 that are now scrutinized based on the NAS report-- 265 00:16:28,664 --> 00:16:32,267 bite mark evidence, footwear impressions. 266 00:16:32,336 --> 00:16:35,037 There's no real science behind it 267 00:16:35,105 --> 00:16:38,742 as much as it's just trying to match patterns. 268 00:16:38,809 --> 00:16:41,880 And if that matching process goes bad, 269 00:16:41,944 --> 00:16:46,116 people's lives are changed forever. 270 00:16:53,726 --> 00:16:55,463 May 23, 1991. 271 00:16:55,529 --> 00:16:58,031 2:10 a.m. 272 00:16:58,098 --> 00:17:02,202 In a rural community outside Syracuse, New York, 273 00:17:02,270 --> 00:17:07,075 police and firefighters rush to a blaze at a farmhouse. 274 00:17:07,142 --> 00:17:11,313 Flames shooting up the front of the house. 275 00:17:11,381 --> 00:17:14,149 Beautiful big two-story farmhouse. 276 00:17:14,218 --> 00:17:18,254 The occupant of the home, 277 00:17:18,323 --> 00:17:22,726 49-year-old Sabina Kulakowski, is missing. 278 00:17:24,664 --> 00:17:26,063 I took on deputy, 279 00:17:26,131 --> 00:17:32,170 and we went up this laneway, worked our way up to about here. 280 00:17:32,239 --> 00:17:35,943 She was nude. 281 00:17:36,010 --> 00:17:37,677 Just about totally covered with blood. 282 00:17:37,745 --> 00:17:39,645 She had been stabbed numerous times. 283 00:17:39,715 --> 00:17:46,019 A distinctive bruise catches his eye. 284 00:17:46,087 --> 00:17:48,724 We noticed a bite mark on the side of the body. 285 00:17:48,792 --> 00:17:50,425 But it gets worse. 286 00:17:50,493 --> 00:17:51,895 At the autopsy, 287 00:17:51,963 --> 00:17:56,633 Ecker sees bite marks on her breast, belly and back. 288 00:17:56,700 --> 00:17:59,236 We discovered that there was at least 289 00:17:59,302 --> 00:18:02,104 four more sets of bite marks. 290 00:18:05,378 --> 00:18:07,347 These marks could be the key 291 00:18:07,413 --> 00:18:10,349 to identifying Sabina's killer. 292 00:18:17,190 --> 00:18:19,894 Dr. Lowell Levine is a leading expert on forensic dentistry. 293 00:18:19,960 --> 00:18:25,167 The teeth cause a pattern injury in skin. 294 00:18:25,235 --> 00:18:29,639 The person will actually close their teeth down on some tissue. 295 00:18:29,704 --> 00:18:33,075 So a bite mark is really a bruise. 296 00:18:33,141 --> 00:18:36,546 And it's basically a bruise with patterning. 297 00:18:38,951 --> 00:18:41,553 Bite mark forensics is based on the idea 298 00:18:41,619 --> 00:18:45,590 that everyone's teeth create distinctive patterns. 299 00:18:48,128 --> 00:18:52,331 To find a match, forensic dentists, or odontologists, 300 00:18:52,399 --> 00:18:55,602 make a wax impression of a suspect's teeth. 301 00:18:55,670 --> 00:18:57,205 Then they try to match the pattern 302 00:18:57,272 --> 00:19:00,139 made by the size, shape and spacing of the teeth 303 00:19:00,209 --> 00:19:02,577 on the wax impression 304 00:19:02,644 --> 00:19:06,446 to a photo of the bruise on the skin of the victim. 305 00:19:06,515 --> 00:19:08,884 What we're basically doing 306 00:19:08,952 --> 00:19:11,320 is looking for similar characteristics 307 00:19:11,388 --> 00:19:12,721 in similar locations. 308 00:19:12,789 --> 00:19:16,092 In the murder of Sabina Kulakowski, 309 00:19:16,160 --> 00:19:19,763 it doesn't take long to find a suspect to compare for a match. 310 00:19:21,834 --> 00:19:25,070 Investigators learn that six days before the murder, 311 00:19:25,137 --> 00:19:28,841 a hard-drinking 31-year-old is released from prison. 312 00:19:28,909 --> 00:19:31,143 His name is Roy Brown. 313 00:19:33,613 --> 00:19:36,649 After a Cayuga County, New York, social service agency 314 00:19:36,718 --> 00:19:41,790 takes away his daughter, he threatens a massacre. 315 00:19:41,856 --> 00:19:44,025 What was said was, "What do you want? 316 00:19:44,094 --> 00:19:45,894 "Do you want me to come down there 317 00:19:45,961 --> 00:19:48,196 and open up on you all with an Uzi?" 318 00:19:49,499 --> 00:19:51,267 Sabina Kulakowski worked 319 00:19:51,333 --> 00:19:54,605 at the Cayuga County Social Service Agency. 320 00:19:54,673 --> 00:20:01,581 Police interviews with Brown's ex-wives reveal a bombshell-- 321 00:20:01,647 --> 00:20:04,982 when he gets mad, he bites. 322 00:20:07,387 --> 00:20:10,122 Brown denies involvement in the killing. 323 00:20:10,189 --> 00:20:12,492 I gave them all kinds of samples and tests 324 00:20:12,560 --> 00:20:13,861 to show it's not me. 325 00:20:13,928 --> 00:20:16,563 I gave them all kinds of hair samples, saliva samples, 326 00:20:16,631 --> 00:20:18,366 blood samples, you name it. 327 00:20:21,170 --> 00:20:22,403 He allows authorities 328 00:20:22,470 --> 00:20:24,841 to take a wax impression of his teeth. 329 00:20:24,907 --> 00:20:27,311 It reveals a distinctive pattern. 330 00:20:29,111 --> 00:20:32,348 Brown is missing two teeth. 331 00:20:32,416 --> 00:20:37,420 This leaves wide gaps in the wax impression. 332 00:20:37,488 --> 00:20:41,127 The bruise on the victim should have the same gaps 333 00:20:41,193 --> 00:20:44,795 that correspond to Brown's missing teeth. 334 00:20:44,864 --> 00:20:48,901 But it only has a gap on the right side. 335 00:20:48,969 --> 00:20:53,137 It appears Brown's teeth don't match the evidence. 336 00:20:53,206 --> 00:20:54,810 The forensic odontologist 337 00:20:54,876 --> 00:20:57,678 examines the bite pattern evidence. 338 00:20:57,747 --> 00:21:01,949 He thinks it shows that Brown bit down and, like a pit bull, 339 00:21:02,018 --> 00:21:04,620 twisted his mouth into the victim's skin, 340 00:21:04,688 --> 00:21:07,889 obscuring any gap on the left side. 341 00:21:07,957 --> 00:21:10,327 Based on his interpretation of the bite marks, 342 00:21:10,394 --> 00:21:12,295 he declares a match. 343 00:21:14,099 --> 00:21:18,369 Police charge Brown with first-degree murder. 344 00:21:18,437 --> 00:21:20,038 I said, "You're making a real serious mistake. 345 00:21:20,106 --> 00:21:21,607 It ain't my teeth, man." 346 00:21:21,674 --> 00:21:23,808 And they said, "Well, we got confidence in our dentist." 347 00:21:23,876 --> 00:21:26,779 And that was it. 348 00:21:28,448 --> 00:21:30,350 A jury finds Roy Brown guilty. 349 00:21:30,419 --> 00:21:36,924 He's sentenced to 25 years to life. 350 00:21:43,733 --> 00:21:47,870 Brown spends the next 15 years in jail 351 00:21:47,936 --> 00:21:49,573 trying to prove his innocence. 352 00:21:49,640 --> 00:21:51,940 I don't belong here, you know? 353 00:21:52,009 --> 00:21:53,243 I'm innocent. 354 00:21:53,311 --> 00:21:57,516 I turned my cell into an office, became my own attorney. 355 00:22:00,219 --> 00:22:03,287 Brown pores over every scrap of evidence. 356 00:22:04,925 --> 00:22:08,326 11 years into his sentence, he finds a clue. 357 00:22:10,899 --> 00:22:13,132 It's a statement taken from one of the firefighters 358 00:22:13,200 --> 00:22:14,601 on the night of the murder. 359 00:22:17,506 --> 00:22:20,444 The firefighter's name is Barry Bench. 360 00:22:20,510 --> 00:22:22,411 He's the former brother-in-law of the victim. 361 00:22:22,479 --> 00:22:25,013 They were fighting over her possession 362 00:22:25,080 --> 00:22:27,316 of his family's farmhouse. 363 00:22:27,385 --> 00:22:30,817 Transcripts reveal that police questioned Bench 364 00:22:30,887 --> 00:22:33,018 is whereabouts the night of the murder. 365 00:22:33,087 --> 00:22:39,059 Brown finds something suspicious in Bench's statement. 366 00:22:39,127 --> 00:22:41,363 He says, "I left in my 1983 Datsun Century car 367 00:22:41,428 --> 00:22:43,799 "and went to Jake's Tavern. 368 00:22:43,866 --> 00:22:45,902 I stayed there until 12:30 or 1:00." 369 00:22:45,968 --> 00:22:51,708 Bench states he then drove home. 370 00:22:51,775 --> 00:22:54,377 But to Brown, something doesn't add up. 371 00:22:54,445 --> 00:22:56,279 He has to drive right by his family farm-- 372 00:22:56,347 --> 00:22:58,482 the house that's in flames. 373 00:23:00,188 --> 00:23:02,620 You're going to tell me in the middle of the dark night, 374 00:23:02,687 --> 00:23:05,190 a gigantic ball of fire that big is just burning away, 375 00:23:05,257 --> 00:23:07,260 and he doesn't notice it or stop or anything? 376 00:23:07,328 --> 00:23:08,862 And he's a fireman. 377 00:23:08,930 --> 00:23:13,969 Brown sends Bench a letter on December 24, 2003. 378 00:23:14,037 --> 00:23:16,269 He accuses Bench of murder. 379 00:23:16,337 --> 00:23:18,371 "Well, Christmas is tomorrow. 380 00:23:18,438 --> 00:23:20,607 "My gift to you is, mark my words-- 381 00:23:20,675 --> 00:23:22,644 "they will eventually find out about your guilt. 382 00:23:22,711 --> 00:23:25,747 Have a Merry Christmas but don't count on a Happy New Year." 383 00:23:25,815 --> 00:23:28,383 And I sent it out to him. 384 00:23:28,451 --> 00:23:30,654 And I got a hell of a response. 385 00:23:30,722 --> 00:23:32,922 Five days later, 386 00:23:32,991 --> 00:23:37,193 Barry Bench lays down in front of an Amtrak train. 387 00:23:43,135 --> 00:23:45,004 Police become suspicious 388 00:23:45,072 --> 00:23:46,941 and decide to compare Bench's DNA 389 00:23:47,008 --> 00:23:49,875 to saliva recovered on the victim's t-shirt 390 00:23:49,944 --> 00:23:52,578 found at the crime scene. 391 00:23:52,645 --> 00:23:56,951 They match with almost 100% certainty. 392 00:23:59,488 --> 00:24:03,759 Still, the judge believes that the bite mark evidence 393 00:24:03,827 --> 00:24:07,162 is strong enough to keep Brown in prison. 394 00:24:07,232 --> 00:24:10,368 There is only one way for Brown to prove his innocence-- 395 00:24:10,435 --> 00:24:13,970 exhume Bench's body 396 00:24:14,038 --> 00:24:18,509 and compare his teeth to the marks left on the victim. 397 00:24:18,577 --> 00:24:24,315 The case is assigned to Dr. Lowell Levine 398 00:24:24,385 --> 00:24:27,186 at the New York State Forensic Science Unit in Albany. 399 00:24:27,254 --> 00:24:29,823 He faces two key questions: 400 00:24:29,891 --> 00:24:31,826 Did Roy Brown do it? 401 00:24:31,893 --> 00:24:35,330 And if not, who did? 402 00:24:35,396 --> 00:24:38,932 First, Levine reviews the forensic evidence 403 00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:41,671 that convicted Roy Brown. 404 00:24:41,738 --> 00:24:45,473 He compares the bite marks on Sabina Kulakowski 405 00:24:45,541 --> 00:24:50,579 to the wax impression of Brown's teeth. 406 00:24:50,649 --> 00:24:51,982 I can positively tell you 407 00:24:52,049 --> 00:24:54,217 Roy Brown didn't cause the bite mark on the skin. 408 00:24:54,285 --> 00:24:57,656 There is no way 409 00:24:57,725 --> 00:25:01,358 that Roy Brown could have caused this area in here. 410 00:25:01,427 --> 00:25:05,664 While the right side of the bite mark has a space, 411 00:25:05,732 --> 00:25:09,804 the left side does not. 412 00:25:09,870 --> 00:25:13,007 The bite mark evidence used to convict Roy Brown 413 00:25:13,074 --> 00:25:16,577 was based on an implausible interpretation. 414 00:25:16,646 --> 00:25:20,416 It is impossible to get a marking 415 00:25:20,482 --> 00:25:21,750 if you don't have a tooth. 416 00:25:21,818 --> 00:25:26,623 Forensic bite mark evidence 417 00:25:26,692 --> 00:25:28,626 is more art than it is science. 418 00:25:28,692 --> 00:25:31,527 There is a lot of varied interpretation 419 00:25:31,596 --> 00:25:33,031 that goes into that. 420 00:25:33,098 --> 00:25:37,302 One thing is clear-- 421 00:25:37,371 --> 00:25:43,678 Roy Brown did not murder Sabina Kulakowski. 422 00:25:47,348 --> 00:25:49,616 After 15 years in prison, 423 00:25:49,684 --> 00:25:54,654 47-year-old Roy Brown is finally released. 424 00:25:54,722 --> 00:26:01,296 He sues the state of New York and wins $2.6 million. 425 00:26:01,364 --> 00:26:05,100 What about Barry Bench? 426 00:26:09,941 --> 00:26:14,378 Levine examines the teeth from Barry Bench's disinterred jaw. 427 00:26:14,447 --> 00:26:16,514 But there's a problem. 428 00:26:16,583 --> 00:26:18,683 Trauma from the train injury 429 00:26:18,751 --> 00:26:21,188 and body decomposition from being buried 430 00:26:21,256 --> 00:26:25,992 limits Levine's ability to make a bitemark analysis. 431 00:26:26,060 --> 00:26:29,397 By looking at what we were able to find on Mr. Bench, 432 00:26:29,466 --> 00:26:32,099 I can only tell you it's possible he could have caused 433 00:26:32,166 --> 00:26:35,202 the bite marks on Ms. Kulakowski. 434 00:26:38,339 --> 00:26:41,477 Barry Bench's badly deteriorated remains 435 00:26:41,543 --> 00:26:45,080 prevent Levine from making a more definitive match. 436 00:26:45,149 --> 00:26:50,554 The Sabina Kulakowski murder case is still open to this day. 437 00:26:52,290 --> 00:26:55,092 So what if there were a way to perfectly preserve evidence, 438 00:26:55,161 --> 00:27:01,634 including bodies, and be able to access and examine them 439 00:27:01,701 --> 00:27:05,939 in a pristine state, no matter how much time passes? 440 00:27:09,212 --> 00:27:12,346 In Sweden that's already happening. 441 00:27:12,415 --> 00:27:19,489 The corpse inside this body bag may be the victim of a crime. 442 00:27:19,557 --> 00:27:22,390 It's what police suspect, but have no way to prove. 443 00:27:22,458 --> 00:27:26,063 That's the job of Dr. Anders Persson and his team. 444 00:27:26,130 --> 00:27:29,968 They are about to perform an autopsy. 445 00:27:32,539 --> 00:27:34,939 But this is no ordinary cut-open-the-cadaver job. 446 00:27:37,077 --> 00:27:41,881 In Sweden's Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, 447 00:27:41,949 --> 00:27:49,090 this man is about to be sliced up in a virtual autopsy. 448 00:27:49,157 --> 00:27:51,791 It begins inside this CT scanner. 449 00:27:51,860 --> 00:27:54,896 It's like an X-ray on steroids. 450 00:27:57,567 --> 00:28:00,504 Regular X-rays scan just the outline of bones. 451 00:28:00,571 --> 00:28:06,644 But CT scans use a rotating X-ray. 452 00:28:06,711 --> 00:28:08,144 It takes 12 images per second, 453 00:28:08,212 --> 00:28:14,552 creating cross-sectional slices of bone, thinner than a dime. 454 00:28:19,426 --> 00:28:22,995 These image slices are stacked side by side, 455 00:28:23,064 --> 00:28:26,301 forming a stunning picture of a body's skeleton. 456 00:28:26,367 --> 00:28:31,506 Dr. Persson's team also scans the body through an MRI 457 00:28:31,574 --> 00:28:35,510 to search for evidence of damage to organs. 458 00:28:37,280 --> 00:28:41,084 MRIs create a map of the body's tissue slice by slice, 459 00:28:41,154 --> 00:28:45,389 using powerful magnets and pulsing radio waves. 460 00:28:49,430 --> 00:28:51,863 The victim is never removed from the body bag. 461 00:28:53,867 --> 00:28:56,870 With the click of a mouse, the covering can be made invisible 462 00:28:56,937 --> 00:28:59,840 to get a virtual peek inside. 463 00:29:10,951 --> 00:29:12,253 What we're seeing here 464 00:29:12,321 --> 00:29:14,055 is the cadaver inside of the body bag. 465 00:29:14,124 --> 00:29:16,324 And right here is the zipper of the body bag, 466 00:29:16,392 --> 00:29:17,727 which is obviously metal. 467 00:29:17,793 --> 00:29:19,896 We have made everything else... 468 00:29:19,964 --> 00:29:21,765 the plastic of the bag is now transparent. 469 00:29:21,832 --> 00:29:27,504 The team merges the CT and MRI data 470 00:29:27,572 --> 00:29:30,942 to produce a 3D model of the suspected murder victim. 471 00:29:33,445 --> 00:29:36,047 Now, the virtual autopsy begins. 472 00:29:41,421 --> 00:29:45,159 I can use a virtual knife and go into the body. 473 00:29:45,228 --> 00:29:48,330 We get rid of the soft tissue, 474 00:29:48,396 --> 00:29:50,863 and then I look for small fractures in the skeletons, 475 00:29:50,932 --> 00:29:53,035 and for small bleedings. 476 00:29:53,102 --> 00:29:56,272 Some of these fractures and other evidence 477 00:29:56,339 --> 00:29:59,110 are invisible to the naked eye. 478 00:29:59,176 --> 00:30:02,145 The most critical are gases. 479 00:30:02,213 --> 00:30:03,913 Gas is a huge problem when you do a normal autopsy. 480 00:30:03,982 --> 00:30:05,281 We can't see it. 481 00:30:05,348 --> 00:30:09,154 Gases escape the body as it's cut open 482 00:30:09,220 --> 00:30:10,855 in a standard autopsy. 483 00:30:10,923 --> 00:30:13,425 But in the virtual corpse, 484 00:30:13,493 --> 00:30:15,662 Dr. Persson can punch through the skin 485 00:30:15,731 --> 00:30:17,264 without releasing gases. 486 00:30:17,330 --> 00:30:21,634 If he finds trapped gases inside, 487 00:30:21,703 --> 00:30:27,174 it could be a telltale sign of strangulation. 488 00:30:27,242 --> 00:30:29,212 When you try to strangle someone, 489 00:30:29,279 --> 00:30:31,413 you squeeze your hands. 490 00:30:31,479 --> 00:30:33,816 The pressure in the lungs goes up, 491 00:30:33,883 --> 00:30:35,118 the pressure in the trachea goes up, 492 00:30:35,185 --> 00:30:38,154 and the air goes out in the soft tissue. 493 00:30:40,925 --> 00:30:43,661 Normally, air flows directly up and down the throat, 494 00:30:43,729 --> 00:30:44,994 or trachea. 495 00:30:45,062 --> 00:30:47,598 But when a victim is strangled, the air is cut off 496 00:30:47,666 --> 00:30:50,968 and the pressure forces air outside the walls of the throat. 497 00:30:51,037 --> 00:30:55,842 In the virtual autopsy, gases show up as blue. 498 00:30:55,910 --> 00:31:02,983 Dr. Persson uses his digital scalpel to get a closer look. 499 00:31:03,051 --> 00:31:05,184 In the soft tissue outside the trachea, 500 00:31:05,253 --> 00:31:06,987 he sees something suspicious. 501 00:31:11,060 --> 00:31:12,927 He calls Detective Conny Petterson, 502 00:31:12,997 --> 00:31:16,133 one of Sweden's federal crime scene investigators. 503 00:31:16,200 --> 00:31:19,070 There shouldn't be blue color outside the trachea. 504 00:31:19,138 --> 00:31:20,271 That's not normal. 505 00:31:20,338 --> 00:31:22,939 And it seems that it could be a strangulation. 506 00:31:23,006 --> 00:31:25,108 The virtual autopsy 507 00:31:25,177 --> 00:31:28,379 may have uncovered clues to a murder. 508 00:31:34,855 --> 00:31:37,324 This technology is proving so effective, 509 00:31:37,390 --> 00:31:38,858 Dr. Persson and his team 510 00:31:38,926 --> 00:31:41,396 at Sweden's nearby Interactive Institute 511 00:31:41,464 --> 00:31:44,965 are designing a portable application. 512 00:31:45,033 --> 00:31:48,170 Called the Virtual Autopsy Table, 513 00:31:48,236 --> 00:31:52,275 it's putting digital slice and dice at their fingertips. 514 00:31:54,342 --> 00:31:58,716 When it comes to medical visualization, 515 00:31:58,783 --> 00:32:00,852 the user interaction design is really important. 516 00:32:00,919 --> 00:32:04,156 What you want is an easy-to-use and simple system. 517 00:32:04,223 --> 00:32:08,892 It's like a giant iPad. 518 00:32:08,961 --> 00:32:14,400 Designer Thomas Rydell uses simple hand gestures 519 00:32:14,467 --> 00:32:19,040 to peel back skin, arteries or bone. 520 00:32:19,109 --> 00:32:23,177 It fulfills the very meaning of the Greek word autopsia-- 521 00:32:23,245 --> 00:32:27,081 "to see for oneself." 522 00:32:28,617 --> 00:32:30,319 Right now we're looking at a woman 523 00:32:30,386 --> 00:32:33,355 who had a ruptured aneurism in the brain. 524 00:32:33,423 --> 00:32:38,428 And then by rotating, we can look inside the brain. 525 00:32:38,495 --> 00:32:40,630 So by just using simple gestures, 526 00:32:40,698 --> 00:32:44,135 you can control really advanced and huge medical data. 527 00:32:46,806 --> 00:32:49,807 And the team has created a dynamic way 528 00:32:49,876 --> 00:32:51,544 to share investigations visually... 529 00:32:54,114 --> 00:32:59,187 virtual autopsies in 3D. 530 00:32:59,254 --> 00:33:02,024 I can see a future when it will be a very powerful tool 531 00:33:02,091 --> 00:33:04,791 to show the findings in front of a jury 532 00:33:04,860 --> 00:33:07,129 or also during the investigation. 533 00:33:07,196 --> 00:33:10,764 No matter how long ago the crime, 534 00:33:10,834 --> 00:33:17,573 investigators will see the dead as clearly as the day they died. 535 00:33:22,514 --> 00:33:24,115 But incredible as this technology is, 536 00:33:24,182 --> 00:33:27,084 many of the most trusted forensic disciplines 537 00:33:27,153 --> 00:33:30,522 come down to interpretation. 538 00:33:30,590 --> 00:33:34,995 And with interpretation comes error. 539 00:33:35,064 --> 00:33:37,631 Human error touches every aspect of forensic science, 540 00:33:37,698 --> 00:33:39,899 because every aspect of forensic science 541 00:33:39,969 --> 00:33:41,335 requires a human interpretation. 542 00:33:41,403 --> 00:33:44,371 Dr. Robert Shaler 543 00:33:44,439 --> 00:33:46,976 founded the forensics program at Penn State. 544 00:33:47,044 --> 00:33:50,478 He led the DNA identification of the victims of 9/11 545 00:33:50,546 --> 00:33:52,849 at the World Trade Center. 546 00:33:52,918 --> 00:33:55,551 He is also one of the authors 547 00:33:55,619 --> 00:33:58,489 of the National Academy of Sciences' report. 548 00:33:58,556 --> 00:34:00,224 I have to begin to question my own training, 549 00:34:00,292 --> 00:34:02,193 things that I've believed my entire career. 550 00:34:02,261 --> 00:34:04,961 I agree with the National Academy report. 551 00:34:05,030 --> 00:34:08,836 We need to look at the scientific basis 552 00:34:08,903 --> 00:34:11,436 of these determinations. 553 00:34:11,504 --> 00:34:13,839 One area he is working to improve 554 00:34:13,907 --> 00:34:16,477 is blood pattern analysis-- 555 00:34:16,544 --> 00:34:18,244 an important and frequently used tool 556 00:34:18,313 --> 00:34:19,813 for crime scene investigators. 557 00:34:19,881 --> 00:34:23,685 Shaler created this "blood cottage." 558 00:34:23,751 --> 00:34:28,023 Here he simulates crimes, 559 00:34:28,091 --> 00:34:31,394 then applies rigorous analysis to the bloody mess. 560 00:34:31,462 --> 00:34:33,898 He hits me, picks up a baseball bat. 561 00:34:33,965 --> 00:34:37,433 But this is difficult evidence to interpret. 562 00:34:37,502 --> 00:34:39,204 He hits me a second time. 563 00:34:39,271 --> 00:34:41,907 There's blood spatter on the wall. 564 00:34:41,974 --> 00:34:43,109 Shaler and his colleagues 565 00:34:43,174 --> 00:34:46,778 invent violent scenarios of bashes and slashes. 566 00:34:46,845 --> 00:34:49,916 Using sheep's blood, Shaler and his partner in crime, 567 00:34:49,982 --> 00:34:53,586 Ralph Ristenbatt, carefully recreate a blood pattern 568 00:34:53,652 --> 00:34:56,790 from a knife wound to the neck 569 00:34:56,858 --> 00:35:01,263 and an impact blow from a baseball bat 570 00:35:01,328 --> 00:35:03,798 using a stand-in for a human skull-- 571 00:35:03,867 --> 00:35:08,003 the severed head of a pig. 572 00:35:08,071 --> 00:35:11,840 It's the best thing short of actually hitting somebody. 573 00:35:19,351 --> 00:35:21,085 Blood splatter 574 00:35:21,152 --> 00:35:24,089 seems helter-skelter to the untrained eye, 575 00:35:24,157 --> 00:35:28,296 but blood forms patterns in several ways-- 576 00:35:28,364 --> 00:35:34,301 drips from wounds, pools from blood draining from the body, 577 00:35:34,369 --> 00:35:37,838 spatter, the result of impact blows, 578 00:35:37,906 --> 00:35:42,509 and spurts from severed arteries. 579 00:35:42,579 --> 00:35:45,615 Examiners can use this evidence 580 00:35:45,681 --> 00:35:48,119 to recreate a crime step by step. 581 00:35:52,023 --> 00:35:55,692 And it can even tell them the type of murder weapon used. 582 00:35:55,760 --> 00:35:58,662 Because knives have very thin edges 583 00:35:58,731 --> 00:36:00,765 they have a tendency to produce these kinds of patterns. 584 00:36:00,833 --> 00:36:03,402 So what we see here 585 00:36:03,470 --> 00:36:07,573 is an elongated droplet with a very thin point. 586 00:36:07,639 --> 00:36:09,909 And we know that it's going from left to right 587 00:36:09,978 --> 00:36:12,477 because it's pointing in the direction that it's moving. 588 00:36:16,252 --> 00:36:19,018 So what we'd like to do now is to... 589 00:36:19,087 --> 00:36:22,793 Now Shaler brings in future crime scene investigators 590 00:36:22,860 --> 00:36:25,761 to interpret the bloody mess. 591 00:36:25,828 --> 00:36:28,165 That interpretation can mean the difference 592 00:36:28,233 --> 00:36:31,134 between a suspect's innocence or guilt. 593 00:36:31,202 --> 00:36:32,668 We can see 594 00:36:32,737 --> 00:36:34,470 that there are bubbles in the blood, 595 00:36:34,538 --> 00:36:36,874 which indicates that there's saliva in with it, 596 00:36:36,941 --> 00:36:40,145 which makes it seem that it came from the person's mouth. 597 00:36:41,615 --> 00:36:45,452 And analyzing the angle of the blood marks 598 00:36:45,519 --> 00:36:49,422 can help investigators pinpoint the location of each impact. 599 00:36:52,293 --> 00:36:55,361 So we can infer that this came first, 600 00:36:55,430 --> 00:36:58,233 and then as the body fell to its final resting place, 601 00:36:58,302 --> 00:37:02,372 there was a second blow, and then the pool of blood. 602 00:37:02,439 --> 00:37:08,244 Investigators reverse-engineer from the pool of blood 603 00:37:08,313 --> 00:37:09,980 to reconstruct the story of the crime-- 604 00:37:10,047 --> 00:37:13,118 exactly where the struggle took place, 605 00:37:13,184 --> 00:37:15,386 how many times the victim was hit, 606 00:37:15,452 --> 00:37:16,753 what kind of weapon was used, 607 00:37:16,822 --> 00:37:20,090 and the step-by-step movements of the killer. 608 00:37:22,128 --> 00:37:25,965 But even the best-trained analyst can misread that story, 609 00:37:26,035 --> 00:37:29,601 especially if the evidence itself is compromised. 610 00:37:29,670 --> 00:37:32,873 It's an alarmingly common problem 611 00:37:32,942 --> 00:37:35,643 which the NAS says is caused 612 00:37:35,711 --> 00:37:38,480 by a lack of standard forensic practices. 613 00:37:38,548 --> 00:37:41,850 Nowhere has this issue received more attention 614 00:37:41,918 --> 00:37:46,522 than in one notorious case cited in their report. 615 00:37:49,126 --> 00:37:52,496 On June 13, 1994, 616 00:37:52,564 --> 00:37:53,800 about 12:10 a.m., 617 00:37:53,865 --> 00:37:56,534 in an upscale Los Angeles neighborhood, 618 00:37:56,602 --> 00:37:59,070 these bloody paw prints of a dog 619 00:37:59,139 --> 00:38:01,607 lead police to the site of a horrific crime scene. 620 00:38:01,675 --> 00:38:06,113 Detectives discover the body of a woman in a black dress. 621 00:38:06,179 --> 00:38:10,517 Her throat is slit so deeply, her head is nearly decapitated. 622 00:38:10,585 --> 00:38:13,820 It is Nicole Brown Simpson, 623 00:38:13,887 --> 00:38:17,557 the estranged wife of football legend O.J. Simpson. 624 00:38:17,626 --> 00:38:22,297 Her friend Ronald Goldman lies nearby, 625 00:38:22,366 --> 00:38:24,432 stabbed more than 20 times. 626 00:38:26,771 --> 00:38:29,439 Making sense of this crime scene is a challenge. 627 00:38:29,505 --> 00:38:32,441 And this investigation is compromised 628 00:38:32,510 --> 00:38:33,943 before it even starts. 629 00:38:34,012 --> 00:38:41,187 Dozens of police and reporters roam through the crime scene, 630 00:38:41,255 --> 00:38:44,523 smearing the blood and tracking it with their feet. 631 00:38:44,592 --> 00:38:48,495 The forensic team finds several shoe prints, 632 00:38:48,563 --> 00:38:51,033 but there's no way to tell which prints belong to police 633 00:38:51,099 --> 00:38:53,434 and which belong to the killer. 634 00:38:56,506 --> 00:38:59,007 Renowned forensic investigator Dr. Henry Lee 635 00:38:59,075 --> 00:39:02,410 is one of the expert witnesses during the trial. 636 00:39:02,479 --> 00:39:05,382 He believes any blood pattern evidence 637 00:39:05,450 --> 00:39:08,818 found at this murder scene is rendered useless. 638 00:39:08,887 --> 00:39:12,488 Once you step on the bloodstain, you change the pattern now. 639 00:39:12,557 --> 00:39:15,860 The contamination of the crime scene and evidence 640 00:39:15,927 --> 00:39:17,596 only gets worse. 641 00:39:17,663 --> 00:39:20,199 Just before 5:00 a.m., 642 00:39:20,268 --> 00:39:22,668 detectives race to O.J. Simpson's home, 643 00:39:22,737 --> 00:39:26,003 two miles away. 644 00:39:26,073 --> 00:39:28,944 Simpson is not there. 645 00:39:29,011 --> 00:39:31,113 A houseguest lets police in. 646 00:39:31,180 --> 00:39:35,750 In O.J.'s bedroom they find crucial evidence-- 647 00:39:35,818 --> 00:39:39,887 this pair of dark socks. 648 00:39:39,955 --> 00:39:43,694 Forensic examiners at the LAPD 649 00:39:43,762 --> 00:39:47,430 find four bloodstains on the socks. 650 00:39:47,497 --> 00:39:50,734 Two located near the calf area. 651 00:39:50,802 --> 00:39:56,274 One is the ankle area, and the other one near the toe area. 652 00:39:56,341 --> 00:40:01,214 Through DNA, a person's genetic fingerprint, 653 00:40:01,282 --> 00:40:03,616 the lab finds that three of the bloodstains 654 00:40:03,683 --> 00:40:05,817 belong to O.J. Simpson 655 00:40:05,885 --> 00:40:09,289 and the fourth belongs to Nicole Simpson. 656 00:40:09,356 --> 00:40:11,593 That's very crucial for the case. 657 00:40:11,660 --> 00:40:12,927 Why? 658 00:40:12,995 --> 00:40:15,363 Because that's a direct linkage. 659 00:40:15,431 --> 00:40:20,336 Puts O.J. Simpson, suspect's, socks at the scene, 660 00:40:20,402 --> 00:40:25,510 and victim's blood somehow transferred to the socks. 661 00:40:28,245 --> 00:40:30,011 DNA, when properly analyzed, 662 00:40:30,081 --> 00:40:33,116 is the most scientifically sound forensic evidence. 663 00:40:36,188 --> 00:40:37,756 Matching a suspect's DNA 664 00:40:37,825 --> 00:40:40,324 to evidence like blood found at a crime scene 665 00:40:40,393 --> 00:40:43,495 gives police near statistical certainty 666 00:40:43,562 --> 00:40:47,168 that they have the right person. 667 00:40:47,234 --> 00:40:49,003 DNA is based on hard science. 668 00:40:49,071 --> 00:40:50,938 There is chemistry, there is biology, 669 00:40:51,006 --> 00:40:52,474 there is math involved with it. 670 00:40:52,541 --> 00:40:56,311 The NAS report singled out DNA 671 00:40:56,378 --> 00:41:00,616 as this pillar of what the other parts of forensic science 672 00:41:00,685 --> 00:41:03,152 should inspire and ascribe to be. 673 00:41:03,220 --> 00:41:07,191 Nicole Brown Simpson's DNA 674 00:41:07,258 --> 00:41:09,927 found on the socks in O.J.'s bedroom 675 00:41:09,995 --> 00:41:12,963 is crucial evidence used to link him to the crime. 676 00:41:13,031 --> 00:41:18,940 Police arrest him for the double murders of Nicole Brown Simpson 677 00:41:19,004 --> 00:41:21,841 and Ronald Goldman. 678 00:41:24,446 --> 00:41:28,317 Simpson' s trial lasts more than nine months-- 679 00:41:28,381 --> 00:41:30,382 the longest in California history. 680 00:41:33,088 --> 00:41:39,228 Jurors make their decision in just four hours. 681 00:41:39,296 --> 00:41:41,098 We the jury in the above entitled action 682 00:41:41,166 --> 00:41:42,464 find the defendant, Orenthal James Simpson, 683 00:41:42,534 --> 00:41:44,701 not guilty of the crime of murder 684 00:41:44,768 --> 00:41:47,538 in violation of Penal Code Section 187A... 685 00:41:47,608 --> 00:41:52,410 It is a stunning and, some say, shocking verdict. 686 00:41:52,478 --> 00:41:57,717 DNA on the sock irrefutably links Simpson to the victim. 687 00:41:57,784 --> 00:42:00,453 Even Dr. Henry Lee, 688 00:42:00,521 --> 00:42:06,526 Simpson's defense team's chief forensic scientist, admits that. 689 00:42:06,594 --> 00:42:11,234 So how did the jury find him not guilty? 690 00:42:11,302 --> 00:42:15,204 The O.J. case really revealed the problems that can happen 691 00:42:15,273 --> 00:42:17,306 before the evidence ever gets to the lab. 692 00:42:20,477 --> 00:42:21,744 The O.J. defense team 693 00:42:21,812 --> 00:42:25,081 casts doubt on nearly every piece of evidence, 694 00:42:25,149 --> 00:42:29,587 illustrating how police contaminated the crime scene, 695 00:42:29,655 --> 00:42:32,389 and suggesting even worse-- 696 00:42:32,457 --> 00:42:36,562 actually planting evidence to frame Simpson. 697 00:42:36,628 --> 00:42:40,666 Dr. Lee points out clothing 698 00:42:40,733 --> 00:42:43,803 the LAPD presented from Simpson's bedroom. 699 00:42:43,872 --> 00:42:46,905 Well, let's bring two pictures up. 700 00:42:46,974 --> 00:42:48,843 You see a suspender. 701 00:42:48,912 --> 00:42:54,183 And the suspender actually runs over the end of the bed 702 00:42:54,251 --> 00:42:55,951 near the box spring. 703 00:42:56,018 --> 00:42:59,654 But you have a second picture. 704 00:42:59,722 --> 00:43:03,727 The suspender actually stopped next to the bed, 705 00:43:03,794 --> 00:43:06,363 did not go over. 706 00:43:06,432 --> 00:43:08,466 So of course, 707 00:43:08,534 --> 00:43:12,536 this obviously tells us somebody moved the suspender. 708 00:43:12,605 --> 00:43:15,274 The moving suspender 709 00:43:15,342 --> 00:43:18,243 is one of many contamination problems. 710 00:43:18,311 --> 00:43:22,148 More critical are the bloody socks 711 00:43:22,217 --> 00:43:25,486 that directly link Simpson and the murder victim through DNA. 712 00:43:25,552 --> 00:43:31,294 This LAPD photo shows the socks on the floor. 713 00:43:31,361 --> 00:43:34,663 But testimony from a police videographer 714 00:43:34,733 --> 00:43:39,200 claims earlier in the day there were no socks. 715 00:43:39,269 --> 00:43:41,071 How can the socks be there at 4:35 716 00:43:41,139 --> 00:43:43,240 when you just saw they're not there at 4:13? 717 00:43:43,307 --> 00:43:46,110 O.J.'s defense team suggested 718 00:43:46,178 --> 00:43:49,547 the LAPD put the blood on the socks and planted them. 719 00:43:49,613 --> 00:43:52,217 Who's fooling whom here? 720 00:43:52,284 --> 00:43:56,821 The legitimacy of other evidence is also questioned. 721 00:43:56,890 --> 00:43:59,760 This bloody envelope was moved. 722 00:43:59,827 --> 00:44:03,162 A crucial fingerprint on this gate was lost. 723 00:44:03,230 --> 00:44:06,199 Shoeprint evidence was not collected properly. 724 00:44:06,267 --> 00:44:09,536 Time after time 725 00:44:09,606 --> 00:44:17,447 the defense put the evidence, not O.J. Simpson, on trial. 726 00:44:17,515 --> 00:44:19,482 I think it's absolutely a question 727 00:44:19,550 --> 00:44:21,417 of how the evidence was handled. 728 00:44:21,485 --> 00:44:23,889 The prosecution simply couldn't prove beyond a reasonable doubt 729 00:44:23,956 --> 00:44:26,321 that O.J. Simpson committed that crime. 730 00:44:26,389 --> 00:44:30,230 It's a classic case study in what can go wrong with evidence. 731 00:44:30,296 --> 00:44:35,034 Beyond the question of O.J. Simpson's innocence or guilt, 732 00:44:35,102 --> 00:44:39,871 the NAS report suggests justice cannot be served 733 00:44:39,941 --> 00:44:42,375 if the crime scene is compromised. 734 00:44:46,346 --> 00:44:47,917 But what if police had a tool 735 00:44:47,983 --> 00:44:51,353 that could create a digital clone of the crime scene, 736 00:44:51,420 --> 00:44:53,656 a perfect record to eliminate any doubt 737 00:44:53,723 --> 00:44:57,660 about evidence being moved or contaminated? 738 00:45:01,898 --> 00:45:03,933 Well, here they do. 739 00:45:08,608 --> 00:45:09,976 When we come into the house, 740 00:45:10,042 --> 00:45:12,911 we find a victim who is laying down on the kitchen floor. 741 00:45:12,980 --> 00:45:17,150 There's a large amount of blood around the head area. 742 00:45:17,217 --> 00:45:19,985 From the amount of trauma that we see on the body 743 00:45:20,054 --> 00:45:21,455 and the amount of blood evidence that we see on the walls, 744 00:45:21,523 --> 00:45:23,088 we have evidence of a struggle. 745 00:45:23,157 --> 00:45:28,195 Detective Jeff Locklear starts piecing clues together. 746 00:45:28,263 --> 00:45:30,097 The landlord of this abandoned house, 747 00:45:30,166 --> 00:45:32,533 who discovered the body, heard rumors of a squatter 748 00:45:32,600 --> 00:45:33,803 and came to check it out. 749 00:45:33,872 --> 00:45:36,139 Through the window of the back door 750 00:45:36,206 --> 00:45:38,343 he says he may have seen the killer. 751 00:45:38,408 --> 00:45:42,379 When I heard the scuffling and saw the guy run out... 752 00:45:42,448 --> 00:45:44,481 Our witness says that he came in through this door, 753 00:45:44,550 --> 00:45:46,818 and then he saw the suspect flee through that window. 754 00:45:46,885 --> 00:45:48,852 And then he looks down and he sees a body 755 00:45:48,920 --> 00:45:51,824 right here on the inside of the kitchen, just inside this wall. 756 00:45:51,892 --> 00:45:54,360 Sorting this one out will be messy. 757 00:45:54,427 --> 00:45:58,799 But, thankfully, none of this is real. 758 00:45:58,865 --> 00:46:01,102 It's a simulated crime scene, 759 00:46:01,170 --> 00:46:03,870 designed to test a secret high-tech weapon 760 00:46:03,937 --> 00:46:05,375 called IC-Crime. 761 00:46:10,581 --> 00:46:12,882 It is being developed by faculty 762 00:46:12,950 --> 00:46:16,351 from North Carolina State University. 763 00:46:16,419 --> 00:46:21,359 David Hinks and his team use a 3D laser 764 00:46:21,428 --> 00:46:25,029 to create a 360-degree view of the crime scene. 765 00:46:28,701 --> 00:46:31,103 Then, using the virtual replica, 766 00:46:31,171 --> 00:46:35,308 they'll attempt to reconstruct the crime. 767 00:46:35,375 --> 00:46:38,144 A 3D scan will actually take an image 768 00:46:38,213 --> 00:46:41,048 of every piece of visible evidence in a room. 769 00:46:41,116 --> 00:46:43,451 It means that you have a permanent record. 770 00:46:43,519 --> 00:46:47,423 You can go back to the scene again and again and again. 771 00:46:51,794 --> 00:46:53,729 The scan team starts 772 00:46:53,797 --> 00:46:58,234 by recording millions of tiny points of the crime scene 773 00:46:58,302 --> 00:46:59,669 with an invisible infrared laser. 774 00:47:01,741 --> 00:47:05,709 They record the victim's exact position, 775 00:47:05,777 --> 00:47:09,848 the severe trauma to his head, blood spatter on the walls, 776 00:47:09,916 --> 00:47:11,917 and what appears to be the murder weapon. 777 00:47:11,984 --> 00:47:15,089 So when we get it back into the lab and we've aligned it, 778 00:47:15,154 --> 00:47:17,226 you'll be able to see various viewpoints 779 00:47:17,292 --> 00:47:19,492 coming in from different angles in the house. 780 00:47:19,560 --> 00:47:24,966 It's a forensic dream come true. 781 00:47:25,034 --> 00:47:28,402 To be able to go back at any time of our choosing 782 00:47:28,471 --> 00:47:31,240 and be able to view it, be able to interact with the evidence, 783 00:47:31,309 --> 00:47:33,410 it's awe-inspiring, if you ask me. 784 00:47:34,978 --> 00:47:36,812 With the murder scene digitized, 785 00:47:36,880 --> 00:47:40,217 the data is now ready to go virtual. 786 00:47:40,287 --> 00:47:43,052 And for that, the laser scanners partner 787 00:47:43,121 --> 00:47:48,460 with some unlikely colleague in crime-- video gamers. 788 00:47:48,527 --> 00:47:53,933 Inside North Carolina State's Digital Game Research Center, 789 00:47:54,002 --> 00:47:56,269 director Michael Young and his team 790 00:47:56,338 --> 00:47:58,505 are using similar technologies 791 00:47:58,571 --> 00:48:01,210 as in games like Grand Theft Auto. 792 00:48:02,645 --> 00:48:04,247 Game engines provide a fantastic opportunity 793 00:48:04,314 --> 00:48:06,580 for serious applications of the technology 794 00:48:06,650 --> 00:48:08,016 like crime scene investigation. 795 00:48:09,920 --> 00:48:12,921 The crime scene is built on data triangles 796 00:48:12,989 --> 00:48:15,626 from the laser scan. 797 00:48:15,692 --> 00:48:17,627 Each triangle is one surface. 798 00:48:17,696 --> 00:48:20,231 And they line up perfectly. 799 00:48:20,300 --> 00:48:24,470 So you have a triangle here and then a triangle here. 800 00:48:24,539 --> 00:48:29,107 And you keep doing that, until you have an entire surface. 801 00:48:29,174 --> 00:48:30,275 Next the team overlays 802 00:48:30,345 --> 00:48:36,350 high-resolution photos of each room, 803 00:48:36,417 --> 00:48:40,189 enabling detectives to see views from any angle. 804 00:48:41,957 --> 00:48:44,459 With the 3D replica complete, 805 00:48:44,528 --> 00:48:46,260 lead scanner David Hinks attempts to corroborate 806 00:48:46,328 --> 00:48:47,931 the witness's testimony 807 00:48:47,998 --> 00:48:51,068 that he saw the killer leave through the window. 808 00:48:51,135 --> 00:48:52,635 He positions himself 809 00:48:52,703 --> 00:48:54,537 to where the landlord said he was standing 810 00:48:54,604 --> 00:48:57,174 when he discovered the body. 811 00:48:59,077 --> 00:49:01,113 Now we're in the scene. 812 00:49:01,178 --> 00:49:04,950 I'm standing virtually at the back door to the house. 813 00:49:05,020 --> 00:49:07,818 The eyewitness said that he didn't actually enter the house, 814 00:49:07,887 --> 00:49:11,192 but he could see through an interior window 815 00:49:11,258 --> 00:49:16,062 through to the next room. 816 00:49:16,129 --> 00:49:16,898 I heard somebody scuffling. 817 00:49:16,966 --> 00:49:18,164 You know, running, like. 818 00:49:18,232 --> 00:49:19,969 So when I looked across that's when I saw a guy, 819 00:49:20,037 --> 00:49:21,702 looked like he was going out the window out here. 820 00:49:21,771 --> 00:49:26,709 Hinks discovers that from where the landlord 821 00:49:26,777 --> 00:49:33,883 was standing outside, he can't see into the scene of the crime. 822 00:49:33,951 --> 00:49:37,954 You can't see through this door and onto the exterior window, 823 00:49:38,022 --> 00:49:39,524 as the eyewitness indicated. 824 00:49:42,727 --> 00:49:45,999 Let's go down into the kitchen and then look to the left, 825 00:49:46,065 --> 00:49:48,300 through this open area. 826 00:49:48,368 --> 00:49:50,603 Now we can see the exterior window. 827 00:49:50,670 --> 00:49:53,740 So the eyewitness must clearly have been around this location 828 00:49:53,808 --> 00:49:55,942 to be able to see anybody leave from this window. 829 00:49:56,009 --> 00:50:00,214 The landlord's story doesn't add up. 830 00:50:00,283 --> 00:50:03,452 Hinks doesn't have to rely on his own interpretation. 831 00:50:03,519 --> 00:50:06,789 The scanner proves the landlord had to go into the house 832 00:50:06,858 --> 00:50:09,326 to see the killer. 833 00:50:09,391 --> 00:50:12,929 And there is another inconsistency. 834 00:50:12,997 --> 00:50:18,869 An interior door behind the body was open when police arrived. 835 00:50:18,938 --> 00:50:20,304 We can see the body on the floor. 836 00:50:20,371 --> 00:50:21,774 You can see the blood spatter. 837 00:50:21,841 --> 00:50:22,909 You can see the hammer here. 838 00:50:22,976 --> 00:50:25,810 What we can do virtually is close the door. 839 00:50:25,878 --> 00:50:29,049 It's clear from the spatter pattern 840 00:50:29,117 --> 00:50:31,552 that the door had to be closed during the event. 841 00:50:33,689 --> 00:50:35,856 The landlord stated that no one entered the house 842 00:50:35,923 --> 00:50:38,826 immediately after the murder. 843 00:50:38,894 --> 00:50:42,698 But someone opened the door. 844 00:50:42,765 --> 00:50:45,401 The IC-Crime technology allows investigators 845 00:50:45,468 --> 00:50:51,073 to step into the scene and catch the landlord in two lies. 846 00:50:51,141 --> 00:50:53,177 That makes the landlord a prime suspect 847 00:50:53,245 --> 00:50:56,780 in this simulated murder. 848 00:50:56,849 --> 00:50:58,983 With a perfect record of the crime scene, 849 00:50:59,050 --> 00:51:01,752 police can be sure it's the suspect who's put on trial 850 00:51:01,820 --> 00:51:05,357 and not the forensics. 851 00:51:05,425 --> 00:51:07,091 So now our intent is 852 00:51:07,161 --> 00:51:08,694 that we're linking our virtual environment 853 00:51:08,762 --> 00:51:12,265 to various databases. 854 00:51:12,333 --> 00:51:14,102 Project manager Mitzi Montoya 855 00:51:14,169 --> 00:51:16,038 believes the power of the IC-Crime system 856 00:51:16,106 --> 00:51:19,641 is that it replaces intern 857 00:51:19,708 --> 00:51:22,810 with objective facts. 858 00:51:22,879 --> 00:51:24,980 We now have a way to collect all the data 859 00:51:25,048 --> 00:51:26,316 and the information about a scene, 860 00:51:26,384 --> 00:51:29,854 keep that in a single record, in a single environment, 861 00:51:29,921 --> 00:51:31,922 where forensic experts, wherever they might be, 862 00:51:31,988 --> 00:51:34,491 distributed around the country or around the world, 863 00:51:34,560 --> 00:51:36,561 can interact and interpret that information. 864 00:51:36,628 --> 00:51:41,366 In addition to a virtual crime scene, 865 00:51:41,433 --> 00:51:44,336 investigators will one day add the very best 866 00:51:44,404 --> 00:51:47,207 of new forensic technologies being developed, 867 00:51:47,275 --> 00:51:55,607 like 3D fingerprints, virtual autopsies and DNA. 868 00:51:57,054 --> 00:52:00,687 That evidence can be presented by prosecution and defense, 869 00:52:00,755 --> 00:52:06,229 assessed by medical examiners and forensic scientists, 870 00:52:06,297 --> 00:52:08,932 and judged firsthand by a jury. 871 00:52:10,768 --> 00:52:12,737 These technologies will ensure 872 00:52:12,805 --> 00:52:15,572 the most reliable evidence is presented and interpreted 873 00:52:15,640 --> 00:52:19,813 in the service of justice. 874 00:52:19,878 --> 00:52:21,747 Technology moves us forward. 875 00:52:21,816 --> 00:52:23,182 It gives us the ability to do things 876 00:52:23,250 --> 00:52:24,817 that we weren't able to do before. 877 00:52:24,884 --> 00:52:27,453 It gives us the ability to answer questions 878 00:52:27,520 --> 00:52:29,257 that we didn't even think of asking before. 879 00:52:31,492 --> 00:52:34,762 In the future, these technologies may put science 880 00:52:34,829 --> 00:52:37,332 back in forensic science, 881 00:52:37,400 --> 00:52:41,202 and make sure police put away the right criminal every time. 70144

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