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There is a crisis
in forensic science.
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00:00:16,242 --> 00:00:18,266
The most trusted
crime fighting tools
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00:00:18,267 --> 00:00:21,801
responsible for hundreds
of thousands of convictions,
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00:00:21,802 --> 00:00:27,068
may not be as bulletproof
as once thought.
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00:00:27,137 --> 00:00:30,782
There's a laundry list
of forensic techniques
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00:00:30,852 --> 00:00:32,403
that are now scrutinized.
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00:00:32,472 --> 00:00:35,812
Fingerprints may not be
as unique as we thought.
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Nobody's ever questioned
fingerprints before.
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00:00:37,671 --> 00:00:39,425
And decades-old techniques
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00:00:39,493 --> 00:00:43,477
like blood spatter analysis
and bite mark comparisons
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00:00:43,546 --> 00:00:49,927
are being exposed as more art
than science.
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00:00:49,993 --> 00:00:51,411
Killers are walking free,
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00:00:51,481 --> 00:00:54,381
and innocent people
are going to prison.
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00:00:54,451 --> 00:00:55,530
I don't belong here.
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I'm innocent.
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Can new technologies
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help put the science back
in forensic science?
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Now, researchers and crime scene
investigators
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00:01:07,889 --> 00:01:11,027
venture into
the not-so-distant future
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00:01:11,096 --> 00:01:13,846
where avatar detectives
enter murder scenes
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to witness the moment of death.
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We can see the body
on the floor.
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Forensic engineers
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make identifications from
fingerints of glass.
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And coroners conduct
virtual autopsies,
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peeling back layers
of 3D victims,
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exposing once undetectable
evidence of murder.
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Now, NOVA puts forensics
under the microscope
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to see how good science
can go bad
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and how to make getting away
with murder a thing of the past.
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Right now on NOVA--
"Forensics on Trial."
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March 11, 2004.
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7:30 a.m.
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Rush hour.
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Ten bombs rip through Madrid's
crowded commuter trains.
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00:03:03,221 --> 00:03:09,829
191 people are killed,
more than 1,800 wounded.
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It is the worst terror attack
in Spain's history
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and bears the hallmarks
of Al Qaeda.
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The scale of these attacks
has horrified Spain.
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Soft targets chosen,
no warnings given.
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The international manhunt
that follows
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triggers a crisis
in forensic science
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00:03:31,154 --> 00:03:34,355
that will shake it
to its very foundation.
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...knew about the shoddy work
of the FBI special agent.
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Forensic techniques trusted
by police for over 100 years
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are shown to be
dangerously flawed.
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...served 18 years in prison
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for a murder he did not commit.
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Killers are walking free
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while innocent people are sent
to prison, and even death row.
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This was a gross perversion
of justice.
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The investigation to find
the Madrid bomber
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00:04:01,856 --> 00:04:04,459
sends shockwaves through
the forensic community.
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00:04:05,895 --> 00:04:07,761
And it all starts here.
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In a commuter parking lot
ten stations away
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from where the bomb went off,
Spanish police find a van.
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Inside is a blue plastic bag
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containing bomb-making
materials.
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00:04:25,318 --> 00:04:28,153
It could be a huge break.
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00:04:29,457 --> 00:04:32,123
It's possible fingerprints have
been left behind
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on the bag itself.
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The idea that every person's
fingerprint is unique
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has been a foundation
of forensic investigation
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for over 100 years.
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00:04:46,275 --> 00:04:50,313
But this case poses
a potential challenge.
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The lines and ridges that form
the distinctive patterns
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00:04:53,114 --> 00:04:56,920
of fingerprints left on evidence
are created from sweat and oil.
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A print left on plastic, like
the bag recovered in Madrid,
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can be easily wiped off
or distorted.
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00:05:07,500 --> 00:05:12,072
Mark Acree is a former FBI
fingerprint analyst.
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Plastic bags by their very
nature are nonporous.
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The fingerprint is sitting
on the surface,
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and it's very vulnerable
to being smeared or smudged.
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But there are established ways
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to recover prints
from nonporous surfaces.
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Evidence ranging from gun
handles to keys to plastic bags
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are placed in an airtight
chamber.
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00:05:38,570 --> 00:05:41,472
Inside, a chemical called
cyanoacrylate,
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more commonly known
as superglue, is heated up.
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Its vapors coat the sweat
and oil of the print
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with a sticky white residue,
making the print visible.
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But it does have limitations.
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Superglue chemically alters
the lines of sweat and oil
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and can even obscure details
of a print's unique pattern.
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Using this method,
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Spanish investigators recover
a partial print on the bag.
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They rush digital photos to
forensic labs across the globe,
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including the FBI.
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Examiners first need
to determine
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if there are enough lines
and details in the ridges
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for a clear comparison.
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Ridge details are broken down
into distinctive shapes,
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like dots, that look
like islands,
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endings, where ridgelines
terminate,
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and intersecting lines
called bifurcations.
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From the Madrid bomber's print,
the FBI is able to zero in
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on seven unique traits
for comparison.
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Now they look for a match.
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They take the image,
they encode it,
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00:07:01,968 --> 00:07:04,736
and then it's launched
against this database.
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00:07:04,803 --> 00:07:09,942
From over 47 million criminals,
federal employees,
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00:07:10,010 --> 00:07:13,913
military personnel and people of
national security interest,
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the FBI's supercomputer
identifies 20 prints
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that contain some of the same
distinctive traits
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as the Madrid print.
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Examiners require that 12 unique
traits correspond
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to declare a match.
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The FBI identifies
one of the 20 prints
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that actually shares
15 traits in common
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with the one found in Madrid.
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It comes from the left index
finger of this man,
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a 37-year-old former
U.S. Army lieutenant...
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and a convert to Islam,
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Brandon Mayfield.
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As a lawyer now living
in Portland, Oregon,
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Mayfield recently represented
a convicted terrorist.
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The FBI sneaks into his home
while he's at work...
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taps his phones,
collects samples for DNA
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and watches his wife
and children.
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On May 6, 2004, just two months
after the bombing,
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the FBI moves in.
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They pushed their way
into my office.
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They took my hands behind my
back, and they handcuffed me.
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I didn't know what they were
searching and arresting me for.
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They never told me.
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00:08:52,531 --> 00:08:54,631
This fingerprint match
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sparks the arrest
of American Brandon Mayfield
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as the bomber responsible
for the murder
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00:08:59,304 --> 00:09:04,709
of nearly 200 people--
Spain's 9/11.
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00:09:04,778 --> 00:09:08,115
A fingerprint top
counterterrorism officials
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00:09:08,181 --> 00:09:10,249
now tell Newsweek magazine
is a, quote,
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00:09:10,318 --> 00:09:13,220
"Absolutely
incontrovertible match"
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00:09:13,287 --> 00:09:15,457
to Portland attorney
Brandon Mayfield.
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00:09:15,525 --> 00:09:19,060
Mayfield insists
on his innocence.
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He hires his own
fingerprint analyst
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to testify at a pretrial
hearing.
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00:09:23,934 --> 00:09:28,504
The expert's testimony is not
what Mayfield expects.
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00:09:28,573 --> 00:09:30,841
He sd, "It's a match."
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00:09:32,978 --> 00:09:35,646
That's when I knew the train
to a death penalty
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00:09:35,713 --> 00:09:37,715
had just pulled out
of the station.
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00:09:37,783 --> 00:09:42,987
Federal agents take Mayfield
back to jail to await trial.
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Hours later, half a world away,
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00:09:47,461 --> 00:09:50,329
Spanish investigators make
a stunning discovery
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that changes
Brandon Mayfield's life.
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I was told that the Spanish
police had found
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that this fingerprint belonged
to an Algerian;
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that it wasn't me.
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00:10:09,254 --> 00:10:10,387
Spanish police determine
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00:10:10,454 --> 00:10:14,359
that the fingerprint belongs
to this man--
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00:10:14,425 --> 00:10:16,127
Ouhnane Daoud,
a known terrorist.
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00:10:16,195 --> 00:10:18,864
News from Spain.
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00:10:18,931 --> 00:10:20,364
A fingerprint found on a bag
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00:10:20,432 --> 00:10:22,335
linked to the Madrid
train attacks
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belongs to an Algerian national,
not Brandon Mayfield.
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Mayfield is released from jail
after 15 days.
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00:10:29,477 --> 00:10:33,981
Now the question
on everyone's mind is,
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how could this misidentification
happen?
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It's a question that will
eventually make its way
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00:10:40,689 --> 00:10:43,358
to the United States Congress.
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00:10:43,426 --> 00:10:47,730
The similarity between
Mayfield's print
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and the bomber's is undeniable.
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It challenges a century-old
pillar of forensic science--
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that no two prints are
identical.
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We always assumed
that fingerprints
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are very, very unique.
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00:11:01,314 --> 00:11:05,853
But what the Mayfield case
demonstrates
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00:11:05,921 --> 00:11:09,388
is that parts of a fingerprint
can be so similar
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00:11:09,455 --> 00:11:11,693
that it's possible
for two people
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00:11:11,759 --> 00:11:16,431
to be identified
to one latent print.
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00:11:16,499 --> 00:11:18,167
The U.S. Congress
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00:11:18,234 --> 00:11:20,702
calls on the National Academy
of Sciences,
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00:11:20,770 --> 00:11:23,572
the nation's most prestigious
research institution,
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to conduct an investigation
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into all forensic technologies
and techniques.
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00:11:28,913 --> 00:11:32,449
In July 2009, they release
their report.
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In short, they find
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00:11:34,185 --> 00:11:38,824
there's not enough science
in forensic science.
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00:11:38,891 --> 00:11:40,859
The big news was that forensic
science was fractured.
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00:11:40,926 --> 00:11:43,296
Jessica Gabel is
a professor of law
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00:11:43,364 --> 00:11:46,299
and frequently lectures
on the NAS findings.
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It lacks the rigors,
the standards,
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00:11:48,736 --> 00:11:50,739
the quality controls
and procedures
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that we find usually in science.
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And in that light,
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forensic science actually
can sometimes contribute
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to wrongful convictions.
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The Madrid bomber case
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is a perfect storm
of forensic flaws.
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Only a partial print is
recovered on a plastic surface,
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and that is eventually
distorted.
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00:12:11,896 --> 00:12:15,333
There is also a surprising
similarity
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00:12:15,402 --> 00:12:18,938
between parts of Mayfield's
print and the real bomber's.
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00:12:19,005 --> 00:12:21,508
Together these could have led
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00:12:21,575 --> 00:12:25,045
to the conviction
of an innocent man.
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00:12:28,617 --> 00:12:33,854
Can modern science prevent this
from happening again?
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00:12:33,921 --> 00:12:36,893
The answer is deceptively
simple--
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examiners need a way
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00:12:38,912 --> 00:12:42,082
to expose more of fingerprints'
unique details.
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00:12:42,150 --> 00:12:45,252
I was talking
to Dr. Shaler...
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00:12:45,321 --> 00:12:47,721
Akhlesh Lakhtakia and his team
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00:12:47,787 --> 00:12:51,074
at Penn State University's
Materials Research Institute
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00:12:51,143 --> 00:12:57,080
are eyeing a new technology that
promises to do just that.
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00:12:57,149 --> 00:13:02,823
His project got wings
from a fly.
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00:13:05,492 --> 00:13:08,863
A fly's ability to elude capture
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00:13:08,931 --> 00:13:12,667
fascinated Lakhtakia
since he was a boy.
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00:13:12,734 --> 00:13:13,968
Before you can approach the fly,
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00:13:14,034 --> 00:13:15,472
the fly has seen you somehow
or the other,
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00:13:15,539 --> 00:13:17,607
and has flown off.
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00:13:17,674 --> 00:13:22,178
Lakhtakia wonders if the
structure of the fly's eye
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00:13:22,245 --> 00:13:24,148
gives it a unique ability
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00:13:24,213 --> 00:13:27,783
to see predators approaching
from all angles.
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00:13:27,852 --> 00:13:32,425
To find out, he turns to an
ultrathin material called CTF--
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00:13:32,492 --> 00:13:34,460
Columnar Thin Film--
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00:13:34,528 --> 00:13:36,662
to make an impression
of the minutest contours
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00:13:36,728 --> 00:13:39,164
of the fly's cornea.
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00:13:42,303 --> 00:13:44,304
Each square inch of the film
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00:13:44,371 --> 00:13:46,908
contains billions
of glass bristles.
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00:13:46,974 --> 00:13:52,881
It forms a layer 200 times
thinner than a sheet of paper.
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00:13:52,947 --> 00:13:54,783
When it coats the fly's eye,
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00:13:54,852 --> 00:13:59,020
the bristles conform
to every peak and valley.
221
00:14:01,360 --> 00:14:04,796
The result is that microscopic
nooks and crannies
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00:14:04,862 --> 00:14:10,267
show up in stunning
three-dimensional detail.
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00:14:10,336 --> 00:14:14,239
The technology isn't helping
Lakhtakia catch flies.
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00:14:14,307 --> 00:14:17,175
But it does give him an idea
for how to catch criminals.
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00:14:17,245 --> 00:14:20,647
Could this technology be used
226
00:14:20,714 --> 00:14:25,853
to get the same incredible
detail from a fingerprint?
227
00:14:25,921 --> 00:14:28,990
This film would reproduce
the topographic features,
228
00:14:29,057 --> 00:14:30,925
the geography, if you will,
229
00:14:30,993 --> 00:14:32,260
of the ridges
in the fingerprint.
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00:14:34,797 --> 00:14:37,299
If CTF can capture
a fingerprint,
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00:14:37,367 --> 00:14:39,401
it could revolutionize
forensics.
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00:14:40,738 --> 00:14:42,106
But will it work?
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00:14:43,541 --> 00:14:46,408
The team places a fingerprint
on a glass slide.
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00:14:46,478 --> 00:14:50,315
The slide is loaded
into a chamber
235
00:14:50,382 --> 00:14:52,484
called a thermal evaporator.
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00:14:53,690 --> 00:14:59,765
OpenSubtitles.org AP stops working soon,
but not for VIP members -> osdb.link/vip
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00:15:01,196 --> 00:15:02,795
Inside the evaporator,
238
00:15:02,864 --> 00:15:06,099
the fingerprint is sprayed with
a microscopically thin layer
239
00:15:06,167 --> 00:15:09,438
of vaporized glass.
240
00:15:09,505 --> 00:15:11,172
Unlike superglue,
241
00:15:11,241 --> 00:15:13,308
the glass does not chemically
alter the oils
242
00:15:13,376 --> 00:15:15,177
that form the print.
243
00:15:17,380 --> 00:15:20,684
After about 30 minutes,
the glass bristles harden
244
00:15:20,751 --> 00:15:24,689
into an ultrathin film that
preserves minute details.
245
00:15:30,998 --> 00:15:34,601
Even with the naked eye,
the CTF print reveals ridges
246
00:15:34,669 --> 00:15:37,703
that would be missing
in a superglue print.
247
00:15:37,771 --> 00:15:40,338
With the new technique, the
ridges are far more prominent.
248
00:15:40,407 --> 00:15:41,842
You can see creases.
249
00:15:41,909 --> 00:15:43,011
Like, this is a crease.
250
00:15:43,079 --> 00:15:43,844
This is a crease.
251
00:15:43,913 --> 00:15:44,746
This is another crease.
252
00:15:46,015 --> 00:15:47,081
Under a microscope,
253
00:15:47,148 --> 00:15:50,651
there are exponentially
more ridgelines.
254
00:15:50,720 --> 00:15:52,922
With this technique,
255
00:15:52,988 --> 00:15:55,324
examiners
in the Madrid bombing case
256
00:15:55,392 --> 00:15:58,328
could have had more points
for comparison
257
00:15:58,397 --> 00:16:02,497
and a better chance to match the
fingerprint to the real bomber.
258
00:16:05,369 --> 00:16:06,837
The CTF fingerprint technique
259
00:16:06,903 --> 00:16:10,276
is currently being reviewed
for use in the field.
260
00:16:15,849 --> 00:16:18,085
But fingerprint analysis
is not alone
261
00:16:18,153 --> 00:16:19,818
on the list of forensic
disciplines
262
00:16:19,887 --> 00:16:22,423
currently under the microscope.
263
00:16:22,492 --> 00:16:26,093
There's a laundry list
of forensic techniques
264
00:16:26,161 --> 00:16:28,596
that are now scrutinized based
on the NAS report--
265
00:16:28,664 --> 00:16:32,267
bite mark evidence,
footwear impressions.
266
00:16:32,336 --> 00:16:35,037
There's no real science
behind it
267
00:16:35,105 --> 00:16:38,742
as much as it's just trying
to match patterns.
268
00:16:38,809 --> 00:16:41,880
And if that matching process
goes bad,
269
00:16:41,944 --> 00:16:46,116
people's lives are changed
forever.
270
00:16:53,726 --> 00:16:55,463
May 23, 1991.
271
00:16:55,529 --> 00:16:58,031
2:10 a.m.
272
00:16:58,098 --> 00:17:02,202
In a rural community
outside Syracuse, New York,
273
00:17:02,270 --> 00:17:07,075
police and firefighters rush
to a blaze at a farmhouse.
274
00:17:07,142 --> 00:17:11,313
Flames shooting up
the front of the house.
275
00:17:11,381 --> 00:17:14,149
Beautiful big
two-story farmhouse.
276
00:17:14,218 --> 00:17:18,254
The occupant of the home,
277
00:17:18,323 --> 00:17:22,726
49-year-old Sabina Kulakowski,
is missing.
278
00:17:24,664 --> 00:17:26,063
I took on deputy,
279
00:17:26,131 --> 00:17:32,170
and we went up this laneway,
worked our way up to about here.
280
00:17:32,239 --> 00:17:35,943
She was nude.
281
00:17:36,010 --> 00:17:37,677
Just about totally covered
with blood.
282
00:17:37,745 --> 00:17:39,645
She had been stabbed
numerous times.
283
00:17:39,715 --> 00:17:46,019
A distinctive bruise
catches his eye.
284
00:17:46,087 --> 00:17:48,724
We noticed a bite mark
on the side of the body.
285
00:17:48,792 --> 00:17:50,425
But it gets worse.
286
00:17:50,493 --> 00:17:51,895
At the autopsy,
287
00:17:51,963 --> 00:17:56,633
Ecker sees bite marks on her
breast, belly and back.
288
00:17:56,700 --> 00:17:59,236
We discovered that
there was at least
289
00:17:59,302 --> 00:18:02,104
four more sets of bite marks.
290
00:18:05,378 --> 00:18:07,347
These marks could be the key
291
00:18:07,413 --> 00:18:10,349
to identifying Sabina's killer.
292
00:18:17,190 --> 00:18:19,894
Dr. Lowell Levine is a leading
expert on forensic dentistry.
293
00:18:19,960 --> 00:18:25,167
The teeth cause a pattern
injury in skin.
294
00:18:25,235 --> 00:18:29,639
The person will actually close
their teeth down on some tissue.
295
00:18:29,704 --> 00:18:33,075
So a bite mark is really
a bruise.
296
00:18:33,141 --> 00:18:36,546
And it's basically a bruise
with patterning.
297
00:18:38,951 --> 00:18:41,553
Bite mark forensics is based
on the idea
298
00:18:41,619 --> 00:18:45,590
that everyone's teeth create
distinctive patterns.
299
00:18:48,128 --> 00:18:52,331
To find a match, forensic
dentists, or odontologists,
300
00:18:52,399 --> 00:18:55,602
make a wax impression
of a suspect's teeth.
301
00:18:55,670 --> 00:18:57,205
Then they try to match
the pattern
302
00:18:57,272 --> 00:19:00,139
made by the size, shape
and spacing of the teeth
303
00:19:00,209 --> 00:19:02,577
on the wax impression
304
00:19:02,644 --> 00:19:06,446
to a photo of the bruise
on the skin of the victim.
305
00:19:06,515 --> 00:19:08,884
What we're basically doing
306
00:19:08,952 --> 00:19:11,320
is looking for similar
characteristics
307
00:19:11,388 --> 00:19:12,721
in similar locations.
308
00:19:12,789 --> 00:19:16,092
In the murder
of Sabina Kulakowski,
309
00:19:16,160 --> 00:19:19,763
it doesn't take long to find a
suspect to compare for a match.
310
00:19:21,834 --> 00:19:25,070
Investigators learn that six
days before the murder,
311
00:19:25,137 --> 00:19:28,841
a hard-drinking 31-year-old
is released from prison.
312
00:19:28,909 --> 00:19:31,143
His name is Roy Brown.
313
00:19:33,613 --> 00:19:36,649
After a Cayuga County, New York,
social service agency
314
00:19:36,718 --> 00:19:41,790
takes away his daughter,
he threatens a massacre.
315
00:19:41,856 --> 00:19:44,025
What was said was,
"What do you want?
316
00:19:44,094 --> 00:19:45,894
"Do you want me
to come down there
317
00:19:45,961 --> 00:19:48,196
and open up on
you all with an Uzi?"
318
00:19:49,499 --> 00:19:51,267
Sabina Kulakowski worked
319
00:19:51,333 --> 00:19:54,605
at the Cayuga County
Social Service Agency.
320
00:19:54,673 --> 00:20:01,581
Police interviews with Brown's
ex-wives reveal a bombshell--
321
00:20:01,647 --> 00:20:04,982
when he gets mad, he bites.
322
00:20:07,387 --> 00:20:10,122
Brown denies involvement
in the killing.
323
00:20:10,189 --> 00:20:12,492
I gave them all kinds
of samples and tests
324
00:20:12,560 --> 00:20:13,861
to show it's not me.
325
00:20:13,928 --> 00:20:16,563
I gave them all kinds of hair
samples, saliva samples,
326
00:20:16,631 --> 00:20:18,366
blood samples, you name it.
327
00:20:21,170 --> 00:20:22,403
He allows authorities
328
00:20:22,470 --> 00:20:24,841
to take a wax impression
of his teeth.
329
00:20:24,907 --> 00:20:27,311
It reveals
a distinctive pattern.
330
00:20:29,111 --> 00:20:32,348
Brown is missing two teeth.
331
00:20:32,416 --> 00:20:37,420
This leaves wide gaps
in the wax impression.
332
00:20:37,488 --> 00:20:41,127
The bruise on the victim
should have the same gaps
333
00:20:41,193 --> 00:20:44,795
that correspond to Brown's
missing teeth.
334
00:20:44,864 --> 00:20:48,901
But it only has a gap
on the right side.
335
00:20:48,969 --> 00:20:53,137
It appears Brown's teeth
don't match the evidence.
336
00:20:53,206 --> 00:20:54,810
The forensic odontologist
337
00:20:54,876 --> 00:20:57,678
examines the bite pattern
evidence.
338
00:20:57,747 --> 00:21:01,949
He thinks it shows that Brown
bit down and, like a pit bull,
339
00:21:02,018 --> 00:21:04,620
twisted his mouth
into the victim's skin,
340
00:21:04,688 --> 00:21:07,889
obscuring any gap
on the left side.
341
00:21:07,957 --> 00:21:10,327
Based on his interpretation
of the bite marks,
342
00:21:10,394 --> 00:21:12,295
he declares a match.
343
00:21:14,099 --> 00:21:18,369
Police charge Brown
with first-degree murder.
344
00:21:18,437 --> 00:21:20,038
I said, "You're making a real
serious mistake.
345
00:21:20,106 --> 00:21:21,607
It ain't my teeth, man."
346
00:21:21,674 --> 00:21:23,808
And they said, "Well, we got
confidence in our dentist."
347
00:21:23,876 --> 00:21:26,779
And that was it.
348
00:21:28,448 --> 00:21:30,350
A jury finds Roy Brown guilty.
349
00:21:30,419 --> 00:21:36,924
He's sentenced to 25 years
to life.
350
00:21:43,733 --> 00:21:47,870
Brown spends the next 15 years
in jail
351
00:21:47,936 --> 00:21:49,573
trying to prove his innocence.
352
00:21:49,640 --> 00:21:51,940
I don't belong here, you know?
353
00:21:52,009 --> 00:21:53,243
I'm innocent.
354
00:21:53,311 --> 00:21:57,516
I turned my cell into an office,
became my own attorney.
355
00:22:00,219 --> 00:22:03,287
Brown pores over
every scrap of evidence.
356
00:22:04,925 --> 00:22:08,326
11 years into his sentence,
he finds a clue.
357
00:22:10,899 --> 00:22:13,132
It's a statement taken from one
of the firefighters
358
00:22:13,200 --> 00:22:14,601
on the night of the murder.
359
00:22:17,506 --> 00:22:20,444
The firefighter's name
is Barry Bench.
360
00:22:20,510 --> 00:22:22,411
He's the former brother-in-law
of the victim.
361
00:22:22,479 --> 00:22:25,013
They were fighting
over her possession
362
00:22:25,080 --> 00:22:27,316
of his family's farmhouse.
363
00:22:27,385 --> 00:22:30,817
Transcripts reveal that police
questioned Bench
364
00:22:30,887 --> 00:22:33,018
is whereabouts the night
of the murder.
365
00:22:33,087 --> 00:22:39,059
Brown finds something suspicious
in Bench's statement.
366
00:22:39,127 --> 00:22:41,363
He says, "I left in my 1983
Datsun Century car
367
00:22:41,428 --> 00:22:43,799
"and went to Jake's Tavern.
368
00:22:43,866 --> 00:22:45,902
I stayed there
until 12:30 or 1:00."
369
00:22:45,968 --> 00:22:51,708
Bench states he then drove home.
370
00:22:51,775 --> 00:22:54,377
But to Brown,
something doesn't add up.
371
00:22:54,445 --> 00:22:56,279
He has to drive right
by his family farm--
372
00:22:56,347 --> 00:22:58,482
the house that's in flames.
373
00:23:00,188 --> 00:23:02,620
You're going to tell me in
the middle of the dark night,
374
00:23:02,687 --> 00:23:05,190
a gigantic ball of fire that big
is just burning away,
375
00:23:05,257 --> 00:23:07,260
and he doesn't notice it or stop
or anything?
376
00:23:07,328 --> 00:23:08,862
And he's a fireman.
377
00:23:08,930 --> 00:23:13,969
Brown sends Bench a letter
on December 24, 2003.
378
00:23:14,037 --> 00:23:16,269
He accuses Bench of murder.
379
00:23:16,337 --> 00:23:18,371
"Well, Christmas is tomorrow.
380
00:23:18,438 --> 00:23:20,607
"My gift to you is,
mark my words--
381
00:23:20,675 --> 00:23:22,644
"they will eventually find out
about your guilt.
382
00:23:22,711 --> 00:23:25,747
Have a Merry Christmas but don't
count on a Happy New Year."
383
00:23:25,815 --> 00:23:28,383
And I sent it out to him.
384
00:23:28,451 --> 00:23:30,654
And I got a hell of a response.
385
00:23:30,722 --> 00:23:32,922
Five days later,
386
00:23:32,991 --> 00:23:37,193
Barry Bench lays down in front
of an Amtrak train.
387
00:23:43,135 --> 00:23:45,004
Police become suspicious
388
00:23:45,072 --> 00:23:46,941
and decide to compare
Bench's DNA
389
00:23:47,008 --> 00:23:49,875
to saliva recovered
on the victim's t-shirt
390
00:23:49,944 --> 00:23:52,578
found at the crime scene.
391
00:23:52,645 --> 00:23:56,951
They match
with almost 100% certainty.
392
00:23:59,488 --> 00:24:03,759
Still, the judge believes
that the bite mark evidence
393
00:24:03,827 --> 00:24:07,162
is strong enough
to keep Brown in prison.
394
00:24:07,232 --> 00:24:10,368
There is only one way for Brown
to prove his innocence--
395
00:24:10,435 --> 00:24:13,970
exhume Bench's body
396
00:24:14,038 --> 00:24:18,509
and compare his teeth to
the marks left on the victim.
397
00:24:18,577 --> 00:24:24,315
The case is assigned
to Dr. Lowell Levine
398
00:24:24,385 --> 00:24:27,186
at the New York State Forensic
Science Unit in Albany.
399
00:24:27,254 --> 00:24:29,823
He faces two key questions:
400
00:24:29,891 --> 00:24:31,826
Did Roy Brown do it?
401
00:24:31,893 --> 00:24:35,330
And if not, who did?
402
00:24:35,396 --> 00:24:38,932
First, Levine reviews
the forensic evidence
403
00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:41,671
that convicted Roy Brown.
404
00:24:41,738 --> 00:24:45,473
He compares the bite marks
on Sabina Kulakowski
405
00:24:45,541 --> 00:24:50,579
to the wax impression
of Brown's teeth.
406
00:24:50,649 --> 00:24:51,982
I can positively tell you
407
00:24:52,049 --> 00:24:54,217
Roy Brown didn't cause
the bite mark on the skin.
408
00:24:54,285 --> 00:24:57,656
There is no way
409
00:24:57,725 --> 00:25:01,358
that Roy Brown could have caused
this area in here.
410
00:25:01,427 --> 00:25:05,664
While the right side of the bite
mark has a space,
411
00:25:05,732 --> 00:25:09,804
the left side does not.
412
00:25:09,870 --> 00:25:13,007
The bite mark evidence used
to convict Roy Brown
413
00:25:13,074 --> 00:25:16,577
was based on an implausible
interpretation.
414
00:25:16,646 --> 00:25:20,416
It is impossible to get
a marking
415
00:25:20,482 --> 00:25:21,750
if you don't have a tooth.
416
00:25:21,818 --> 00:25:26,623
Forensic bite mark evidence
417
00:25:26,692 --> 00:25:28,626
is more art than it is science.
418
00:25:28,692 --> 00:25:31,527
There is a lot of varied
interpretation
419
00:25:31,596 --> 00:25:33,031
that goes into that.
420
00:25:33,098 --> 00:25:37,302
One thing is clear--
421
00:25:37,371 --> 00:25:43,678
Roy Brown did not murder
Sabina Kulakowski.
422
00:25:47,348 --> 00:25:49,616
After 15 years in prison,
423
00:25:49,684 --> 00:25:54,654
47-year-old Roy Brown
is finally released.
424
00:25:54,722 --> 00:26:01,296
He sues the state of New York
and wins $2.6 million.
425
00:26:01,364 --> 00:26:05,100
What about Barry Bench?
426
00:26:09,941 --> 00:26:14,378
Levine examines the teeth from
Barry Bench's disinterred jaw.
427
00:26:14,447 --> 00:26:16,514
But there's a problem.
428
00:26:16,583 --> 00:26:18,683
Trauma from the train injury
429
00:26:18,751 --> 00:26:21,188
and body decomposition
from being buried
430
00:26:21,256 --> 00:26:25,992
limits Levine's ability to make
a bitemark analysis.
431
00:26:26,060 --> 00:26:29,397
By looking at what we were able
to find on Mr. Bench,
432
00:26:29,466 --> 00:26:32,099
I can only tell you it's
possible he could have caused
433
00:26:32,166 --> 00:26:35,202
the bite marks
on Ms. Kulakowski.
434
00:26:38,339 --> 00:26:41,477
Barry Bench's badly
deteriorated remains
435
00:26:41,543 --> 00:26:45,080
prevent Levine from making
a more definitive match.
436
00:26:45,149 --> 00:26:50,554
The Sabina Kulakowski murder
case is still open to this day.
437
00:26:52,290 --> 00:26:55,092
So what if there were a way
to perfectly preserve evidence,
438
00:26:55,161 --> 00:27:01,634
including bodies, and be able
to access and examine them
439
00:27:01,701 --> 00:27:05,939
in a pristine state, no matter
how much time passes?
440
00:27:09,212 --> 00:27:12,346
In Sweden that's already
happening.
441
00:27:12,415 --> 00:27:19,489
The corpse inside this body bag
may be the victim of a crime.
442
00:27:19,557 --> 00:27:22,390
It's what police suspect,
but have no way to prove.
443
00:27:22,458 --> 00:27:26,063
That's the job of Dr. Anders
Persson and his team.
444
00:27:26,130 --> 00:27:29,968
They are about to perform
an autopsy.
445
00:27:32,539 --> 00:27:34,939
But this is no ordinary
cut-open-the-cadaver job.
446
00:27:37,077 --> 00:27:41,881
In Sweden's Center for Medical
Image Science and Visualization,
447
00:27:41,949 --> 00:27:49,090
this man is about to be sliced
up in a virtual autopsy.
448
00:27:49,157 --> 00:27:51,791
It begins inside
this CT scanner.
449
00:27:51,860 --> 00:27:54,896
It's like an X-ray on steroids.
450
00:27:57,567 --> 00:28:00,504
Regular X-rays scan
just the outline of bones.
451
00:28:00,571 --> 00:28:06,644
But CT scans use
a rotating X-ray.
452
00:28:06,711 --> 00:28:08,144
It takes 12 images per second,
453
00:28:08,212 --> 00:28:14,552
creating cross-sectional slices
of bone, thinner than a dime.
454
00:28:19,426 --> 00:28:22,995
These image slices are stacked
side by side,
455
00:28:23,064 --> 00:28:26,301
forming a stunning picture
of a body's skeleton.
456
00:28:26,367 --> 00:28:31,506
Dr. Persson's team also scans
the body through an MRI
457
00:28:31,574 --> 00:28:35,510
to search for evidence of damage
to organs.
458
00:28:37,280 --> 00:28:41,084
MRIs create a map of the body's
tissue slice by slice,
459
00:28:41,154 --> 00:28:45,389
using powerful magnets
and pulsing radio waves.
460
00:28:49,430 --> 00:28:51,863
The victim is never removed
from the body bag.
461
00:28:53,867 --> 00:28:56,870
With the click of a mouse, the
covering can be made invisible
462
00:28:56,937 --> 00:28:59,840
to get a virtual peek inside.
463
00:29:10,951 --> 00:29:12,253
What we're seeing here
464
00:29:12,321 --> 00:29:14,055
is the cadaver inside
of the body bag.
465
00:29:14,124 --> 00:29:16,324
And right here is the zipper
of the body bag,
466
00:29:16,392 --> 00:29:17,727
which is obviously metal.
467
00:29:17,793 --> 00:29:19,896
We have made everything else...
468
00:29:19,964 --> 00:29:21,765
the plastic of the bag
is now transparent.
469
00:29:21,832 --> 00:29:27,504
The team merges the CT
and MRI data
470
00:29:27,572 --> 00:29:30,942
to produce a 3D model
of the suspected murder victim.
471
00:29:33,445 --> 00:29:36,047
Now, the virtual autopsy begins.
472
00:29:41,421 --> 00:29:45,159
I can use a virtual knife
and go into the body.
473
00:29:45,228 --> 00:29:48,330
We get rid of the soft tissue,
474
00:29:48,396 --> 00:29:50,863
and then I look for small
fractures in the skeletons,
475
00:29:50,932 --> 00:29:53,035
and for small bleedings.
476
00:29:53,102 --> 00:29:56,272
Some of these fractures
and other evidence
477
00:29:56,339 --> 00:29:59,110
are invisible to the naked eye.
478
00:29:59,176 --> 00:30:02,145
The most critical are gases.
479
00:30:02,213 --> 00:30:03,913
Gas is a huge problem when
you do a normal autopsy.
480
00:30:03,982 --> 00:30:05,281
We can't see it.
481
00:30:05,348 --> 00:30:09,154
Gases escape the body
as it's cut open
482
00:30:09,220 --> 00:30:10,855
in a standard autopsy.
483
00:30:10,923 --> 00:30:13,425
But in the virtual corpse,
484
00:30:13,493 --> 00:30:15,662
Dr. Persson can punch
through the skin
485
00:30:15,731 --> 00:30:17,264
without releasing gases.
486
00:30:17,330 --> 00:30:21,634
If he finds
trapped gases inside,
487
00:30:21,703 --> 00:30:27,174
it could be a telltale sign
of strangulation.
488
00:30:27,242 --> 00:30:29,212
When you try to strangle
someone,
489
00:30:29,279 --> 00:30:31,413
you squeeze your hands.
490
00:30:31,479 --> 00:30:33,816
The pressure in the lungs
goes up,
491
00:30:33,883 --> 00:30:35,118
the pressure in the trachea
goes up,
492
00:30:35,185 --> 00:30:38,154
and the air goes out
in the soft tissue.
493
00:30:40,925 --> 00:30:43,661
Normally, air flows directly up
and down the throat,
494
00:30:43,729 --> 00:30:44,994
or trachea.
495
00:30:45,062 --> 00:30:47,598
But when a victim is strangled,
the air is cut off
496
00:30:47,666 --> 00:30:50,968
and the pressure forces air
outside the walls of the throat.
497
00:30:51,037 --> 00:30:55,842
In the virtual autopsy,
gases show up as blue.
498
00:30:55,910 --> 00:31:02,983
Dr. Persson uses his digital
scalpel to get a closer look.
499
00:31:03,051 --> 00:31:05,184
In the soft tissue
outside the trachea,
500
00:31:05,253 --> 00:31:06,987
he sees something suspicious.
501
00:31:11,060 --> 00:31:12,927
He calls
Detective Conny Petterson,
502
00:31:12,997 --> 00:31:16,133
one of Sweden's federal crime
scene investigators.
503
00:31:16,200 --> 00:31:19,070
There shouldn't be blue color
outside the trachea.
504
00:31:19,138 --> 00:31:20,271
That's not normal.
505
00:31:20,338 --> 00:31:22,939
And it seems that it could be
a strangulation.
506
00:31:23,006 --> 00:31:25,108
The virtual autopsy
507
00:31:25,177 --> 00:31:28,379
may have uncovered clues
to a murder.
508
00:31:34,855 --> 00:31:37,324
This technology is proving
so effective,
509
00:31:37,390 --> 00:31:38,858
Dr. Persson and his team
510
00:31:38,926 --> 00:31:41,396
at Sweden's nearby
Interactive Institute
511
00:31:41,464 --> 00:31:44,965
are designing a portable
application.
512
00:31:45,033 --> 00:31:48,170
Called the Virtual
Autopsy Table,
513
00:31:48,236 --> 00:31:52,275
it's putting digital slice
and dice at their fingertips.
514
00:31:54,342 --> 00:31:58,716
When it comes to medical
visualization,
515
00:31:58,783 --> 00:32:00,852
the user interaction design
is really important.
516
00:32:00,919 --> 00:32:04,156
What you want is an easy-to-use
and simple system.
517
00:32:04,223 --> 00:32:08,892
It's like a giant iPad.
518
00:32:08,961 --> 00:32:14,400
Designer Thomas Rydell uses
simple hand gestures
519
00:32:14,467 --> 00:32:19,040
to peel back skin,
arteries or bone.
520
00:32:19,109 --> 00:32:23,177
It fulfills the very meaning
of the Greek word autopsia--
521
00:32:23,245 --> 00:32:27,081
"to see for oneself."
522
00:32:28,617 --> 00:32:30,319
Right now we're looking
at a woman
523
00:32:30,386 --> 00:32:33,355
who had a ruptured aneurism
in the brain.
524
00:32:33,423 --> 00:32:38,428
And then by rotating, we can
look inside the brain.
525
00:32:38,495 --> 00:32:40,630
So by just using
simple gestures,
526
00:32:40,698 --> 00:32:44,135
you can control really advanced
and huge medical data.
527
00:32:46,806 --> 00:32:49,807
And the team has created
a dynamic way
528
00:32:49,876 --> 00:32:51,544
to share investigations
visually...
529
00:32:54,114 --> 00:32:59,187
virtual autopsies in 3D.
530
00:32:59,254 --> 00:33:02,024
I can see a future when it will
be a very powerful tool
531
00:33:02,091 --> 00:33:04,791
to show the findings
in front of a jury
532
00:33:04,860 --> 00:33:07,129
or also during
the investigation.
533
00:33:07,196 --> 00:33:10,764
No matter how long ago
the crime,
534
00:33:10,834 --> 00:33:17,573
investigators will see the dead
as clearly as the day they died.
535
00:33:22,514 --> 00:33:24,115
But incredible as this
technology is,
536
00:33:24,182 --> 00:33:27,084
many of the most trusted
forensic disciplines
537
00:33:27,153 --> 00:33:30,522
come down to interpretation.
538
00:33:30,590 --> 00:33:34,995
And with interpretation
comes error.
539
00:33:35,064 --> 00:33:37,631
Human error touches every aspect
of forensic science,
540
00:33:37,698 --> 00:33:39,899
because every aspect
of forensic science
541
00:33:39,969 --> 00:33:41,335
requires a human interpretation.
542
00:33:41,403 --> 00:33:44,371
Dr. Robert Shaler
543
00:33:44,439 --> 00:33:46,976
founded the forensics program
at Penn State.
544
00:33:47,044 --> 00:33:50,478
He led the DNA identification
of the victims of 9/11
545
00:33:50,546 --> 00:33:52,849
at the World Trade Center.
546
00:33:52,918 --> 00:33:55,551
He is also one of the authors
547
00:33:55,619 --> 00:33:58,489
of the National Academy
of Sciences' report.
548
00:33:58,556 --> 00:34:00,224
I have to begin to question
my own training,
549
00:34:00,292 --> 00:34:02,193
things that I've believed
my entire career.
550
00:34:02,261 --> 00:34:04,961
I agree with the National
Academy report.
551
00:34:05,030 --> 00:34:08,836
We need to look
at the scientific basis
552
00:34:08,903 --> 00:34:11,436
of these determinations.
553
00:34:11,504 --> 00:34:13,839
One area he is working
to improve
554
00:34:13,907 --> 00:34:16,477
is blood pattern analysis--
555
00:34:16,544 --> 00:34:18,244
an important and frequently
used tool
556
00:34:18,313 --> 00:34:19,813
for crime scene investigators.
557
00:34:19,881 --> 00:34:23,685
Shaler created
this "blood cottage."
558
00:34:23,751 --> 00:34:28,023
Here he simulates crimes,
559
00:34:28,091 --> 00:34:31,394
then applies rigorous analysis
to the bloody mess.
560
00:34:31,462 --> 00:34:33,898
He hits me, picks up
a baseball bat.
561
00:34:33,965 --> 00:34:37,433
But this is difficult evidence
to interpret.
562
00:34:37,502 --> 00:34:39,204
He hits me a second time.
563
00:34:39,271 --> 00:34:41,907
There's blood spatter
on the wall.
564
00:34:41,974 --> 00:34:43,109
Shaler and his colleagues
565
00:34:43,174 --> 00:34:46,778
invent violent scenarios
of bashes and slashes.
566
00:34:46,845 --> 00:34:49,916
Using sheep's blood,
Shaler and his partner in crime,
567
00:34:49,982 --> 00:34:53,586
Ralph Ristenbatt, carefully
recreate a blood pattern
568
00:34:53,652 --> 00:34:56,790
from a knife wound to the neck
569
00:34:56,858 --> 00:35:01,263
and an impact blow
from a baseball bat
570
00:35:01,328 --> 00:35:03,798
using a stand-in
for a human skull--
571
00:35:03,867 --> 00:35:08,003
the severed head of a pig.
572
00:35:08,071 --> 00:35:11,840
It's the best thing short
of actually hitting somebody.
573
00:35:19,351 --> 00:35:21,085
Blood splatter
574
00:35:21,152 --> 00:35:24,089
seems helter-skelter
to the untrained eye,
575
00:35:24,157 --> 00:35:28,296
but blood forms patterns
in several ways--
576
00:35:28,364 --> 00:35:34,301
drips from wounds, pools from
blood draining from the body,
577
00:35:34,369 --> 00:35:37,838
spatter, the result
of impact blows,
578
00:35:37,906 --> 00:35:42,509
and spurts
from severed arteries.
579
00:35:42,579 --> 00:35:45,615
Examiners can use this evidence
580
00:35:45,681 --> 00:35:48,119
to recreate a crime
step by step.
581
00:35:52,023 --> 00:35:55,692
And it can even tell them the
type of murder weapon used.
582
00:35:55,760 --> 00:35:58,662
Because knives have
very thin edges
583
00:35:58,731 --> 00:36:00,765
they have a tendency to produce
these kinds of patterns.
584
00:36:00,833 --> 00:36:03,402
So what we see here
585
00:36:03,470 --> 00:36:07,573
is an elongated droplet
with a very thin point.
586
00:36:07,639 --> 00:36:09,909
And we know that it's going
from left to right
587
00:36:09,978 --> 00:36:12,477
because it's pointing in the
direction that it's moving.
588
00:36:16,252 --> 00:36:19,018
So what we'd like
to do now is to...
589
00:36:19,087 --> 00:36:22,793
Now Shaler brings in future
crime scene investigators
590
00:36:22,860 --> 00:36:25,761
to interpret the bloody mess.
591
00:36:25,828 --> 00:36:28,165
That interpretation can mean
the difference
592
00:36:28,233 --> 00:36:31,134
between a suspect's innocence
or guilt.
593
00:36:31,202 --> 00:36:32,668
We can see
594
00:36:32,737 --> 00:36:34,470
that there are bubbles
in the blood,
595
00:36:34,538 --> 00:36:36,874
which indicates that there's
saliva in with it,
596
00:36:36,941 --> 00:36:40,145
which makes it seem that it came
from the person's mouth.
597
00:36:41,615 --> 00:36:45,452
And analyzing the angle
of the blood marks
598
00:36:45,519 --> 00:36:49,422
can help investigators pinpoint
the location of each impact.
599
00:36:52,293 --> 00:36:55,361
So we can infer
that this came first,
600
00:36:55,430 --> 00:36:58,233
and then as the body fell
to its final resting place,
601
00:36:58,302 --> 00:37:02,372
there was a second blow,
and then the pool of blood.
602
00:37:02,439 --> 00:37:08,244
Investigators reverse-engineer
from the pool of blood
603
00:37:08,313 --> 00:37:09,980
to reconstruct the story
of the crime--
604
00:37:10,047 --> 00:37:13,118
exactly where the struggle
took place,
605
00:37:13,184 --> 00:37:15,386
how many times
the victim was hit,
606
00:37:15,452 --> 00:37:16,753
what kind of weapon was used,
607
00:37:16,822 --> 00:37:20,090
and the step-by-step movements
of the killer.
608
00:37:22,128 --> 00:37:25,965
But even the best-trained
analyst can misread that story,
609
00:37:26,035 --> 00:37:29,601
especially if the evidence
itself is compromised.
610
00:37:29,670 --> 00:37:32,873
It's an alarmingly
common problem
611
00:37:32,942 --> 00:37:35,643
which the NAS says is caused
612
00:37:35,711 --> 00:37:38,480
by a lack of standard
forensic practices.
613
00:37:38,548 --> 00:37:41,850
Nowhere has this issue
received more attention
614
00:37:41,918 --> 00:37:46,522
than in one notorious case cited
in their report.
615
00:37:49,126 --> 00:37:52,496
On June 13, 1994,
616
00:37:52,564 --> 00:37:53,800
about 12:10 a.m.,
617
00:37:53,865 --> 00:37:56,534
in an upscale Los Angeles
neighborhood,
618
00:37:56,602 --> 00:37:59,070
these bloody paw prints of a dog
619
00:37:59,139 --> 00:38:01,607
lead police to the site
of a horrific crime scene.
620
00:38:01,675 --> 00:38:06,113
Detectives discover the body
of a woman in a black dress.
621
00:38:06,179 --> 00:38:10,517
Her throat is slit so deeply,
her head is nearly decapitated.
622
00:38:10,585 --> 00:38:13,820
It is Nicole Brown Simpson,
623
00:38:13,887 --> 00:38:17,557
the estranged wife
of football legend O.J. Simpson.
624
00:38:17,626 --> 00:38:22,297
Her friend Ronald Goldman
lies nearby,
625
00:38:22,366 --> 00:38:24,432
stabbed more than 20 times.
626
00:38:26,771 --> 00:38:29,439
Making sense of this crime scene
is a challenge.
627
00:38:29,505 --> 00:38:32,441
And this investigation
is compromised
628
00:38:32,510 --> 00:38:33,943
before it even starts.
629
00:38:34,012 --> 00:38:41,187
Dozens of police and reporters
roam through the crime scene,
630
00:38:41,255 --> 00:38:44,523
smearing the blood and tracking
it with their feet.
631
00:38:44,592 --> 00:38:48,495
The forensic team finds
several shoe prints,
632
00:38:48,563 --> 00:38:51,033
but there's no way to tell
which prints belong to police
633
00:38:51,099 --> 00:38:53,434
and which belong to the killer.
634
00:38:56,506 --> 00:38:59,007
Renowned forensic investigator
Dr. Henry Lee
635
00:38:59,075 --> 00:39:02,410
is one of the expert witnesses
during the trial.
636
00:39:02,479 --> 00:39:05,382
He believes any blood pattern
evidence
637
00:39:05,450 --> 00:39:08,818
found at this murder scene
is rendered useless.
638
00:39:08,887 --> 00:39:12,488
Once you step on the bloodstain,
you change the pattern now.
639
00:39:12,557 --> 00:39:15,860
The contamination of the crime
scene and evidence
640
00:39:15,927 --> 00:39:17,596
only gets worse.
641
00:39:17,663 --> 00:39:20,199
Just before 5:00 a.m.,
642
00:39:20,268 --> 00:39:22,668
detectives race
to O.J. Simpson's home,
643
00:39:22,737 --> 00:39:26,003
two miles away.
644
00:39:26,073 --> 00:39:28,944
Simpson is not there.
645
00:39:29,011 --> 00:39:31,113
A houseguest lets police in.
646
00:39:31,180 --> 00:39:35,750
In O.J.'s bedroom they find
crucial evidence--
647
00:39:35,818 --> 00:39:39,887
this pair of dark socks.
648
00:39:39,955 --> 00:39:43,694
Forensic examiners at the LAPD
649
00:39:43,762 --> 00:39:47,430
find four bloodstains
on the socks.
650
00:39:47,497 --> 00:39:50,734
Two located near the calf area.
651
00:39:50,802 --> 00:39:56,274
One is the ankle area, and the
other one near the toe area.
652
00:39:56,341 --> 00:40:01,214
Through DNA, a person's
genetic fingerprint,
653
00:40:01,282 --> 00:40:03,616
the lab finds that three
of the bloodstains
654
00:40:03,683 --> 00:40:05,817
belong to O.J. Simpson
655
00:40:05,885 --> 00:40:09,289
and the fourth belongs
to Nicole Simpson.
656
00:40:09,356 --> 00:40:11,593
That's very crucial
for the case.
657
00:40:11,660 --> 00:40:12,927
Why?
658
00:40:12,995 --> 00:40:15,363
Because that's a direct linkage.
659
00:40:15,431 --> 00:40:20,336
Puts O.J. Simpson, suspect's,
socks at the scene,
660
00:40:20,402 --> 00:40:25,510
and victim's blood somehow
transferred to the socks.
661
00:40:28,245 --> 00:40:30,011
DNA, when properly analyzed,
662
00:40:30,081 --> 00:40:33,116
is the most scientifically sound
forensic evidence.
663
00:40:36,188 --> 00:40:37,756
Matching a suspect's DNA
664
00:40:37,825 --> 00:40:40,324
to evidence like blood
found at a crime scene
665
00:40:40,393 --> 00:40:43,495
gives police near
statistical certainty
666
00:40:43,562 --> 00:40:47,168
that they have the right person.
667
00:40:47,234 --> 00:40:49,003
DNA is based on hard science.
668
00:40:49,071 --> 00:40:50,938
There is chemistry,
there is biology,
669
00:40:51,006 --> 00:40:52,474
there is math involved with it.
670
00:40:52,541 --> 00:40:56,311
The NAS report singled out DNA
671
00:40:56,378 --> 00:41:00,616
as this pillar of what the other
parts of forensic science
672
00:41:00,685 --> 00:41:03,152
should inspire
and ascribe to be.
673
00:41:03,220 --> 00:41:07,191
Nicole Brown Simpson's DNA
674
00:41:07,258 --> 00:41:09,927
found on the socks
in O.J.'s bedroom
675
00:41:09,995 --> 00:41:12,963
is crucial evidence used
to link him to the crime.
676
00:41:13,031 --> 00:41:18,940
Police arrest him for the double
murders of Nicole Brown Simpson
677
00:41:19,004 --> 00:41:21,841
and Ronald Goldman.
678
00:41:24,446 --> 00:41:28,317
Simpson' s trial lasts
more than nine months--
679
00:41:28,381 --> 00:41:30,382
the longest in California
history.
680
00:41:33,088 --> 00:41:39,228
Jurors make their decision
in just four hours.
681
00:41:39,296 --> 00:41:41,098
We the jury in the above
entitled action
682
00:41:41,166 --> 00:41:42,464
find the defendant,
Orenthal James Simpson,
683
00:41:42,534 --> 00:41:44,701
not guilty of the crime
of murder
684
00:41:44,768 --> 00:41:47,538
in violation
of Penal Code Section 187A...
685
00:41:47,608 --> 00:41:52,410
It is a stunning and, some say,
shocking verdict.
686
00:41:52,478 --> 00:41:57,717
DNA on the sock irrefutably
links Simpson to the victim.
687
00:41:57,784 --> 00:42:00,453
Even Dr. Henry Lee,
688
00:42:00,521 --> 00:42:06,526
Simpson's defense team's chief
forensic scientist, admits that.
689
00:42:06,594 --> 00:42:11,234
So how did the jury
find him not guilty?
690
00:42:11,302 --> 00:42:15,204
The O.J. case really revealed
the problems that can happen
691
00:42:15,273 --> 00:42:17,306
before the evidence
ever gets to the lab.
692
00:42:20,477 --> 00:42:21,744
The O.J. defense team
693
00:42:21,812 --> 00:42:25,081
casts doubt on nearly
every piece of evidence,
694
00:42:25,149 --> 00:42:29,587
illustrating how police
contaminated the crime scene,
695
00:42:29,655 --> 00:42:32,389
and suggesting even worse--
696
00:42:32,457 --> 00:42:36,562
actually planting evidence
to frame Simpson.
697
00:42:36,628 --> 00:42:40,666
Dr. Lee points out clothing
698
00:42:40,733 --> 00:42:43,803
the LAPD presented
from Simpson's bedroom.
699
00:42:43,872 --> 00:42:46,905
Well, let's bring
two pictures up.
700
00:42:46,974 --> 00:42:48,843
You see a suspender.
701
00:42:48,912 --> 00:42:54,183
And the suspender actually runs
over the end of the bed
702
00:42:54,251 --> 00:42:55,951
near the box spring.
703
00:42:56,018 --> 00:42:59,654
But you have a second picture.
704
00:42:59,722 --> 00:43:03,727
The suspender actually stopped
next to the bed,
705
00:43:03,794 --> 00:43:06,363
did not go over.
706
00:43:06,432 --> 00:43:08,466
So of course,
707
00:43:08,534 --> 00:43:12,536
this obviously tells us
somebody moved the suspender.
708
00:43:12,605 --> 00:43:15,274
The moving suspender
709
00:43:15,342 --> 00:43:18,243
is one of many contamination
problems.
710
00:43:18,311 --> 00:43:22,148
More critical are
the bloody socks
711
00:43:22,217 --> 00:43:25,486
that directly link Simpson and
the murder victim through DNA.
712
00:43:25,552 --> 00:43:31,294
This LAPD photo shows
the socks on the floor.
713
00:43:31,361 --> 00:43:34,663
But testimony
from a police videographer
714
00:43:34,733 --> 00:43:39,200
claims earlier in the day
there were no socks.
715
00:43:39,269 --> 00:43:41,071
How can the socks
be there at 4:35
716
00:43:41,139 --> 00:43:43,240
when you just saw they're
not there at 4:13?
717
00:43:43,307 --> 00:43:46,110
O.J.'s defense team suggested
718
00:43:46,178 --> 00:43:49,547
the LAPD put the blood on
the socks and planted them.
719
00:43:49,613 --> 00:43:52,217
Who's fooling whom here?
720
00:43:52,284 --> 00:43:56,821
The legitimacy of other evidence
is also questioned.
721
00:43:56,890 --> 00:43:59,760
This bloody envelope was moved.
722
00:43:59,827 --> 00:44:03,162
A crucial fingerprint
on this gate was lost.
723
00:44:03,230 --> 00:44:06,199
Shoeprint evidence was not
collected properly.
724
00:44:06,267 --> 00:44:09,536
Time after time
725
00:44:09,606 --> 00:44:17,447
the defense put the evidence,
not O.J. Simpson, on trial.
726
00:44:17,515 --> 00:44:19,482
I think it's absolutely
a question
727
00:44:19,550 --> 00:44:21,417
of how the evidence was handled.
728
00:44:21,485 --> 00:44:23,889
The prosecution simply couldn't
prove beyond a reasonable doubt
729
00:44:23,956 --> 00:44:26,321
that O.J. Simpson committed
that crime.
730
00:44:26,389 --> 00:44:30,230
It's a classic case study in
what can go wrong with evidence.
731
00:44:30,296 --> 00:44:35,034
Beyond the question of O.J.
Simpson's innocence or guilt,
732
00:44:35,102 --> 00:44:39,871
the NAS report suggests
justice cannot be served
733
00:44:39,941 --> 00:44:42,375
if the crime scene
is compromised.
734
00:44:46,346 --> 00:44:47,917
But what if police had a tool
735
00:44:47,983 --> 00:44:51,353
that could create a digital
clone of the crime scene,
736
00:44:51,420 --> 00:44:53,656
a perfect record
to eliminate any doubt
737
00:44:53,723 --> 00:44:57,660
about evidence being moved
or contaminated?
738
00:45:01,898 --> 00:45:03,933
Well, here they do.
739
00:45:08,608 --> 00:45:09,976
When we come into the house,
740
00:45:10,042 --> 00:45:12,911
we find a victim who is laying
down on the kitchen floor.
741
00:45:12,980 --> 00:45:17,150
There's a large amount of blood
around the head area.
742
00:45:17,217 --> 00:45:19,985
From the amount of trauma
that we see on the body
743
00:45:20,054 --> 00:45:21,455
and the amount of blood evidence
that we see on the walls,
744
00:45:21,523 --> 00:45:23,088
we have evidence of a struggle.
745
00:45:23,157 --> 00:45:28,195
Detective Jeff Locklear
starts piecing clues together.
746
00:45:28,263 --> 00:45:30,097
The landlord
of this abandoned house,
747
00:45:30,166 --> 00:45:32,533
who discovered the body,
heard rumors of a squatter
748
00:45:32,600 --> 00:45:33,803
and came to check it out.
749
00:45:33,872 --> 00:45:36,139
Through the window
of the back door
750
00:45:36,206 --> 00:45:38,343
he says he may have seen
the killer.
751
00:45:38,408 --> 00:45:42,379
When I heard the scuffling
and saw the guy run out...
752
00:45:42,448 --> 00:45:44,481
Our witness says that
he came in through this door,
753
00:45:44,550 --> 00:45:46,818
and then he saw the suspect flee
through that window.
754
00:45:46,885 --> 00:45:48,852
And then he looks down
and he sees a body
755
00:45:48,920 --> 00:45:51,824
right here on the inside of the
kitchen, just inside this wall.
756
00:45:51,892 --> 00:45:54,360
Sorting this one out
will be messy.
757
00:45:54,427 --> 00:45:58,799
But, thankfully,
none of this is real.
758
00:45:58,865 --> 00:46:01,102
It's a simulated crime scene,
759
00:46:01,170 --> 00:46:03,870
designed to test a secret
high-tech weapon
760
00:46:03,937 --> 00:46:05,375
called IC-Crime.
761
00:46:10,581 --> 00:46:12,882
It is being developed by faculty
762
00:46:12,950 --> 00:46:16,351
from North Carolina State
University.
763
00:46:16,419 --> 00:46:21,359
David Hinks and his team
use a 3D laser
764
00:46:21,428 --> 00:46:25,029
to create a 360-degree view
of the crime scene.
765
00:46:28,701 --> 00:46:31,103
Then, using the virtual replica,
766
00:46:31,171 --> 00:46:35,308
they'll attempt to reconstruct
the crime.
767
00:46:35,375 --> 00:46:38,144
A 3D scan will actually take
an image
768
00:46:38,213 --> 00:46:41,048
of every piece of visible
evidence in a room.
769
00:46:41,116 --> 00:46:43,451
It means that you have
a permanent record.
770
00:46:43,519 --> 00:46:47,423
You can go back to the scene
again and again and again.
771
00:46:51,794 --> 00:46:53,729
The scan team starts
772
00:46:53,797 --> 00:46:58,234
by recording millions of tiny
points of the crime scene
773
00:46:58,302 --> 00:46:59,669
with an invisible
infrared laser.
774
00:47:01,741 --> 00:47:05,709
They record the victim's
exact position,
775
00:47:05,777 --> 00:47:09,848
the severe trauma to his head,
blood spatter on the walls,
776
00:47:09,916 --> 00:47:11,917
and what appears to be
the murder weapon.
777
00:47:11,984 --> 00:47:15,089
So when we get it back into
the lab and we've aligned it,
778
00:47:15,154 --> 00:47:17,226
you'll be able to see
various viewpoints
779
00:47:17,292 --> 00:47:19,492
coming in from different angles
in the house.
780
00:47:19,560 --> 00:47:24,966
It's a forensic dream come true.
781
00:47:25,034 --> 00:47:28,402
To be able to go back at any
time of our choosing
782
00:47:28,471 --> 00:47:31,240
and be able to view it, be able
to interact with the evidence,
783
00:47:31,309 --> 00:47:33,410
it's awe-inspiring,
if you ask me.
784
00:47:34,978 --> 00:47:36,812
With the murder scene digitized,
785
00:47:36,880 --> 00:47:40,217
the data is now ready
to go virtual.
786
00:47:40,287 --> 00:47:43,052
And for that,
the laser scanners partner
787
00:47:43,121 --> 00:47:48,460
with some unlikely colleague
in crime-- video gamers.
788
00:47:48,527 --> 00:47:53,933
Inside North Carolina State's
Digital Game Research Center,
789
00:47:54,002 --> 00:47:56,269
director Michael Young
and his team
790
00:47:56,338 --> 00:47:58,505
are using similar technologies
791
00:47:58,571 --> 00:48:01,210
as in games
like Grand Theft Auto.
792
00:48:02,645 --> 00:48:04,247
Game engines provide
a fantastic opportunity
793
00:48:04,314 --> 00:48:06,580
for serious applications
of the technology
794
00:48:06,650 --> 00:48:08,016
like crime scene investigation.
795
00:48:09,920 --> 00:48:12,921
The crime scene is built
on data triangles
796
00:48:12,989 --> 00:48:15,626
from the laser scan.
797
00:48:15,692 --> 00:48:17,627
Each triangle is one surface.
798
00:48:17,696 --> 00:48:20,231
And they line up perfectly.
799
00:48:20,300 --> 00:48:24,470
So you have a triangle here
and then a triangle here.
800
00:48:24,539 --> 00:48:29,107
And you keep doing that, until
you have an entire surface.
801
00:48:29,174 --> 00:48:30,275
Next the team overlays
802
00:48:30,345 --> 00:48:36,350
high-resolution photos
of each room,
803
00:48:36,417 --> 00:48:40,189
enabling detectives to see
views from any angle.
804
00:48:41,957 --> 00:48:44,459
With the 3D replica complete,
805
00:48:44,528 --> 00:48:46,260
lead scanner David Hinks
attempts to corroborate
806
00:48:46,328 --> 00:48:47,931
the witness's testimony
807
00:48:47,998 --> 00:48:51,068
that he saw the killer leave
through the window.
808
00:48:51,135 --> 00:48:52,635
He positions himself
809
00:48:52,703 --> 00:48:54,537
to where the landlord said
he was standing
810
00:48:54,604 --> 00:48:57,174
when he discovered the body.
811
00:48:59,077 --> 00:49:01,113
Now we're in the scene.
812
00:49:01,178 --> 00:49:04,950
I'm standing virtually
at the back door to the house.
813
00:49:05,020 --> 00:49:07,818
The eyewitness said that he
didn't actually enter the house,
814
00:49:07,887 --> 00:49:11,192
but he could see
through an interior window
815
00:49:11,258 --> 00:49:16,062
through to the next room.
816
00:49:16,129 --> 00:49:16,898
I heard somebody scuffling.
817
00:49:16,966 --> 00:49:18,164
You know, running, like.
818
00:49:18,232 --> 00:49:19,969
So when I looked across
that's when I saw a guy,
819
00:49:20,037 --> 00:49:21,702
looked like he was going out
the window out here.
820
00:49:21,771 --> 00:49:26,709
Hinks discovers that
from where the landlord
821
00:49:26,777 --> 00:49:33,883
was standing outside, he can't
see into the scene of the crime.
822
00:49:33,951 --> 00:49:37,954
You can't see through this door
and onto the exterior window,
823
00:49:38,022 --> 00:49:39,524
as the eyewitness indicated.
824
00:49:42,727 --> 00:49:45,999
Let's go down into the kitchen
and then look to the left,
825
00:49:46,065 --> 00:49:48,300
through this open area.
826
00:49:48,368 --> 00:49:50,603
Now we can see
the exterior window.
827
00:49:50,670 --> 00:49:53,740
So the eyewitness must clearly
have been around this location
828
00:49:53,808 --> 00:49:55,942
to be able to see anybody
leave from this window.
829
00:49:56,009 --> 00:50:00,214
The landlord's story
doesn't add up.
830
00:50:00,283 --> 00:50:03,452
Hinks doesn't have to rely
on his own interpretation.
831
00:50:03,519 --> 00:50:06,789
The scanner proves the landlord
had to go into the house
832
00:50:06,858 --> 00:50:09,326
to see the killer.
833
00:50:09,391 --> 00:50:12,929
And there is another
inconsistency.
834
00:50:12,997 --> 00:50:18,869
An interior door behind the body
was open when police arrived.
835
00:50:18,938 --> 00:50:20,304
We can see the body
on the floor.
836
00:50:20,371 --> 00:50:21,774
You can see the blood spatter.
837
00:50:21,841 --> 00:50:22,909
You can see the hammer here.
838
00:50:22,976 --> 00:50:25,810
What we can do virtually
is close the door.
839
00:50:25,878 --> 00:50:29,049
It's clear
from the spatter pattern
840
00:50:29,117 --> 00:50:31,552
that the door had to be closed
during the event.
841
00:50:33,689 --> 00:50:35,856
The landlord stated that
no one entered the house
842
00:50:35,923 --> 00:50:38,826
immediately after the murder.
843
00:50:38,894 --> 00:50:42,698
But someone opened the door.
844
00:50:42,765 --> 00:50:45,401
The IC-Crime technology
allows investigators
845
00:50:45,468 --> 00:50:51,073
to step into the scene and catch
the landlord in two lies.
846
00:50:51,141 --> 00:50:53,177
That makes the landlord
a prime suspect
847
00:50:53,245 --> 00:50:56,780
in this simulated murder.
848
00:50:56,849 --> 00:50:58,983
With a perfect record
of the crime scene,
849
00:50:59,050 --> 00:51:01,752
police can be sure it's the
suspect who's put on trial
850
00:51:01,820 --> 00:51:05,357
and not the forensics.
851
00:51:05,425 --> 00:51:07,091
So now our intent is
852
00:51:07,161 --> 00:51:08,694
that we're linking
our virtual environment
853
00:51:08,762 --> 00:51:12,265
to various databases.
854
00:51:12,333 --> 00:51:14,102
Project manager Mitzi Montoya
855
00:51:14,169 --> 00:51:16,038
believes the power
of the IC-Crime system
856
00:51:16,106 --> 00:51:19,641
is that it replaces intern
857
00:51:19,708 --> 00:51:22,810
with objective facts.
858
00:51:22,879 --> 00:51:24,980
We now have a way to collect
all the data
859
00:51:25,048 --> 00:51:26,316
and the information
about a scene,
860
00:51:26,384 --> 00:51:29,854
keep that in a single record,
in a single environment,
861
00:51:29,921 --> 00:51:31,922
where forensic experts,
wherever they might be,
862
00:51:31,988 --> 00:51:34,491
distributed around the country
or around the world,
863
00:51:34,560 --> 00:51:36,561
can interact and interpret
that information.
864
00:51:36,628 --> 00:51:41,366
In addition
to a virtual crime scene,
865
00:51:41,433 --> 00:51:44,336
investigators will one day
add the very best
866
00:51:44,404 --> 00:51:47,207
of new forensic technologies
being developed,
867
00:51:47,275 --> 00:51:55,607
like 3D fingerprints,
virtual autopsies and DNA.
868
00:51:57,054 --> 00:52:00,687
That evidence can be presented
by prosecution and defense,
869
00:52:00,755 --> 00:52:06,229
assessed by medical examiners
and forensic scientists,
870
00:52:06,297 --> 00:52:08,932
and judged firsthand by a jury.
871
00:52:10,768 --> 00:52:12,737
These technologies will ensure
872
00:52:12,805 --> 00:52:15,572
the most reliable evidence
is presented and interpreted
873
00:52:15,640 --> 00:52:19,813
in the service of justice.
874
00:52:19,878 --> 00:52:21,747
Technology moves us forward.
875
00:52:21,816 --> 00:52:23,182
It gives us the ability
to do things
876
00:52:23,250 --> 00:52:24,817
that we weren't able
to do before.
877
00:52:24,884 --> 00:52:27,453
It gives us the ability
to answer questions
878
00:52:27,520 --> 00:52:29,257
that we didn't even think
of asking before.
879
00:52:31,492 --> 00:52:34,762
In the future, these
technologies may put science
880
00:52:34,829 --> 00:52:37,332
back in forensic science,
881
00:52:37,400 --> 00:52:41,202
and make sure police put away
the right criminal every time.
70144
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