Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:49,760 --> 00:00:54,259
Digital techniques in England, France, Germany, Netherlands and the US.
2
00:00:54,650 --> 00:01:01,057
He was director of the commercial Television satellite engineering Division of Consumer Communications in Cleveland, Ohio,
3
00:01:01,058 --> 00:01:03,757
is presently working as a consultant with Hewlett Packard.
4
00:01:04,430 --> 00:01:10,557
He's developed experimental techniques and apparatus, which makes the recent fireball investigation possible.
5
00:01:10,629 --> 00:01:11,829
Sounds intriguing.
6
00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:13,771
Dr. "James Corum"
7
00:01:13,772 --> 00:01:18,386
has a BSEE from the University of Lowell, 1965
8
00:01:18,387 --> 00:01:21,543
MSEE in Ohio State, 1967,
9
00:01:21,544 --> 00:01:26,240
a Ph.D. In electrical engineering from Ohio State in 1974.
10
00:01:26,630 --> 00:01:34,371
He's been active in academia for 18 years, serving as an associate professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at West Virginia University
11
00:01:34,372 --> 00:01:41,600
and also as a professor in the Department of Electronic Engineering Technology at the Ohio Institute of Technology.
12
00:01:41,750 --> 00:01:51,829
While a faculty member at West Virginia, he's received 9 universally outstanding faculty recognition awards, prizes and citations.
13
00:01:52,310 --> 00:01:59,599
He's presently a senior research scientist with the Electromagnetics Department, Batelle in Columbus, Ohio.
14
00:02:00,070 --> 00:02:07,114
Dr "Corum" was also a senior member of the IEEE, and also holds memberships in American Geophysical Union,
15
00:02:07,115 --> 00:02:14,800
American Physical Society, Research Society of North America and the Society of Motion Picture and Television engineer.
16
00:02:14,900 --> 00:02:20,060
he currently holds 5 papers and has an excess of 30 technical publications.
17
00:02:20,370 --> 00:02:23,119
So please welcome our two speakers, a welcome present.
18
00:02:23,420 --> 00:02:27,560
And then after 45 minutes, we'll take a short break and we'll get right back into it.
19
00:02:27,890 --> 00:02:30,457
So please welcome "Kenneth" and
20
00:02:30,458 --> 00:02:31,914
Dr "James Corum".
21
00:02:39,570 --> 00:02:41,929
They have to pass this back and forth for the taping.
22
00:02:41,971 --> 00:02:42,870
Ok.
23
00:02:42,870 --> 00:02:44,100
We'll be working over here.
24
00:03:03,710 --> 00:03:04,710
Let's see.
25
00:03:06,450 --> 00:03:08,629
You probably can only hear me if I hold this thing up.
26
00:03:09,150 --> 00:03:10,150
All right.
27
00:03:10,170 --> 00:03:14,789
If it ain't o'clock in the morning, my voice wander off.
28
00:03:14,790 --> 00:03:18,720
And if for some reason or other, I get too quiet, you can't hear me anymore.
29
00:03:19,080 --> 00:03:23,669
Wave at me or something and I'll try to speak up again.
30
00:03:25,470 --> 00:03:31,530
Normally, I try to be a little more diplomatic in our introduction, and thank everybody for inviting us here.
31
00:03:31,530 --> 00:03:36,360
And it's nice to see so many people back again over and over again over the years.
32
00:03:36,360 --> 00:03:39,569
And I'll try to just cut that short and get really into some technical things.
33
00:03:39,570 --> 00:03:44,971
I take it that most of you're here because this morning, because you want to hear something technical.
34
00:03:45,570 --> 00:03:48,514
The two papers that we submitted, the first one is on.
35
00:03:49,710 --> 00:03:51,569
I think we're able to do it without any equations.
36
00:03:51,570 --> 00:03:58,499
We draw lots of of pictures, though, and it's on, let me say, "Tesla" Coil engineering.
37
00:03:59,700 --> 00:04:05,457
The second paper is on the ball lightning experiments that...
38
00:04:05,657 --> 00:04:14,086
I'm going to say we performed, but... That were completely outlined in the diary and in the various publications of "Tesla" Head.
39
00:04:14,220 --> 00:04:16,229
And when you look at it in retrospect, you'll say,
40
00:04:16,230 --> 00:04:21,600
My... You know what a bunch of boobies we all were for, not just doing what he told us to do.
41
00:04:21,720 --> 00:04:25,886
You know, it's been standing there in print for 85, 90 years or so,
42
00:04:25,887 --> 00:04:29,371
not just in the diary, but in Collier's magazine and other places.
43
00:04:29,460 --> 00:04:31,829
And it wasn't that he was trying to hide something.
44
00:04:31,830 --> 00:04:37,200
He just we make the comment in the paper that was submitted that...
45
00:04:37,201 --> 00:04:44,639
It's like... Poe's story on "The purloined letter", just so that right out in the open, you know, and that is where nobody would look.
46
00:04:44,640 --> 00:04:47,909
Everybody would look for something hidden or mysterious underneath it all.
47
00:04:47,910 --> 00:04:52,800
Also, there's some fascinating developments that have occurred fairly recently...
48
00:04:52,801 --> 00:05:01,300
With the Soviets and published in their open literature and a number of books that have just come out.
49
00:05:01,560 --> 00:05:03,449
We'd like to tell you a little bit about that.
50
00:05:03,450 --> 00:05:05,309
Okay, let's see.
51
00:05:05,310 --> 00:05:07,086
The first one then is on...
52
00:05:08,130 --> 00:05:10,771
I think the official title of the paper
53
00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:14,000
is something like 100 years of cavity resonator development
54
00:05:14,000 --> 00:05:17,142
and cavity resonators microwave ovens.
55
00:05:17,143 --> 00:05:21,950
and microwave electronics as we know it today really develops.
56
00:05:21,960 --> 00:05:27,300
You can trace it right back to the work that "Tesla" did in the early 1890s.
57
00:05:27,480 --> 00:05:34,757
It's amazing that... I taught microwave engineering both undergraduate and graduate courses for good many years
58
00:05:34,758 --> 00:05:40,349
goes through all the boundary value problems and all the solutions for cavity resonators and waveguides and all that.
59
00:05:40,350 --> 00:05:42,300
But what's amazing is that...
60
00:05:42,301 --> 00:05:49,049
Hey, in all that, you never tell the story of where those equations came from and who those people were.
61
00:05:49,050 --> 00:05:52,271
And the remarkable thing is...
62
00:05:52,471 --> 00:05:57,500
The fingerprints of Tesla's work right on through up to the development of...
63
00:05:57,501 --> 00:06:04,114
Distributed circuits and cavity resonatorsand microwave ovens and particle accelerators that we have today.
64
00:06:04,357 --> 00:06:05,950
Okay.
Now, let's see.
65
00:06:06,670 --> 00:06:12,050
Doesn't make any sense to talk about all this without somehow rather showing some of these pictures.
66
00:06:14,457 --> 00:06:16,019
That's kind of low. Yeah.
67
00:06:16,020 --> 00:06:19,229
somebody want to catch the lights there?
At least the ones here in the front.
68
00:06:20,410 --> 00:06:21,410
okay.
69
00:06:21,910 --> 00:06:25,214
Can we get the one that's right
over the middle there? Okay.
70
00:06:25,457 --> 00:06:29,200
This is, of course, the famous picture and you've all seen it, what have you.
71
00:06:30,700 --> 00:06:33,999
But there's something thrilling about this site.
72
00:06:34,300 --> 00:06:39,900
And it certainly is a shrine for electrical engineering and electrical science.
73
00:06:42,340 --> 00:06:45,010
And, you know, physical things come and go.
74
00:06:45,011 --> 00:06:52,299
They pass away.
But ideas and concepts that are real.
75
00:06:52,810 --> 00:06:53,810
All right.
76
00:06:53,860 --> 00:06:59,319
A lot of people have wrong ideas, but I mean, people are on the right path, have ideas, and those things are eternal.
77
00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:02,079
They don't change, and "Tesla" made comments about that several times.
78
00:07:02,080 --> 00:07:10,230
and we should mention a little bit about some of the people that were here.
79
00:07:10,460 --> 00:07:13,509
"Fritz Lowenstein" That was Tesla's technician.
80
00:07:13,510 --> 00:07:18,129
Here was the first vice president of the IRE.
81
00:07:18,130 --> 00:07:23,186
When it was first formed, and "Lowenstein" was also the inventor of the class amplifier,
82
00:07:23,187 --> 00:07:27,957
which is something they don't normally don't tell you junior level, you're learning your transistor circuits are back.
83
00:07:27,958 --> 00:07:32,042
When I was an undergraduate, that was a mixture of transistor and vacuum tube circuits and
84
00:07:32,043 --> 00:07:36,429
they never told us that, it was "Lowestein" who got the original patents
85
00:07:36,430 --> 00:07:41,457
and working for "John Hays Hammond"
in Gloucester Hammond labs.
86
00:07:43,480 --> 00:07:46,757
He was also the inventor of the shaped capacitor
87
00:07:46,758 --> 00:07:50,614
so that you could tune and get something that would be a linear in frequency.
88
00:07:51,850 --> 00:07:56,600
"Tesla" by the way, I don't know why it's not commonly advertised, but...
89
00:07:56,601 --> 00:08:02,900
in 1891, "Alexander Graham Bell" was president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers,
90
00:08:02,901 --> 00:08:06,929
and during that year, "Tesla" was elected as vice president of the IEEE
91
00:08:06,930 --> 00:08:15,186
and served two year term along with "A. E. Kennelly", was famous with "Heaviside" as the discoverer of the "Kennelly-Heaviside" layer.
92
00:08:16,510 --> 00:08:22,149
And as I say, "Tesla" was the vice president of the of what's now the I believe, for two years.
93
00:08:22,750 --> 00:08:28,500
And a lot of people in the I believe in the history committees don't seem to realize that the amazing thing.
94
00:08:28,501 --> 00:08:32,457
They forget the past even though they're supposed to be authorities on it...
95
00:08:32,458 --> 00:08:37,657
picture of course with a lot of these were taken by moonlight by "Dickenson V. Alley",
96
00:08:37,658 --> 00:08:39,714
who's the photographer...
97
00:08:39,715 --> 00:08:48,457
Now a lot of you've come to this symposium and I think was in the 84 symposium where somebody did a marvelous piece of work and located the original site at the corner of Foote (avenue) and Kiowa Streets.
98
00:08:48,790 --> 00:08:52,600
And all of you should make a trek over there
99
00:08:52,601 --> 00:08:56,971
and stand on the side and look and see the mountains in the distance.
100
00:08:57,400 --> 00:09:02,486
And if you take the diary, you can look in the other direction, see the printer's home and so forth.
101
00:09:03,100 --> 00:09:05,071
But also in the background...
102
00:09:05,072 --> 00:09:10,857
You can see where there was a lake and if you got a rental car or a map,
103
00:09:10,858 --> 00:09:16,313
of Colorado Springs, you can see
104
00:09:16,314 --> 00:09:19,900
Prospect Lake, which shows up in some of these pictures In the background
105
00:09:19,901 --> 00:09:22,714
and you see where the based on the lake.
106
00:09:23,920 --> 00:09:25,690
Well, we did we did our off start.
107
00:09:25,750 --> 00:09:29,743
Some of you will recognize some of these from previous years but that's okay
108
00:09:29,744 --> 00:09:35,371
And I have to start at the beginning and come forward to the circuitry that we'll be dealing with
109
00:09:35,372 --> 00:09:36,849
RLC circuits.
110
00:09:36,850 --> 00:09:40,299
The second order we want to at the time start with "Lord Kelvin".
111
00:09:40,810 --> 00:09:44,470
He's the first guy to introduce the discharge of a "Leyden" jar into an inductor.
112
00:09:44,650 --> 00:09:46,643
It's a lump circuit.
113
00:09:46,750 --> 00:09:48,480
e^−αt
114
00:09:48,610 --> 00:09:52,129
it's a viscous damping for mechanical engineers.
115
00:09:52,270 --> 00:09:58,643
Actually, I think a little quote on it from our comment to "John Stone Stone" a points out that
116
00:09:58,644 --> 00:10:05,859
the analysis by "Lord Kelvin" was not accurate for spark discharged capacitors.
117
00:10:05,860 --> 00:10:11,169
And this is where we sophomore in electrical engineers starts you need to the underdamped and overdamped critically damped case
118
00:10:11,680 --> 00:10:16,129
but I mentioned that because when "Hertz" was doing his experiments,
119
00:10:16,130 --> 00:10:20,000
what he did was he took the capacitor plates and just opened them up
120
00:10:20,001 --> 00:10:22,657
and use the inductance of the structure.
121
00:10:22,810 --> 00:10:26,700
And he used... Can we focus on just a little bit?
122
00:10:26,701 --> 00:10:30,629
He used an induction coil here in this marvelous book that was put out by...
123
00:10:30,630 --> 00:10:33,514
the history committee for the MTT the Microwave
124
00:10:33,515 --> 00:10:36,629
Theory Techniques group of the IEEE a couple of years ago
125
00:10:36,630 --> 00:10:41,169
where someone went back and really did quality analysis of this.
126
00:10:41,170 --> 00:10:45,340
It's kind of like a photographic review... Anyway.
127
00:10:45,850 --> 00:10:50,756
Typically he had around 15 KV at low frequencies, let me say one kilohertz buzzer
128
00:10:50,757 --> 00:10:53,386
that would charge up the capacitor plates
129
00:10:53,387 --> 00:10:59,014
and reach a point where we would get an arc here and discharge, of course, when it does we have an RF short circuit
130
00:10:59,015 --> 00:11:03,600
this with... the charge on the... structure
131
00:11:03,601 --> 00:11:07,371
would discharge oscillate back and forth and ring down
132
00:11:07,372 --> 00:11:12,343
and it radiated of course, at a frequency that's proportional to the characteristic length of the structure.
133
00:11:12,510 --> 00:11:16,257
The problem here is this, and this is the reason why I repeat this
134
00:11:16,258 --> 00:11:19,969
How much power could you radiate with a structure like this? You know...
135
00:11:19,970 --> 00:11:21,820
"Tesla" went to Bonn and talked to "Hertz".
136
00:11:21,940 --> 00:11:23,769
I think it was in 1892 about this.
137
00:11:23,957 --> 00:11:25,529
How much power can you radiate?
138
00:11:25,543 --> 00:11:30,957
Well, the amount of energy that you can store up on that capacitor is E =(0.5)C(V^2) and C is typically picoFarads (pF).
139
00:11:31,443 --> 00:11:35,814
He had a really big tower, maybe, you know, a thousand picofarads or something
140
00:11:35,815 --> 00:11:45,686
and a (0.5)C(V^2) Is the amount of energy you've got and the number of times per second you do that DWDT is the amount of power that you can produce.
141
00:11:45,820 --> 00:11:48,910
And for Hertz's experiments.
142
00:11:48,910 --> 00:11:53,470
The average power rate, it works out to be around 25 to 35 milliwatts.
143
00:11:53,470 --> 00:11:55,090
And it's right there in that reference.
144
00:11:55,360 --> 00:11:58,170
It's also on "Electric Weather Forces" on page 40
145
00:11:58,171 --> 00:12:05,409
people will quote and say that well Hertz was using about 16 Kw and turns out that that's the peak power that he had at 50 MHz
146
00:12:05,410 --> 00:12:11,056
but that's not the average power that's radiating from an engineering point of view
147
00:12:11,057 --> 00:12:14,259
30 milliwatts isn't too exciting.
148
00:12:14,260 --> 00:12:17,329
"Tesla" found a way to improve this,
149
00:12:17,330 --> 00:12:23,019
in overnight the amount of power radiated jumps by five orders of magnitude.
150
00:12:23,020 --> 00:12:27,086
Imagine somebody could come along with the transmitter today and do that right now.
151
00:12:27,670 --> 00:12:33,871
I don't know what Imac top transmitting tubes run, but let me let me be generous and say ten megawatts or so.
152
00:12:34,000 --> 00:12:37,371
It seems like they have a megawatt tetra orders.
153
00:12:37,510 --> 00:12:43,340
But suppose somebody could just go five orders of magnitude from that and all of a sudden we're talking about average power is now not at peak power.
154
00:12:43,960 --> 00:12:46,960
That would be up on the range of terawatts or so.
155
00:12:47,170 --> 00:12:48,929
All right. That would be a significant...
156
00:12:49,030 --> 00:12:52,171
But "Tesla" did that, a five order magnitude jump
157
00:12:52,172 --> 00:12:56,371
and we've also shown this one before, but...
158
00:12:56,372 --> 00:13:00,842
It does also set the scene, it's in a critical piece of history...
159
00:13:00,843 --> 00:13:06,640
Early on people were using induction coils and a lot of people try to build "Tesla" coils very similar to this.
160
00:13:06,880 --> 00:13:10,643
And this is what "Tesla" had, what, 1891 or so in his publications,
161
00:13:10,644 --> 00:13:19,857
and engineers call this couple coil transformer and depending upon the coupling *E² equal any one or ends the turns ratio* and people try to build "Tesla" coils that way
162
00:13:19,858 --> 00:13:22,800
and we'll show you where even some of the big boys tried to build "Tesla" coils that way
163
00:13:22,801 --> 00:13:28,659
and it's about the craziest thing you could do because they don't operate that way and all you get for your troubles as losses.
164
00:13:28,660 --> 00:13:32,439
All right, I'll show you how "Breit", "Tuve" and "Hafstad" one that way.
165
00:13:32,440 --> 00:13:36,759
and it's no wonder they went to "Van Der Graaff" machines because what they had was nonsense.
166
00:13:36,970 --> 00:13:42,250
It's probably one of the poorest design machines that you or I could ever see.
167
00:13:42,251 --> 00:13:46,157
Is documented very well so you see the mistakes that they made.
168
00:13:46,510 --> 00:13:49,843
The Tesla's marvelous discovery
169
00:13:49,844 --> 00:13:54,900
was to move the energy storage device from the antenna side, he use a couple of coils
170
00:13:54,901 --> 00:13:58,119
and move the energy storage device over on to the primary side.
171
00:13:58,120 --> 00:14:03,580
And that's got to be one of the major advances in the development of civilization.
172
00:14:03,581 --> 00:14:09,709
All right. Very simple idea. I shouldn't say it's simple, it's deceptively simple.
173
00:14:09,710 --> 00:14:13,179
Looks real simple when you do some of the analysis, you find a little more complicated.
174
00:14:13,180 --> 00:14:17,100
It's no wonder "Tesla" didn't try to attempt a lot of the mathematical analysis.
175
00:14:17,320 --> 00:14:22,571
A lot of the mathematical analysis wasn't available, in fact, until the late 40's and early 50's.
176
00:14:22,790 --> 00:14:27,543
And he also discovered the importance of spark, the duration of the spark control.
177
00:14:27,700 --> 00:14:31,443
Many people build machines on giant machines and they get little sparks,
178
00:14:31,444 --> 00:14:37,271
you know, and the whole problem is that you're not controlling this spark duration.
179
00:14:37,272 --> 00:14:42,257
And if you examine the hit the sequence of patents that "Tesla" has in the 1890s,
180
00:14:42,258 --> 00:14:53,139
he stops and spent several years developing ratory brakes for the purpose of spark control.
181
00:14:53,140 --> 00:14:57,440
This is an important improvement, also very important to Tesla.
182
00:14:57,460 --> 00:15:01,943
This version down here is the version that most people see today when they talk about,
183
00:15:01,944 --> 00:15:05,649
"Tesla" coils or "Tesla" coil circuits that they're going to build.
184
00:15:05,650 --> 00:15:12,671
Well, it's turned around, but this is from a drawing that "Tesla" had in a report that he gave 1898.
185
00:15:13,810 --> 00:15:15,970
What's going on here? Of course...
186
00:15:15,971 --> 00:15:18,843
you've heard this several times already in the past few meetings
187
00:15:18,844 --> 00:15:23,529
is we've got a low frequency power mains here that basically a low frequency, say 60 Hz
188
00:15:23,530 --> 00:15:29,979
this primary is has you know, it's only a few microhenry (µH) so it has zero reactance.
189
00:15:29,980 --> 00:15:33,914
And basically what happens is just we just charge these capacitor plates up until
190
00:15:33,915 --> 00:15:39,489
we reach the breakdown of this gap. That's really a simple way to describe it.
191
00:15:39,490 --> 00:15:42,850
but when this breaks down, we have a plasma conducting across.
192
00:15:42,880 --> 00:15:47,099
It's like something close to switch.
And this is an oscillator, right?
193
00:15:47,100 --> 00:15:50,140
just like we had with with "Lord Kelvin" stuff.
194
00:15:51,010 --> 00:15:54,200
And when it oscillates, if this a tuned circuit
195
00:15:54,201 --> 00:16:01,429
will get magnetic coupling between the two and there's an exchange of energy oscillating back and forth between the two and energy
196
00:16:01,430 --> 00:16:04,029
will go over into the secondary,
197
00:16:04,030 --> 00:16:08,660
things will happen and you'll build up to a fairly high voltage on the secondary.
198
00:16:09,550 --> 00:16:12,219
We'll have a whole lot more to say about that as the hour goes by.
199
00:16:12,220 --> 00:16:17,859
This version is shown in the diary.
It's of interest for several reasons.
200
00:16:17,860 --> 00:16:23,471
First "Tesla" takes this resonator and puts it over here a little bit further.
201
00:16:23,770 --> 00:16:28,990
and this part here is a lump circuit sinusoidal....
202
00:16:29,890 --> 00:16:33,220
It's a damp sinusoidal master oscillator.
203
00:16:33,410 --> 00:16:37,270
This is not a "Tesla" coil, per se.
The voltage rise here
204
00:16:37,271 --> 00:16:41,379
is not by standing waves, it's a lump circuit or based lump circuit analysis,
205
00:16:41,380 --> 00:16:43,514
you can verify that in the lab yourself.
206
00:16:44,230 --> 00:16:50,214
And today we could take all that and remove it and bring in a 250 Kw
207
00:16:50,215 --> 00:16:58,843
continental AM power transmitter, and plug it into this thing and get the same results that Tesla.
208
00:17:01,286 --> 00:17:03,729
All right, that's that's all I want to say about that.
209
00:17:03,730 --> 00:17:08,543
It taking longer than I wanted to set the stage.
210
00:17:08,814 --> 00:17:10,869
I guess I do have one more little thing.
211
00:17:10,869 --> 00:17:16,429
I think this appeared in both reports back into "Tesla" coils and also the one...
212
00:17:16,430 --> 00:17:20,586
The computer program we wrote.
213
00:17:21,260 --> 00:17:23,586
Well, let me mention something about that.
214
00:17:24,369 --> 00:17:27,557
We wrote that program several years ago, I think it was in 85
215
00:17:27,558 --> 00:17:31,329
when the traveling wave aspect of "Tesla" files occurred to us.
216
00:17:31,330 --> 00:17:35,329
But wait, it had occurred to others before we didn't know about it.
217
00:17:35,380 --> 00:17:42,580
You have to start of things out yourself, and I think it was in the 86 symposium.
218
00:17:42,580 --> 00:17:45,286
We came all excited and told everybody about it
219
00:17:45,287 --> 00:17:48,714
I think maybe there were one or two people who understood what we were talking about.
220
00:17:49,240 --> 00:17:55,150
What we need to do is take all that mathematics, all the "Smith" charts and all that stuff.
221
00:17:55,500 --> 00:17:59,770
And grad student in electrical engineering would understand what we're doing.
222
00:17:59,770 --> 00:18:05,057
Let's see if we can't put it in the hands of, you know, people that are trying to do this thing
223
00:18:05,058 --> 00:18:08,379
because they want to build a "Tesla" coil and not because they want to understand all the engineering.
224
00:18:08,380 --> 00:18:11,729
So we wrote those computer programs, the T.C. Tutor (ISBN-10: 0-924758-01-5)
225
00:18:11,730 --> 00:18:15,499
and tried to provide as all the documentation, all the equations.
226
00:18:15,500 --> 00:18:19,457
So you can check everything that we've done, see where we've made...
227
00:18:19,458 --> 00:18:24,157
Assumptions and go through and get those results.
228
00:18:24,310 --> 00:18:28,380
And that was the purpose of the proposal.
229
00:18:30,071 --> 00:18:31,139
Proposal, yeah.
230
00:18:31,140 --> 00:18:37,829
You know what business I work at 8:00 in the morning is still too early to think clearly.
231
00:18:38,510 --> 00:18:41,579
Uh, let's see, "Lord Kelvin" again.
232
00:18:41,580 --> 00:18:46,629
This is sort of the history of cavity resonator as cavity resonator here down here doesn't show,
233
00:18:46,630 --> 00:18:49,170
but this is how they develop historically.
234
00:18:49,590 --> 00:18:50,857
And I...
235
00:18:51,060 --> 00:18:54,471
I've been wanting to write a paper on this because I've got all the references and
236
00:18:54,472 --> 00:19:01,200
I can show you places where people like "Sloan" quote from "Tesla" ... Moved on me.
237
00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:07,980
"Sloan" quotes on "Tesla" and and *Hanson quotes from "Sloan" and you can...
238
00:19:08,910 --> 00:19:14,700
There is a document about a pathway from the microwave technology we've got today.
239
00:19:14,757 --> 00:19:17,279
Right on back to Tesla's work.
240
00:19:17,280 --> 00:19:21,170
Let's see the last one on the previous one was this double tool circuit.
241
00:19:21,180 --> 00:19:23,249
Oh, I didn't tell you why "Tesla" was using this.
242
00:19:23,880 --> 00:19:27,539
And by the way, this isn't really drawn correctly and this is counterset but that's okay.
243
00:19:27,540 --> 00:19:30,614
But we've got one circuit that oscillates and rings down.
244
00:19:30,750 --> 00:19:34,710
Well, the other one's charging up and then this one oscillates and rings down.
245
00:19:34,710 --> 00:19:37,680
Well, this one's charging and we could have used more when I start with two.
246
00:19:37,681 --> 00:19:43,199
And in fact "Marconi" went to more I think he patented a version in the 1907.
247
00:19:43,486 --> 00:19:48,630
Where he had, I think, seven of these guys to try to get two things sinusoidal wave.
248
00:19:48,630 --> 00:19:54,630
And the second thing is a more power. Is it was kind of a primitive idea.
249
00:19:54,631 --> 00:19:56,300
No, it's not so primitive.
250
00:19:56,730 --> 00:20:00,800
If you look at some of the recent transactions on nuclear science, you see that
251
00:20:00,801 --> 00:20:07,199
virtually the same technique is being used by people at Los Alamos and in a number of other places.
252
00:20:08,270 --> 00:20:11,219
So this is what's kind of fascinating, again, this is a resonator.
253
00:20:11,220 --> 00:20:16,420
and "David Sloan" picked this up, put the resonator in a box, okay.
254
00:20:17,010 --> 00:20:23,614
And developed what is commonly called today the helical resonator in a can.
255
00:20:26,140 --> 00:20:32,470
*Hanson expanded on this as long as work was done at around 40 meters around the 47 MHz, 40m ham band.
256
00:20:32,470 --> 00:20:35,880
and *Hanson, pull this out straight.
257
00:20:35,880 --> 00:20:42,113
Still get the resonator in the boxes is still electrically a quarter wavelength longest of a voltage rise by standing waves
258
00:20:42,114 --> 00:20:45,700
and then *Hanson kept shortening the...
259
00:20:45,701 --> 00:20:50,200
As he's going up the microwave region he kept shortening this and all of a sudden he ends up with an empty box
260
00:20:50,201 --> 00:20:53,049
with a little ink couple on the side coupling a magnetic field.
261
00:20:53,050 --> 00:20:55,670
But the resonator still works basically the same way.
262
00:20:55,670 --> 00:20:58,359
It's still a distributed circuit the voltage rise inside there is the same.
263
00:20:58,360 --> 00:21:01,930
this is in fact, this is a "Tesla" coil.
264
00:21:02,560 --> 00:21:06,609
The physics that describes this is exactly the same physics that describes this guy.
265
00:21:06,940 --> 00:21:09,369
We do the same Maxwell's equations.
266
00:21:09,370 --> 00:21:11,590
we have the same kind of modal analysis.
267
00:21:11,950 --> 00:21:14,057
The field structure is a little bit different,
268
00:21:14,058 --> 00:21:17,700
but the the physics, the physical principles are exactly the same.
269
00:21:18,100 --> 00:21:21,943
There's one more I like to talk about down here, and that's when we do the whole Earth ionosphere cavity
270
00:21:21,944 --> 00:21:28,714
that was postulated by "W. O. Schumann" in 1954.
271
00:21:29,050 --> 00:21:33,880
And that's probably the grandest cavity resonator that I can think of that we can get our hands on.
272
00:21:34,810 --> 00:21:42,214
I did read in the, oh, about 20 or 30 years after Schumann's work, somebody postulated
273
00:21:42,215 --> 00:21:45,657
a cosmological model in which the whole universe was a county resonator,
274
00:21:45,658 --> 00:21:52,200
which is very fascinating theory was even mentioned, written up in the New York Times Sunday magazine.
275
00:21:52,390 --> 00:21:54,999
All right, now, that's a little bit of history.
276
00:21:55,000 --> 00:21:57,043
Let's get down to something useful here.
277
00:21:58,240 --> 00:21:59,240
Let me take this off.
278
00:22:06,050 --> 00:22:07,050
Okay.
279
00:22:07,880 --> 00:22:10,069
This is a standard "Tesla" Coil.
You've all seen these.
280
00:22:10,070 --> 00:22:12,957
you couldn't have walked in the door if you hadn't seen something like this.
281
00:22:13,520 --> 00:22:14,869
And let me mention the following.
282
00:22:15,110 --> 00:22:19,729
Well, what's going to happen here before we go into the actual...
283
00:22:22,510 --> 00:22:24,400
Drawings that describe the currents and so forth.
284
00:22:24,790 --> 00:22:28,559
Again, we're going to charge up this primary is only a few turns and 60 Hertz.
285
00:22:28,570 --> 00:22:35,170
It's low reactance so low impedance so the whole voltage will basically very small is drop here.
286
00:22:35,380 --> 00:22:40,810
The whole 60 Hertz will appear here and we'll get a conducting short here at RF.
287
00:22:41,500 --> 00:22:44,829
And we've got an oscillator that will drive this guy over here.
288
00:22:45,490 --> 00:22:49,357
Now, that circuit on the right cannot be treated in this version
289
00:22:49,358 --> 00:22:55,771
by long circuit analysis during the whole operation of this structure,
290
00:22:55,772 --> 00:23:00,700
during the period of time in which this oscillator is, this one is discharging
291
00:23:00,701 --> 00:23:06,114
the magnetic field from the primary, bathes the whole secondary,
292
00:23:06,115 --> 00:23:10,239
and the whole second is just being bathed in the magnetic field.
293
00:23:10,240 --> 00:23:12,871
The primary energy oscillates back and forth between the 2.
294
00:23:13,330 --> 00:23:17,086
There's a marvelous little homework problem in the back of *Raymond Whineray,
295
00:23:17,087 --> 00:23:22,343
the traditional book going back to the 40's that we used to use for the
296
00:23:22,344 --> 00:23:24,999
one of the undergraduate microwave courses,
297
00:23:25,000 --> 00:23:29,343
and it tells you that the helices behave in two different ways.
298
00:23:30,340 --> 00:23:33,829
If they're bathed in an external field,
299
00:23:33,830 --> 00:23:40,389
the disturbance that you get at the terminals of the helix obeys one set of equations.
300
00:23:40,390 --> 00:23:46,571
And if you drive it another way,
301
00:23:46,572 --> 00:23:53,439
you get a slow wave effect and the velocity of propagation along a structure is a whole lot different from the previous way.
302
00:23:53,440 --> 00:23:55,429
And what's going to happen is this
303
00:23:55,430 --> 00:23:59,829
we'll end up with a lot of energy over here bathing this resonator, and then the spark will break.
304
00:23:59,830 --> 00:24:03,549
And when it breaks, the impedance in the primary is very very high.
305
00:24:04,270 --> 00:24:07,243
And so that energy can't come back to the primary,
306
00:24:07,244 --> 00:24:10,286
but it's distributed over the whole structure
307
00:24:10,287 --> 00:24:16,843
and over a period of time, which we call the coherence time for the resonator, it's different from the fill time for a cavity resonator
308
00:24:16,844 --> 00:24:20,043
that corresponds to sinusoidally driven resonator.
309
00:24:20,044 --> 00:24:25,729
But over a period of time call the coherence time is very similar to optical coherence,
310
00:24:25,730 --> 00:24:30,057
and it has to do with a fundamental reciprocity relation and Fourier's analysis
311
00:24:30,058 --> 00:24:33,871
being a period of time, standing waves will build up to a peak
312
00:24:33,872 --> 00:24:35,499
and then the whole thing will ring down.
313
00:24:35,500 --> 00:24:40,360
You can actually see this if you have an osciloscope will show you some waveforms.
314
00:24:40,361 --> 00:24:45,459
In a little while. Now it's that building up to a peak time that is important.
315
00:24:45,460 --> 00:24:47,800
By the way, it's during that latter period of time
316
00:24:47,801 --> 00:24:51,069
that this coil behaves exactly the same way as an extra coil.
317
00:24:51,070 --> 00:24:53,469
And this is an extra coil during that period of time.
318
00:24:53,470 --> 00:24:57,640
It's a secondary during the period of time when we get the two mutually bathed.
319
00:24:58,510 --> 00:24:59,510
All right.
320
00:25:02,057 --> 00:25:08,142
Since that thing is a resonator, the voltage distribution builds up on any resonance,
321
00:25:08,143 --> 00:25:12,029
you all see resonators in the bathtub you can sit there and splash water back and forth and build up
322
00:25:12,030 --> 00:25:15,186
let me call them Vmax and Vmin in there and get standing waves
323
00:25:15,187 --> 00:25:18,349
when you first start splashing your traveling waves.
324
00:25:18,350 --> 00:25:21,049
And as the waves travel back and forth, you begin to interfere.
325
00:25:21,050 --> 00:25:24,071
And just like an optics cause a diffraction pattern
326
00:25:24,072 --> 00:25:30,257
and the interference pattern does not have Vmax and Vmin in the position
327
00:25:30,258 --> 00:25:34,786
of the nodes will stay in the same places in the...the voltages will slosh up and down
328
00:25:34,787 --> 00:25:40,043
the Vmin is where... where the are RMS value is the minimum and the Vmax is where the value is, the maximum,
329
00:25:40,044 --> 00:25:42,589
the positive and negative of that sloshing.
330
00:25:42,590 --> 00:25:43,550
Yeah.
331
00:25:43,550 --> 00:25:46,771
Here's a curl from a recently published Russian book...
332
00:25:46,772 --> 00:25:50,300
I don't know if you can read Russian
333
00:25:50,840 --> 00:25:53,010
the thing on the left you recognize is just a...
334
00:25:53,060 --> 00:26:00,286
This is a book called "Industrial accelerators" (ISBN-10 3642516904) by "E. A. Abramyan"
335
00:26:00,287 --> 00:26:03,914
he's now at the Institute for High temperatures in Moscow.
336
00:26:03,920 --> 00:26:06,170
This thing on the left is just a standard market generator.
337
00:26:07,100 --> 00:26:11,210
And by the way, "Tesla" patented the Marx generator in 1897.
338
00:26:11,450 --> 00:26:13,214
All right. The language is described.
339
00:26:13,370 --> 00:26:17,900
I think "Marxs" get his patent on... I believe 1924 or so.
340
00:26:18,320 --> 00:26:22,999
And apparently the Germans don't read or weren't reading English American patents at that time.
341
00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:27,049
But this very structure is described in 1897, patent the language.
342
00:26:27,057 --> 00:26:30,829
I think there's only like two or three claims in their patent, they describe this thing exactly.
343
00:26:30,830 --> 00:26:32,119
I'm not talking about that on today.
344
00:26:32,120 --> 00:26:37,520
Here's the the resonator that "Abramyan" has, and noticed this is the voltage distribution.
345
00:26:39,830 --> 00:26:41,990
I don't read Russian but I got a number of friends that do.
346
00:26:42,530 --> 00:26:48,259
And the language down here basically says the thing on the right shows the voltage standing wave.
347
00:26:49,460 --> 00:26:53,150
Here's the resonator the Vmin at the base the Vmax up at the top.
348
00:26:53,150 --> 00:26:55,699
It's a capacitively loaded transmission line.
349
00:26:55,700 --> 00:26:59,886
Here's the primary that goes in here in and this would go off to the capacitor and rotary breaker
350
00:26:59,887 --> 00:27:01,814
or whatever other pulsing circuit we're using...
351
00:27:01,815 --> 00:27:06,679
And the showing here, the rise voltage waveform on the resonator.
352
00:27:06,680 --> 00:27:10,790
It's interesting that, by the way, this book has been translated into English.
353
00:27:10,970 --> 00:27:13,214
I think it's available through hemispheric publishing.
354
00:27:13,760 --> 00:27:15,589
It was translated within the last year or so.
355
00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:27,728
The caption on the bottom says scheme of sources of pulsed high voltage and shape of generated voltages
356
00:27:27,729 --> 00:27:33,619
and the reference is "Industrial Accelerates" by "E. A. Abramyan" 1986.
357
00:27:33,620 --> 00:27:39,410
On page 73 if you want, you can probably find that at your standard engineering libraries.
358
00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:43,100
This wave forms an important point
359
00:27:43,101 --> 00:27:47,070
and this is the standard lump circuit analysis
360
00:27:47,071 --> 00:27:51,889
the best presentation we've ever seen on this was in...
361
00:27:57,360 --> 00:28:01,440
"Static Electric Electricity and Magnetism" (ISBN-10 0891169172) by...
362
00:28:02,580 --> 00:28:04,379
I can't think this name... "William R. Smythe".
363
00:28:04,380 --> 00:28:05,380
yeah.
364
00:28:05,670 --> 00:28:10,589
"Smythe" has an outstanding presentation of this in the transit case, including losses.
365
00:28:10,620 --> 00:28:12,119
That's why I say it's outstanding.
366
00:28:12,120 --> 00:28:15,689
("Hugh Hildreth") Skilling's famous book on "Transient Analysis".
367
00:28:15,690 --> 00:28:19,571
Does the one same situation without losses
368
00:28:19,572 --> 00:28:24,871
during... when the capacitor charges up and that break first.
369
00:28:26,457 --> 00:28:28,343
Breaks down and conducts
370
00:28:28,344 --> 00:28:32,314
the primary current is what we've drawn above primary and secondary current below here,
371
00:28:32,315 --> 00:28:35,143
both circuits are behaving as lumped a couple circuits
372
00:28:35,144 --> 00:28:39,943
and nodes as a phase shift here, and you've probably seen this kind of thing with coupled
373
00:28:39,944 --> 00:28:45,859
springs and pendulum is a famous mosque in Iran.
374
00:28:45,860 --> 00:28:48,843
There's two mosques that are side by side...
375
00:28:48,844 --> 00:28:54,886
With a walkway between the two, and they actually behave as a couple of oscillators,
376
00:28:54,887 --> 00:28:58,189
and their displacement of the oscillators actually behaves like this.
377
00:28:58,190 --> 00:29:01,271
I guess for a good many years it was started as being sacred
378
00:29:01,272 --> 00:29:05,271
and a bunch of civil engineers from England were down there, I think, in the late 1800s
379
00:29:05,272 --> 00:29:09,514
to examine what was going on and came back completely baffled.
380
00:29:11,429 --> 00:29:14,900
Depending upon the coupling you have between the primary and secondary,
381
00:29:14,901 --> 00:29:17,814
you have this oscillation of energy back and forth.
382
00:29:18,360 --> 00:29:21,543
Notice that the envelope goes to zero at a certain time, which means
383
00:29:21,544 --> 00:29:24,419
what we're trapping all of the energy over here in the secondary.
384
00:29:24,420 --> 00:29:27,257
When the secondary has maximum amplitude current
385
00:29:27,258 --> 00:29:31,870
in the low rise case, you can go through and computer this.
386
00:29:31,871 --> 00:29:33,420
in the computer program that we give you.
387
00:29:33,420 --> 00:29:36,179
We do the completely lossy casing in a very accurate.
388
00:29:39,440 --> 00:29:40,660
The calculation of this.
389
00:29:42,020 --> 00:29:47,030
The time between beats here is 1/ΔF and that's what the big T sub B (T_B) is.
390
00:29:48,020 --> 00:29:51,086
If you had a spectrum analyzer
391
00:29:51,087 --> 00:29:55,586
or if you know a little bit of arithmetic and compute the for a transform of this
392
00:29:55,587 --> 00:29:59,179
to get the spectrum, this is what you'd measure with a wave meter.
393
00:29:59,180 --> 00:30:00,120
Back in the old days.
394
00:30:00,120 --> 00:30:03,086
But what you'd see on the spectrum was that today you get this double hump thing
395
00:30:03,087 --> 00:30:06,157
and with a lower frequency and upper frequency
396
00:30:06,158 --> 00:30:09,986
that are both displaced from the frequency, I assume that the two
397
00:30:09,987 --> 00:30:14,443
coils have the same resonant frequency when they're infinitely removed and then we brought them together
398
00:30:14,444 --> 00:30:24,243
and you get this as this double humped circuit, and depending upon the coupling, those humps will move together and move apart.
399
00:30:24,550 --> 00:30:26,229
Rated critical coupling there.
400
00:30:26,330 --> 00:30:30,410
I guess it's just little bit after critical coupling where they begin to diverge.
401
00:30:31,440 --> 00:30:36,290
And again, this is predicted on the basis of what lumped coupled circuits.
402
00:30:36,421 --> 00:30:36,770
Okay.
403
00:30:36,770 --> 00:30:39,140
And this is classical analysis that you find in many places.
404
00:30:42,260 --> 00:30:48,529
It describes totally what "Tesla" had for his "Tesla" coils in 1891
405
00:30:48,530 --> 00:30:54,729
and fails miserably for what he had 1898 and before you even before he came out here.
406
00:30:55,150 --> 00:31:00,128
I want up at the top, we've worked a very special case, this is the optimum
407
00:31:00,129 --> 00:31:04,569
early "Tesla" coil where we broke the primary spark of that particular instant in time.
408
00:31:05,080 --> 00:31:07,209
And then the secondary operates along.
409
00:31:07,210 --> 00:31:10,629
All the energy is trapped over there it just rings down and you can do this.
410
00:31:10,630 --> 00:31:11,920
you don't need "Tesla" to do this.
411
00:31:12,100 --> 00:31:18,300
And just like IF Cans and at 455 KHz and a regular receiver do this kind of thing,
412
00:31:18,301 --> 00:31:23,557
with this is a transient response and just couple tuned circuits to this,
413
00:31:23,558 --> 00:31:28,479
notice it built up and then rings down over many cycles
414
00:31:28,480 --> 00:31:32,900
the interesting thing here is during this build up time, we have that double humped spectrum
415
00:31:32,901 --> 00:31:38,114
and then after brakes when it rings down, if you took the fourier transform of this part or look at it on a spectrum analyzer,
416
00:31:38,115 --> 00:31:39,369
you see a very sharp line.
417
00:31:39,370 --> 00:31:43,814
It is a "Lorentzian" for those of you that are atomic physicists
418
00:31:43,815 --> 00:31:47,614
for this kind of structure with this visca stamping.
419
00:31:49,170 --> 00:31:51,514
But all that works for lumped circuits.
420
00:31:51,780 --> 00:31:55,657
When we were over in Belgrade the first time, we didn't know about this,
421
00:31:55,658 --> 00:32:00,650
It went too long ago anyone of us... Other than, you know, without built circuits.
422
00:32:00,651 --> 00:32:04,629
I think I've been licensed as a ham radio operator since 1956.
423
00:32:04,860 --> 00:32:09,486
I think it was '54 when *Carson and the other fellow came up with that
424
00:32:09,487 --> 00:32:14,671
article on vacuum tube "Tesla" coils that appeared in radio TV.
425
00:32:15,850 --> 00:32:17,571
Whatever it was called back then.
426
00:32:17,680 --> 00:32:18,400
Radio...
427
00:32:18,400 --> 00:32:19,509
It's now Radio-Electronics (Magazine).
428
00:32:21,040 --> 00:32:22,986
And we built one of those and burned out some tubes and grids
429
00:32:22,987 --> 00:32:28,839
and stuff like that, but i really didn't understand from an engineering point of view.
430
00:32:28,840 --> 00:32:31,509
An engineer is different from a scientist,
431
00:32:31,510 --> 00:32:33,679
scientist just wants to know how things work.
432
00:32:33,680 --> 00:32:36,171
Engineer wants to find out how they work,
433
00:32:36,172 --> 00:32:38,949
but he wants to squeeze that last bit of performance out.
434
00:32:38,950 --> 00:32:43,057
The real mechanical engineer is the guy who goes down and spends $20,000
435
00:32:43,058 --> 00:32:46,389
on a car and takes it home, pulls the engine out.
436
00:32:46,390 --> 00:32:51,069
To me, that's an engineer, because he wants something more than what he could buy.
437
00:32:51,280 --> 00:32:58,186
The first time we went over to the Belgrade, Dr. "Aleksandar Marincic" pointed out to us, a reference
438
00:32:58,187 --> 00:33:04,857
that we hadn't been overlooked and it was one that was in... Its listed, by the way, in the diary,
439
00:33:04,858 --> 00:33:07,389
and it's that paper by "Fleming" and "Dyke".
440
00:33:07,390 --> 00:33:11,343
And they have a very fascinating discussion in there that describes this very phenomenon
441
00:33:11,344 --> 00:33:13,059
that we have here.
442
00:33:13,060 --> 00:33:15,929
Everything I'm telling you today is in the paper,
443
00:33:15,930 --> 00:33:25,599
and we gave it to... "Steven R. Elswick" When we came in here on the first day, so that this is all documented.
444
00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:28,514
And I suspect that eventually you can all get copies of it
445
00:33:28,515 --> 00:33:34,299
and see everything that we're saying right... What?... No, in two years from now.
446
00:33:34,300 --> 00:33:35,300
Right?
447
00:33:35,350 --> 00:33:36,250
Okay.
448
00:33:36,250 --> 00:33:38,559
Look, here's what's of interest in the "Fleming" and "Dyke" paper.
449
00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:41,986
When they took a wave meter,
450
00:33:41,987 --> 00:33:44,714
wave meter is a tuned circuit level indicator,
451
00:33:44,715 --> 00:33:48,859
if you change the frequency, you get relative amplitude of response.
452
00:33:48,860 --> 00:33:52,400
So it's equivalent to what we've used is a spectrum analyzer, except for the fact that
453
00:33:52,401 --> 00:33:55,809
can't show you stuuf in real time.
Does a long time average.
454
00:33:55,810 --> 00:33:58,510
They measure this solid curve, which has the three humps.
455
00:33:59,020 --> 00:34:00,020
All right?
456
00:34:00,040 --> 00:34:03,429
And there's an interesting discussion that goes on in there
457
00:34:03,430 --> 00:34:05,859
concerning the duration of the spark.
458
00:34:05,860 --> 00:34:11,585
And "Dyke" discusses it also with Dr. "Fleming"
459
00:34:11,586 --> 00:34:19,170
But critical... The upshot of their long discussion is this... the dart curve
460
00:34:19,171 --> 00:34:23,799
that "Fleming" and "Dyke" Measure is actually made up of these two separate curves.
461
00:34:23,800 --> 00:34:27,829
And during the period of time when the primary spark is conducting
462
00:34:27,830 --> 00:34:31,471
in both circuits, they are interplaying and we're getting that...
463
00:34:31,472 --> 00:34:34,443
For those of you that are ham radio operators, you recognize that the spectrum
464
00:34:34,444 --> 00:34:39,600
that we had down below there and that was a double sideband signal
465
00:34:39,601 --> 00:34:45,529
the "Fourier" transform of that oscillating exchange signal is a double sideband signal
466
00:34:46,329 --> 00:34:52,071
During that period of time when the primary spark is conducting and the entire resonator is being bathed,
467
00:34:52,072 --> 00:34:56,198
the structure is behaving as a double sideband oscillator.
468
00:34:56,199 --> 00:34:59,157
We've got the two humps at two separate frequencies,
469
00:34:59,158 --> 00:35:04,857
and then when the primary spark breaks, all the energy is trapped in the secondary
470
00:35:04,858 --> 00:35:08,889
and the secondary rings down as a resonator.
471
00:35:08,890 --> 00:35:11,830
All we get is this little curve.
472
00:35:12,580 --> 00:35:13,580
And.
473
00:35:13,940 --> 00:35:15,099
And that's all there is.
474
00:35:15,430 --> 00:35:16,090
All right.
475
00:35:16,090 --> 00:35:21,557
By the way, this middle curve is characteristic
476
00:35:21,558 --> 00:35:24,909
of the losses that are in a distributed resonator.
477
00:35:24,910 --> 00:35:28,143
In a lump circuit we'd say that the proportion of the "Q" of the resonator
478
00:35:28,144 --> 00:35:33,171
"Q" is a little bit different, meaning when we talk about distributed resonators and cavity resonators,
479
00:35:33,172 --> 00:35:41,409
it's not just Omega elevator it's something a little bit different, but for a lump circuit reduces to that.
480
00:35:41,410 --> 00:35:47,100
The width of that curve is proportional to the losses, and if I make the losses go down,
481
00:35:47,101 --> 00:35:52,089
I'll get the same energy, the width will get very thin and the peak will get very high.
482
00:35:52,090 --> 00:35:57,199
And that's what "Tesla" was doing, it right in the diary you can go through, calculate
483
00:35:57,200 --> 00:36:00,514
and do the calculations where he's running this stuff
484
00:36:00,515 --> 00:36:04,800
and I've got to talk faster Kenny's saying, okay.
485
00:36:07,730 --> 00:36:09,590
Now, here's something that is very exciting.
486
00:36:11,060 --> 00:36:13,286
That "Fleming" and "Dyke" missed.
487
00:36:15,570 --> 00:36:17,189
I'm trying VC2 here.
488
00:36:17,580 --> 00:36:18,120
All right.
489
00:36:18,120 --> 00:36:25,020
That's the voltage on the top of the ball, or the toroidal, or whatever you have.
490
00:36:26,529 --> 00:36:28,709
We've got two separate instances of time.
491
00:36:28,710 --> 00:36:31,949
Up until at this particular incident time, the primary spark is conducting.
492
00:36:32,580 --> 00:36:38,929
And we've got the interplay of currents back and forth between the primary and secondary and...
493
00:36:40,850 --> 00:36:45,389
And right at this instant in time is when the primary spark breaks.
494
00:36:46,730 --> 00:36:51,500
Now, when that occurs, if you've done it right, all the energy is trapped in the resonator.
495
00:36:52,643 --> 00:36:54,329
And with that "Tesla" coil,
496
00:36:54,330 --> 00:36:58,189
we're now going to make the transition from lump circuits to distributed circuits.
497
00:36:58,190 --> 00:37:01,457
With all that energy trapped over there
498
00:37:01,458 --> 00:37:05,071
and it's distributed almost uniformly over the whole coil,
499
00:37:05,072 --> 00:37:07,429
I should mention, for those of you that are EEs (Electrical Engineers),
500
00:37:07,430 --> 00:37:10,729
the best analysis of couple transmission lines
501
00:37:10,730 --> 00:37:14,214
was given by our "Ronold W. P. King" It's the same "King" that did...
502
00:37:14,215 --> 00:37:18,257
The thing Linear antenna up at Harvard grad students and now doing
503
00:37:18,258 --> 00:37:21,229
the electromagnetic missiles and all that stuff.
504
00:37:22,370 --> 00:37:26,030
But "King" has an outstanding treatment of that.
505
00:37:26,030 --> 00:37:28,443
In the late 40's, in the proceedings of the IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers),
506
00:37:28,444 --> 00:37:32,989
there's 3 papers in there where he discusses that distributed resonance.
507
00:37:32,990 --> 00:37:35,889
But when that energy is trapped over there.
508
00:37:35,890 --> 00:37:39,086
What happens is you go through a period of time
509
00:37:39,087 --> 00:37:42,509
where that energy starts to build up standing waves.
510
00:37:42,510 --> 00:37:43,959
Now, well, it's building up.
511
00:37:43,960 --> 00:37:45,371
It's also being dissipated.
512
00:37:45,640 --> 00:37:49,286
And so you reach a point in time where the standing waves are reached up to a maximum,
513
00:37:49,287 --> 00:37:51,849
and then all of a sudden... I don't want to say all sudden.
514
00:37:51,850 --> 00:37:54,099
And then from then on, the dissipate...
515
00:37:54,310 --> 00:37:58,929
The dissipative processes in the resonator take over and it dies down again.
516
00:37:58,930 --> 00:38:01,149
The primary spark is broken here.
517
00:38:01,150 --> 00:38:06,028
And this is really dramatic rise.
518
00:38:06,029 --> 00:38:08,686
in the envelope of the voltage in the resonator.
519
00:38:09,100 --> 00:38:11,971
It's during this period of time from here out to here
520
00:38:11,972 --> 00:38:14,679
when the voltage of building up to a maximum.
521
00:38:14,680 --> 00:38:16,986
Now, there's an assumption built into all of us,
522
00:38:16,987 --> 00:38:18,857
and that is that there is no discharges taking place.
523
00:38:19,090 --> 00:38:22,269
We're looking at straight right at a linear system here.
524
00:38:22,840 --> 00:38:25,360
This charge is a curve, there is another way we can handle that.
525
00:38:25,690 --> 00:38:28,229
And all I'm doing is making sure that the ball on the top
526
00:38:28,230 --> 00:38:34,649
is big enough to be able to handle the potentials that we're going to hit when we get up here at the particular point.
527
00:38:34,650 --> 00:38:37,300
So the standing wave built up during this period of time,
528
00:38:37,301 --> 00:38:41,099
and then the whole resonator decays exponentially after this.
529
00:38:41,100 --> 00:38:44,056
And here's what's fascinating, back here again, we've got the double hump...
530
00:38:44,057 --> 00:38:47,849
lump circuits with a double humped spectrum.
531
00:38:47,850 --> 00:38:50,529
At this point in time, we've got the single...
532
00:38:50,530 --> 00:38:54,359
let me call it Monochromatic Spectrum, and it's got a certain finite bandwidth.
533
00:38:54,360 --> 00:38:56,329
It's a band pass signal.
534
00:38:56,760 --> 00:39:01,590
And this little portion was what "Fleming" and "Dyke" missed.
535
00:39:01,890 --> 00:39:04,059
And as I say, you can see it with an oscilloscope.
536
00:39:04,060 --> 00:39:07,250
Now we run an appendix to...
537
00:39:07,650 --> 00:39:11,699
We prepared for the T.C. Tutor it's not in the version here that's for sale.
538
00:39:12,540 --> 00:39:15,120
And we're still typesetting it.
539
00:39:15,630 --> 00:39:21,957
But in it we go through and derive all the equations on the spectral coherence
540
00:39:21,958 --> 00:39:24,200
of cavity resonators
541
00:39:24,201 --> 00:39:29,219
and helical resonators included and derive the analysis for this portion of it.
542
00:39:29,220 --> 00:39:32,159
Those of you that have backgrounds in optics will recognize it immediately.
543
00:39:32,880 --> 00:39:36,229
The analysis is very similar to what you do with the amplitude splitting "Michelson" interferometer
544
00:39:36,230 --> 00:39:40,519
when you can measure that self coherence of radiation.
545
00:39:40,520 --> 00:39:41,599
Radiation field.
546
00:39:41,600 --> 00:39:46,039
now we thought that's marvelous theory, theory is great.
547
00:39:46,040 --> 00:39:46,700
yeah.
548
00:39:46,700 --> 00:39:48,957
And "Kenny" and I have this situation
549
00:39:48,958 --> 00:39:53,343
where we've had all kinds of theories and then gone in the lab, and it was, you know,
550
00:39:53,344 --> 00:39:59,000
had nothing to do with what the theory that we what we thought we had, had nothing to do with
551
00:39:59,001 --> 00:40:00,859
what was measured in the lab.
552
00:40:00,860 --> 00:40:05,209
Now, it wasn't because the mathematics was wrong. Because that's what's puzzling.
553
00:40:05,210 --> 00:40:08,343
the perfect mathematics still had nothing to do with reality.
554
00:40:09,170 --> 00:40:12,400
It's the assumptions that go into the model that's built in your mathematics
555
00:40:12,401 --> 00:40:14,420
that make all the difference.
556
00:40:14,420 --> 00:40:16,669
now, let's see. Here's what we actually measured.
557
00:40:16,670 --> 00:40:22,170
when we went in the lab to see if this was so... I can talk about this a little bit.
558
00:40:22,520 --> 00:40:23,520
Let me mention this.
559
00:40:24,530 --> 00:40:26,059
There's something important occurring here.
560
00:40:26,840 --> 00:40:30,980
This is the point in time where the switch, the primary break, is going to occur.
561
00:40:31,520 --> 00:40:33,209
We're doing this with a Ford buzzer.
562
00:40:33,240 --> 00:40:36,019
"Kenny" is going to tell you about how that's done with the big coils we run.
563
00:40:36,290 --> 00:40:38,657
You know, with a typical rotary break, 800 breaks per second,
564
00:40:38,658 --> 00:40:44,179
the spark duration in the primary will be around 100 microseconds or so.
565
00:40:44,180 --> 00:40:45,880
You'd like to get it a whole lot shorter than that.
566
00:40:45,900 --> 00:40:48,843
In the literature that we published, which are where
567
00:40:48,844 --> 00:40:51,859
the optimum for Tesla's machine was around 10.4 microseconds.
568
00:40:51,860 --> 00:40:54,343
And of course, there's no way you could get a break down there, but
569
00:40:54,344 --> 00:40:57,543
a break at those speeds in break down,
570
00:40:57,544 --> 00:41:00,043
you get a tremendous break down here.
571
00:41:00,044 --> 00:41:04,010
This scale on the left is in volts.
572
00:41:04,260 --> 00:41:08,479
You know, it just brought everything down low in voltages and just our shock exciting this guy.
573
00:41:08,480 --> 00:41:11,200
and this is actually it's kind of rough to see here,
574
00:41:11,201 --> 00:41:15,529
but it's actually the interplay between the primary in the secondary till you reach this point.
575
00:41:15,530 --> 00:41:18,800
Now, at this point of voltage is began to rise so fast we couldn't...
576
00:41:18,801 --> 00:41:20,599
We had to change scales.
577
00:41:20,600 --> 00:41:21,590
Otherwise we couldn't show it.
578
00:41:21,590 --> 00:41:24,980
By the way, the first 150 microseconds arc shown it go back to here.
579
00:41:25,310 --> 00:41:27,739
And that's where the interplay between the primary in the secondary is occurring.
580
00:41:27,740 --> 00:41:31,129
And this is the point where the break occurs.
581
00:41:31,130 --> 00:41:32,714
At this point.
582
00:41:33,920 --> 00:41:37,429
Change the scale on the left by factor ten
583
00:41:37,790 --> 00:41:40,857
So this point, instead of being 100V is a 1.000V right?
584
00:41:40,858 --> 00:41:46,129
So thousand volts we're up on the roof someplace here and it doesn't really build up like a step function here.
585
00:41:46,490 --> 00:41:48,129
Actually, this is real data
586
00:41:48,130 --> 00:41:51,071
so that you can see that we've got some above and some below and it's a little wobbling here,
587
00:41:51,072 --> 00:41:52,543
but you can see the general trend of this.
588
00:41:52,544 --> 00:41:57,443
"Kenny" you wanna tell a more about this since you took the data here?
589
00:42:00,870 --> 00:42:05,286
I just want to interject a couple of footnotes for you guys that like blisters.
590
00:42:06,720 --> 00:42:08,670
Let's talk about the real world for a moment.
591
00:42:09,240 --> 00:42:11,280
This data here was taken.
592
00:42:12,820 --> 00:42:20,110
Painstakingly over a period of about a month of working 16 hours a day just to get this graph.
593
00:42:20,470 --> 00:42:25,471
Now, what we did to set up the experiment, to get this data
594
00:42:25,472 --> 00:42:30,100
and take the experiment over and over and over and over again until we could
595
00:42:30,101 --> 00:42:36,549
tend to see a trend and coordinate things so we could predict what was going to happen.
596
00:42:36,550 --> 00:42:39,229
What we did is we had a very large coil similar
597
00:42:39,230 --> 00:42:43,029
to the one that "William C. Wysock" has out here on display.
598
00:42:43,030 --> 00:42:47,186
And that thing would generate 20's 30's lightning bolts
599
00:42:47,187 --> 00:42:50,900
easily when we had it in full power, full operation.
600
00:42:51,670 --> 00:42:58,629
But what we couldn't do is we couldn't plug in a oscilloscope on that huge lightning bolt.
601
00:42:58,660 --> 00:43:00,069
You just couldn't do it.
602
00:43:00,070 --> 00:43:02,959
The electric fields are so high that the oscilloscope would go nuts.
603
00:43:02,980 --> 00:43:06,609
Even a quarter mile away, you get spikes all over the place.
604
00:43:06,610 --> 00:43:07,959
You couldn't measure it.
605
00:43:07,960 --> 00:43:13,840
So we did take a... I had a 1924 Model-T Ford that I owned just recently sold it.
606
00:43:14,200 --> 00:43:17,086
We pulled one of the buzzwords out of it, one of the spark coils,
607
00:43:17,087 --> 00:43:22,286
and we connected it up to the primary and used the buzzer as a gap and so forth.
608
00:43:22,840 --> 00:43:28,929
And what we began to see was, sure enough, using a real nice Philips oscilloscope
609
00:43:28,930 --> 00:43:33,629
where you can expand the waveform and reduce it down and look at narrow segments
610
00:43:33,630 --> 00:43:36,369
and trigger on different parts of the waveform.
611
00:43:36,370 --> 00:43:41,019
We began to see this, the interplay while the spark was conducting.
612
00:43:41,950 --> 00:43:46,429
We could trigger at any point when the spark first ignited to the point anywhere
613
00:43:46,430 --> 00:43:49,540
in between to where the spark just went out, we can look at that.
614
00:43:49,540 --> 00:43:53,771
And as we began to zoom in, we could see the phenomenon that everybody
615
00:43:53,772 --> 00:43:57,139
saw with lump couple circuits quite easily.
616
00:43:57,140 --> 00:43:59,080
You get the beats and everything would go on.
617
00:43:59,350 --> 00:44:00,886
But what we saw
618
00:44:00,887 --> 00:44:04,786
was all of a sudden right here on the secondary side, this rise,
619
00:44:04,787 --> 00:44:08,139
and we said, wait a minute, what is that? Where's that coming from?
620
00:44:08,770 --> 00:44:15,249
And we began to look closer and closer at it, and it didn't make much sense.
621
00:44:16,390 --> 00:44:22,479
Well, maybe the oscilloscopes going nuts, even running just a couple of Kv out of the top of this big coil that we had.
622
00:44:23,110 --> 00:44:26,409
So we began to do the experiments over and over and over again.
623
00:44:26,830 --> 00:44:30,669
And this graph is what resulted for you Macintosh lovers.
624
00:44:30,670 --> 00:44:32,050
This was drawn on a macintosh.
625
00:44:32,050 --> 00:44:35,971
We used one of their graph programs,
626
00:44:35,972 --> 00:44:42,543
but this time where it's rising up was very interesting to us
627
00:44:42,544 --> 00:44:47,079
we started looking at other coils that we had. We had small coils, tabletop coils.
628
00:44:47,080 --> 00:44:51,760
we had big coils, we had coils arranged all the way up to 100 MHz or so.
629
00:44:52,330 --> 00:44:56,980
And we began to look at this time and they were different on every coil of what's going on.
630
00:44:56,980 --> 00:44:58,643
What is that?
631
00:44:59,020 --> 00:45:03,429
What's taking place on the secondary in here as it builds up
632
00:45:03,430 --> 00:45:05,943
right after the spark extinguishes.
633
00:45:06,100 --> 00:45:10,229
And we found that we could modify that time
634
00:45:10,230 --> 00:45:14,386
in there by essentially changing the "Q" of the coil.
635
00:45:14,740 --> 00:45:18,369
If we had a very low "Q", we would see that time change.
636
00:45:18,380 --> 00:45:21,971
We had a very high "Q" We'd see it switch the other way.
637
00:45:22,120 --> 00:45:27,910
And what we did is we began to play around with that.
638
00:45:27,910 --> 00:45:33,229
We begin to see certain phenomena take place and that leads into the ball lightning stuff
639
00:45:33,230 --> 00:45:34,247
or the fireball stuff.
640
00:45:34,360 --> 00:45:36,371
We got to be careful because
641
00:45:36,372 --> 00:45:41,469
we don't want to call it ball lightning just yet it's got characteristics of natural ball lightning.
642
00:45:42,910 --> 00:45:45,442
What we want to do is call it when "Tesla" did fireballs
643
00:45:45,443 --> 00:45:49,043
and this duration in here, this time, this buildup
644
00:45:49,044 --> 00:45:53,799
had a lot to do with the formation of the fireballs, which we'll see later on.
645
00:45:53,800 --> 00:45:56,059
And then it would continue to to ring down.
646
00:45:56,590 --> 00:45:58,239
At this point, I'll turn it back over to "Jim"
647
00:46:03,380 --> 00:46:07,957
I'm going to jump ahead here and skip the step...
648
00:46:11,243 --> 00:46:13,639
Because I didn't want to forget to the "Milton S. Livingston" Chart.
649
00:46:13,640 --> 00:46:15,029
For those of you that...
650
00:46:19,500 --> 00:46:20,790
This is from "David Bohm" and "Fred Alan Wolf"
651
00:46:20,800 --> 00:46:25,199
And it has to do with the interference of partially coherent waves.
652
00:46:25,860 --> 00:46:31,530
And what I want to mention is if i've got fully coherent waves ...
653
00:46:31,530 --> 00:46:34,499
Is monochromatic and completely coherent.
654
00:46:34,500 --> 00:46:37,871
I can get pretty good interference patterns if it's only partially coherent,
655
00:46:37,872 --> 00:46:39,479
if it's completely incoherent.
656
00:46:39,480 --> 00:46:41,729
Even though it's monochromatic, I have no interference.
657
00:46:41,730 --> 00:46:42,450
All right.
658
00:46:42,450 --> 00:46:47,386
The same thing occurs during that build up time on a "Tesla" coil and
659
00:46:47,387 --> 00:46:49,949
we discuss other things, other place.
660
00:46:49,950 --> 00:46:56,579
Here's a famous "Tesla" coil that was built in Germany by "Werner Heise" back in 1964.
661
00:46:57,120 --> 00:47:00,190
My German is not good, but "vorlage"
662
00:47:00,230 --> 00:47:03,071
I think probably means presentation or something, I don't know...
663
00:47:03,072 --> 00:47:05,759
Spending the voltage against the earth.
664
00:47:05,760 --> 00:47:12,099
So he's plotting the voltage to ground for his "Tesla" coil is marvelous pictures of this thing
665
00:47:12,100 --> 00:47:16,871
along the secondary coil of a "Tesla" transformer for the case where
666
00:47:16,872 --> 00:47:18,929
the secondary is a quarter wavelength long,
667
00:47:18,930 --> 00:47:21,719
where "L" is the length of the wire secondary coil.
668
00:47:21,720 --> 00:47:25,169
It turns out, he's got the right idea, but it's not...
669
00:47:25,170 --> 00:47:28,014
What you want is a quarter wavelength from here to here,
670
00:47:28,015 --> 00:47:32,529
which is pretty close to what you have along the wire, simply because the velocity factor for
671
00:47:32,530 --> 00:47:34,813
along the wires isn't too far different from what you get.
672
00:47:34,814 --> 00:47:37,319
If you actually calculate it rigorously and formally
673
00:47:37,320 --> 00:47:41,886
I include this one because it was published in "ETZ" back in 1964,
674
00:47:41,887 --> 00:47:45,240
but you can see he has the very standing wave that we're talking about here. Okay.
675
00:47:45,240 --> 00:47:47,890
And there's some pictures of his coil in action and it.
676
00:47:47,890 --> 00:47:51,271
looks a little like the "Wysock" coils
677
00:47:52,220 --> 00:47:55,849
Skip all this stuff...
This is worth taking a look at real quick...
678
00:47:55,850 --> 00:47:59,690
Again, simply because this is a helical resonator against ground.
679
00:48:02,450 --> 00:48:04,171
Has a certain velocity factor.
680
00:48:04,970 --> 00:48:06,886
"Sloan" put it in a can.
681
00:48:07,130 --> 00:48:09,260
We can operate it openly against ground like you would.
682
00:48:09,560 --> 00:48:12,959
Those of you that are ham radio operators know how quarter wave tower works.
683
00:48:12,960 --> 00:48:16,529
If you can measure the current distribution on your tower, so the current goes to 0
684
00:48:16,530 --> 00:48:18,114
at the top unless you have a top loading,
685
00:48:18,115 --> 00:48:20,029
and then you have a maximum current down on the bottom.
686
00:48:20,030 --> 00:48:23,114
You can actually measure the current and it'll be a maximum and the V
687
00:48:23,115 --> 00:48:26,100
does the opposite because the tower behaves as a resonator,
688
00:48:26,101 --> 00:48:30,599
behaves as a velocity resonator and losses of radiation resistance hopefully nothing more
689
00:48:30,600 --> 00:48:33,400
maybe some ground resistance as well.
690
00:48:33,401 --> 00:48:37,357
But the same thing is occurring here and this is sort of a base loaded vertical tower,
691
00:48:37,358 --> 00:48:40,243
and then you can make it shorter by capacitively loading the thing on the top.
692
00:48:40,244 --> 00:48:45,443
And all the analysis of this is very well treated in other places.
693
00:48:46,360 --> 00:48:48,171
Do I need to show that circuit?
694
00:48:48,986 --> 00:48:50,743
I'm going to run out of time here.
695
00:48:51,080 --> 00:48:54,079
We go through in several places and show you how you can treat this on "Smith" charts.
696
00:48:54,080 --> 00:48:58,986
I want to stop and talk about that. Let me talk about some coil that people have built, this one...
697
00:48:58,987 --> 00:49:03,700
" L. V. Mysovskii" And Soviet Union is a marvelous paper that was published in 1976,
698
00:49:03,701 --> 00:49:07,200
I believe, by "Grinberg" in Soviet physics, "Uspekhi"
699
00:49:07,201 --> 00:49:10,343
and those of you that can read Russian,
700
00:49:10,344 --> 00:49:16,614
"Kenny" and I have an article on Ball Lightning that was published in the April issue in Russian
701
00:49:16,615 --> 00:49:19,414
in Soviet physics, "Uspekhi"
702
00:49:21,629 --> 00:49:28,139
Last summer I had a gallbladder attack and was flat on my back for a while.
703
00:49:28,140 --> 00:49:30,289
"Kenny" had a broken back and.
704
00:49:31,920 --> 00:49:36,557
Well, while we were in this tortured condition,
705
00:49:36,558 --> 00:49:40,757
one of my colleagues at work sent me this note that there was a conference on
706
00:49:40,758 --> 00:49:44,029
Ball Lightning to be held in in Moscow at the Institute for Advanced Studies.
707
00:49:44,030 --> 00:49:46,971
and we at this request, would we be interested in submitting a paper.
708
00:49:47,150 --> 00:49:50,543
So my wife put me in the car and
709
00:49:50,544 --> 00:49:55,029
basically hauled me in the horizontal position after to Windsor, Ohio.
710
00:49:55,160 --> 00:50:01,189
And "Kenny", his wife, was wheeling him around in the yard in a wheelbarrow.
711
00:50:03,557 --> 00:50:06,771
So the two of us got together on the living room rug and flat on our backs
712
00:50:06,772 --> 00:50:10,309
and put together this paper that we sent off to the Soviet Union.
713
00:50:10,629 --> 00:50:12,614
I should mention this,
714
00:50:12,615 --> 00:50:18,543
that what's so interest to the Soviets is they have a remarkable theory based on fractals.
715
00:50:19,243 --> 00:50:21,514
This guy, "B.M. Smirnov"
716
00:50:21,515 --> 00:50:27,029
who has got to have been divinely inspired to have written some of the things that he's done.
717
00:50:27,920 --> 00:50:31,486
I mean, he's a very very qualified person technically
718
00:50:31,487 --> 00:50:33,529
but has a tremendous amount of insight.
719
00:50:33,530 --> 00:50:35,886
and somehow you could use "Mandelbrot-Fractal" theory
720
00:50:35,887 --> 00:50:39,343
to describe some of the things that going on Ball Lightning we'll talk about that next hour.
721
00:50:39,950 --> 00:50:41,743
But "Grynberg"...
722
00:50:41,744 --> 00:50:44,829
This guy "Mysovskii" back in the 20's
723
00:50:44,830 --> 00:50:47,539
was interested in doing relativistic electron beam accelerators.
724
00:50:47,543 --> 00:50:50,457
Now this is ten years before "Ernest Lawrence" and so over forth here.
725
00:50:50,810 --> 00:50:53,699
And really what we've got here here is a primary going around this guy.
726
00:50:53,720 --> 00:50:56,800
He's got it encased in a can that's grounded it.
727
00:50:56,850 --> 00:51:01,510
Here's the secondary resonator in there, and he's got it in a vacuum and so forth.
728
00:51:01,520 --> 00:51:06,050
But this was first presented as a paper, I think, in "Petrograd" in 1922.
729
00:51:06,530 --> 00:51:11,071
And we recognize that, again, he's where "Tesla" was in 1896.
730
00:51:11,757 --> 00:51:16,214
That's a very famous "Tesla" coil in Soviet Union here's one
731
00:51:16,414 --> 00:51:18,919
that is in "M.S. Livingston" And " "J.P. Blewett" book. (Particle Accelerators 1962)
732
00:51:18,920 --> 00:51:21,871
And this was the one built by "David Sloan".
733
00:51:22,250 --> 00:51:23,600
I'm not sure if he's still alive.
734
00:51:23,600 --> 00:51:28,800
I came across somebody who was at Los Alamos at an ultra wide band radar symposium
735
00:51:28,801 --> 00:51:32,229
back in March, who worked with "David Sloan" for a number of years.
736
00:51:32,330 --> 00:51:33,529
These are real people.
737
00:51:33,800 --> 00:51:38,243
"Sloan" built a 7 MHz oscillator up there, and...
738
00:51:38,443 --> 00:51:44,400
where did I put that little antenna? There it is... give me the APS symposium.
739
00:51:45,380 --> 00:51:48,529
This is a primary, we've got a monochromatic signal generator here,
740
00:51:48,530 --> 00:51:51,109
so I could take that away and put any oscillator I want here.
741
00:51:52,660 --> 00:51:53,960
Well, he's running a class C.
742
00:51:54,320 --> 00:51:56,985
I forget how much power he was running let me think...
743
00:51:58,286 --> 00:52:02,257
this was reported in that 1935 issue article by "Sloan" and Physical Review.
744
00:52:02,371 --> 00:52:05,943
But again, this is the extra coil standing there as a resonator
745
00:52:05,944 --> 00:52:09,229
and he built it up to about 800 Kv or so his purpose was for making X-rays.
746
00:52:09,230 --> 00:52:11,343
in the book we mentioned...
747
00:52:11,344 --> 00:52:15,657
On the paper for that goes with this we mentioned that Sloan's advisor,
748
00:52:15,658 --> 00:52:21,710
his mother, was very sick and had cancer.
749
00:52:22,460 --> 00:52:30,899
And so "Sloan" built this thing to make X-rays and used it on his advisor's mother.
750
00:52:30,900 --> 00:52:32,869
Boy that would have been a marvelous thing to do.
751
00:52:32,870 --> 00:52:35,343
I don't have to use it on my advisor occasionally.
752
00:52:35,720 --> 00:52:43,219
And she was the first one of these successfully treated with X-rays for stopping a cancerous growth.
753
00:52:43,430 --> 00:52:47,780
His advisor, by the way, was Nobel laureate "Ernest Lawrence".
754
00:52:49,557 --> 00:52:52,190
This is of interest because this is a famous "Tesla" coil.
755
00:52:52,760 --> 00:53:01,249
It's the one that was built by "L.R. Hafstad" And "M.A. Tuve" those guys in 1928.
756
00:53:01,790 --> 00:53:10,885
They used 7000 turns of number 40 copper wire, which has...
757
00:53:10,886 --> 00:53:16,114
If you get TCBA news, which if you have any interest in "Tesla" coils, you must
758
00:53:16,115 --> 00:53:18,743
get a whole "Harry Goldman" by everyone that he's ever published all the way back,
759
00:53:18,744 --> 00:53:20,929
because those are certainly collector's items.
760
00:53:20,930 --> 00:53:23,179
And somebody sent in something that was very similar to this
761
00:53:23,180 --> 00:53:25,339
a guy I think he built out like a 10 foot coil
762
00:53:25,340 --> 00:53:29,814
and and wound it with a number of 40 gauge copper wire and had 10 million turns on there
763
00:53:29,815 --> 00:53:33,057
and was wondering why it didn't work and and I think Harry's comment was
764
00:53:33,058 --> 00:53:36,843
tongue in cheek was something to the fact that I've never been stumped before,
765
00:53:36,844 --> 00:53:40,229
but you've totally baffled me on this one.
766
00:53:41,029 --> 00:53:46,814
What's happening here again is that for the frequency these guys were, I forget which it is,
767
00:53:46,815 --> 00:53:52,519
It's mentioned in the physical review article it's a lead up article, I think in 1930.
768
00:53:52,520 --> 00:53:55,760
And this is going to be a halfway dipole, sort of a quarter wave.
769
00:53:55,760 --> 00:53:59,900
So these guys are running it not as a vertical monopole, but as a halfway dipole up in the air.
770
00:54:01,280 --> 00:54:04,743
End loaded capacitor fully loaded you can go through and run this thing on,
771
00:54:04,744 --> 00:54:08,271
take the numbers right on the physical review and put them in
772
00:54:08,272 --> 00:54:12,671
T.C. Tutor and run true calculate gap operation of this thing what you find is that
773
00:54:12,672 --> 00:54:15,100
the losses are horrendous because...
774
00:54:15,101 --> 00:54:18,929
What you want to do is you want to build out as low loss resonator as possible.
775
00:54:18,930 --> 00:54:22,100
By the way, this is his primary that he's got around here center field this is just a link couple
776
00:54:22,101 --> 00:54:25,929
ham radio operators do the same thing quite a lot put a loading coil in the middle of an antenna
777
00:54:25,930 --> 00:54:30,289
and link couplets are... If you don't have 50 ohm coaxial you can use an open wire line or something but...
778
00:54:30,290 --> 00:54:37,340
they then took it and they put it in an oil bath to raise the voltage on the thing.
779
00:54:37,640 --> 00:54:41,657
By the way, the capacitor bank in this article is a photograph of it.
780
00:54:42,710 --> 00:54:44,314
They built this out of glass windows and
781
00:54:44,315 --> 00:54:49,069
tin foil or whatever, the same way a lot of you guys probably have done things in the past.
782
00:54:49,070 --> 00:54:52,986
The photograph is identical to a photograph was published in...
783
00:54:53,490 --> 00:54:57,314
It's something like "wireless electricity for
784
00:54:57,315 --> 00:55:01,519
boys and girls" or something like that was published in 1916.
785
00:55:01,520 --> 00:55:04,969
They replicated the same capacitor I mean, to the very joints.
786
00:55:04,970 --> 00:55:07,371
They must have handed it to someone to build one of these things.
787
00:55:13,071 --> 00:55:16,429
Again, this has got to be one of the poorest designs that we have ever seen
788
00:55:16,430 --> 00:55:18,169
for "Tesla" coils.
789
00:55:18,170 --> 00:55:20,539
Well, what would you do to made it better?
790
00:55:20,540 --> 00:55:24,843
got rid of that 40 gauge copper wire and made it a half inch diameter copper tubing
791
00:55:24,844 --> 00:55:27,714
or something, I mean, you want to keep the losses down.
792
00:55:28,014 --> 00:55:30,649
Use Litz wire, Litz wire it again was invented by Tesla.
793
00:55:30,650 --> 00:55:35,886
I think there was a question on that yesterday and the Germans picked up on it.
794
00:55:36,290 --> 00:55:40,599
They'll keep your RF losses low as long as your frequency is below 500 KHz or so.
795
00:55:40,620 --> 00:55:44,989
Above that Litz wire doesn't work so much and a very poor design.
796
00:55:45,230 --> 00:55:51,543
These guys, by the way, wrote the article that that eventually they said, well,
797
00:55:51,544 --> 00:55:54,799
we just couldn't use "Tesla" coils and they went to "Van Der Graaff" generator.
798
00:55:54,800 --> 00:55:56,539
It is no wonder they went to "Van Der Graaff" generator.
799
00:55:56,540 --> 00:56:03,200
I mean, they built this thing so poorly they needed several megawatts to do some of the
800
00:56:03,201 --> 00:56:06,370
experiments that they were doing and...
801
00:56:06,371 --> 00:56:08,400
Like I say, it's now one where they went to "Van Der Graaff" the machines
802
00:56:08,401 --> 00:56:12,071
It couldn't do one of these things. Now, we shouldn't be too hard on them because
803
00:56:12,072 --> 00:56:16,171
"Chadwick" the guy that... I'm going to stop just a minute.
804
00:56:16,172 --> 00:56:19,057
The guy that discovered the neutrons made the comment
805
00:56:19,058 --> 00:56:22,300
that he tried to build a "Tesla" coil when he was for an accelerator
806
00:56:22,301 --> 00:56:26,029
in the early 1930 so he's working, I think with "Rutherford" maybe.
807
00:56:26,030 --> 00:56:28,069
I may have him mixed up with something else else.
808
00:56:28,070 --> 00:56:31,519
I just didn't have the training and I wasn't capable of doing such things.
809
00:56:31,520 --> 00:56:34,129
He recognized that there was something going on that he didn't understand
810
00:56:34,130 --> 00:56:37,871
and just set that all aside and went another way to do it.
811
00:56:39,380 --> 00:56:42,530
What's the connection between all this and fireballs?
812
00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:47,571
This is another form of a "Tesla" coil, this is a helical resonator in a can.
813
00:56:47,960 --> 00:56:49,386
This is one "Kenny" built.
814
00:56:49,580 --> 00:56:53,399
I forget what frequency it was working this 2 Mhz "Ken"?
815
00:56:53,400 --> 00:56:55,286
Yeah, 2 Mhz.
816
00:56:55,960 --> 00:56:56,960
and...
817
00:56:59,960 --> 00:57:01,550
"Q" Here is about 450.
818
00:57:01,550 --> 00:57:05,814
This guy was three feet in diameter and stood about so I had a barrel, you know,
819
00:57:05,815 --> 00:57:08,749
and we began to notice strange discharges from this thing.
820
00:57:08,750 --> 00:57:12,739
it was right at the time when we came out here in 1988.
821
00:57:14,930 --> 00:57:21,229
At that point in time, we were also reading this thing that it was in July, I think, of 88
822
00:57:21,230 --> 00:57:23,343
that "Harry Goldman" had published this statement
823
00:57:23,344 --> 00:57:29,299
in an article called "Tesla" Tries to Prevent WW II" But he's describing how he made fireballs.
824
00:57:29,300 --> 00:57:32,157
And he says it became apparent that fireballs resulted from the
825
00:57:32,158 --> 00:57:38,549
interaction of two frequencies, a stray higher frequency wave imposed on the lower frequency oscillations of the main circuit.
826
00:57:38,550 --> 00:57:39,800
And what's he talking about?
827
00:57:40,670 --> 00:57:43,328
This condition acts as a trigger
828
00:57:43,329 --> 00:57:48,643
which may cause the total energy of the powerful longer wave, that is the low frequency
829
00:57:48,644 --> 00:57:52,257
to be discharged in a infinitesimally small interval of time
830
00:57:52,258 --> 00:57:55,329
and the proportionately tremendously... Why you don't like his language?
831
00:57:55,330 --> 00:57:58,629
and the proportionately tremendously great rate of energy movement
832
00:57:58,630 --> 00:58:02,543
which cannot confine itself to the metal circuit and is released into surrounding space
833
00:58:02,544 --> 00:58:04,729
with inconceivable violence.
834
00:58:04,730 --> 00:58:10,071
Now this last phrase is released into space with inconceivable violence.
835
00:58:10,072 --> 00:58:12,971
Is very important with some work that...
836
00:58:12,972 --> 00:58:16,600
Is very analogous to some work that "Forrest" and "Witten" were doing on fractals
837
00:58:16,601 --> 00:58:19,457
in the early 80's And I'll tell you about that in the next hour.
838
00:58:19,760 --> 00:58:23,956
Then he goes on and he says, Well, It is but a step, from the learning how
839
00:58:23,957 --> 00:58:31,057
a high frequency current can explosively discharge a lower frequency current
840
00:58:31,550 --> 00:58:36,199
to using the principle to design a system in which these explosions can be produced by intent.
841
00:58:36,200 --> 00:58:39,157
And "Kenny" and "Leland Anderson" and I
842
00:58:39,158 --> 00:58:44,014
and "Danny Edwards", were walking around Prospect Lake...
843
00:58:44,015 --> 00:58:47,500
And "Leland" made the comment, he says, you know, this is amazing
844
00:58:47,501 --> 00:58:50,100
for all the "Tesla" coils that have been built that,
845
00:58:50,101 --> 00:58:53,059
you know, we're not more people haven't been seeing fireballs.
846
00:58:53,060 --> 00:58:56,090
This is the way "Tesla" described they almost come off like bubbles off the machine.
847
00:58:56,720 --> 00:59:00,019
Why aren't we seeing them? It was a puzzle, you know, we just stood there.
848
00:59:00,020 --> 00:59:02,780
by the way most of the stuff that is really exciting that goes on
849
00:59:02,780 --> 00:59:06,529
in this symposium it doesn't occur here at the podium.
850
00:59:06,530 --> 00:59:13,489
It occurs in the parking lots and the restaurants and the parks and the in the airport.
851
00:59:13,550 --> 00:59:20,059
And it's almost a Roman orgy of explosive intellectual activity that occurs at a symposium.
852
00:59:20,060 --> 00:59:25,157
And there we were banging our heads on the wall and we flew back to Cleveland
853
00:59:25,158 --> 00:59:27,319
looking at the diary, reading this stuff.
854
00:59:27,320 --> 00:59:31,714
as you look at the pictures, it becomes obvious what's going on, where "Tesla" has
855
00:59:31,715 --> 00:59:34,343
one primary exciting several secondaries
856
00:59:34,344 --> 00:59:38,119
and he could use easily one coil to discharge another.
857
00:59:38,120 --> 00:59:41,540
So we arranged... well get back, we arrange the circuit in that form.
858
00:59:42,250 --> 00:59:48,600
Sounds real... That's an easy thing to say, I think it took about ten days to do this.
859
00:59:51,700 --> 00:59:54,649
you recognize those two coils in the center?
860
00:59:54,650 --> 00:59:58,879
That's a drawing very similar to what "Tesla" has in the diary, I forget the page number.
861
00:59:58,880 --> 01:00:01,300
It's showed up many places, but I think early in September
862
01:00:01,301 --> 01:00:04,886
those of you that have a diary you start reading through September, You see where things actually got
863
01:00:04,887 --> 01:00:07,970
that same kind of circuit.
864
01:00:07,970 --> 01:00:16,286
The actual form of that is not what's critical, but the general circuit ideas there,
865
01:00:16,287 --> 01:00:19,857
by the way we publish all the the numbers
866
01:00:19,858 --> 01:00:23,299
that are measured that completely characterize those coils.
867
01:00:23,300 --> 01:00:26,059
So if you don't believe us, you can build your own and see that it's really so.
868
01:00:27,190 --> 01:00:29,389
Now, that's the end of what I wanted to say this morning.
869
01:00:29,390 --> 01:00:30,943
There was a third paper that we were going to give,
870
01:00:30,944 --> 01:00:36,440
but Dr. *Pulgeli from Battelle had to be in the Caribbean this week.
871
01:00:37,000 --> 01:00:39,619
I understand there's a hurricane down there, he is going right where the eye of the thing is.
872
01:00:39,620 --> 01:00:41,100
so he's probably had a good time, but
873
01:00:41,101 --> 01:00:45,143
he's a high energy physicist, originally from Brookhaven and it was also, I guess,
874
01:00:45,144 --> 01:00:49,309
in Annapolis and a few other places. And as he began to read some of Tesla's work.
875
01:00:49,310 --> 01:00:55,857
he said, some other strange things are going on here with respect to the X-ray apparatus.
876
01:00:56,090 --> 01:00:59,269
we were looking at this "Livingston" chart, fairly famous.
877
01:00:59,270 --> 01:01:04,100
It is a plot of accelerator beam energy versus year.
878
01:01:04,310 --> 01:01:08,886
And "Levingston" is the guy that started plotting this stuff starts around 1930 or so,
879
01:01:08,887 --> 01:01:10,490
around 100 Kv
880
01:01:10,490 --> 01:01:12,829
And over the years, certain things that happened, you can see way up there
881
01:01:12,830 --> 01:01:17,779
is where the superconducting supercollider is supposed to be.
882
01:01:17,780 --> 01:01:20,871
Let me call your attention to the "Van Der Graaff" machines,
883
01:01:20,872 --> 01:01:22,849
which are these electrostatic generators.
884
01:01:22,850 --> 01:01:27,971
They build up real fast till about the early 40's and somehow or rather
885
01:01:27,972 --> 01:01:30,499
there is a great deal of improvement after those.
886
01:01:30,500 --> 01:01:37,970
I think this is the newest one that was just built at the tandem version that was built at Yale.
887
01:01:38,600 --> 01:01:42,100
Now, what struck me as I looked at this was...
888
01:01:42,101 --> 01:01:47,157
Hey if I plotted on here, Tesla's published
889
01:01:49,671 --> 01:01:55,749
the energies measured here in electron volts and this is actually volts for "Van Der Graaff".
890
01:01:55,750 --> 01:01:59,779
So if I did the same thing as he do for "Van Der Graaff". These aren't real volts, by the way.
891
01:02:00,890 --> 01:02:03,129
This is probably about the limit where real volts stop
892
01:02:03,130 --> 01:02:07,700
these other things are are kinetic equivalent volts or anything.
893
01:02:09,590 --> 01:02:11,514
I don't have time to talk about that.
894
01:02:11,900 --> 01:02:16,071
But if I apply just like we do for "Van Der Graaff", where would Tesla's
895
01:02:16,072 --> 01:02:18,843
published data fall on this thing?
896
01:02:19,220 --> 01:02:21,260
And the thing that struck me was this...
897
01:02:33,970 --> 01:02:36,529
Now get the idea...
898
01:02:36,729 --> 01:02:40,239
his Tesla's data start out early 1890s.
899
01:02:40,240 --> 01:02:44,199
And lo and behold, he has his own one man "Livingston" chart.
900
01:02:44,680 --> 01:02:47,679
That is the same as this displaced 40 years over.
901
01:02:48,243 --> 01:02:50,771
and the point that i make and i regret about this
902
01:02:50,772 --> 01:02:54,071
is that hey we should have had superconducting super gliders 40 years ago.
903
01:02:54,640 --> 01:02:56,271
Another way to put it is this...
904
01:02:56,272 --> 01:03:00,171
Where will high energy physics be 40 years from now in the year 2030?
905
01:03:02,320 --> 01:03:08,980
Let's see... We found when we were doing this, that it wasn't necessarily used 2 coils.
906
01:03:08,980 --> 01:03:11,286
You could do whit one.
907
01:03:12,010 --> 01:03:15,314
And in the paper that we sent over to the Soviet Union,
908
01:03:15,315 --> 01:03:19,729
we just show the same thing with only one instead using two resonators,
909
01:03:19,730 --> 01:03:22,660
one to discharge the other.
When we built this.
910
01:03:22,660 --> 01:03:27,229
We didn't start seeing fireballs, of course, the first time, but where we were in the diary
911
01:03:27,230 --> 01:03:32,919
was on page 330 and there's a paragraph in there that says... We're Tesla's writing
912
01:03:32,920 --> 01:03:37,179
and describing this stuff, he describes it in several draft for five different places in there.
913
01:03:37,180 --> 01:03:41,171
But he says it's already met as already noted,
914
01:03:41,172 --> 01:03:46,389
a streamer will show sometimes one or more points of great luminosity.
915
01:03:46,390 --> 01:03:49,443
And what we found out was an arc between these two guys,
916
01:03:49,444 --> 01:03:54,309
there'd be places where there'd be a hotspot in the middle great luminosity. That is fairly common.
917
01:03:54,310 --> 01:03:58,090
A lot of you guys have probably seen this also with your own machines.
918
01:03:59,200 --> 01:04:03,843
But what occurred to us was... He says in this instance here describe
919
01:04:03,844 --> 01:04:09,143
the streamers were very powerful and the spots when they appeared were about an inch
920
01:04:09,144 --> 01:04:12,879
or possibly more in diameter actual fireballs.
921
01:04:12,880 --> 01:04:16,286
So in one sentence, he's talking about these hotspots.
922
01:04:16,420 --> 01:04:18,159
In the next sentence, he's got fireballs.
923
01:04:18,160 --> 01:04:20,757
So we knew we were within a sentence of where he was at
924
01:04:20,758 --> 01:04:25,269
one can barely note a small luminous patch on the streamers.
925
01:04:25,270 --> 01:04:28,870
And you'll see some of these slides we're about to show where you see the bright patch,
926
01:04:28,871 --> 01:04:32,186
at least I think you can see them...
927
01:04:32,343 --> 01:04:36,819
on the streamer and the impression of the central portion of the ball.
928
01:04:36,820 --> 01:04:39,549
So he goes right from one to the other.
929
01:04:39,550 --> 01:04:49,129
By the way, when we were doing this experiment, it was in mid-August of 1988,
930
01:04:49,130 --> 01:04:53,979
just after the symposium and by October or so
931
01:04:55,057 --> 01:04:58,929
we felt like, well, what else can we do with this stuff?
932
01:04:58,930 --> 01:05:01,989
And that's why we said, well, can we can we make them go through windows?
933
01:05:01,990 --> 01:05:04,214
People talk about them going through windows, you know,
934
01:05:04,215 --> 01:05:08,859
and so "Kenny" got a piece of glass and set it up there.
935
01:05:08,860 --> 01:05:13,986
And this is just to orient you so when you see the slide, you see what we're talking about,
936
01:05:14,214 --> 01:05:18,886
and then here's the fireball that's coming and a discharge
937
01:05:18,887 --> 01:05:24,029
coming in from the left and the arc...
938
01:05:24,114 --> 01:05:29,210
And the discharge hits the plate of glass.
939
01:05:29,210 --> 01:05:32,986
And the glass was so big by so big, a pretty good size, something we took out of a barn
940
01:05:32,987 --> 01:05:37,329
up in Ohio that's been there for a good many years.
941
01:05:40,171 --> 01:05:44,500
And the arc comes through and the ball's formed on the other side, and this ball goes out
942
01:05:44,501 --> 01:05:48,019
and you can see it pretty clear on the video.
943
01:05:48,020 --> 01:05:52,700
And if you're watching it in real time, you get the appearance of the ball incident on the left
944
01:05:52,701 --> 01:05:57,500
and the ball exiting emanating on the right it looks in real time, looks like the ball's actually
945
01:05:57,501 --> 01:05:59,769
passed through the glass.
946
01:05:59,770 --> 01:06:06,443
And the explanation for this was actually, I think, anticipated by "D. Finkelstein"
947
01:06:06,444 --> 01:06:11,400
And the other fellow back in the late 60's when they give an explanation for this
948
01:06:11,401 --> 01:06:15,400
and also in their American Scientist article and 1970,
949
01:06:15,401 --> 01:06:18,129
we've got a number of slides to show you
950
01:06:18,130 --> 01:06:22,029
and "Kenny" is going to show them to you right now.
951
01:06:24,400 --> 01:06:26,611
Well, let's see. What can it get set up?
94583
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.