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1
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- No, I don't know.
- A few people.
2
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I was... it was terrible.
3
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Tomorrow's will be better.
4
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I don't think I can say that.
5
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Say it in a public forum.
6
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I need... I need evidence.
7
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It's big, no?
8
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Ever since I entered physics,
9
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people have been talking about
this machine.
10
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The Large Hadron Collider,
11
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the biggest machine
ever built by human beings,
12
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is finally going to turn on.
13
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And after many, many years
14
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of waiting and theorizing
15
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about how matter got created
16
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and about what
the deep fundamental theory
17
00:03:44,093 --> 00:03:45,793
of nature is...
18
00:03:45,794 --> 00:03:49,425
all those theories
are finally going to be tested,
19
00:03:49,426 --> 00:03:51,260
and we're gonna know something.
20
00:03:51,261 --> 00:03:53,260
And we don't know
what it's gonna be now,
21
00:03:53,262 --> 00:03:54,627
but we will know,
22
00:03:54,628 --> 00:03:56,312
and it's gonna change
everything.
23
00:03:58,559 --> 00:04:02,161
And if the LHC
sees new particles,
24
00:04:02,162 --> 00:04:04,428
we're on the right track.
25
00:04:04,429 --> 00:04:08,295
And if it doesn't, not
only have we missed something,
26
00:04:08,296 --> 00:04:14,061
but we may not ever know
how to proceed.
27
00:04:15,060 --> 00:04:16,958
We are at a fork in the road,
28
00:04:16,959 --> 00:04:20,660
and it's either going to be
a golden era...
29
00:04:20,661 --> 00:04:22,326
Oh!
30
00:04:22,327 --> 00:04:25,260
Or it's going to be quite stark.
31
00:04:25,261 --> 00:04:29,727
And I've never heard of
a moment like this in history,
32
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where an entire field
is hinging on a single event.
33
00:04:34,594 --> 00:04:35,894
- Hi.
- Hi.
34
00:04:35,895 --> 00:04:37,160
- I'm David.
- I'm Fabiola.
35
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Fabiola, nice to meet you.
36
00:04:38,794 --> 00:04:42,260
- So, look, I have suggested
to be on this side
37
00:04:42,261 --> 00:04:45,225
because this big wheel
is quite spectacular.
38
00:04:45,226 --> 00:04:47,727
Yeah, yeah.
39
00:04:47,728 --> 00:04:49,125
More than ever,
40
00:04:49,126 --> 00:04:50,960
this will require
the collaboration
41
00:04:50,961 --> 00:04:52,993
between the theory
and experimentalists,
42
00:04:52,994 --> 00:04:54,274
so it would be
a very nice period
43
00:04:54,460 --> 00:04:56,393
where we work together and,
uh...
44
00:04:56,394 --> 00:04:59,792
- Well, it's fun to finally
interact with experimentalists.
45
00:04:59,793 --> 00:05:01,928
I mean, I used to be
just in my office,
46
00:05:01,929 --> 00:05:05,101
coming up with, you know,
crazy ideas.
47
00:05:11,093 --> 00:05:12,893
It's a big thing.
48
00:05:12,894 --> 00:05:15,893
There is a general sense waiting
for this machine to start,
49
00:05:15,894 --> 00:05:20,227
this massive machine that has
taken so many years to build.
50
00:05:20,228 --> 00:05:23,927
We are all in great anticipation
of what it might find.
51
00:05:23,928 --> 00:05:26,293
And every time
there's even a rumor
52
00:05:26,294 --> 00:05:28,560
that a new particle
is discovered...
53
00:05:28,561 --> 00:05:30,759
even before it turns on...
54
00:05:30,760 --> 00:05:35,325
the entire field
goes into a fever pitch.
55
00:05:35,326 --> 00:05:40,327
The experiment was designed
initially in the mid '80s
56
00:05:40,328 --> 00:05:43,493
and has taken
this long to construct.
57
00:05:43,494 --> 00:05:48,293
There are 10,000 people
of over 100 nationalities.
58
00:05:48,294 --> 00:05:50,059
That includes countries
59
00:05:50,060 --> 00:05:52,160
which are mortal enemies
of each other,
60
00:05:52,161 --> 00:05:55,926
like India and Pakistan,
and Georgia and Russia,
61
00:05:55,927 --> 00:05:57,627
and Iran and Israel.
62
00:05:57,628 --> 00:06:00,560
All have physicists
working on this machine.
63
00:06:00,561 --> 00:06:03,395
These big blue things
are 7-ton
64
00:06:04,394 --> 00:06:06,160
superconducting magnets,
65
00:06:06,161 --> 00:06:08,827
which have to be cooled
with liquid helium
66
00:06:08,828 --> 00:06:10,993
to the coldest temperatures
on Earth,
67
00:06:10,994 --> 00:06:12,393
colder than empty space.
68
00:06:13,393 --> 00:06:16,794
There are 100,000 computers
69
00:06:16,795 --> 00:06:20,493
connected all over the world
to deal with the data.
70
00:06:20,495 --> 00:06:23,260
In fact, the worldwide web
was invented at CERN
71
00:06:23,261 --> 00:06:24,794
so that physicists
all over the planet
72
00:06:24,795 --> 00:06:26,626
could share the data.
73
00:06:26,627 --> 00:06:30,294
The United States was building
a machine just like this,
74
00:06:30,295 --> 00:06:33,460
in fact, a bigger machine,
in Texas,
75
00:06:33,461 --> 00:06:37,926
but they ran into
a small technical difficulty.
76
00:06:37,927 --> 00:06:42,660
- I doubt anyone believes
that the most pressing issues
77
00:06:42,661 --> 00:06:48,426
facing the nation include
an insufficient understanding
78
00:06:48,426 --> 00:06:51,326
of the origins of the universe.
79
00:06:51,326 --> 00:06:54,661
- Unfortunately, the
Superconducting Super Collider
80
00:06:54,662 --> 00:06:58,160
was canceled by Congress
in 1993.
81
00:06:58,161 --> 00:07:00,224
- And finally, he's saying,
"Well, if we don't do it,
82
00:07:00,226 --> 00:07:01,925
the Europeans will do it."
83
00:07:01,926 --> 00:07:03,793
Let them do it!
84
00:07:03,794 --> 00:07:05,959
We'll steal their technology
like they steal our technology.
85
00:07:05,960 --> 00:07:08,725
It got very political.
86
00:07:08,726 --> 00:07:13,393
It was very expensive,
very complicated.
87
00:07:13,394 --> 00:07:15,727
It's hard for physicists
to explain
88
00:07:15,728 --> 00:07:18,459
why we do
these kinds of experiments.
89
00:07:18,460 --> 00:07:22,658
The purpose of the machine
is not military application.
90
00:07:22,660 --> 00:07:24,826
It's not commercial application.
91
00:07:24,827 --> 00:07:28,659
It's to understand something
about the basic laws of physics.
92
00:07:28,660 --> 00:07:31,760
There are two kinds
of particle physicists:
93
00:07:31,761 --> 00:07:33,660
there are the experimentalists.
94
00:07:33,661 --> 00:07:37,459
They built the big machines,
run the experiments,
95
00:07:37,460 --> 00:07:40,294
analyze the data,
and try to discover things,
96
00:07:41,294 --> 00:07:43,794
like new particles;
97
00:07:43,795 --> 00:07:47,294
And then there are
the theorists, like me.
98
00:07:48,292 --> 00:07:50,426
We construct the theories
99
00:07:50,427 --> 00:07:53,926
that try to explain everything
we see in nature.
100
00:07:53,927 --> 00:07:58,425
Without us, the experimentalists
are in the dark,
101
00:07:58,426 --> 00:08:00,493
but without them,
102
00:08:00,494 --> 00:08:02,929
we'll never know the truth.
103
00:08:06,060 --> 00:08:08,125
- I mean, if you go,
it won't be so terrible.
104
00:08:08,126 --> 00:08:10,393
When I was at Stanford,
I had a mentor:
105
00:08:10,394 --> 00:08:12,825
Savas Dimopoulos.
106
00:08:12,826 --> 00:08:17,060
Savas only likes to work
on the biggest puzzles.
107
00:08:17,061 --> 00:08:18,927
Now, just for fun,
108
00:08:18,928 --> 00:08:22,059
I wanted to tell you that the
enabling technologies that...
109
00:08:22,059 --> 00:08:24,659
- He has
some of the most famous theories
110
00:08:24,660 --> 00:08:26,792
that will be tested at the LHC,
111
00:08:26,793 --> 00:08:30,627
but he doesn't know
if any of them are true,
112
00:08:30,628 --> 00:08:34,160
so there's an intensity with
which he approaches physics.
113
00:08:34,161 --> 00:08:37,793
If he works on a paper that
could result in a Nobel Prize,
114
00:08:37,794 --> 00:08:40,659
he doesn't allow more
than three people on the paper,
115
00:08:40,660 --> 00:08:42,725
because you can only share
the Nobel Prize
116
00:08:42,726 --> 00:08:44,392
with three people.
117
00:08:44,393 --> 00:08:47,893
That's the level
at which he's operating
118
00:08:47,894 --> 00:08:49,928
and the impact
he's trying to have.
119
00:08:49,929 --> 00:08:52,452
- Takes us beyond the
confines of atomic physics.
120
00:08:53,226 --> 00:08:54,893
In particle physics,
121
00:08:54,894 --> 00:08:58,458
you have to have a threshold
amount of intelligence,
122
00:08:58,459 --> 00:09:01,125
whatever that means.
123
00:09:01,127 --> 00:09:03,658
But the thing
that differentiates scientists
124
00:09:03,659 --> 00:09:07,260
is purely an artistic ability
125
00:09:07,261 --> 00:09:11,893
to discern what is a good idea,
126
00:09:11,894 --> 00:09:13,559
what is a beautiful idea,
127
00:09:13,560 --> 00:09:15,993
what is worth spending time on,
128
00:09:15,994 --> 00:09:19,125
and, most importantly,
129
00:09:19,126 --> 00:09:24,225
what is a problem that
is sufficiently interesting,
130
00:09:24,227 --> 00:09:26,559
yet sufficiently difficult
131
00:09:26,560 --> 00:09:29,258
that it hasn't yet been solved,
132
00:09:29,259 --> 00:09:34,959
but the time
for solving it has come now?
133
00:09:58,561 --> 00:10:01,125
- So people have been waiting
for this experiment,
134
00:10:01,126 --> 00:10:03,162
the LHC, for a very long time.
135
00:10:03,824 --> 00:10:05,558
Nothing like it
has ever happened.
136
00:10:05,559 --> 00:10:07,058
All the superlatives
are justified.
137
00:10:07,059 --> 00:10:10,226
This is the case
where the hype is...
138
00:10:10,228 --> 00:10:12,125
the hype
is approximately accurate.
139
00:10:12,126 --> 00:10:14,660
To get, you know, 3,000 people
140
00:10:14,661 --> 00:10:16,092
to work
on an experiment together,
141
00:10:16,093 --> 00:10:17,791
whose goal is to understand
142
00:10:17,792 --> 00:10:19,958
what's going on at distances
a thousand times smaller
143
00:10:19,959 --> 00:10:21,625
than the proton...
144
00:10:21,626 --> 00:10:24,593
this is... this is a really
extraordinary testament
145
00:10:24,594 --> 00:10:29,225
to what...
to some of the highest ideals
146
00:10:29,226 --> 00:10:31,492
we can have as human beings.
147
00:10:31,493 --> 00:10:33,160
It's...
148
00:10:33,161 --> 00:10:36,159
- Nima and I got our PhDs
around the same time.
149
00:10:36,159 --> 00:10:37,958
He's a couple years ahead of me.
150
00:10:37,959 --> 00:10:42,094
And Nima
is the star of our generation,
151
00:10:42,095 --> 00:10:45,993
and he's the guy we all followed
and looked up to
152
00:10:45,994 --> 00:10:47,390
and tried to keep up with
153
00:10:47,391 --> 00:10:50,464
and tried to outpace
if we could.
154
00:10:54,460 --> 00:10:56,224
Since the mid '70s,
155
00:10:56,225 --> 00:10:58,959
we've had an amazingly
successful theory of nature
156
00:10:58,960 --> 00:11:01,593
that we call the Standard Model
of particle physics.
157
00:11:01,594 --> 00:11:04,259
But sitting in the heart
of the theory is a sickness,
158
00:11:04,260 --> 00:11:07,826
very, very glaring
conceptual problems
159
00:11:07,828 --> 00:11:10,036
that infected
this fantastic understanding.
160
00:11:11,926 --> 00:11:14,258
Why is the universe big?
161
00:11:14,259 --> 00:11:16,925
Why is gravity so much weaker
than all the other forces?
162
00:11:16,926 --> 00:11:19,658
The kinds of answers that this
theory gives to these questions
163
00:11:19,659 --> 00:11:22,259
seems so patently absurd
164
00:11:22,260 --> 00:11:26,492
that we think that we're missing
something very, very big.
165
00:11:26,493 --> 00:11:28,625
And on top of all of that,
166
00:11:28,626 --> 00:11:30,793
there is one prediction
of this theory...
167
00:11:30,794 --> 00:11:32,392
absolutely crucial
for it to even make
168
00:11:32,393 --> 00:11:34,492
internal theoretical sense...
169
00:11:34,493 --> 00:11:36,959
and this is
the famous Higgs particle.
170
00:11:36,960 --> 00:11:38,759
The Higgs, or something like it,
must show up.
171
00:11:38,760 --> 00:11:40,261
If it doesn't show up,
172
00:11:40,262 --> 00:11:42,591
there's something
truly, deeply wrong,
173
00:11:42,592 --> 00:11:43,925
very, very, deeply wrong
174
00:11:43,926 --> 00:11:45,792
with the way
we think about physics.
175
00:11:45,793 --> 00:11:47,226
There are strong reasons
176
00:11:47,227 --> 00:11:48,591
to think that some
of these questions
177
00:11:48,592 --> 00:11:50,659
will find answers at the LHC.
178
00:11:50,660 --> 00:11:52,091
There's been no shortage
of ideas
179
00:11:52,092 --> 00:11:54,459
for what they might be,
180
00:11:54,460 --> 00:11:57,926
but this is really
this generation of people's...
181
00:11:57,927 --> 00:11:59,925
my generation of people's...
only shot.
182
00:12:12,793 --> 00:12:14,959
Ah, so the boss comes.
183
00:12:23,628 --> 00:12:26,992
I first came to CERN in 1987.
184
00:12:26,993 --> 00:12:30,124
I was a very young
undergraduate student,
185
00:12:30,125 --> 00:12:33,127
and I remember the first time
I entered the site.
186
00:12:33,128 --> 00:12:35,660
I was a bit scared
by the corridors
187
00:12:35,661 --> 00:12:38,159
in the CERN main site,
188
00:12:38,160 --> 00:12:40,926
so I was almost lost
in those corridors.
189
00:12:40,927 --> 00:12:42,658
For me, it has been
a wonderful experience,
190
00:12:42,659 --> 00:12:44,391
because I had the chance
of being involved
191
00:12:44,392 --> 00:12:46,158
right from the beginning
192
00:12:46,159 --> 00:12:50,159
and to see, really, an
experiment from starting and...
193
00:12:50,160 --> 00:12:51,826
from zero, essentially.
194
00:12:51,827 --> 00:12:53,626
- I've seen two inventors
place out of the ten,
195
00:12:53,627 --> 00:12:55,059
and we probably have seen...
196
00:12:55,060 --> 00:12:56,593
- I don't think
I can describe right now
197
00:12:56,594 --> 00:12:58,458
the excitement about first beam.
198
00:12:58,459 --> 00:13:00,892
I mean, the entire control room
199
00:13:00,893 --> 00:13:05,325
is like a group
of six-year-olds
200
00:13:05,326 --> 00:13:07,793
whose birthday is next week,
you know,
201
00:13:07,794 --> 00:13:09,159
and there's going to be cake,
202
00:13:09,160 --> 00:13:10,758
and there's going to be
presents,
203
00:13:10,759 --> 00:13:12,424
and all their friends
are going to be there,
204
00:13:12,425 --> 00:13:13,894
and they just, you know...
205
00:13:13,894 --> 00:13:16,492
they just know
it's going to be great.
206
00:13:16,493 --> 00:13:18,558
You know,
they're kind of scattered,
207
00:13:18,559 --> 00:13:20,791
and I can't imagine, 'cause
they're not that big, right?
208
00:13:20,792 --> 00:13:22,226
I've been a postdoc here
for a year,
209
00:13:22,226 --> 00:13:23,591
so I'm a relative newcomer.
210
00:13:23,592 --> 00:13:25,275
But my timing
is sort of perfect.
211
00:13:25,960 --> 00:13:27,660
I mean,
to be on the ground floor
212
00:13:27,661 --> 00:13:29,259
when the data first comes...
213
00:13:29,260 --> 00:13:30,492
it's awesome.
214
00:13:30,493 --> 00:13:32,926
That means I have 5,000 emails.
215
00:13:32,927 --> 00:13:35,291
There's a huge difference
216
00:13:35,292 --> 00:13:38,159
between theorists
and experimentalists.
217
00:13:38,160 --> 00:13:40,225
I mean, when I started college,
218
00:13:40,226 --> 00:13:43,758
I absolutely did not
want to do physics.
219
00:13:43,759 --> 00:13:46,179
Physics meant to me
everything that was boring:
220
00:13:46,926 --> 00:13:50,892
textbooks, theories, proofs.
221
00:13:50,893 --> 00:13:53,155
But then I discovered
the experimental side,
222
00:13:53,927 --> 00:13:57,894
and the experimental side
is the hands-on aspect.
223
00:13:57,895 --> 00:13:59,758
It's about taking a theory,
224
00:13:59,759 --> 00:14:03,625
which is abstract,
and making it real.
225
00:14:03,626 --> 00:14:05,204
How do you build an experiment
226
00:14:05,926 --> 00:14:09,760
to discover something
that the theory predicts?
227
00:14:09,761 --> 00:14:12,927
And that aspect is what I love.
228
00:14:27,628 --> 00:14:30,325
Of course, when constructing
the whole thing,
229
00:14:30,326 --> 00:14:32,258
we several times thought,
230
00:14:32,259 --> 00:14:35,158
"What if the whole thing
just does not work?"
231
00:14:35,159 --> 00:14:37,092
I really believe now
this will work,
232
00:14:37,093 --> 00:14:40,124
but the next thing is,
will we ever find something?
233
00:14:40,125 --> 00:14:43,126
So maybe we will
just find nothing new.
234
00:14:43,127 --> 00:14:45,426
It would be a catastrophe
for physics.
235
00:14:45,427 --> 00:14:47,291
We would, somehow...
236
00:14:47,292 --> 00:14:49,958
none of the open questions
which we have at the moment
237
00:14:49,959 --> 00:14:53,092
would've been answered.
238
00:14:53,094 --> 00:14:59,224
- So the LHC is basically the
most fundamental of experiments.
239
00:14:59,225 --> 00:15:01,993
It's like what any child
would design as an experiment.
240
00:15:01,994 --> 00:15:06,126
You take two things,
and you smash them together.
241
00:15:06,127 --> 00:15:09,057
And you get a lot of stuff that
comes out of that collision,
242
00:15:09,058 --> 00:15:12,292
and you try
to understand that stuff.
243
00:15:12,294 --> 00:15:14,158
Now, in this case,
244
00:15:14,159 --> 00:15:17,224
what we're smashing together
is tiny protons,
245
00:15:17,225 --> 00:15:20,726
which are inside the center
of every atom.
246
00:15:20,727 --> 00:15:23,491
And in order to get them
going as fast as possible,
247
00:15:23,492 --> 00:15:27,557
we have to build
this huge 17-mile ring,
248
00:15:27,558 --> 00:15:31,125
and we run those protons
around the ring multiple times
249
00:15:31,126 --> 00:15:34,792
to build up speed,
almost to the speed of light,
250
00:15:34,792 --> 00:15:38,091
and then we collide two beams
going in opposite directions
251
00:15:38,092 --> 00:15:39,993
at four points,
252
00:15:39,994 --> 00:15:43,325
and at those four points
are four different experiments:
253
00:15:43,326 --> 00:15:48,292
ATLAS, LHCb, CMS, and ALICE.
254
00:15:48,293 --> 00:15:50,260
Now, I work
on the ATLAS experiment.
255
00:15:50,261 --> 00:15:52,795
And ATLAS is like
a huge seven-story camera
256
00:15:53,793 --> 00:15:57,959
that takes a snapshot
of every single collision,
257
00:15:57,960 --> 00:16:00,726
and that's billions
of collisions.
258
00:16:00,727 --> 00:16:04,659
And the hope is that we'll see
the very famous Higgs particle.
259
00:16:04,660 --> 00:16:07,459
But every time we've turned on
the new accelerator
260
00:16:07,460 --> 00:16:08,892
at a higher energy,
261
00:16:08,893 --> 00:16:10,659
we've always been surprised.
262
00:16:10,660 --> 00:16:14,159
So the real hope
is that we'll see the Higgs,
263
00:16:14,160 --> 00:16:16,528
but that there's also something
amazingly new.
264
00:16:19,094 --> 00:16:24,259
- You can liken it to
when we put a man on the moon.
265
00:16:24,260 --> 00:16:25,956
It's that level
of collaborative effort.
266
00:16:25,957 --> 00:16:27,925
I would say,
even bigger than that.
267
00:16:27,926 --> 00:16:29,591
This is closer to something like
268
00:16:29,592 --> 00:16:32,324
human beings
building the Pyramids.
269
00:16:32,325 --> 00:16:33,792
Why did they do it?
270
00:16:33,793 --> 00:16:35,093
Why are we doing it?
271
00:16:35,094 --> 00:16:36,792
We actually have two answers.
272
00:16:36,793 --> 00:16:39,059
One answer
is what we tell people,
273
00:16:39,060 --> 00:16:41,893
and the other answer
is the truth.
274
00:16:43,127 --> 00:16:44,992
I'll tell you both.
275
00:16:44,993 --> 00:16:47,791
And there's nothing incorrect
about the first answer.
276
00:16:47,792 --> 00:16:50,725
It's just... it doesn't... it's
not the thing that drives us.
277
00:16:50,726 --> 00:16:52,491
It's not how we think about it,
278
00:16:52,492 --> 00:16:54,491
but it's something
you can say quickly,
279
00:16:54,727 --> 00:16:58,125
and the person you're talking to
won't, you know,
280
00:16:58,126 --> 00:17:01,492
get diverted or pass out
or pick up the SkyMall catalog
281
00:17:01,493 --> 00:17:03,924
if you happen to be next to them
on an airplane.
282
00:17:03,925 --> 00:17:05,459
Answer number one:
283
00:17:05,460 --> 00:17:09,558
we are reproducing the physics,
284
00:17:09,559 --> 00:17:12,560
the conditions,
just after the big bang.
285
00:17:12,561 --> 00:17:14,425
We're doing it in this collider,
286
00:17:14,426 --> 00:17:17,225
and we're reproducing that
so we can see what it was like
287
00:17:17,226 --> 00:17:18,991
when the universe just started.
288
00:17:18,992 --> 00:17:20,423
This is what we tell people.
289
00:17:20,425 --> 00:17:23,091
Okay, answer two:
290
00:17:23,092 --> 00:17:25,759
we are trying to understand
the basic laws of nature.
291
00:17:25,760 --> 00:17:28,325
It sounds slightly more mild,
292
00:17:28,326 --> 00:17:32,159
but this is really where we are
and what we're trying to do.
293
00:17:32,160 --> 00:17:35,591
We study particles,
because just after the big bang,
294
00:17:35,592 --> 00:17:37,792
all there was was particles,
295
00:17:37,793 --> 00:17:42,892
and they carried the information
about how our universe started
296
00:17:42,893 --> 00:17:45,759
and how it got to be
the way it is
297
00:17:45,760 --> 00:17:49,123
and its future.
298
00:17:49,124 --> 00:17:51,592
At the beginning of the 1900s,
299
00:17:51,593 --> 00:17:55,158
it became clear
that all known matter,
300
00:17:55,159 --> 00:17:56,958
everything that we know about,
301
00:17:56,959 --> 00:17:58,459
is made of atoms,
302
00:17:58,460 --> 00:18:01,993
and that atoms are made
of just three particles:
303
00:18:01,994 --> 00:18:05,995
the electron, the proton,
and the neutron.
304
00:18:07,993 --> 00:18:11,725
In the '30s,
other particles were discovered,
305
00:18:11,726 --> 00:18:13,793
and by the 1960s,
306
00:18:13,794 --> 00:18:15,825
there were hundreds
of new particles,
307
00:18:15,826 --> 00:18:18,792
with a new particle discovered
every week.
308
00:18:18,793 --> 00:18:21,424
And there was mass confusion,
309
00:18:21,425 --> 00:18:25,558
until a number
of theorists realized
310
00:18:25,559 --> 00:18:27,793
that there was a simple
mathematical structure
311
00:18:27,794 --> 00:18:30,591
that explained all of this,
312
00:18:30,592 --> 00:18:32,391
that most of these particles
313
00:18:32,392 --> 00:18:34,159
were made of the same
three little bits
314
00:18:34,160 --> 00:18:36,160
we call quarks,
315
00:18:36,160 --> 00:18:37,439
and that there are only
a handful
316
00:18:37,626 --> 00:18:39,492
of truly fundamental particles,
317
00:18:39,493 --> 00:18:42,424
which all fit together
in a nice, neat pattern.
318
00:18:42,425 --> 00:18:45,394
And there was born
the Standard Model.
319
00:18:48,391 --> 00:18:51,290
Eventually, all the particles
in the theory
320
00:18:51,291 --> 00:18:55,427
were discovered,
except one: the Higgs.
321
00:18:57,425 --> 00:19:01,591
And the Higgs
is unlike any other particle.
322
00:19:01,592 --> 00:19:04,924
It's the linchpin
of the Standard Model.
323
00:19:04,925 --> 00:19:08,659
Its theory was written down
in the 1960s by Peter Higgs
324
00:19:08,660 --> 00:19:11,125
and a number of other theorists.
325
00:19:11,126 --> 00:19:13,892
We believe
it is the crucial piece
326
00:19:13,893 --> 00:19:16,823
responsible
for holding matter together.
327
00:19:16,824 --> 00:19:21,124
It is connected to a field
which fills all of space
328
00:19:21,125 --> 00:19:24,625
and which gives particles,
like the electron, mass
329
00:19:24,626 --> 00:19:27,659
and allowed them
to get caught in atoms
330
00:19:27,660 --> 00:19:30,560
and thus is responsible
for the creation of atoms,
331
00:19:30,561 --> 00:19:33,159
molecules, planets, and people.
332
00:19:33,160 --> 00:19:36,594
Without the Higgs, life
as we know it wouldn't exist.
333
00:19:38,592 --> 00:19:40,424
But to prove that it's true,
334
00:19:40,425 --> 00:19:43,758
we have to smash particles
together at high enough energy
335
00:19:43,760 --> 00:19:48,425
to disturb the field
and create a Higgs particle.
336
00:19:48,426 --> 00:19:50,291
If the Higgs exists,
337
00:19:50,292 --> 00:19:53,491
the LHC is the machine
that will discover it.
338
00:19:53,491 --> 00:19:56,124
- Let's assume you're successful
and everything comes out okay.
339
00:19:56,125 --> 00:19:58,224
- Sure.
- What do we gain from it?
340
00:19:58,225 --> 00:19:59,826
What's the economic return?
341
00:19:59,826 --> 00:20:01,423
How do you justify all this?
342
00:20:01,424 --> 00:20:03,325
By the way, I am an economist.
343
00:20:03,326 --> 00:20:06,392
I don't hold it against you.
344
00:20:06,393 --> 00:20:10,392
The question
by an economist was,
345
00:20:10,393 --> 00:20:14,292
"What is the financial gain of
running an experiment like this
346
00:20:14,293 --> 00:20:17,891
and the discoveries that we
will make in this experiment?"
347
00:20:17,892 --> 00:20:20,325
And it's a very,
very simple answer.
348
00:20:20,326 --> 00:20:23,592
I have no idea.
349
00:20:23,593 --> 00:20:25,124
We have no idea.
350
00:20:25,125 --> 00:20:27,158
When radio waves
were discovered,
351
00:20:27,159 --> 00:20:29,090
they weren't called radio waves,
352
00:20:29,091 --> 00:20:30,991
because there were no radios.
353
00:20:30,992 --> 00:20:33,925
They were discovered
as some sort of radiation.
354
00:20:33,926 --> 00:20:37,723
Basic science
for big breakthroughs
355
00:20:37,724 --> 00:20:39,423
needs to occur at a level
356
00:20:39,424 --> 00:20:42,159
where you're not asking,
"What is the economic gain?"
357
00:20:42,160 --> 00:20:44,458
You're asking,
"What do we not know,
358
00:20:44,459 --> 00:20:46,259
and where
can we make progress?"
359
00:20:46,260 --> 00:20:49,423
So what is the LHC good for?
360
00:20:49,424 --> 00:20:53,324
Could be nothing other than
just understanding everything.
361
00:21:03,660 --> 00:21:06,724
- The first time
I ever saw ATLAS was in 2005.
362
00:21:06,725 --> 00:21:09,057
I had come out just to see
what ATLAS would look like
363
00:21:09,058 --> 00:21:11,591
because there was a possibility
that I could be working on it
364
00:21:11,592 --> 00:21:14,624
as a postdoc.
365
00:21:14,626 --> 00:21:18,291
I can remember walking in
and just being like...
366
00:21:18,292 --> 00:21:19,924
You know, just stunned.
367
00:21:19,925 --> 00:21:21,758
I mean, me, stunned,
you know, just, you know,
368
00:21:21,759 --> 00:21:23,824
already kind of having an idea
of the magnitude.
369
00:21:23,825 --> 00:21:26,124
People tell you,
"Oh, it's five stories tall."
370
00:21:26,125 --> 00:21:27,791
And you go, "Oh, okay,
five stories tall."
371
00:21:27,792 --> 00:21:29,658
And then you see.
372
00:21:29,659 --> 00:21:35,328
Five stories completely filled
with microelectronics...
373
00:21:38,326 --> 00:21:41,991
All custom designed,
all hand-soldered.
374
00:21:41,992 --> 00:21:46,626
You know, it's like as if
it's a five-story Swiss watch.
375
00:23:51,627 --> 00:23:53,958
- There was this issue
about the BCIDs.
376
00:23:53,959 --> 00:23:55,591
- We had our extended barrel
out earlier,
377
00:23:55,592 --> 00:23:58,757
but it should be back in,
and we should be...
378
00:23:58,758 --> 00:24:01,056
everything running normal.
379
00:24:01,058 --> 00:24:03,391
- Okay, so one more
announcement.
380
00:24:03,392 --> 00:24:06,092
We have to be extremely careful
381
00:24:06,094 --> 00:24:07,124
what we do to the system.
382
00:24:07,324 --> 00:24:08,825
I mean, we know that anybody
383
00:24:08,826 --> 00:24:11,124
who's even updating
a number somewhere
384
00:24:11,125 --> 00:24:13,924
might stop our system for
more than an hour quite easily.
385
00:24:13,925 --> 00:24:17,558
So please be absolutely sure
that you yourself
386
00:24:17,559 --> 00:24:20,091
and everybody in your system
is not touching the system,
387
00:24:20,092 --> 00:24:23,390
unless it's been agreed
by the shift leader, yeah?
388
00:24:23,392 --> 00:24:26,559
Nothing should be touched, yeah?
389
00:24:26,560 --> 00:24:27,992
And that includes all things
390
00:24:27,993 --> 00:24:29,458
that you're absolutely
dead certain
391
00:24:29,459 --> 00:24:31,143
they will not do anything wrong.
392
00:24:32,124 --> 00:24:33,459
Especially those things.
393
00:24:35,225 --> 00:24:38,956
- It's being called the
largest scientific experiment
394
00:24:38,957 --> 00:24:40,458
in history,
395
00:24:40,459 --> 00:24:43,391
and some say
one that could cause Armageddon.
396
00:24:43,392 --> 00:24:45,725
- It's the strangest
experiment ever:
397
00:24:45,726 --> 00:24:47,625
mankind's most ambitious attempt
398
00:24:47,626 --> 00:24:50,759
to understand
how we all got here.
399
00:24:52,592 --> 00:24:54,991
- Thousands of scientists
from around the world
400
00:24:54,992 --> 00:24:58,590
spent 20 years designing
an extraordinary machine.
401
00:24:58,591 --> 00:25:03,123
It cost �5 billion
and will switching on very soon.
402
00:25:03,124 --> 00:25:05,225
This is a genesis machine,
403
00:25:05,226 --> 00:25:06,493
a window on creation.
404
00:25:11,558 --> 00:25:14,492
Five months of testing on...
405
00:25:17,566 --> 00:25:20,458
- They're looking for something
called the God Particle,
406
00:25:20,459 --> 00:25:22,891
but skeptics are saying nobody
knows what will happen
407
00:25:22,892 --> 00:25:24,626
when they turn on the switch.
408
00:25:24,627 --> 00:25:27,558
- A group of French scientists
believe the collider
409
00:25:27,559 --> 00:25:29,056
might create a black hole
410
00:25:29,057 --> 00:25:30,958
that could swallow up the earth,
411
00:25:30,959 --> 00:25:34,461
and they filed suit to stop
the project from going forward.
412
00:25:38,392 --> 00:25:40,726
Hello?
413
00:25:40,727 --> 00:25:42,458
No, absolutely not.
414
00:25:42,459 --> 00:25:45,590
Well, no, there is no scientific
ground to what they say.
415
00:25:45,591 --> 00:25:48,624
It's not possible that the LHC
is going to destroy the world.
416
00:25:48,624 --> 00:25:50,158
It's absolutely ridiculous.
417
00:25:50,159 --> 00:25:52,390
Okay, it is 9:15.
418
00:25:52,391 --> 00:25:56,290
We are 15 minutes away
from beam.
419
00:25:56,291 --> 00:25:58,659
We've been sitting here,
about 7:00,
420
00:25:58,660 --> 00:26:01,992
and absolutely nobody
brought food.
421
00:26:01,993 --> 00:26:03,757
Again, 15 minutes to beam.
422
00:26:03,758 --> 00:26:05,125
- Ciao, ciao.
- Stress levels are high.
423
00:26:05,126 --> 00:26:06,725
Ciao.
424
00:26:06,726 --> 00:26:08,391
- But since I'm in a room
full of Italians,
425
00:26:08,392 --> 00:26:09,891
the stress level's
pretty cool here.
426
00:26:09,892 --> 00:26:11,292
But we have no coffee either.
427
00:26:11,293 --> 00:26:13,058
No coffee.
Who didn't bring coffee?
428
00:26:13,059 --> 00:26:14,589
What we're going to see today
429
00:26:14,590 --> 00:26:18,257
is the launch
of the first beam of protons
430
00:26:18,258 --> 00:26:20,758
around this enormous ring.
431
00:26:22,292 --> 00:26:25,757
Very shortly, Lyn Evans,
the project director,
432
00:26:25,758 --> 00:26:28,423
is going to be addressing
CERN staff,
433
00:26:28,424 --> 00:26:30,457
who are gathered
at different points
434
00:26:30,458 --> 00:26:33,824
around this massive complex.
435
00:26:33,825 --> 00:26:39,658
- It's just the first glimpse
at the fact the machine can run.
436
00:26:39,659 --> 00:26:41,226
I mean, so what you need,
really,
437
00:26:41,227 --> 00:26:42,924
is, you need two beams
colliding together
438
00:26:42,926 --> 00:26:44,624
for quite a few...
439
00:26:44,625 --> 00:26:46,557
quite a long period of time
before you calculate,
440
00:26:46,558 --> 00:26:48,091
get enough...
441
00:26:48,092 --> 00:26:50,791
sufficient statistics
in which to actually
442
00:26:50,792 --> 00:26:52,924
be able to look
for the new physics.
443
00:26:52,925 --> 00:26:54,991
But single beam,
the first beam, isn't even that.
444
00:26:54,992 --> 00:26:56,625
You're not even getting
any collisions.
445
00:26:56,626 --> 00:26:59,092
It's just one beam
going around in a circle,
446
00:26:59,093 --> 00:27:00,757
not even at the high energies.
447
00:27:00,758 --> 00:27:02,724
Just one beam going
around in the low energy circle,
448
00:27:02,725 --> 00:27:04,892
that sort of says, "Okay,
we made it around the ring once
449
00:27:04,893 --> 00:27:05,924
for the first time."
450
00:27:06,125 --> 00:27:07,659
And it's a huge event.
451
00:27:07,660 --> 00:27:09,659
Right, after 19 years,
you've been waiting
452
00:27:09,660 --> 00:27:11,322
for this first step.
453
00:27:11,323 --> 00:27:13,056
Let's get started, everybody.
454
00:27:13,058 --> 00:27:15,990
Now comes the day of reckoning.
455
00:27:15,991 --> 00:27:20,157
Five, four, three,
456
00:27:20,158 --> 00:27:23,090
two, one...
457
00:27:23,091 --> 00:27:25,490
Now.
458
00:27:25,491 --> 00:27:26,991
No beam.
459
00:27:28,957 --> 00:27:30,423
Yeah.
460
00:27:30,424 --> 00:27:34,324
So where are we
with the injection kicker?
461
00:27:34,325 --> 00:27:37,159
Oh, well...
they're out.
462
00:27:37,160 --> 00:27:40,157
Okay, never mind.
463
00:27:40,158 --> 00:27:41,656
Let's go.
464
00:27:41,657 --> 00:27:45,423
Five, four, three,
465
00:27:45,424 --> 00:27:49,591
two, one, zero.
466
00:27:57,092 --> 00:27:58,657
We get a beam on this pulse?
467
00:27:58,657 --> 00:28:00,992
I hope so.
468
00:28:13,826 --> 00:28:14,324
Yes!
469
00:28:30,359 --> 00:28:32,825
- Well, last night I was,
like, waking up constantly.
470
00:28:32,826 --> 00:28:34,390
Like, "Did we set that right?
471
00:28:34,391 --> 00:28:36,704
What about... did we disable...
oh, my gosh!"
472
00:28:40,423 --> 00:28:41,824
Marzio.
473
00:28:41,825 --> 00:28:44,556
I have a plot for you.
474
00:28:44,557 --> 00:28:46,655
Okay, check this out.
475
00:28:46,656 --> 00:28:48,058
This is Z.
476
00:28:48,059 --> 00:28:50,325
This is timing, in nanoseconds,
477
00:28:50,326 --> 00:28:52,159
which we knew
from the cosmic data.
478
00:28:52,160 --> 00:28:54,292
- That is very nice.
- Yes.
479
00:28:54,293 --> 00:28:56,723
- Upstairs, I think people
were more excited about this.
480
00:28:56,724 --> 00:28:59,490
- If you're in Google,
that means... that's the world.
481
00:28:59,491 --> 00:29:01,391
This is the most important thing
today.
482
00:29:01,392 --> 00:29:02,658
This is the first,
483
00:29:02,659 --> 00:29:03,991
and this tells us
a lot of things.
484
00:29:03,992 --> 00:29:05,656
It tells us that
the magnetic properties
485
00:29:05,657 --> 00:29:06,956
of the machine are good,
486
00:29:06,957 --> 00:29:08,656
that the aperture is clear.
487
00:29:08,657 --> 00:29:11,123
There's nothing is sticking into
the beam pipe anywhere.
488
00:29:11,124 --> 00:29:15,157
So a very, very encouraging sign
and remarkable progress.
489
00:29:15,158 --> 00:29:17,057
- Did you guys see
our beautiful plot?
490
00:29:17,058 --> 00:29:18,790
- What?
- Okay, I want to show you this.
491
00:29:18,990 --> 00:29:20,490
Come on, show them the plot.
492
00:29:20,491 --> 00:29:22,457
You can take a picture of...
here you go.
493
00:29:22,458 --> 00:29:24,824
Well, see if you can get it.
494
00:29:24,825 --> 00:29:26,158
I don't think
there's anyone else
495
00:29:26,159 --> 00:29:28,223
I can show my plot to, so...
496
00:29:28,225 --> 00:29:29,591
It worked.
497
00:29:29,592 --> 00:29:31,391
It just worked.
498
00:29:31,392 --> 00:29:33,657
And there are so few times
in life where it just works.
499
00:29:33,658 --> 00:29:36,057
And there are so
even fewer times in life
500
00:29:36,058 --> 00:29:38,891
where it just works great.
501
00:29:38,891 --> 00:29:40,158
We rocked.
502
00:29:40,158 --> 00:29:42,494
I mean, Tile, first beam...
503
00:29:44,493 --> 00:29:46,392
We destroyed that shit.
504
00:29:46,393 --> 00:29:48,724
They got a beam circulating.
505
00:29:48,725 --> 00:29:52,390
They've had beams circulating
for a full 30 seconds.
506
00:29:52,391 --> 00:29:53,625
So let me understand.
507
00:29:53,626 --> 00:29:56,724
This is one beam going one way?
508
00:29:56,725 --> 00:29:58,490
- They have one beam
going one way,
509
00:29:58,491 --> 00:30:00,623
and then they went to the
other beam going the other way.
510
00:30:00,623 --> 00:30:01,728
Well, does it work?
511
00:30:01,928 --> 00:30:03,557
The second beam,
did it go fully around?
512
00:30:03,558 --> 00:30:05,790
- Everything...
- they both went around.
513
00:30:05,791 --> 00:30:07,990
I think
they had the beam go around
514
00:30:07,991 --> 00:30:09,256
about a million times.
515
00:30:09,257 --> 00:30:10,725
Something like that.
516
00:30:10,726 --> 00:30:14,123
- Yeah, their Twitter feed
said 10 million.
517
00:30:14,124 --> 00:30:18,124
- Now we'll become, you know,
CERN Twitter junkies.
518
00:30:21,559 --> 00:30:23,590
I guess this is exciting.
519
00:30:23,591 --> 00:30:27,290
My logical self
wants to be excited.
520
00:30:27,291 --> 00:30:31,737
My psychological self
is very cautious.
521
00:30:45,724 --> 00:30:47,489
My parents are both Iranian
522
00:30:47,491 --> 00:30:50,591
and both physicists,
523
00:30:50,592 --> 00:30:54,758
and my father in particular
had real political difficulties
524
00:30:54,759 --> 00:30:55,893
with the regime,
525
00:30:56,891 --> 00:30:59,757
and we had to go underground
for a number of years,
526
00:30:59,757 --> 00:31:02,992
and we ended up escaping
from Iran
527
00:31:02,993 --> 00:31:07,158
through the border of Turkey.
528
00:31:07,159 --> 00:31:11,757
But then, through
a number of wonderful accidents,
529
00:31:11,758 --> 00:31:13,557
we ended up in Canada.
530
00:31:13,558 --> 00:31:16,256
I got interested in physics
531
00:31:16,257 --> 00:31:18,257
when I was 13 or 14 years old.
532
00:31:18,258 --> 00:31:21,790
It just offered the way
to combine the two things
533
00:31:21,791 --> 00:31:23,291
I really loved:
534
00:31:23,292 --> 00:31:26,091
mathematics
and things in the natural world.
535
00:31:26,092 --> 00:31:27,623
You almost done?
536
00:31:27,624 --> 00:31:29,389
Yeah.
537
00:31:29,390 --> 00:31:31,588
- It's just saying "What if?"
- It's, uh... yeah.
538
00:31:31,589 --> 00:31:33,456
- You're preparing
a broader audience for this.
539
00:31:33,457 --> 00:31:35,989
- Okay, now I'm going
to just do something fun.
540
00:31:35,990 --> 00:31:37,657
Just do something fun.
541
00:31:37,658 --> 00:31:39,791
What would be fun?
542
00:31:39,792 --> 00:31:41,424
- No, don't write "hell."
It's a public...
543
00:31:41,425 --> 00:31:42,925
All right, I'm sorry!
544
00:31:44,125 --> 00:31:45,755
- How about that?
- There we go.
545
00:31:45,756 --> 00:31:48,223
- Thinking about the LHC
has been the center
546
00:31:48,224 --> 00:31:53,921
of my intellectual life
for about 15, 16 years now.
547
00:31:53,922 --> 00:31:56,556
Depending on what happens
with the LHC,
548
00:31:56,557 --> 00:31:58,157
you know, these are 15 years
549
00:31:58,157 --> 00:32:00,289
I could come to see
as the best possible thing
550
00:32:00,290 --> 00:32:02,289
I could've been doing
with this time,
551
00:32:02,290 --> 00:32:04,990
or it could just be
that the entire 15 years
552
00:32:04,991 --> 00:32:06,390
might as well have not happened,
553
00:32:06,391 --> 00:32:07,990
had no impact,
554
00:32:07,991 --> 00:32:10,257
and then that's just 15 years
that are gone.
555
00:32:10,258 --> 00:32:11,626
It's not the sort of thing
556
00:32:11,825 --> 00:32:14,591
where there's
a consolation prize.
557
00:32:14,592 --> 00:32:19,125
You know,
it's a fairly binary situation.
558
00:32:19,126 --> 00:32:21,124
I definitely won't feel,
"Oh, well,
559
00:32:21,125 --> 00:32:22,957
"I gave it
a good old college try.
560
00:32:22,958 --> 00:32:24,223
"It's all fine anyway.
561
00:32:24,224 --> 00:32:25,456
It's just trying that counts."
562
00:32:25,457 --> 00:32:27,089
I don't believe that.
563
00:32:27,090 --> 00:32:28,656
I don't believe
it's just trying that counts.
564
00:32:28,657 --> 00:32:30,156
I believe getting it right
is what counts.
565
00:32:30,157 --> 00:32:32,891
Okay, please take your seats.
566
00:32:32,892 --> 00:32:36,657
Now it's time
for the entertainment part.
567
00:32:36,658 --> 00:32:40,089
So as with every
great physics event,
568
00:32:40,090 --> 00:32:43,158
we're going to start
with a big bang,
569
00:32:43,158 --> 00:32:45,157
the ATLAS big bang event,
570
00:32:45,159 --> 00:32:48,557
and that's going to follow
with music all evening,
571
00:32:48,558 --> 00:32:51,158
people from ATLAS, who are
going to be performing for you.
572
00:32:51,159 --> 00:32:53,557
So let's get started.
573
00:32:53,558 --> 00:32:58,056
- Take 2,000 intelligent,
ambitious,
574
00:32:58,057 --> 00:32:59,625
type "A" personalities.
575
00:32:59,626 --> 00:33:02,791
You make them work 16-hour days,
576
00:33:02,792 --> 00:33:06,822
high-pressure situation,
lots of stress.
577
00:33:06,823 --> 00:33:10,391
You know, that's the recipe
for disaster.
578
00:33:10,392 --> 00:33:13,443
Or at least it's a recipe for
a reality television program.
579
00:33:14,458 --> 00:33:16,091
But all that physics,
580
00:33:16,092 --> 00:33:20,589
Higgs, extra dimensions,
supersymmetry,
581
00:33:20,590 --> 00:33:23,223
microscopic black holes,
macroscopic black holes,
582
00:33:23,224 --> 00:33:26,057
Z-primes, you name it,
583
00:33:26,058 --> 00:33:31,391
the physics that the theorists
only dream of
584
00:33:31,392 --> 00:33:33,225
is ours to discover.
585
00:33:34,657 --> 00:33:37,991
Thank you.
586
00:34:16,224 --> 00:34:17,170
? Oh, yeah ?
587
00:34:23,123 --> 00:34:25,423
? Thanks to
the Large Hadron Collider ?
588
00:34:25,424 --> 00:34:27,666
Thank you, ATLAS!
589
00:34:36,657 --> 00:34:39,990
- I grew up in Turkey
from Greek parents
590
00:34:39,991 --> 00:34:44,223
and a middle-class family,
591
00:34:44,224 --> 00:34:48,558
and then, in the '60s,
we became refugees.
592
00:34:48,559 --> 00:34:50,158
We had to leave Turkey
593
00:34:50,159 --> 00:34:53,123
because of ethnic tensions
between Greeks and Turks
594
00:34:53,124 --> 00:34:55,956
over the island of Cyprus,
595
00:34:55,957 --> 00:34:59,490
and there were a lot
of political cross currents,
596
00:34:59,491 --> 00:35:01,089
left, right,
597
00:35:01,090 --> 00:35:04,258
and I was a young,
impressionable 13-year-old
598
00:35:04,259 --> 00:35:06,990
hearing the pro-left
and pro-right arguments,
599
00:35:06,991 --> 00:35:09,891
so one day I would be convinced
that one side was right.
600
00:35:09,892 --> 00:35:11,290
The other day,
I would be convinced
601
00:35:11,291 --> 00:35:12,922
the other side was right.
602
00:35:12,923 --> 00:35:14,457
And then I was getting confused.
603
00:35:14,458 --> 00:35:16,257
How could both of these things
be true
604
00:35:16,258 --> 00:35:18,655
if they were contrary
to each other?
605
00:35:18,656 --> 00:35:22,490
So I decided to focus on a field
606
00:35:22,491 --> 00:35:26,423
where the truth didn't depend
on the eloquence of the speaker.
607
00:35:26,424 --> 00:35:28,259
The truth was absolute.
608
00:35:30,257 --> 00:35:32,323
Of course, when I started out,
609
00:35:32,324 --> 00:35:35,289
I thought that within
maybe five years
610
00:35:35,290 --> 00:35:38,090
the theories
that I was working on
611
00:35:38,091 --> 00:35:39,989
were going to be tested
612
00:35:39,990 --> 00:35:43,290
and I was going to know
the experimental truth
613
00:35:43,291 --> 00:35:46,557
and move on to the next round
of ideas after that.
614
00:35:46,558 --> 00:35:49,455
Little did I know
that the experiments
615
00:35:49,456 --> 00:35:51,091
would take far longer,
616
00:35:51,092 --> 00:35:53,723
and here I am, 30 years after,
617
00:35:53,724 --> 00:35:56,761
still not knowing the truth.
618
00:36:01,757 --> 00:36:04,289
Peter?
619
00:36:04,290 --> 00:36:05,991
- I can show you
here a nice event.
620
00:36:05,991 --> 00:36:07,421
Did you see this from...
621
00:36:07,422 --> 00:36:09,289
- Ah, no.
- Andreas showed me this.
622
00:36:09,290 --> 00:36:11,321
- I haven't seen it.
- This is from yesterday night.
623
00:36:11,322 --> 00:36:14,290
This is now a real
beam gas event.
624
00:36:14,291 --> 00:36:16,823
So you see the tracks
also bent...
625
00:36:16,824 --> 00:36:18,956
- Bent by the field?
- Very nice.
626
00:36:18,957 --> 00:36:20,271
Ah, no, I haven't seen...
627
00:36:20,471 --> 00:36:22,590
In some sense, I started
form the wrong perspective
628
00:36:22,591 --> 00:36:24,257
and in the wrong way,
629
00:36:24,258 --> 00:36:26,624
because I'd been studying
a lot of literature
630
00:36:26,626 --> 00:36:29,223
when I was at high school level.
631
00:36:29,224 --> 00:36:32,623
So literature, art,
philosophy, history,
632
00:36:32,624 --> 00:36:35,589
and very little physics
and mathematics.
633
00:36:35,590 --> 00:36:37,256
I'd also been studying music,
piano,
634
00:36:37,257 --> 00:36:39,624
and so I was very much
attracted by art.
635
00:36:42,290 --> 00:36:46,157
There are many similarities
between music and physics.
636
00:36:46,158 --> 00:36:49,823
Classical music
follows rules of harmony,
637
00:36:49,824 --> 00:36:52,958
which are really rules
of physics and mathematics.
638
00:36:55,591 --> 00:36:58,957
But, also, I was fascinated
by big questions.
639
00:36:58,958 --> 00:37:00,824
That is the possibility
of addressing
640
00:37:00,825 --> 00:37:04,390
and answering big questions
about nature, the universe,
641
00:37:04,391 --> 00:37:06,623
why, when, how,
642
00:37:06,624 --> 00:37:08,789
and when I finished high school,
643
00:37:08,790 --> 00:37:12,122
I thought that physics allow us
644
00:37:12,123 --> 00:37:14,258
to address this big question
645
00:37:14,259 --> 00:37:18,158
in a more practical way
than, for instance, philosophy.
646
00:37:18,158 --> 00:37:20,957
That's why I decided
to study physics.
647
00:37:39,557 --> 00:37:41,758
- Yes, we lost
these two there...
648
00:37:52,707 --> 00:37:54,389
I managed to go through, like,
649
00:37:54,390 --> 00:37:57,336
the four gallons of milk
that I had in the fridge, but...
650
00:38:00,376 --> 00:38:02,322
- We were just waiting
for collisions,
651
00:38:02,323 --> 00:38:03,756
waiting for collisions.
652
00:38:03,757 --> 00:38:07,156
and finally,
then this helium leak,
653
00:38:07,157 --> 00:38:11,223
which really, uh...
it's really frustrating.
654
00:38:11,223 --> 00:38:16,257
We cannot even go there
and investigate what happened.
655
00:38:16,258 --> 00:38:19,422
You have to warm up the magnets,
656
00:38:19,423 --> 00:38:21,991
and warming up the magnets
needs to be done
657
00:38:21,992 --> 00:38:26,489
on a very slow pace and...
in order not to break them...
658
00:38:26,490 --> 00:38:29,066
then you can investigate
and cool them down again.
659
00:38:50,590 --> 00:38:52,724
- The world's largest
atom smasher,
660
00:38:52,725 --> 00:38:55,589
the Large Hadron Collider,
661
00:38:55,590 --> 00:38:57,722
is to be shut down
for at least two months.
662
00:38:57,723 --> 00:38:59,990
CERN, the European Organization
for Nuclear Research...
663
00:38:59,991 --> 00:39:02,655
- Scientists at CERN are trying
to put on a brave face.
664
00:39:02,655 --> 00:39:05,656
A faulty electrical connection
between two magnets
665
00:39:05,657 --> 00:39:07,222
led to a ton of liquid helium
666
00:39:07,223 --> 00:39:09,990
being leaked into
the 27-kilometer tunnel.
667
00:39:09,990 --> 00:39:12,090
The first high-speed
particle collisions
668
00:39:12,091 --> 00:39:14,124
were due to take place
later this month.
669
00:39:14,125 --> 00:39:15,823
The goal now
670
00:39:15,824 --> 00:39:21,108
is simply to get this
vastly complex machine working.
671
00:40:08,457 --> 00:40:10,056
Fucking hell, look at that.
672
00:40:10,057 --> 00:40:12,091
This is just unbelievable.
673
00:40:12,092 --> 00:40:15,257
You've got magnets
just sheared off their jacks.
674
00:40:15,258 --> 00:40:17,045
We've actually
put in enough energy
675
00:40:17,323 --> 00:40:21,454
to melt it and to vaporize
a whole tube of...
676
00:40:21,455 --> 00:40:24,824
- And the stuff's all covered in
a sort of black, metallic dust.
677
00:40:24,825 --> 00:40:26,089
Completely catastrophic, eh?
678
00:40:26,090 --> 00:40:27,755
Completely catastrophic.
679
00:40:27,756 --> 00:40:29,722
- There's no more vacuum
in the beam vacuum,
680
00:40:29,723 --> 00:40:32,589
so can as well open it up and
see whether there's any dust,
681
00:40:32,590 --> 00:40:33,923
because if there's dust,
682
00:40:33,924 --> 00:40:36,055
it means
we have to clean all the way
683
00:40:36,056 --> 00:40:37,488
until it's...
684
00:40:37,489 --> 00:40:39,156
I hope, in the worst case,
685
00:40:39,157 --> 00:40:45,266
we have not to take out
more than 20 or so magnets.
686
00:40:54,256 --> 00:40:58,456
Both my family and my students
687
00:40:58,457 --> 00:41:02,489
detect a definite level of...
688
00:41:02,490 --> 00:41:05,827
let's say pessimism
and disappointment.
689
00:41:08,824 --> 00:41:10,989
The built expectation
690
00:41:10,990 --> 00:41:14,589
that now we were going to know
the truth,
691
00:41:14,590 --> 00:41:16,922
it fizzled and delayed,
692
00:41:16,923 --> 00:41:19,327
and it's just, uh...
693
00:41:24,322 --> 00:41:27,226
I thought
I was stronger than this.
694
00:41:29,224 --> 00:41:32,288
It surprised me.
695
00:41:32,289 --> 00:41:34,489
- I did say that I thought
it was a mistake
696
00:41:34,491 --> 00:41:36,223
for CERN to have
this gigantic celebration
697
00:41:36,223 --> 00:41:38,890
for things just when
it just had a few protons
698
00:41:38,891 --> 00:41:41,290
wandering around in one
direction around the ring,
699
00:41:41,291 --> 00:41:43,724
that it was just a bad idea
to have so much hoopla
700
00:41:43,725 --> 00:41:45,422
before anything
was actually happening.
701
00:41:45,424 --> 00:41:46,922
At the time
when people were asking me
702
00:41:46,923 --> 00:41:48,321
if I was going to CERN
to celebrate,
703
00:41:48,322 --> 00:41:49,888
I said, "I'm going to go to CERN
704
00:41:49,890 --> 00:41:51,755
"when there's a reason
to celebrate, you know,
705
00:41:51,756 --> 00:41:53,554
"when things are colliding
into each other,
706
00:41:53,555 --> 00:41:55,156
"when something
is starting to happen,
707
00:41:55,157 --> 00:41:58,089
not for some crappy PR reason."
708
00:41:58,090 --> 00:41:59,656
And that backfired.
709
00:41:59,657 --> 00:42:01,456
That, I think... really,
that really backfired,
710
00:42:01,457 --> 00:42:03,391
and I think
that was a PR disaster.
711
00:42:03,391 --> 00:42:05,589
It was a PR disaster
largely of CERN's own making.
712
00:42:05,590 --> 00:42:07,290
You don't go around, you know,
713
00:42:07,291 --> 00:42:10,024
having gigantic parties
before anything has happened.
714
00:42:36,557 --> 00:42:40,256
- So the magnets that have
come out are being refurbished,
715
00:42:40,257 --> 00:42:42,122
and so they're sort of
trundling through
716
00:42:42,123 --> 00:42:43,822
about six magnets a week now.
717
00:42:43,823 --> 00:42:46,556
So that's no longer
the bottleneck.
718
00:42:46,557 --> 00:42:48,588
Now they're kind of
getting to the state
719
00:42:48,589 --> 00:42:51,122
where they're ready to start
redoing the interconnects
720
00:42:51,123 --> 00:42:52,956
in the tunnel,
721
00:42:52,957 --> 00:42:56,421
and they're already about a week
or two behind on that.
722
00:42:56,422 --> 00:42:57,922
Given the complexity...
723
00:42:57,923 --> 00:42:59,590
- The other thing
is that they're drilling
724
00:42:59,591 --> 00:43:01,289
these bloody holes
in the magnets.
725
00:43:01,290 --> 00:43:03,822
- Because they, like...
- what I heard this last time,
726
00:43:03,823 --> 00:43:06,055
they were saying that
all their tools are breaking
727
00:43:06,056 --> 00:43:07,489
and that sort of business.
728
00:43:07,490 --> 00:43:08,656
- But it begs the question,
of course,
729
00:43:08,657 --> 00:43:10,254
you know, what are the risks?
730
00:43:10,255 --> 00:43:12,054
I mean, you kind of basically,
you're going...
731
00:43:12,055 --> 00:43:13,289
I don't know.
732
00:43:13,290 --> 00:43:14,822
We didn't actually think so much
733
00:43:14,823 --> 00:43:16,588
about the collateral effects
of the helium.
734
00:43:16,589 --> 00:43:17,823
- Nobody has.
- Yeah, nobody.
735
00:43:17,823 --> 00:43:19,322
- Yeah.
- Nobody.
736
00:43:19,323 --> 00:43:21,055
Well, there's been
a lot of investigations
737
00:43:21,056 --> 00:43:22,655
into the cause
of the original problem,
738
00:43:22,657 --> 00:43:24,621
and the general agreement
is that we run
739
00:43:24,622 --> 00:43:26,955
at half design energy.
740
00:43:26,956 --> 00:43:30,222
- Experimentalists
aren't going to be happy.
741
00:43:30,223 --> 00:43:31,724
Well...
742
00:43:31,725 --> 00:43:34,889
- So, yeah...
so the latest schedule is this:
743
00:43:34,890 --> 00:43:36,924
we just put out is D-Day,
744
00:43:36,925 --> 00:43:39,054
beams back on
the 21st of September.
745
00:43:39,055 --> 00:43:41,287
Isn't that a bit optimistic?
746
00:43:41,288 --> 00:43:43,922
Isn't that a bit
optimistic for, uh, this year?
747
00:43:43,923 --> 00:43:45,922
- When you're dealing
with something
748
00:43:45,923 --> 00:43:47,588
that is a long-term project...
749
00:43:47,589 --> 00:43:49,890
and the LHC
is a long-term project.
750
00:43:49,891 --> 00:43:52,489
It's a 20-year project.
751
00:43:52,490 --> 00:43:54,389
You can't think about the end.
752
00:43:54,390 --> 00:43:55,828
Ever.
753
00:43:58,824 --> 00:44:01,489
If you start out
a marathon thinking,
754
00:44:01,490 --> 00:44:03,389
"I can't wait
to get to the finish line;
755
00:44:03,390 --> 00:44:06,221
"I'm gonna have my Gatorade
at the finish line;
756
00:44:06,222 --> 00:44:09,388
I'm gonna have my greasy french
fries at the finish line,"
757
00:44:09,389 --> 00:44:11,622
or whatever motivates you...
758
00:44:11,623 --> 00:44:13,556
if you start thinking that
at mile one
759
00:44:13,557 --> 00:44:16,389
and it's, like,
ten minutes into the race,
760
00:44:16,390 --> 00:44:18,055
and you're thinking to yourself,
761
00:44:18,056 --> 00:44:20,656
"Wow, I'm only at mile one.
762
00:44:20,657 --> 00:44:26,390
I've got 25.2 miles to go."
763
00:44:26,391 --> 00:44:28,655
And if you're thinking that
at the start,
764
00:44:28,656 --> 00:44:29,923
then you're done.
765
00:44:29,924 --> 00:44:31,257
Mentally, you are done.
766
00:44:32,790 --> 00:44:35,103
- This is what doing
discovery physics means.
767
00:44:36,089 --> 00:44:38,056
This is what doing
discovery means.
768
00:44:59,624 --> 00:45:02,288
Why do people have curiosity?
769
00:45:02,289 --> 00:45:06,723
Why do we care about how
distant parts of the universe,
770
00:45:06,724 --> 00:45:08,821
things that happened
billion years ago,
771
00:45:08,822 --> 00:45:10,289
like the big bang,
772
00:45:10,290 --> 00:45:11,890
why do we find them
that interesting?
773
00:45:11,891 --> 00:45:14,588
It doesn't affect
what we do day-to-day.
774
00:45:14,589 --> 00:45:18,256
But nevertheless,
once you have curiosity,
775
00:45:18,257 --> 00:45:20,222
you can't control it.
776
00:45:24,123 --> 00:45:26,323
- It'll ask questions
about the universe.
777
00:45:26,324 --> 00:45:30,055
It will ask questions
about harmonic patterns
778
00:45:30,056 --> 00:45:34,755
that create art, music.
779
00:45:34,756 --> 00:45:36,723
- That's a sculpture?
- That's a sculpture.
780
00:45:36,723 --> 00:45:38,790
- Yeah, doesn't it look like
a bunch of broken tiles?
781
00:45:38,791 --> 00:45:40,454
- That's what it's supposed
to look like.
782
00:45:40,455 --> 00:45:42,288
And it's, uh...
and when I saw it,
783
00:45:42,290 --> 00:45:44,590
I thought it was just rubble
left over from the construction.
784
00:45:44,591 --> 00:45:45,823
Right, yeah.
785
00:45:45,824 --> 00:45:47,156
- You can, in principle,
move it.
786
00:45:47,157 --> 00:45:48,756
- So people go up
and move pieces?
787
00:45:48,757 --> 00:45:51,755
- No, people don't.
- But people could.
788
00:45:51,756 --> 00:45:53,556
Why would they have it
so you can move it around
789
00:45:53,557 --> 00:45:55,089
if you weren't going
to move it around?
790
00:45:55,090 --> 00:45:56,556
No, I think you're right.
791
00:45:56,556 --> 00:45:58,221
- I think you're allowed
to move it around.
792
00:45:58,222 --> 00:46:00,121
- It's certainly
a different experience of it.
793
00:46:00,122 --> 00:46:01,487
I agree.
794
00:46:01,489 --> 00:46:03,421
See, I thought
that that belonged here.
795
00:46:03,422 --> 00:46:04,790
It's just...
it's the perfect spot.
796
00:46:04,791 --> 00:46:06,222
- It certainly
changes everything.
797
00:46:06,223 --> 00:46:08,822
- It does.
- Slate and granite.
798
00:46:08,823 --> 00:46:11,954
I guess that's the granite,
and that's the slate.
799
00:46:11,955 --> 00:46:13,726
Hmm.
800
00:46:16,724 --> 00:46:19,322
It's interesting.
801
00:46:19,323 --> 00:46:20,990
- There's something
philosophically
802
00:46:20,991 --> 00:46:23,656
about this piece of art
that bothers me.
803
00:46:23,657 --> 00:46:25,989
It's taking a lot of
sort of random things
804
00:46:25,990 --> 00:46:27,288
and making some order out of it.
805
00:46:27,289 --> 00:46:28,821
Yes.
806
00:46:28,822 --> 00:46:30,588
- It's trying to make order
out of something
807
00:46:30,589 --> 00:46:32,122
where there isn't any,
808
00:46:32,123 --> 00:46:34,155
instead of taking things
that don't seem ordered
809
00:46:34,156 --> 00:46:36,921
and figuring out
that there is order.
810
00:46:36,922 --> 00:46:40,557
- The way we try to reduce
the complexity of the world
811
00:46:40,558 --> 00:46:44,054
is by looking for patterns,
812
00:46:44,055 --> 00:46:46,322
what we call symmetries.
813
00:46:46,323 --> 00:46:49,622
We take all the particles
we know today,
814
00:46:49,623 --> 00:46:51,055
and we attempt to fit them
815
00:46:51,056 --> 00:46:53,054
into some kind
of underlying structure.
816
00:46:53,957 --> 00:46:57,390
Are they the remnants
of some more beautiful
817
00:46:57,391 --> 00:47:01,591
and complete picture
of the laws of nature?
818
00:47:03,589 --> 00:47:08,256
It's like, you go to Egypt,
and you see ruins.
819
00:47:08,257 --> 00:47:10,789
If you look at it the right way,
820
00:47:10,790 --> 00:47:11,946
I could draw a pyramid
821
00:47:12,923 --> 00:47:14,955
and see that
these chunks of stone
822
00:47:14,956 --> 00:47:18,288
are actually the remains
of something very clean
823
00:47:18,290 --> 00:47:19,788
and very symmetric,
824
00:47:19,789 --> 00:47:22,722
very beautiful.
825
00:47:22,723 --> 00:47:26,057
We know that the Standard Model
is incomplete.
826
00:47:28,055 --> 00:47:30,288
We know that there's
other stuff out there,
827
00:47:30,289 --> 00:47:33,489
that there are other particles
that we haven't seen yet.
828
00:47:33,490 --> 00:47:36,589
Dark matter
is a speculated particle
829
00:47:36,590 --> 00:47:40,221
which we think
actually dominates the universe,
830
00:47:40,222 --> 00:47:42,722
and yet we've never seen it
directly,
831
00:47:42,723 --> 00:47:45,422
and it's not part
of the Standard Model.
832
00:47:45,423 --> 00:47:48,155
That's one of those rocks.
833
00:47:48,156 --> 00:47:50,823
We think, possibly,
834
00:47:50,824 --> 00:47:54,488
that that and many other
particles are still out there
835
00:47:54,489 --> 00:47:56,891
and are all part
of a much bigger symmetry,
836
00:47:57,890 --> 00:47:59,555
a much bigger theory
837
00:47:59,556 --> 00:48:02,427
that includes the Standard
Model, but much more.
838
00:48:08,421 --> 00:48:12,256
The most popular theory
is called supersymmetry,
839
00:48:12,257 --> 00:48:14,422
or SUSY for short.
840
00:48:14,423 --> 00:48:18,623
Supersymmetry was a theory
that sort of started to develop
841
00:48:18,624 --> 00:48:20,087
in the late '70s.
842
00:48:20,088 --> 00:48:22,654
Savas was one
of the first authors
843
00:48:22,655 --> 00:48:26,922
of the first theories
of supersymmetry.
844
00:48:26,923 --> 00:48:30,123
- It is the unfathomable
depths of...
845
00:48:30,124 --> 00:48:35,990
- Supersymmetry is our best
guess of what else is out there,
846
00:48:35,991 --> 00:48:38,089
the bigger theory
that incorporates
847
00:48:38,090 --> 00:48:39,656
our current theories,
848
00:48:39,657 --> 00:48:41,955
the Standard Model.
849
00:48:41,956 --> 00:48:44,088
But for it to be true,
850
00:48:44,089 --> 00:48:47,665
we have to discover
those other particles.
851
00:48:57,652 --> 00:48:59,755
- If I could choose a dream
of any theory
852
00:48:59,756 --> 00:49:01,488
that the LHC could find,
853
00:49:01,489 --> 00:49:04,122
actually, I would love
for them to see supersymmetry.
854
00:49:04,123 --> 00:49:10,056
Supersymmetry says,
for every type of particle,
855
00:49:10,057 --> 00:49:11,588
say the electron,
856
00:49:11,590 --> 00:49:14,256
there's a heavy superpartner.
857
00:49:14,257 --> 00:49:15,953
So you have the...
858
00:49:15,954 --> 00:49:17,922
and they have really stupid
names, unfortunately,
859
00:49:17,923 --> 00:49:19,454
called the selectron.
860
00:49:19,455 --> 00:49:21,654
You just add an S to the name.
The squark.
861
00:49:21,655 --> 00:49:25,722
Uh, the sup, the sdown.
862
00:49:25,722 --> 00:49:27,555
Supersymmetry, or SUSY,
863
00:49:27,557 --> 00:49:30,822
is extremely important
for the theoretical community
864
00:49:30,823 --> 00:49:33,456
because it solves
many mathematical problems
865
00:49:33,457 --> 00:49:35,388
with the Standard model.
866
00:49:35,389 --> 00:49:39,122
Now, experimentally, it would be
the experimentalists' dream.
867
00:49:39,123 --> 00:49:42,322
You know, tons of particles
that are just coming out,
868
00:49:42,323 --> 00:49:44,154
and you just don't even know
what to do with...
869
00:49:44,155 --> 00:49:45,988
you know, can't even
write the data fast enough
870
00:49:45,989 --> 00:49:47,321
in order to discover them.
871
00:49:47,322 --> 00:49:50,592
So that'd be my dream.
872
00:49:53,394 --> 00:49:55,655
It used to be
that in the control room life,
873
00:49:55,656 --> 00:49:56,955
it was kind of a luxury.
874
00:49:56,956 --> 00:49:58,787
You know, you could kind of...
875
00:49:58,788 --> 00:50:00,820
you could, you know, kind
of style your hair for the day
876
00:50:00,822 --> 00:50:02,954
because you didn't have to wear
a hard helmet all day.
877
00:50:02,955 --> 00:50:04,656
You could wear nice shoes,
you know,
878
00:50:04,657 --> 00:50:06,724
because you were in
the control room environment.
879
00:50:06,725 --> 00:50:09,389
Now, it's all back to, you know,
880
00:50:09,390 --> 00:50:11,556
bring the dirtiest clothes
that you own to work
881
00:50:11,757 --> 00:50:14,054
because you're gonna be crawling
around in, like,
882
00:50:14,055 --> 00:50:15,755
you know, hard helmets,
steel-toed boots.
883
00:50:15,756 --> 00:50:17,121
Not the most attractive shoes,
884
00:50:17,122 --> 00:50:18,909
but, you know,
I kind of like them.
885
00:50:21,556 --> 00:50:23,389
We're pulling out
the electronics.
886
00:50:23,390 --> 00:50:25,488
We're fixing things that
we didn't actually have time
887
00:50:25,489 --> 00:50:28,656
to get to
during the last shutdown.
888
00:50:28,656 --> 00:50:30,754
The goal of this is
that it would be
889
00:50:30,755 --> 00:50:34,126
in even better shape
for next beam.
890
00:50:37,122 --> 00:50:43,622
Okay, so that is, I think,
all that I have to say.
891
00:50:43,623 --> 00:50:47,388
Hope the theorists
aren't driving you crazy.
892
00:50:47,389 --> 00:50:49,721
Don't listen to them,
by the way,
893
00:50:49,722 --> 00:50:51,654
because theorists,
894
00:50:51,655 --> 00:50:55,556
they can sometimes...
895
00:50:56,556 --> 00:50:58,155
Just telling you.
896
00:50:58,156 --> 00:50:59,921
You got to come back
to the experimental world
897
00:50:59,922 --> 00:51:04,056
so that you can touch bases
with reality.
898
00:51:04,057 --> 00:51:07,090
All right,
I'll talk to you soon.
899
00:51:11,316 --> 00:51:13,788
- One of the most basic facts
about the universe
900
00:51:13,789 --> 00:51:14,989
is that it's big.
901
00:51:14,990 --> 00:51:17,487
So you might wonder,
902
00:51:17,488 --> 00:51:21,321
"Why is the universe big?"
903
00:51:21,322 --> 00:51:23,388
There's actually
a single number,
904
00:51:23,389 --> 00:51:24,988
called
the cosmological constant,
905
00:51:24,989 --> 00:51:27,056
that plays a crucial role
906
00:51:27,057 --> 00:51:29,621
in determining
what the universe looks like.
907
00:51:29,622 --> 00:51:32,389
In fact, around ten years ago,
908
00:51:32,390 --> 00:51:35,221
astronomers discovered
a really remarkable fact:
909
00:51:35,222 --> 00:51:38,121
the universe is getting bigger
and bigger
910
00:51:38,122 --> 00:51:40,557
at a faster and faster rate.
911
00:51:42,555 --> 00:51:45,955
But this rate
is a million, billion,
912
00:51:45,956 --> 00:51:50,587
billion, billion, billion,
billion, billion times slower
913
00:51:50,588 --> 00:51:52,824
than what we'd actually predict.
914
00:51:54,422 --> 00:51:56,990
When you're off by
a factor of a million, billion,
915
00:51:56,991 --> 00:51:59,156
billion, billion, billion,
billion, billion,
916
00:51:59,158 --> 00:52:00,823
there's something very wrong
917
00:52:00,824 --> 00:52:05,088
with your understanding
of basic physics.
918
00:52:05,089 --> 00:52:06,554
Even worse,
919
00:52:06,555 --> 00:52:08,588
this one number,
the cosmological constant,
920
00:52:08,589 --> 00:52:10,920
needs to have
this extremely precise value.
921
00:52:10,921 --> 00:52:14,054
And if the value
is different even by a tiny bit,
922
00:52:14,054 --> 00:52:17,491
we would radically change what
the world looks like around us.
923
00:52:20,488 --> 00:52:22,722
If you saw a situation where,
924
00:52:22,723 --> 00:52:25,088
if the parameter
has a very dangerous value
925
00:52:25,089 --> 00:52:27,122
and you change it a little bit,
926
00:52:27,123 --> 00:52:28,488
the world
would change radically,
927
00:52:28,489 --> 00:52:29,754
and we'd be dead.
928
00:52:29,755 --> 00:52:31,622
We couldn't possibly live.
929
00:52:31,622 --> 00:52:33,453
You would wonder
where that came from.
930
00:52:33,454 --> 00:52:35,954
You know, how is that possible?
931
00:52:35,955 --> 00:52:37,555
So just on the face of it,
932
00:52:37,557 --> 00:52:39,389
you would look at the situation
and say,
933
00:52:39,390 --> 00:52:42,621
"Wow, someone really cared
to put this parameter
934
00:52:42,622 --> 00:52:45,121
"at just the right value
so that we get to be here
935
00:52:45,122 --> 00:52:47,256
"and that
it's a pleasant universe
936
00:52:47,257 --> 00:52:50,490
and really cares a lot."
937
00:52:52,488 --> 00:52:55,659
This is the sort of thing that
really keeps you up at night.
938
00:52:57,257 --> 00:52:59,822
It really makes you wonder,
"Maybe we've got something
939
00:52:59,823 --> 00:53:01,988
"about the whole picture,
the big picture,
940
00:53:01,989 --> 00:53:03,673
totally, totally,
totally wrong."
941
00:53:19,556 --> 00:53:22,255
- Before I went
to elementary school,
942
00:53:22,256 --> 00:53:27,420
my mother started telling me
biblical stories.
943
00:53:27,421 --> 00:53:29,655
She told me that if we are good,
944
00:53:29,656 --> 00:53:31,320
we'll go to paradise,
945
00:53:31,321 --> 00:53:33,825
and we will stay there forever.
946
00:53:35,822 --> 00:53:38,553
And when she said "forever,"
947
00:53:38,554 --> 00:53:41,988
I started panicking.
948
00:53:41,989 --> 00:53:43,487
I kept asking, "Forever?"
949
00:53:43,488 --> 00:53:44,753
"Forever?"
950
00:53:44,754 --> 00:53:46,454
You mean, it never ends?
951
00:53:46,455 --> 00:53:49,089
Like, you wake up,
and you know that then,
952
00:53:49,090 --> 00:53:50,420
you go back to sleep,
953
00:53:50,421 --> 00:53:52,655
and this never ends, never ends,
954
00:53:52,656 --> 00:53:54,127
never ends.
955
00:53:58,122 --> 00:54:00,121
I started crying.
956
00:54:00,122 --> 00:54:01,788
She told me,
"What's wrong with you?
957
00:54:01,789 --> 00:54:03,054
"This is paradise.
958
00:54:03,055 --> 00:54:05,420
"It will be a lot of fun.
959
00:54:05,421 --> 00:54:06,997
You'll be very happy there."
960
00:54:15,989 --> 00:54:19,154
But this idea of eternity,
961
00:54:19,155 --> 00:54:21,989
something infinite,
962
00:54:21,990 --> 00:54:24,288
scared me.
963
00:54:47,823 --> 00:54:49,722
- There is
a scientific alternative
964
00:54:49,723 --> 00:54:52,122
to believing there's
someone out there who loves us,
965
00:54:52,123 --> 00:54:55,787
twiddling the dials very finely
for things to work out.
966
00:54:55,788 --> 00:54:58,220
And this alternative,
said briefly,
967
00:54:58,221 --> 00:55:00,655
is that everything we see
in our observed universe
968
00:55:00,656 --> 00:55:02,820
is actually a very small part
969
00:55:02,821 --> 00:55:06,954
of a much,
much vaster multiverse.
970
00:55:06,955 --> 00:55:08,722
You might
literally imagine that,
971
00:55:08,723 --> 00:55:10,487
from some bird's eye
point of view,
972
00:55:10,488 --> 00:55:13,321
if you went
to enormous distances,
973
00:55:13,322 --> 00:55:15,955
you would see that our universe
is actually a little pocket
974
00:55:15,956 --> 00:55:19,392
inside a vastly bigger space.
975
00:55:22,389 --> 00:55:25,155
In this picture,
these mysterious numbers,
976
00:55:25,156 --> 00:55:26,887
like the cosmological constant,
977
00:55:26,888 --> 00:55:30,124
are actually basically random.
978
00:55:32,122 --> 00:55:35,720
And out there in the multiverse,
next to us somewhere,
979
00:55:35,721 --> 00:55:38,721
is another region
where these numbers take on
980
00:55:38,723 --> 00:55:39,953
some other random value,
981
00:55:39,954 --> 00:55:41,621
and then another region
982
00:55:41,622 --> 00:55:43,822
where they take on
some other random value still.
983
00:55:43,823 --> 00:55:46,555
Only in a tiny sliver,
a minuscule part
984
00:55:46,556 --> 00:55:48,256
of this gigantic multiverse,
985
00:55:48,257 --> 00:55:50,653
for completely
accidental reasons,
986
00:55:50,654 --> 00:55:53,420
do these numbers take on
the very, very special values
987
00:55:53,421 --> 00:55:55,119
which allows structures to grow,
988
00:55:55,120 --> 00:55:58,721
stars to form, galaxies to form.
989
00:55:58,722 --> 00:56:00,593
Ultimately,
things like us to form.
990
00:56:03,589 --> 00:56:07,420
This is the really
opposite extreme interpretation
991
00:56:07,421 --> 00:56:09,555
of the presence of fine-tuning
992
00:56:09,556 --> 00:56:12,989
as intelligent designers
would want to give.
993
00:56:12,990 --> 00:56:15,420
If you believe
that someone out there cares
994
00:56:15,421 --> 00:56:18,287
and twiddles the parameters
so that you can exist,
995
00:56:18,288 --> 00:56:21,889
that puts our existence
at the very core of reality.
996
00:56:21,889 --> 00:56:24,754
If you believe
that our entire universe
997
00:56:24,755 --> 00:56:27,321
is a tiny, little,
minuscule spec
998
00:56:27,321 --> 00:56:30,288
in a gigantic multiverse
which is mostly lethal,
999
00:56:30,289 --> 00:56:32,454
that's a polar opposite
philosophy
1000
00:56:32,455 --> 00:56:36,155
for what the universe
looks like.
1001
00:56:36,156 --> 00:56:39,621
In fact, it's an idea
that many physicists loathe,
1002
00:56:39,622 --> 00:56:41,954
because certain questions
then become things
1003
00:56:41,955 --> 00:56:45,325
that we will not hope
to be able to understand.
1004
00:56:47,322 --> 00:56:51,120
- Nima is now an advocate
for this idea
1005
00:56:51,121 --> 00:56:53,388
that the laws of physics
are different
1006
00:56:53,389 --> 00:56:56,454
in different parts
of this multiverse,
1007
00:56:56,455 --> 00:56:59,455
that what we measure
in experiments
1008
00:56:59,456 --> 00:57:02,955
are not deep mysteries
of nature,
1009
00:57:02,956 --> 00:57:06,288
but they're just random
accidents in our universe,
1010
00:57:06,289 --> 00:57:08,554
that maybe even the Higgs itself
1011
00:57:08,555 --> 00:57:11,586
is a random accident that
has occurred in our universe
1012
00:57:11,588 --> 00:57:15,154
and let's life exist,
but has no explanation.
1013
00:57:18,220 --> 00:57:21,092
In a sense,
it's the end of physics.
1014
00:57:24,088 --> 00:57:26,486
- On the one hand,
we have the direction
1015
00:57:26,487 --> 00:57:28,921
that we've been on
for the last 400 years,
1016
00:57:28,922 --> 00:57:34,053
towards increasing beauty,
simplicity, symmetry,
1017
00:57:34,054 --> 00:57:36,622
and a path
that has time and time again
1018
00:57:36,623 --> 00:57:38,888
paid off with deeper
and deeper insights
1019
00:57:38,889 --> 00:57:40,562
about the way the world works.
1020
00:57:46,553 --> 00:57:50,553
On the other hand, we have
the idea of the multiverse,
1021
00:57:50,555 --> 00:57:53,554
which would move us
to a real picture
1022
00:57:53,555 --> 00:57:56,788
not of symmetry and beauty
and order,
1023
00:57:56,789 --> 00:58:01,792
but fundamentally of chaos
on enormous distances.
1024
00:58:04,788 --> 00:58:08,722
This is the really
very, very big-scale question
1025
00:58:08,723 --> 00:58:10,563
which the LHC
is going to push us in
1026
00:58:11,255 --> 00:58:14,103
one way or the other.
1027
00:58:34,253 --> 00:58:35,989
- What happens, for example,
if...
1028
00:58:35,991 --> 00:58:37,256
Oh, blimey.
1029
00:58:37,257 --> 00:58:38,888
Yeah, there's a lot of...
1030
00:58:38,889 --> 00:58:41,093
Hi, Katja.
You all right?
1031
00:58:47,788 --> 00:58:49,788
Oh, you're not recording this,
huh?
1032
00:58:49,789 --> 00:58:51,156
Yes, we're all on the...
1033
00:59:00,487 --> 00:59:02,801
- Yeah, don't worry
about all the other crap.
1034
00:59:06,288 --> 00:59:08,721
We've got the beams
going around again.
1035
00:59:08,722 --> 00:59:10,420
The magnet repairs
are holding up well,
1036
00:59:10,421 --> 00:59:12,387
and our next challenge
is to take these beams
1037
00:59:12,388 --> 00:59:13,754
up to high energy
and collide them.
1038
00:59:13,755 --> 00:59:15,255
Okay.
1039
00:59:15,256 --> 00:59:18,221
- We're very, very aware
of the damage we can do.
1040
00:59:18,222 --> 00:59:19,887
Here we go.
1041
00:59:19,888 --> 00:59:23,265
- That's what worries me stiff
at the moment.
1042
00:59:33,256 --> 00:59:38,821
- The original proposal
for ATLAS was in 1989.
1043
00:59:38,822 --> 00:59:40,821
And you're kind of riding
this idea.
1044
00:59:40,822 --> 00:59:43,487
You've got this dream
of physics.
1045
00:59:43,488 --> 00:59:45,554
This dream of physics
is what pulled everyone along
1046
00:59:45,555 --> 00:59:46,555
for those 19 years.
1047
00:59:47,155 --> 00:59:50,654
And so here, now, today,
finally,
1048
00:59:50,655 --> 00:59:53,121
with high-energy collisions,
1049
00:59:53,122 --> 00:59:58,255
we can start to look
for that dream of new physics.
1050
00:59:58,256 --> 00:59:59,156
Uh, blue.
1051
01:00:00,155 --> 01:00:03,052
The control room, yes.
1052
01:00:03,053 --> 01:00:04,320
The control room.
1053
01:00:04,321 --> 01:00:05,728
This is the control room.
1054
01:00:12,721 --> 01:00:17,087
- The pressure of it being
an event, of course, is there.
1055
01:00:17,088 --> 01:00:20,787
And, of course, anything
can go wrong, and it has.
1056
01:00:20,788 --> 01:00:23,821
Last weekend
was a complete disaster.
1057
01:00:23,822 --> 01:00:25,254
We were discussing
the possibility
1058
01:00:25,255 --> 01:00:27,587
that we do collisions
during the night
1059
01:00:27,588 --> 01:00:30,388
rather than the plan,
9:00 in the morning.
1060
01:00:30,389 --> 01:00:33,319
Of course,
this has caused major,
1061
01:00:33,320 --> 01:00:35,887
sort of knock-ons for,
one, the experiments,
1062
01:00:35,888 --> 01:00:38,977
and two, for the media service.
1063
01:01:01,955 --> 01:01:03,387
Good morning, everybody.
1064
01:01:03,388 --> 01:01:04,920
I propose we start.
1065
01:01:04,921 --> 01:01:06,655
I will take you briefly
over the whole summary
1066
01:01:06,656 --> 01:01:08,120
of the weekend,
1067
01:01:08,120 --> 01:01:10,220
just to get you
up to date what happened.
1068
01:01:10,221 --> 01:01:11,987
During the night,
we tried to set up again
1069
01:01:11,988 --> 01:01:13,254
for high intensities,
1070
01:01:13,255 --> 01:01:14,787
for 450 GeV collisions,
1071
01:01:14,788 --> 01:01:16,255
but then we were cut short
1072
01:01:16,256 --> 01:01:18,419
because we encountered a vacuum.
1073
01:01:18,420 --> 01:01:22,155
- What everybody wants,
from a physics point of view
1074
01:01:22,156 --> 01:01:23,454
and from being sure,
1075
01:01:23,455 --> 01:01:25,454
is doing it secretly before
1076
01:01:25,455 --> 01:01:27,487
and showing it to the media
during the day.
1077
01:01:27,488 --> 01:01:29,619
And I think this was also
the wish of Fabiola.
1078
01:01:29,620 --> 01:01:31,586
It's the wish of everybody,
1079
01:01:31,587 --> 01:01:33,887
because this is, of course,
then you're much more certain.
1080
01:01:33,888 --> 01:01:36,585
But this does not work nowadays.
1081
01:01:36,587 --> 01:01:38,220
Media wants to see
this little risk.
1082
01:01:38,221 --> 01:01:39,720
I understand.
1083
01:01:39,720 --> 01:01:42,155
So that means
we have to adapt to that.
1084
01:01:42,156 --> 01:01:43,056
Let's see.
1085
01:01:44,054 --> 01:01:47,587
This...
this is not it.
1086
01:01:47,588 --> 01:01:48,955
It doesn't seem like...
1087
01:01:48,955 --> 01:01:50,454
You got to hit the reload.
1088
01:01:50,455 --> 01:01:52,887
I'm reloading it.
1089
01:01:52,888 --> 01:01:55,752
Yeah, I wonder
if we should stop.
1090
01:01:55,753 --> 01:01:57,554
Everyone is reloading it.
1091
01:01:57,554 --> 01:01:59,290
Maybe we should stop.
1092
01:02:01,288 --> 01:02:02,554
There you go.
1093
01:02:02,555 --> 01:02:04,654
- Hey!
- All right.
1094
01:02:04,655 --> 01:02:06,756
Okay, now.
1095
01:02:08,754 --> 01:02:10,620
And, indeed, welcome to CERN,
1096
01:02:10,621 --> 01:02:12,620
the European Organization
for Nuclear Research,
1097
01:02:12,621 --> 01:02:13,919
in Geneva.
1098
01:02:13,920 --> 01:02:15,722
Welcome to
the CERN control center.
1099
01:02:43,755 --> 01:02:45,287
And here on the screen
1100
01:02:45,288 --> 01:02:47,386
we can see the four
different experiments:
1101
01:02:47,387 --> 01:02:51,753
ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, and ALICE.
1102
01:02:51,754 --> 01:02:55,954
And the program for today
is to first send one beam
1103
01:02:55,955 --> 01:02:58,821
in one direction, a second
beam in the opposite direction.
1104
01:02:58,822 --> 01:03:01,720
They will circulate
in parallel for a while,
1105
01:03:01,721 --> 01:03:04,752
and when everything is ready
and under control,
1106
01:03:04,753 --> 01:03:06,454
the separation
is going to be removed,
1107
01:03:06,455 --> 01:03:09,621
and the beams
are going to be made to collide
1108
01:03:09,622 --> 01:03:12,386
in the four points
around the LHC machine.
1109
01:03:12,387 --> 01:03:14,386
- I just think to myself,
if you imagine, like,
1110
01:03:14,387 --> 01:03:16,453
Thomas Edison, like,
inventing the lightbulb...
1111
01:03:16,454 --> 01:03:18,588
if he had tried to invent
the lightbulb with, like,
1112
01:03:18,589 --> 01:03:20,453
a hundred camera crews
in his workshop,
1113
01:03:20,454 --> 01:03:22,119
and they would've been like,
"Oh, my God,
1114
01:03:22,120 --> 01:03:23,418
"you can't even turn it on?
1115
01:03:23,419 --> 01:03:24,786
"Come on!
Turn it on now!
1116
01:03:24,787 --> 01:03:26,620
"Come... ugh,
we're still waiting?
1117
01:03:26,621 --> 01:03:28,719
Come on. Ah, come on.
What's wrong with this guy?"
1118
01:03:28,720 --> 01:03:34,620
- So the violet... there's always
one vertical, horizontal beam.
1119
01:03:34,621 --> 01:03:36,055
One beam.
1120
01:03:39,389 --> 01:03:40,788
Shh!
1121
01:03:42,088 --> 01:03:43,419
Please.
1122
01:03:43,420 --> 01:03:45,220
So a few minutes.
1123
01:03:45,221 --> 01:03:46,063
Okay, thank you.
1124
01:03:46,922 --> 01:03:48,492
Thank you, bye.
1125
01:03:53,488 --> 01:03:54,753
Wow.
1126
01:03:54,754 --> 01:03:56,293
Everybody hear?
1127
01:04:02,286 --> 01:04:05,620
Few minutes away.
1128
01:04:05,622 --> 01:04:09,120
- So we should watch that one,
our trigger rate,
1129
01:04:09,121 --> 01:04:11,654
this one, the separation bumps,
and the event displays.
1130
01:04:11,655 --> 01:04:13,421
Okay, these are
the three screens to watch.
1131
01:04:13,422 --> 01:04:15,154
If you have three eyes,
one there, one here,
1132
01:04:15,155 --> 01:04:18,386
and one over there.
1133
01:04:18,387 --> 01:04:21,154
- So, okay,
both beams are at 3.5 TeV,
1134
01:04:21,155 --> 01:04:24,052
and we've just collapsed
the separation bumps
1135
01:04:24,053 --> 01:04:25,653
and brought the beams
into collision
1136
01:04:25,654 --> 01:04:26,986
inside the four experiments.
1137
01:04:26,987 --> 01:04:28,288
- Starting.
- They're starting.
1138
01:04:28,289 --> 01:04:29,920
They're starting.
1139
01:04:29,921 --> 01:04:32,587
- Oh.
- Ooh.
1140
01:04:34,888 --> 01:04:36,219
Okay, they're starting.
1141
01:04:36,220 --> 01:04:38,553
- Two beams,
one in blue, one in red,
1142
01:04:38,554 --> 01:04:42,421
each circulating
in opposite directions.
1143
01:04:42,422 --> 01:04:44,953
They have
to get closer and closer.
1144
01:04:44,954 --> 01:04:48,787
When the numbers
on the four readers say zero,
1145
01:04:48,787 --> 01:04:51,922
it means that the beams
are finally aligned.
1146
01:05:12,288 --> 01:05:14,969
This is the historical moment
we were all expecting.
1147
01:05:15,821 --> 01:05:18,457
It can be anytime now.
1148
01:06:19,420 --> 01:06:22,419
Wow! Wow!
1149
01:06:22,420 --> 01:06:23,654
Fantastic!
1150
01:06:23,655 --> 01:06:25,620
Beautiful.
1151
01:06:25,621 --> 01:06:28,889
- Wow.
- We are ready.
1152
01:06:38,888 --> 01:06:40,153
First things first.
1153
01:06:40,154 --> 01:06:43,720
I just have to say:
"data."
1154
01:06:43,721 --> 01:06:48,888
It's... it's unbelievable
how fantastic data is.
1155
01:07:08,059 --> 01:07:09,585
You have this invariant mass.
1156
01:07:09,586 --> 01:07:11,386
This is for the Z
to mu-mu channel.
1157
01:07:11,387 --> 01:07:13,153
And you have this mass peak
of the Z,
1158
01:07:13,155 --> 01:07:15,130
in order to estimate
your backgrounds.
1159
01:07:24,121 --> 01:07:28,986
It's like the world
at ATLAS and LHC and CMS
1160
01:07:28,987 --> 01:07:30,819
and all those places
has suddenly changed.
1161
01:07:30,820 --> 01:07:33,287
I mean, it's like,
all of a sudden, there's data.
1162
01:07:33,288 --> 01:07:35,220
And after so many years
of not having data
1163
01:07:35,220 --> 01:07:36,585
and new data, new physics,
1164
01:07:36,586 --> 01:07:38,219
there's just so much
possibility,
1165
01:07:38,220 --> 01:07:39,819
and even though
you're rediscovering
1166
01:07:39,820 --> 01:07:41,751
the Standard Model,
that is more exciting.
1167
01:07:41,752 --> 01:07:43,952
But the most exciting thing
about the data
1168
01:07:43,954 --> 01:07:45,818
is not the first collision.
1169
01:07:45,819 --> 01:07:47,552
Because the first collision,
okay, great.
1170
01:07:47,553 --> 01:07:50,118
First collision,
everyone loves the first.
1171
01:07:50,119 --> 01:07:53,087
But the most exciting thing
about the data is the, you know,
1172
01:07:53,088 --> 01:07:55,121
1 millionth collision
or the 2 millionth collision
1173
01:07:55,122 --> 01:07:57,287
or the fact that collisions
just keep coming and coming
1174
01:07:57,288 --> 01:07:58,821
and coming and coming,
1175
01:07:58,822 --> 01:08:00,821
and the more and more
collisions we have,
1176
01:08:00,822 --> 01:08:02,453
the more and more chance we have
1177
01:08:02,454 --> 01:08:04,284
to look
at the interesting physics,
1178
01:08:04,285 --> 01:08:07,453
because it just means more
and more and more data for us.
1179
01:08:07,454 --> 01:08:08,886
The running is pretty good.
1180
01:08:08,887 --> 01:08:10,918
- But right now,
it's running amazingly.
1181
01:08:10,919 --> 01:08:12,453
Yeah, right now,
1182
01:08:12,454 --> 01:08:14,252
but the day of reckoning
is in several months.
1183
01:08:14,253 --> 01:08:15,754
We heard rumors on that.
1184
01:08:15,755 --> 01:08:17,320
- Well, we should be hearing
rumors now.
1185
01:08:17,321 --> 01:08:18,953
We really should be
hearing rumors now.
1186
01:08:18,954 --> 01:08:20,287
- I'm a little worried,
actually.
1187
01:08:20,288 --> 01:08:21,987
Yeah.
1188
01:08:21,988 --> 01:08:23,921
- Well, we're hearing murmurs.
- What, what's...
1189
01:08:23,922 --> 01:08:25,320
Murmurs.
We're hearing murmurs.
1190
01:08:25,321 --> 01:08:27,086
There either...
there isn't much there,
1191
01:08:27,087 --> 01:08:29,154
or they're doing a very good job
keeping a poker face.
1192
01:08:29,155 --> 01:08:30,987
- Or they're still at the point
where half of...
1193
01:08:30,988 --> 01:08:32,620
where they're still trying
to figure out
1194
01:08:32,621 --> 01:08:34,485
what's a murmur
and what's a rumor, internally.
1195
01:08:34,486 --> 01:08:36,319
And I think
that's probably actually true.
1196
01:08:36,320 --> 01:08:37,587
Right.
1197
01:08:37,588 --> 01:08:38,885
The problem is that, also,
1198
01:08:38,886 --> 01:08:40,585
I take completely innocent
remarks
1199
01:08:40,586 --> 01:08:42,418
and vastly over-interpret them.
1200
01:08:42,419 --> 01:08:44,785
- Obviously, we're going to
learn about the first discovery
1201
01:08:44,787 --> 01:08:46,386
on Twitter and Facebook.
1202
01:08:46,386 --> 01:08:47,886
- That's so sad,
but I think it's true.
1203
01:08:47,887 --> 01:08:49,385
It is.
1204
01:08:49,386 --> 01:08:51,219
- You mean, I shouldn't check
the arXiv
1205
01:08:51,220 --> 01:08:53,420
first thing in the morning...
I need to check my Facebook?
1206
01:08:53,421 --> 01:08:55,553
- The arXiv is the last thing.
- The arXiv is the last...
1207
01:08:55,554 --> 01:08:57,254
- First, like,
check Nima's Twitter feed.
1208
01:08:57,254 --> 01:08:58,586
Then check the arXiv.
1209
01:08:58,587 --> 01:09:00,319
If Nima has a Twitter feed,
1210
01:09:00,320 --> 01:09:02,528
then there's something
has been discovered.
1211
01:09:04,154 --> 01:09:09,052
It is August 7, 2011,
1212
01:09:09,053 --> 01:09:15,153
and, this is a significant time
for the LHC.
1213
01:09:15,154 --> 01:09:17,419
The first big set of data
1214
01:09:17,420 --> 01:09:21,719
was presented
at the end of July.
1215
01:09:21,720 --> 01:09:26,087
The data
has little extra bits in it
1216
01:09:26,088 --> 01:09:29,487
which could be interpreted
as a Higgs.
1217
01:09:29,487 --> 01:09:32,752
Even though the LHC
is running at half power,
1218
01:09:32,752 --> 01:09:35,919
it actually has gotten data
much, much faster
1219
01:09:35,919 --> 01:09:37,786
than anybody expected.
1220
01:09:37,787 --> 01:09:42,153
And that allowed them to be
sensitive to the Higgs boson.
1221
01:09:42,154 --> 01:09:43,985
It's fucking cool right now.
1222
01:09:43,986 --> 01:09:45,885
There was huge excitement
1223
01:09:45,886 --> 01:09:48,719
because the Higgs' results
of the two main detectors,
1224
01:09:48,720 --> 01:09:50,620
CMS and ATLAS, were first shown,
1225
01:09:50,621 --> 01:09:52,953
together, in the same meeting.
1226
01:09:52,954 --> 01:09:54,787
For me, as Run Coordinator,
1227
01:09:54,788 --> 01:09:56,355
I discussed every little problem
1228
01:09:56,555 --> 01:09:58,286
where we lost here
a little bit of data
1229
01:09:58,287 --> 01:09:59,919
and there a little bit of data,
1230
01:09:59,920 --> 01:10:04,118
so somehow I really feel
attached to this data set.
1231
01:10:04,119 --> 01:10:07,954
So somehow it makes me proud
if the Higgs is found
1232
01:10:07,955 --> 01:10:09,555
or not with this data set.
1233
01:10:10,555 --> 01:10:12,952
- The three, two, ones,
so the effect...
1234
01:10:12,953 --> 01:10:16,419
- The mass of the Higgs,
namely the weight of the Higgs,
1235
01:10:16,420 --> 01:10:18,986
can actually tell us
or give us a hint
1236
01:10:18,987 --> 01:10:20,320
about what comes next.
1237
01:10:20,321 --> 01:10:25,586
If the mass
is on the lighter side,
1238
01:10:25,587 --> 01:10:28,887
then that's consistent
with some of the standard things
1239
01:10:28,887 --> 01:10:30,286
we've been looking for.
1240
01:10:30,288 --> 01:10:33,619
Supersymmetry generally favors
1241
01:10:33,620 --> 01:10:35,719
that the Higgs
is as light as possible.
1242
01:10:35,720 --> 01:10:38,753
About 115 times
the mass of the proton.
1243
01:10:38,754 --> 01:10:40,919
It's 115 GeV:
1244
01:10:40,920 --> 01:10:42,888
Giga electron volts.
1245
01:10:42,889 --> 01:10:47,285
If, on the other hand,
the Higgs is 140 GeV,
1246
01:10:47,286 --> 01:10:49,952
140 times the mass
of the proton,
1247
01:10:49,953 --> 01:10:51,058
it's a terrible mass,
1248
01:10:51,487 --> 01:10:56,052
because 140 GeV
is associated with theories
1249
01:10:56,053 --> 01:10:58,418
that rely on the multiverse.
1250
01:10:58,419 --> 01:11:01,251
ATLAS has a little bump here,
1251
01:11:01,252 --> 01:11:04,386
a small excess visible near 140.
1252
01:11:04,387 --> 01:11:06,420
And now, holy crap.
1253
01:11:06,421 --> 01:11:08,285
It's 140!
1254
01:11:08,286 --> 01:11:11,385
It's starting to look like
nature has made its choice.
1255
01:11:11,386 --> 01:11:13,619
- What do we learn
if the LHC does discover
1256
01:11:13,620 --> 01:11:15,719
a Higgs at 140 and nothing else?
1257
01:11:15,721 --> 01:11:17,985
Chaos. Okay?
1258
01:11:17,986 --> 01:11:19,618
- The problem
with the multiverse
1259
01:11:19,620 --> 01:11:21,086
is that it says the Higgs
1260
01:11:21,087 --> 01:11:23,454
might be the last particle
we ever see.
1261
01:11:24,453 --> 01:11:27,585
- So what we should do...
- I think the Higgs mass issue...
1262
01:11:27,586 --> 01:11:30,554
- If we don't see any new
particles besides the Higgs,
1263
01:11:30,554 --> 01:11:33,384
we don't get any explanation
for dark matter.
1264
01:11:33,385 --> 01:11:36,787
We don't know
how the Higgs itself got a mass.
1265
01:11:36,788 --> 01:11:41,253
We never get access
to the deeper theory.
1266
01:11:41,254 --> 01:11:43,121
All that information
1267
01:11:43,122 --> 01:11:46,257
could be in the other universes.
1268
01:11:48,255 --> 01:11:51,951
We may be at the end
of the road.
1269
01:11:51,952 --> 01:11:54,321
That's it.
1270
01:11:56,319 --> 01:12:00,822
I guess, um...
1271
01:12:01,821 --> 01:12:05,986
Well, if it's right
at that number,
1272
01:12:05,987 --> 01:12:07,985
then it would be
so fucking astounding.
1273
01:12:08,419 --> 01:12:10,452
Where the F is SUSY, right?
1274
01:12:10,453 --> 01:12:11,919
I mean, there's nothing.
1275
01:12:11,920 --> 01:12:13,318
I mean,
where's all the other stuff?
1276
01:12:13,319 --> 01:12:14,719
Where are the other particles?
1277
01:12:14,720 --> 01:12:16,553
What happened to dark matter?
I mean...
1278
01:12:16,553 --> 01:12:18,385
- I've heard of many theories
saying that new particles
1279
01:12:18,386 --> 01:12:19,651
might be
at even higher energies, so...
1280
01:12:19,652 --> 01:12:21,320
Right.
1281
01:12:21,321 --> 01:12:23,553
- Who knows? I mean,
it always comes differently.
1282
01:12:23,554 --> 01:12:25,219
Who knows if there
are other interesting things.
1283
01:12:25,220 --> 01:12:26,752
You know, somehow
it always comes differently
1284
01:12:26,753 --> 01:12:28,418
than you expect.
1285
01:12:28,419 --> 01:12:30,920
- I know that the theorists
are all up in arms,
1286
01:12:30,921 --> 01:12:32,652
because, you know,
it could be a heavy Higgs,
1287
01:12:32,653 --> 01:12:34,217
but, you know,
I've always said, like,
1288
01:12:34,218 --> 01:12:35,587
the worst-case scenario,
1289
01:12:35,588 --> 01:12:37,753
I think,
would be Higgs and Higgs only.
1290
01:12:37,754 --> 01:12:39,253
- Who knows?
- I know. I know.
1291
01:12:39,254 --> 01:12:40,886
- Come on,
it's just a little excess.
1292
01:12:40,888 --> 01:12:42,753
- If this doesn't show up
by the end of next year,
1293
01:12:42,754 --> 01:12:44,319
then we can change subject,
I think.
1294
01:12:44,320 --> 01:12:46,319
If you don't see
any supersymmetric signal...
1295
01:12:46,320 --> 01:12:48,551
- Well, but if it's 140,
that would be serious.
1296
01:12:48,552 --> 01:12:49,951
Yeah, yeah.
1297
01:12:49,952 --> 01:12:52,230
Yeah.
1298
01:13:03,220 --> 01:13:05,154
Don't tell me.
1299
01:13:05,155 --> 01:13:06,955
This is my nightmare.
1300
01:13:08,953 --> 01:13:11,788
It's only 30 for me.
1301
01:13:16,086 --> 01:13:17,820
At the moment, it's scary.
1302
01:13:17,821 --> 01:13:19,975
- At the moment, it's scary.
- It's scary.
1303
01:13:29,554 --> 01:13:32,752
- Yes, then we have to wait
another couple of years
1304
01:13:32,753 --> 01:13:34,890
for the next round.
1305
01:13:36,888 --> 01:13:39,158
No, another two years,
I'm saying...
1306
01:13:42,822 --> 01:13:44,452
But still, it doesn't matter.
1307
01:13:44,453 --> 01:13:45,824
You'll be working harder.
1308
01:13:48,707 --> 01:13:50,285
No, but independent of that,
1309
01:13:50,286 --> 01:13:54,753
I think you'll know the truth.
1310
01:13:54,754 --> 01:13:56,486
Yes, yes, no.
1311
01:13:56,487 --> 01:13:58,955
- And that's
the important thing.
1312
01:13:59,954 --> 01:14:03,222
No, you're right.
Yes, of course.
1313
01:14:06,219 --> 01:14:08,008
- Coffee
is a very serious business
1314
01:14:08,287 --> 01:14:10,418
in the life of a theorist.
1315
01:14:10,419 --> 01:14:12,551
It's not like physics research,
1316
01:14:12,552 --> 01:14:14,419
where you can wait for 30 years
1317
01:14:14,420 --> 01:14:19,052
before you know
if you are right.
1318
01:14:19,053 --> 01:14:22,986
Within a few minutes,
it pays off.
1319
01:14:22,987 --> 01:14:26,288
If you succeed, it's great.
1320
01:14:27,287 --> 01:14:30,219
If you fail,
you get to try another one
1321
01:14:30,220 --> 01:14:32,153
in another minute.
1322
01:14:32,154 --> 01:14:34,087
In particle physics,
1323
01:14:34,089 --> 01:14:38,084
you construct
a theory 20 years ago,
1324
01:14:38,086 --> 01:14:40,086
and it may take that long
1325
01:14:40,087 --> 01:14:43,118
before you know
if you're on the right track.
1326
01:14:43,120 --> 01:14:45,619
Jumping from failure to failure
1327
01:14:45,620 --> 01:14:48,051
with undiminished enthusiasm
1328
01:14:48,052 --> 01:14:52,218
is the big secret to success.
1329
01:14:52,219 --> 01:14:58,553
- Well, the hint
that the Higgs was 140 GeV
1330
01:14:58,554 --> 01:15:01,285
has disappeared.
1331
01:15:01,286 --> 01:15:06,419
All of the new data
that just came in
1332
01:15:06,420 --> 01:15:08,919
didn't make the peak bigger.
1333
01:15:08,920 --> 01:15:11,719
It sort of filled in the gaps.
1334
01:15:11,720 --> 01:15:15,885
And now the peak
doesn't look very good.
1335
01:15:15,886 --> 01:15:20,086
In fact, the belief
is that it's gone away
1336
01:15:20,087 --> 01:15:25,420
and that the Higgs
can't be 140 GeV.
1337
01:15:25,421 --> 01:15:28,720
In order for us to believe
that we've discovered it,
1338
01:15:28,721 --> 01:15:30,420
that peak needs to be big
1339
01:15:30,420 --> 01:15:33,653
and basically keep growing
as the data comes in.
1340
01:15:33,654 --> 01:15:36,485
It's a statistical thing.
1341
01:15:36,486 --> 01:15:38,919
We call it the Greek letter
"sigma."
1342
01:15:38,920 --> 01:15:42,252
If you reach a height
of 5 sigma,
1343
01:15:42,253 --> 01:15:45,651
that's when you know
that you've seen something.
1344
01:15:45,652 --> 01:15:49,119
And the probability that
that just happens by accident
1345
01:15:49,120 --> 01:15:52,623
is 1 in 31/2 million.
1346
01:15:55,619 --> 01:15:59,485
But the Higgs, it's not at 140,
1347
01:15:59,486 --> 01:16:01,886
which is a bit of a relief,
1348
01:16:01,887 --> 01:16:06,552
because there's still hope
it might be down around 115.
1349
01:16:06,553 --> 01:16:08,153
We like 115,
1350
01:16:08,154 --> 01:16:10,552
because if the Higgs
is that light,
1351
01:16:10,553 --> 01:16:13,551
the theory says
there has to be new particles,
1352
01:16:13,552 --> 01:16:15,451
like supersymmetry,
1353
01:16:15,452 --> 01:16:20,119
otherwise the universe
is unstable.
1354
01:16:20,120 --> 01:16:22,922
It wouldn't have survived
this long.
1355
01:16:25,219 --> 01:16:29,284
- This is one of the one
of the few truly perfect
1356
01:16:29,285 --> 01:16:30,918
academic institutions
in the world.
1357
01:16:30,919 --> 01:16:33,219
I mean, there's no excuse...
1358
01:16:33,220 --> 01:16:34,918
no excuse at all...
1359
01:16:34,919 --> 01:16:39,452
not to think and work
1360
01:16:39,453 --> 01:16:41,052
and get things done.
1361
01:16:41,052 --> 01:16:42,385
That's its only problem.
1362
01:16:42,386 --> 01:16:43,985
There's no excuse at all
not to think
1363
01:16:43,986 --> 01:16:45,885
and work and get things done.
1364
01:16:45,886 --> 01:16:48,119
You can't blame it on anything
if it doesn't work.
1365
01:16:48,120 --> 01:16:52,052
- Okay, supersymmetry
versus multiverse.
1366
01:16:52,053 --> 01:16:54,286
Oh, boy.
1367
01:16:57,453 --> 01:16:58,886
All right.
1368
01:16:58,886 --> 01:17:00,385
That's, uh...
1369
01:17:00,386 --> 01:17:01,784
If we're going to start
doing that,
1370
01:17:01,785 --> 01:17:03,921
this is going to be interesting.
1371
01:17:05,919 --> 01:17:08,752
We have been anticipating
that whatever happens
1372
01:17:08,753 --> 01:17:11,086
is going to throw the field
in one direction or another.
1373
01:17:11,087 --> 01:17:13,886
Oh, shit!
1374
01:17:13,887 --> 01:17:15,585
Now that we're really
on the doorstep
1375
01:17:15,586 --> 01:17:18,486
of actually knowing
the actual number,
1376
01:17:18,487 --> 01:17:22,754
I really care intensely
about what that number is.
1377
01:17:36,219 --> 01:17:38,252
Well, faster than we thought,
1378
01:17:38,253 --> 01:17:41,153
there's news that there's
going to be another announcement
1379
01:17:41,154 --> 01:17:43,418
about the Higgs.
1380
01:17:43,419 --> 01:17:45,153
I've heard tons of rumors,
1381
01:17:45,154 --> 01:17:47,052
and I've heard
they're things on blogs,
1382
01:17:47,053 --> 01:17:49,819
and there's already stuff
in the newspaper.
1383
01:17:49,820 --> 01:17:52,417
- 18 hours or so
until the announcement,
1384
01:17:52,418 --> 01:17:56,552
so I'm really looking forward
to what they're going to say,
1385
01:17:56,553 --> 01:17:58,785
and I want to be there.
1386
01:17:58,786 --> 01:18:01,418
Actually, I'm thinking
of going early in the morning,
1387
01:18:01,419 --> 01:18:04,284
or I'll send
my young colleagues,
1388
01:18:04,285 --> 01:18:09,652
who have more stamina to sit
and occupy a chair for me.
1389
01:18:09,653 --> 01:18:12,417
It is July 3rd...
1390
01:18:12,418 --> 01:18:15,287
the night of July 3, 2012,
1391
01:18:15,288 --> 01:18:19,586
and I am driving to Princeton,
to the Institute,
1392
01:18:19,587 --> 01:18:22,652
to hang out with Nima
and a big crowd,
1393
01:18:22,653 --> 01:18:26,384
who are all staying up
until 3:00 in the morning
1394
01:18:26,385 --> 01:18:30,785
because they're going to
present the Higgs data at CERN
1395
01:18:30,786 --> 01:18:33,486
at 9:00 in the morning
Geneva time.
1396
01:18:33,487 --> 01:18:35,619
Certainly the biggest thing
that's happened...
1397
01:18:35,620 --> 01:18:37,986
the discovery
of new fundamental particles...
1398
01:18:37,988 --> 01:18:39,584
in my lifetime.
1399
01:18:39,585 --> 01:18:42,418
And the Higgs is a particle
like no other,
1400
01:18:42,419 --> 01:18:44,618
like nothing
we've ever seen before,
1401
01:18:44,619 --> 01:18:47,152
and it is weird,
and we do not understand it,
1402
01:18:47,153 --> 01:18:50,484
but...
1403
01:18:50,485 --> 01:18:54,087
but, uh...
and I missed my exit.
1404
01:19:57,886 --> 01:20:03,252
Cinq, six, sept, huit, neuf.
1405
01:20:03,253 --> 01:20:04,818
- You need quite some skills
to sit on it.
1406
01:20:04,819 --> 01:20:06,319
- It's possible.
- Okay.
1407
01:20:06,320 --> 01:20:07,886
- You know,
there's one ball missing.
1408
01:20:07,887 --> 01:20:10,219
Oh, it's, uh... exactly.
1409
01:20:10,220 --> 01:20:11,785
No, there's one ball missing,
1410
01:20:11,786 --> 01:20:15,585
so it's... you always
think you fall down.
1411
01:20:15,586 --> 01:20:18,086
Okay.
1412
01:20:18,087 --> 01:20:20,151
- Look at some of these people,
like, totally asleep.
1413
01:20:20,152 --> 01:20:22,552
- Yeah, no,
those are the sleeping bags.
1414
01:20:41,087 --> 01:20:42,585
My volume is up.
1415
01:20:42,586 --> 01:20:44,419
I don't know why
I'm not getting sound.
1416
01:20:44,420 --> 01:20:47,451
There isn't like, a thing
on here with sound, is there?
1417
01:20:47,452 --> 01:20:49,984
Who reads lips here?
1418
01:20:49,985 --> 01:20:52,486
- Can anyone see
if they get sound?
1419
01:20:52,487 --> 01:20:54,686
Try streaming it
in their offices or something?
1420
01:20:54,886 --> 01:20:57,514
Many apologies, guys.
I don't know what's going on.
1421
01:21:05,253 --> 01:21:07,052
- Ah, Peter Higgs.
- Ah, there he is.
1422
01:21:07,053 --> 01:21:08,788
- Here he is.
- Very good.
1423
01:21:13,384 --> 01:21:16,552
Someone with an iPad.
1424
01:21:29,086 --> 01:21:31,153
- Not as well seated
as my summer student.
1425
01:21:31,154 --> 01:21:32,452
- No!
- Right.
1426
01:21:33,615 --> 01:21:35,718
Peter Higgs doesn't even get
a good seat.
1427
01:21:35,719 --> 01:21:38,385
- Good morning,
everybody here in Geneva.
1428
01:21:38,386 --> 01:21:40,153
Today is a special day:
1429
01:21:40,154 --> 01:21:42,584
we hear two presentations
from the two experiments
1430
01:21:42,585 --> 01:21:44,152
ATLAS and CMS.
1431
01:21:44,153 --> 01:21:46,651
We are starting
in a non-alphabetical order,
1432
01:21:46,652 --> 01:21:51,086
and I ask Joe Incandela
from CMS to take the floor.
1433
01:21:53,451 --> 01:21:54,090
Okay.
1434
01:21:58,086 --> 01:21:59,718
Okay.
1435
01:21:59,719 --> 01:22:04,119
So I will give the status
of the CMS Higgs search.
1436
01:22:04,120 --> 01:22:06,619
I want to really dedicate this
to the CMS collaboration.
1437
01:22:06,820 --> 01:22:08,751
This is a picture
we took last week.
1438
01:22:08,752 --> 01:22:10,085
We had a party.
1439
01:22:10,086 --> 01:22:11,749
This is only 400 or 500 people.
1440
01:22:11,750 --> 01:22:14,651
Remember, there are 4,000 people
in the experiment.
1441
01:22:14,652 --> 01:22:17,084
This is not
the real CMS detector.
1442
01:22:17,085 --> 01:22:18,584
That's down underground.
1443
01:22:18,585 --> 01:22:20,636
This is the spare
that we keep upstairs.
1444
01:22:22,553 --> 01:22:24,285
So one page for the theorists.
1445
01:22:24,286 --> 01:22:26,752
That's all they deserve.
No, I'm kidding.
1446
01:22:26,753 --> 01:22:30,218
The Standard Model is here...
is shown here.
1447
01:22:30,219 --> 01:22:33,118
This is what we know.
1448
01:22:39,887 --> 01:22:42,153
And we have now...
1449
01:22:52,788 --> 01:22:55,051
But one of the big stories
of this year was,
1450
01:22:55,052 --> 01:22:56,620
as you know...
those of you in the field...
1451
01:22:56,621 --> 01:22:57,985
is pile-up.
1452
01:22:57,986 --> 01:22:59,818
We had to deal
with very intense beams
1453
01:22:59,818 --> 01:23:01,719
like never before seen
in the field
1454
01:23:01,719 --> 01:23:02,952
with many, many interactions,
1455
01:23:02,953 --> 01:23:04,786
and this slide shows...
1456
01:23:04,787 --> 01:23:08,785
the colors correspond to tracks
from different particles.
1457
01:23:08,786 --> 01:23:10,784
And it was in these
kind of events
1458
01:23:10,785 --> 01:23:14,285
that we're looking for one of
the rarest particles ever made,
1459
01:23:14,286 --> 01:23:16,253
and that's what we call
the Higgs.
1460
01:23:17,353 --> 01:23:19,418
And so this is where
things stood last week.
1461
01:23:19,419 --> 01:23:22,311
As you know, if you look
at the radiative corrections...
1462
01:23:26,889 --> 01:23:29,152
So if you know the W
and top mass very well,
1463
01:23:29,153 --> 01:23:31,152
you can actually predict
a long band.
1464
01:23:31,153 --> 01:23:32,785
- Yeah, yeah,
so we're there at four.
1465
01:23:32,786 --> 01:23:34,284
One at the Tevatron.
1466
01:23:34,285 --> 01:23:36,217
They really had
a tour de force measurement.
1467
01:23:36,218 --> 01:23:40,085
Ah, sorry, yeah, here it is.
1468
01:23:40,086 --> 01:23:41,885
- And we end up
with four event classes...
1469
01:23:41,886 --> 01:23:43,217
Ah, there it is!
1470
01:23:43,218 --> 01:23:45,251
- Okay, so, to wrap up,
in summary:
1471
01:23:45,252 --> 01:23:47,318
we conclude by saying
that we have observed
1472
01:23:47,319 --> 01:23:51,721
a new boson with a mass
of 125.3 plus or minus 0.6 GeV
1473
01:23:52,720 --> 01:23:54,585
at 4.9 standard deviations.
1474
01:23:54,586 --> 01:23:55,820
Thank you.
1475
01:23:58,987 --> 01:24:00,452
125.3.
1476
01:24:00,453 --> 01:24:01,917
Okay, so now...
1477
01:24:01,919 --> 01:24:02,720
Wow, 125?
1478
01:24:03,720 --> 01:24:05,139
Do you know ATLAS's result?
1479
01:24:05,719 --> 01:24:07,153
This isn't...
1480
01:24:08,886 --> 01:24:10,097
You heard about this?
1481
01:24:14,718 --> 01:24:16,484
Okay.
1482
01:24:16,485 --> 01:24:19,051
I think I can only say
congratulations to everybody.
1483
01:24:19,052 --> 01:24:21,485
I will say a few words more
later.
1484
01:24:21,486 --> 01:24:24,652
Now we go immediately to ATLAS.
1485
01:24:24,653 --> 01:24:26,118
Fabiola Gianotti, please.
1486
01:24:26,119 --> 01:24:27,453
Thank you.
1487
01:24:31,152 --> 01:24:32,650
Good morning.
1488
01:24:32,651 --> 01:24:37,152
ATLAS is very pleased to present
here today
1489
01:24:37,153 --> 01:24:39,717
updated results
on Standard Model Higgs searches
1490
01:24:39,718 --> 01:24:44,484
based on up to 10.7
inverse femtobarn of data
1491
01:24:44,485 --> 01:24:48,152
recorded in 2011 and 2012,
1492
01:24:48,153 --> 01:24:51,585
and it's a big honor
and a big emotion for me
1493
01:24:51,586 --> 01:24:55,452
to represent this fantastic
collaboration at this occasion.
1494
01:24:55,453 --> 01:24:58,083
So let's go to the results
for this channel.
1495
01:24:58,084 --> 01:25:02,583
You can see here
the results for the 2011 to 2012
1496
01:25:02,584 --> 01:25:04,983
and the combination of the two.
1497
01:25:04,984 --> 01:25:07,051
The gamma jet
and jet-jet background
1498
01:25:07,052 --> 01:25:08,818
with one or both jet...
1499
01:25:08,819 --> 01:25:10,317
requirement that the energy
1500
01:25:10,318 --> 01:25:12,885
in a cone around the photon
is below...
1501
01:25:12,886 --> 01:25:14,718
a structure
which reproduces very well
1502
01:25:14,719 --> 01:25:16,751
the LHC bunch rate
with three bunch,
1503
01:25:16,752 --> 01:25:18,153
small gaps...
1504
01:25:18,154 --> 01:25:19,837
so then, of course,
we collect...
1505
01:25:25,754 --> 01:25:27,450
Yeah.
1506
01:25:27,451 --> 01:25:30,917
- A few GeV and a few hundred
GeV at the level...
1507
01:25:30,918 --> 01:25:33,117
is fit in the nine
different categories
1508
01:25:33,118 --> 01:25:36,786
with an exponential function
to model the background,
1509
01:25:36,787 --> 01:25:38,383
so, no theoretical prediction,
1510
01:25:38,384 --> 01:25:40,451
no Monte Carlo.
1511
01:25:40,452 --> 01:25:43,417
The background is determined
from the side bands
1512
01:25:43,418 --> 01:25:44,652
of the possible signal.
1513
01:25:44,653 --> 01:25:46,552
From this spectrum,
1514
01:25:46,553 --> 01:25:49,985
the background fit,
you get this plot here.
1515
01:25:49,986 --> 01:25:51,651
Now the grand combination.
1516
01:25:51,652 --> 01:25:53,217
Here it goes.
1517
01:25:53,218 --> 01:25:54,949
- So this distribution
is extremely clean,
1518
01:25:54,950 --> 01:26:01,317
except one big spike here...
in this region here.
1519
01:26:01,318 --> 01:26:04,451
Excess with a local significance
of 5.0 sigma
1520
01:26:04,452 --> 01:26:07,886
at a mass of 126.5 GeV.
1521
01:26:30,586 --> 01:26:32,284
Good.
1522
01:26:39,920 --> 01:26:43,051
As a layman, I would now say,
1523
01:26:43,052 --> 01:26:45,419
"I think we have it."
1524
01:26:52,451 --> 01:26:55,818
- Come, Lyn, come here.
- Come here!
1525
01:27:06,452 --> 01:27:07,885
Okay.
1526
01:27:07,886 --> 01:27:09,785
- There's Peter.
- Peter is there.
1527
01:27:09,786 --> 01:27:11,784
- Yeah. Get Peter.
- Peter's there.
1528
01:27:11,785 --> 01:27:13,585
Peter!
1529
01:27:23,252 --> 01:27:25,884
- Well, I would like to add
my congratulations
1530
01:27:25,885 --> 01:27:29,418
to everybody involved
in this tremendous achievement.
1531
01:27:29,419 --> 01:27:33,749
For me, it's really
an incredible thing
1532
01:27:33,750 --> 01:27:35,885
that it has happened
in my lifetime.
1533
01:27:35,886 --> 01:27:37,787
- Not only in your lifetime,
Peter.
1534
01:27:48,284 --> 01:27:50,750
That's a great day, huh?
1535
01:27:50,751 --> 01:27:52,150
That's a great day.
1536
01:27:52,151 --> 01:27:53,950
And I think all of us,
1537
01:27:53,951 --> 01:27:57,284
and all of the people
outside watching it
1538
01:27:57,285 --> 01:27:59,551
in the different meeting rooms,
1539
01:27:59,552 --> 01:28:02,384
everybody who was involved
and is involved in the project
1540
01:28:02,385 --> 01:28:03,701
can be proud of this day.
1541
01:28:04,451 --> 01:28:05,753
Okay, enjoy it.
1542
01:28:08,451 --> 01:28:10,084
We found the Higgs!
1543
01:28:15,118 --> 01:28:17,483
- Scientists
this morning announced
1544
01:28:17,484 --> 01:28:19,283
they are almost certain
they have discovered
1545
01:28:19,284 --> 01:28:21,218
what's being
called the "God Particle."
1546
01:28:21,219 --> 01:28:22,717
It is not every day
1547
01:28:22,717 --> 01:28:24,384
that you see a whole bunch
of scientists
1548
01:28:24,385 --> 01:28:27,583
standing up with champagne
bottles and cheering.
1549
01:28:27,585 --> 01:28:29,751
- Now, the God Particle,
we physicists wince
1550
01:28:29,752 --> 01:28:31,250
when we hear those words...
1551
01:28:31,251 --> 01:28:33,119
- It's the last piece
of the puzzle
1552
01:28:33,120 --> 01:28:34,751
physicists have been looking for
for decades.
1553
01:28:34,752 --> 01:28:36,252
- Thank you all.
- Thank you for your attention.
1554
01:28:36,253 --> 01:28:37,751
Thanks to everybody
on the panel.
1555
01:28:37,753 --> 01:28:39,318
If I could just ask you all
to remain seated
1556
01:28:39,319 --> 01:28:40,784
just for a few minutes.
1557
01:28:40,785 --> 01:28:43,050
Clear passage here, please.
1558
01:28:43,051 --> 01:28:44,749
Clear passage here, please.
1559
01:28:44,750 --> 01:28:47,084
Can we have a clear passage?
1560
01:28:47,085 --> 01:28:48,650
- Thank you.
- Thank you.
1561
01:28:48,651 --> 01:28:50,051
Congratulations.
1562
01:28:50,052 --> 01:28:52,786
Thank you. Thank you.
1563
01:29:24,252 --> 01:29:31,217
- I did feel a sense of pride
when the Higgs was announced,
1564
01:29:31,218 --> 01:29:35,084
but I felt a sense of pride
for humanity,
1565
01:29:35,085 --> 01:29:39,050
that, you know, we little people
on a little planet
1566
01:29:39,051 --> 01:29:40,916
with tiny brains
1567
01:29:40,917 --> 01:29:44,150
can go so deep
and understand what happens.
1568
01:29:44,151 --> 01:29:47,618
Now we're talking
about subnuclear distances
1569
01:29:47,619 --> 01:29:50,584
a thousand times smaller
than an atomic nucleus.
1570
01:29:50,585 --> 01:29:53,084
Nevertheless,
we can get things right,
1571
01:29:53,084 --> 01:29:56,389
and just the power
of the human mind.
1572
01:29:59,385 --> 01:30:04,085
It's astonishing that there are
any laws of nature at all,
1573
01:30:04,086 --> 01:30:08,152
that they're describable
by mathematics,
1574
01:30:08,153 --> 01:30:13,284
that mathematics is a tool
that humans can understand,
1575
01:30:13,285 --> 01:30:17,416
that the laws of nature
can be written on a page.
1576
01:30:17,417 --> 01:30:21,053
It's the greatest
of all mysteries.
1577
01:30:24,051 --> 01:30:30,817
There is a strong sense that we
are hearing nature talk to us.
1578
01:30:30,818 --> 01:30:33,084
Turns out, the Higgs mass
1579
01:30:33,085 --> 01:30:35,584
is about as interesting
as it could be.
1580
01:30:35,585 --> 01:30:38,416
It's sort of in no man's land.
1581
01:30:38,417 --> 01:30:40,584
It doesn't prefer symmetries,
1582
01:30:40,585 --> 01:30:42,450
and it doesn't prefer
multiverse,
1583
01:30:42,451 --> 01:30:44,152
but it's right in the middle.
1584
01:30:44,152 --> 01:30:48,050
The data is puzzling enough
1585
01:30:48,050 --> 01:30:52,917
that it hasn't excluded
any of the theories
1586
01:30:52,918 --> 01:30:54,417
I was involved with,
1587
01:30:54,418 --> 01:30:56,651
but it hasn't
confirmed them either.
1588
01:30:56,652 --> 01:31:00,917
But until we look at detailed
properties of the Higgs,
1589
01:31:00,918 --> 01:31:04,216
and until we have
the high-energy version
1590
01:31:04,217 --> 01:31:07,383
of the LHC in a couple of years,
1591
01:31:07,384 --> 01:31:10,885
we will not be able
to make a stronger statement.
1592
01:31:13,552 --> 01:31:15,415
- The most important,
first lesson
1593
01:31:15,416 --> 01:31:17,483
of the discovery of the Higgs
1594
01:31:17,484 --> 01:31:20,316
is that physics works.
1595
01:31:20,317 --> 01:31:21,985
The Higgs, on the one hand,
1596
01:31:21,986 --> 01:31:24,285
completes the most successful
scientific theory
1597
01:31:24,286 --> 01:31:25,619
we've ever had,
1598
01:31:25,620 --> 01:31:27,451
on the other hand,
opens the door
1599
01:31:27,452 --> 01:31:32,817
to some very major paradoxes
that we now must address.
1600
01:31:32,818 --> 01:31:35,716
We're at a fork in the road,
and the LHC
1601
01:31:35,717 --> 01:31:38,315
is steadfastly refusing
to push us
1602
01:31:38,316 --> 01:31:40,452
in one direction or the other:
1603
01:31:40,453 --> 01:31:42,217
the multiverse on the one side,
1604
01:31:42,218 --> 01:31:46,818
and some beautiful symmetry
on the other side.
1605
01:31:46,818 --> 01:31:50,625
It's cranking up the suspense
as much as it possibly can.
1606
01:31:56,384 --> 01:31:58,751
- Before the LHC started,
we would always say,
1607
01:31:58,752 --> 01:32:01,117
"New physics
is just around the corner."
1608
01:32:01,118 --> 01:32:02,450
And now we're kind of like,
1609
01:32:02,451 --> 01:32:04,151
"New physics
is still out there."
1610
01:32:04,152 --> 01:32:07,383
And, for one,
I'm not discouraged by this,
1611
01:32:07,384 --> 01:32:10,985
by any means, because we know
1612
01:32:10,986 --> 01:32:12,987
that new physics
has to be out there.
1613
01:32:14,985 --> 01:32:18,652
The next step is,
the LHC goes into a shutdown,
1614
01:32:18,653 --> 01:32:22,317
stays off for two years
for improvements and upgrades,
1615
01:32:22,318 --> 01:32:25,417
and when it returns, it's
going to be twice the energy.
1616
01:32:25,418 --> 01:32:29,221
And for sure,
my vote's for supersymmetry.
1617
01:32:33,217 --> 01:32:35,049
Jesus.
1618
01:32:35,050 --> 01:32:36,316
That was exciting.
1619
01:32:37,584 --> 01:32:40,084
If this is true,
1620
01:32:40,085 --> 01:32:43,916
the Higgs is about 125 GeV,
1621
01:32:43,917 --> 01:32:47,716
and that means...
1622
01:32:47,717 --> 01:32:52,216
um, yeah, actually
almost all of my models
1623
01:32:52,217 --> 01:32:53,917
are ruled out,
1624
01:32:53,918 --> 01:32:56,818
which...
all the supersymmetry models,
1625
01:32:56,819 --> 01:32:59,917
which is pretty cool.
1626
01:32:59,918 --> 01:33:02,717
I mean, supersymmetry
could still be true,
1627
01:33:02,718 --> 01:33:07,317
but it would have to be a very
strange version of the theory.
1628
01:33:07,317 --> 01:33:09,717
And if it's the multiverse...
1629
01:33:09,718 --> 01:33:13,417
well, other universes
would be amazing, of course,
1630
01:33:13,418 --> 01:33:19,051
but it could also mean no
other new particles discovered,
1631
01:33:19,052 --> 01:33:22,583
and then
a Higgs with a mass of 125
1632
01:33:22,584 --> 01:33:27,450
is right at a critical point
for the fate of our universe.
1633
01:33:27,451 --> 01:33:29,950
Without any other new particles,
1634
01:33:29,950 --> 01:33:32,082
that Higgs is unstable.
1635
01:33:32,083 --> 01:33:34,151
It's temporary.
1636
01:33:34,152 --> 01:33:37,118
And since the Higgs
holds everything together,
1637
01:33:38,117 --> 01:33:42,054
if the Higgs goes,
everything goes.
1638
01:33:45,052 --> 01:33:46,717
It's amazing that the Higgs,
1639
01:33:46,718 --> 01:33:48,917
the center
of the Standard Model,
1640
01:33:48,918 --> 01:33:50,716
the thing we've all
been looking for,
1641
01:33:50,717 --> 01:33:54,122
could actually also be the thing
that destroys everything.
1642
01:33:59,118 --> 01:34:02,489
The creator and the destroyer.
1643
01:34:07,485 --> 01:34:10,315
But we could discover
new particles,
1644
01:34:10,316 --> 01:34:12,921
and then none of that
would be true.
1645
01:34:14,919 --> 01:34:17,971
And anyway,
we have something to do.
1646
01:34:36,952 --> 01:34:41,383
- There is a very nice sentence
in the Divine Comedy by Dante
1647
01:34:41,384 --> 01:34:44,983
who says, "Nati
non fummo a viver come bruti,
1648
01:34:44,984 --> 01:34:48,885
ma per seguir
virtute e canoscenza,"
1649
01:34:48,886 --> 01:34:51,217
which means, "We were not born
1650
01:34:51,218 --> 01:34:52,715
"to live as animals,
1651
01:34:52,716 --> 01:34:56,417
but to pursue knowledge
and virtue."
1652
01:34:56,418 --> 01:34:59,116
So science and knowledge
are very important,
1653
01:34:59,117 --> 01:35:02,451
like art is very important.
1654
01:35:02,452 --> 01:35:05,449
It's a need of mankind.
1655
01:35:05,450 --> 01:35:07,985
I just saw, two weeks ago,
1656
01:35:07,986 --> 01:35:10,384
Werner Herzog talking about
1657
01:35:10,385 --> 01:35:13,383
and then screening
his new movie.
1658
01:35:13,384 --> 01:35:14,984
But it was about
these incredible caves
1659
01:35:14,985 --> 01:35:17,217
that they discovered
a few years ago in France.
1660
01:35:17,218 --> 01:35:18,715
Stunningly beautiful.
1661
01:35:18,716 --> 01:35:21,917
Gorgeously drawn horses, bison,
1662
01:35:21,918 --> 01:35:24,650
rhinoceros, lions,
1663
01:35:24,651 --> 01:35:26,784
because, 40,000 years ago,
1664
01:35:26,785 --> 01:35:28,618
this is what was going on there.
1665
01:35:45,619 --> 01:35:50,316
- In exploration...
- and science is exploration...
1666
01:35:50,317 --> 01:35:52,986
there needs to be
the set of people
1667
01:35:53,985 --> 01:35:55,716
who have no rules,
1668
01:35:55,717 --> 01:35:58,985
and they are going
into the frontier
1669
01:35:59,984 --> 01:36:03,450
and come back
with the strange animals
1670
01:36:03,451 --> 01:36:06,817
and the interesting rocks
and the amazing pictures,
1671
01:36:06,818 --> 01:36:09,616
and to show us what's out there,
1672
01:36:09,617 --> 01:36:11,825
discover something.
1673
01:36:17,818 --> 01:36:20,283
Why do humans do science?
1674
01:36:20,284 --> 01:36:22,984
Why do they do art?
1675
01:36:22,985 --> 01:36:28,284
The things that are least
important for our survival
1676
01:36:28,285 --> 01:36:30,943
are the very things
that make us human.
127426
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