All language subtitles for ch2 p1

We're going to talk about the origins of petroleum

but first i want to talk about the origins of the word itself.

Rocky outcrops at the surface of the earth have been

producing oil for centuries and this always known as

rock oil because it appeared to be coming out of the

rock or seeping out of the rock.

The thinking about the middle of the nineteenth

century somebody coined a word petroleum and what

was his a petra meaning rock was a greek word for iraq

and all am was a latin word for oil and they can't

combine these two words called petroleum and it

became a popular word and the i eventually adopted by

the industry itself him the and now it's known as the

petroleum industry inner search for oil.

It is necessary to understand the theories of how

come food is made.

To begin we will talk about it's origins.

Weird comes from.

Next we'll look at it's chemistry and with

discussion a reservoir rock properties.

First it's origin where does all petroleum come from.

There are two theories about where petroleum came from.

The first the organic dairy states that oil was

developed over millions of years from organic material.

From the remains of animals and plants that were once alive.

The protein life floated in the see like plankton.

An lg then died and fell to the bottom of the oceans.

There remains became the source for oil and gas.

The second theory is called inorganic.

In this theory the source of our oil is from chemical

reactions between minerals.

In the laboratory scientist have been able to make

methane gas pipeline heat and high pressure to minerals.

Even though a very small percentage of oil today may

have developed from inorganic chemical reactions

between minerals.

The source of most of our oil appears to be the result

of organic decomposition.

This decomposition is the decay of the remains of

animals and plants that died millions of years ago.

Some people think that maybe i was formed from all the

dinosaurs that used to rule the earth millions of

years ago but that is also untrue.

They're just were not enough dinosaurs to account

for all the oil.

When i talk about animals i'm talking about the tiny

microscopic animals that lived in the sea animals

like plankton an lg that lived and died in the shallow

seas and oceans around the world.

Now they died under special circumstances and what

do i mean by that.

As you know when most animals die other animals and

bacteria arrive to consume there remains leaving nothing.

In the shallow waters where these animals lived

swift current came along and pushed these animals

down to where there was not enough oxygen to live and

so they died.

These animals went from an aerobic environment

where there was plenty of oxygen to an anaerobic

environment with little oxygen where they all died

at the same time.

In anaerobic environments there is also not enough

oxygen for most animals microbes or bacteria to come.

I'm along and eat the remains of the plankton an lg.

So they just lie there until they get buried by

particles of silt and sam.

This cycle gets repeated over and over again.

A typical example of where this occurs is the boss

frustrates at the black sea on the coast near turkey.

These streets are a shallow narrow channel that

widen out into the deep sea.

The currents force the water coming out of the

streets down carrying the microscopic animals with it.

Now over a period of millions of years these layers of

remains and sand and silk particles are buried and

are covered by more layers until the first layers get

buried very deep.

All the weight of these layers start depressed down

and are squeezed causing increases in pressure and

temperature until the sedimentary layers are

formed into shale.

Settlements changed into rock.

And the little dead microbes get cooked into hydrocarbons.

This is the theory of how petroleum and call are made.

Oil is formed from animals like plankton.

Is form from vegetation like plants and trees and gas

is formed in deeper formations where the microbes

are cooked longer.

In this section we're gonna look at some of the basic

chemistry of petroleum.

We're gonna look at the molecular structure of

various types of petroleum.

And if the this is necessary for returning here to

understand some molecular structure to have a

better understanding and how to extract the oil from near.

Hydrocarbon molecules are found in all living

plants and animals.

These molecules are made up of hydrogen and carbon

atoms and many configurations.

We refer to the adams as see an h.

See for carbon and h for hydrogen.

This means that a carbon atom can attach itself up to

four adams of hydrogen.

A common combination is one carbon and for hydrogen.

Which we call methane it is the simplest of the

hydrocarbons but there are many other combinations

of carbon and hydrogen.

Methane is a simple one carbon with for hydrogen atoms.

The to carbons plus six hydrogens we call ethane

three carbons plus eight hydrogen.

We call propane for carbons.

Plus ten hydrogen is butane etc.

These straight line molecules are called a pair of

phonetic molecules.

Also the carbons can form ringed configurations.

A five carbon ring molecule is called cycle pentane

and a six carbon with three double bonds is called benzene.

These are used in chemical reactions to make

plastics and polymers.

Ring molecules are called the aromatic molecules.

These molecules are usually trapped within the

crude oil and require the refinery process to

separate them into other like molecules.

We'll talk more about that when we talk about how to

refine crude oil.

Just know that in crude there are hundreds of carbon

and hydrogen configurations from the simplest to

very complicated that must be separated out.

Another characteristic of oil is it's viscosity

which can be measured.

Viscosity is defined as a liquids resistance to flow.

In this film clip there are two glasses.

One glass contains honey and the other water.

When poured out water pours out into the bowl much

faster than the honey.

We therefore say that one has a low resistance to flow

or low viscosity while honey has a higher resistance

or higher viscosity.

We also measure oil according to it's viscosity.

Since different oils have a low viscosity or high viscosity.

It is important to know the viscosity of your oil.

You need to know it's viscosity in order to maximize

your ability to get it out of the ground or the

transported through pipelines.

Efficiently.

The unit of the scarcity commonly used in the oil

industry is called the sending poise.

Let's look at another example.

Each of these five tubes contains fluids are varying viscosity.

Watch the silver balls as a seem to the bottom.

The one on the far right sinks rapidly so we know that

that to contains a fluid with low viscosity.

The tube on the far left contains a fluid with high viscosity.

The genesis changes the freshly generated organic

material into the crude oil.

We produce.

It is the process over millions and millions of years

that changes all those plankton.

An lg into the oil we drill for today.

It is that cooking that i referred to earlier as time

goes by and this organic material gets buried and

overtime heat bacteria and rock weight or pressure.

Changes this material into oil.