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The Nazi regime
lasted from 1933 to 1945
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and was undoubtedly
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one of the most horrific
periods of history.
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To begin to understand Hitler,
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you've really gotta understand
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that he was the most amazing demagogue.
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The Nazi Party
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and its immoral leader instilled one
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of the most corrupt regimes
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on the people of Germany
and its invisible enemies.
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However, Adolf Hitler
was not working alone.
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It's the SS men doing the,
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not only the exterminations,
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and are notorious for being
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some of the most evil and deadly troops.
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He had a circle of
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some of the most barbaric
and evil men alongside him
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who helped make the atrocities possible.
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If there were
unpleasant things going on,
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or policies that they didn't like,
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then somehow that Hitler
couldn't know about it,
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that he wasn't associated with it,
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it can't have been him.
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If only the Fuhrer knew,
this wouldn't be happening.
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These are the Nazi fugitives.
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Adolf Hitler was a German politician
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and leader of the Nazi party.
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He rose to power as the
Chancellor of Germany in 1933,
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and then as Fuhrer in 1934.
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During his dictatorship from 1933 to 1945,
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he initiated World War II in Europe
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by invading Poland on the
1st of September, 1939.
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- Extremist politics thrives
on chaos, on poverty,
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destitution, and want.
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And what you see as a result
of the Wall Street crash
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and the slump, the late '20s, early '30s,
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are all those things in
this hideous cocktail
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that an extremist like Hitler,
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he's saying, I can solve this.
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- Some of the important ways
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in which he helped the party to develop
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was through the initiation of a newspaper,
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so a party newspaper called
the "Volkischer Beobatcher,"
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"The People's Observer."
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- And also what Hitler
is absolutely amazing at
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is speech making.
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And to begin to understand Hitler,
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you've really gotta understand
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that he was the most amazing demagogue.
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He got on that stage this little man,
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and he would sort of grow in stature.
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He would sort of absolutely
sort of, you know,
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take over the entire beer
hall with his presence.
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- And he would shout and he'd get quiet,
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and he would almost enter
into a kind of trance.
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And the audiences would
be mesmerized by this.
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And indeed they'd be
mesmerized by it for decades.
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And this is key to how
Hitler gets into power,
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because when he's on the stage,
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he becomes another figure.
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- On the 30th of January, 1933,
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Hitler was appointed
Chancellor of Germany,
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but of a coalition government.
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So there were just three Nazi posts
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in that coalition government.
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- It's very tempting to
think that when Hitler,
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you know, comes to power in early 1933,
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that his grip on power
is absolutely total.
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In fact, you know, he has
a very uneven, shaky start.
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He's still quite worried
about public opinion.
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So what he does is a mixture
of passing various laws
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that give him more and more power,
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like the Enabling Act
that actually makes him,
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you know, immensely powerful.
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But also he takes advantage
of various events,
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like the Reichstag fire,
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in which the German parliament
building burns down.
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Now, it's highly likely but never proven
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whether the Nazis actually
burnt it down themselves,
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but certainly in a
sense, it doesn't matter.
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What happens is, is that
Hitler and the Nazis
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took advantage of the
Reichstag burning down
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to show that there was
a Communist plot against
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what the Nazis described
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as still being a democratic government.
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And it enabled them to seize more power,
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you know, by emergency decree.
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- Very quickly, he turned
Germany into a one-party state.
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So first of all, he made sure to eliminate
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the influence and power of
the German political left.
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So the Socialist Party
and the Communist Party,
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for a start, were banned.
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But over a short amount of time as well,
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the Nazi Party was the
only legal party too.
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- Eventually, in January
'33, he becomes chancellor.
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Now, don't forget, chancellor in Germany,
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and this still remains today,
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is not, at the time, the head of state.
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The head of state is the president.
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So, it's the chancellor, though,
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who has the real executive power.
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In order to take as much power as he can,
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he's also gonna have to
make himself head of state.
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And that really becomes
an opportunity for him
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when Hindenburg dies
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and he's able to take on the role
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of both president and chancellor
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and kind of create this
new role for himself.
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And that is the role of Fuhrer,
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the German word for leader.
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That is a fascist term, be there no doubt.
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This is a kind of new form of governance
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that Germany now has.
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Other parties are banned,
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the only party allowed is the Nazi Party.
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This has become a totalitarian state,
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and Hitler can say to the German people,
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you voted for it.
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It's a con, and it's a con that worked.
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With pagan pageantry,
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the district leaders from all over Germany
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swore personal allegiance to him,
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hypnotized with the belief
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that they were members of a master race.
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This film will deal with
act one of the Nazi bid
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for world power,
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the most fantastic play
in all recorded history.
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- Hitler starts to build
up his power by, you know,
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trying to employ and find the right people
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who are gonna listen to the
beat of his drum and follow it.
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And so there's a lot of
very patient politicking
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and a lot of persuasion,
a lot of speech making,
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you know, it's a very, very
difficult rise to power.
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But Hitler knows that it can't
take place through force,
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it has to take place from the
ballot box and not the bullet.
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Paul Joseph Goebbels
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was a German Nazi politician
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and Reich Minister of Propaganda
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of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945.
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He was one of Adolf Hitler's closest
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and most devoted associates.
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He was known for his
skills in public speaking
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and his deeply virulent antisemitism,
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which was evident in his
publicly-voiced views.
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In May, 1933, Goebbels arranged
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the burning of all un-German books
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at the Opera House in Berlin,
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indicating that the Nazis were
taking control of everything.
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He gained control of the media entirely,
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controlling all aspects of the press,
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radio, theaters, films, and television,
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literature, music, and the fine arts.
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Joseph Goebbels and his wife, Magda,
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are seen as the perfect German family
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to set an example for the German people.
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- Joseph Goebbels joined the
Nazi Party quite early on,
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as did Hitler.
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And he became very much
involved in those early years
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with helping the party to develop,
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and in particular, with these
techniques of propaganda,
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and really getting these messages across
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to the German nation.
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Part of the way that
he and Hitler did this
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was to use very short slogans,
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but to keep repeating them
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so that everybody knew what
the Nazi Party was about.
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- He is married
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to a very sort of striking
woman called Magda.
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Now, Magda has been married before
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to a very wealthy German industrialist,
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but she eventually gets divorced
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and marries Joseph Goebbels,
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who was a real Casanova actually,
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even though he was short, club footed,
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and not an attractive man,
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you know, he had a lot
of sexual conquests.
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What you see in the marriage
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of Joseph Goebbels and Magda
is a three way, not in bed,
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but emotionally between
those two and Adolf Hitler,
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because Adolf Hitler absolutely
adored Magda Goebbels
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and thought that she was the
kind of perfect Nazi woman.
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You know, and she was blonde
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and she was, you know, sort of vivacious
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and she was absolutely devoted to Hitler.
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She absolutely adored him.
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- Magda was very good for the Nazi Party.
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And when Goebbels
introduced her to Hitler,
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Hitler got on very well with her
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and sort of could see the advantages
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and encouraged them to get married.
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Part of the reason for that was
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that she was very well bred
and very refined and elegant.
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She was the mother of the Reich,
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because she had six children.
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- Hitler liked the Goebbels's marriage
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as a kind of domestic situation
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he could drop in and out of.
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He liked the security that
involved children running around,
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boats on lakes, you know, it felt normal.
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And also, Hitler did not
want to have any rumors
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about his relationship
with Magda Goebbels,
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because there were rumors
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that he had fathered some
of the Goebbels' children,
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and that had seen even
a very senior Nazi sent
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to a concentration camp for
actually mentioning that.
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- Hitler and Joseph Goebbels
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had sort of grown through
the ranks of the Nazi Party,
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and sort of succeeded,
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sort of made their rise
to success together.
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When Hitler came to power,
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Goebbels was somehow overlooked
for a cabinet position.
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We said there were just three,
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he didn't get any of them.
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Nevertheless, after the Nazis took power,
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that seizure of power,
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he orchestrated a very
big torchlight parade,
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a kind of victory parade
for the new movement.
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He knew how to get the
message across to the Germans.
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So once he was the Minister of Propaganda,
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first of all, there was
censorship of the press,
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but also not just controlling the press,
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but he controlled all
aspects of cultural life.
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So that was art, architecture,
literature, music.
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Propaganda machine was
very, very important
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to the whole story that the
Third Reich was telling,
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and indeed, right up until the end.
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And indeed even important,
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once the tide of the war
turned against Germany.
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There was still this need
to maintain the storyline,
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to maintain what the
Third Reich represented.
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- So, you know, you have
essentially Goebbels
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heart of the Third Reich,
propaganda minister,
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getting word out there.
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Magda Goebbels, his wife,
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who is more devoted to Hitler than to him.
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And then you've got Goebbels
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who's probably more devoted to Hitler
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than he is to his own wife.
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And if you want to see
the ultimate expression
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of this twisted, bizarre, dark,
horrific love, if you like,
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it's the fact that they
both kill themselves
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to follow Hitler into the afterlife.
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And they kill their own
children in the bunker,
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poison all six children,
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because a world without Hitler
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and a world without Nazism
is no place for their kids.
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That's how much they adored Hitler.
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Heinrich
Himmler was Reichsfuhrer
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of the Schutzstaffel
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and a leading member of
the Nazi Party of Germany.
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Himmler was considered one
of the most powerful men
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in Nazi Germany,
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00:13:00,150 --> 00:13:02,583
and a leading architect of the Holocaust.
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Heinrich Himmler established his force
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of elite bodyguards for Hitler, the SS.
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Himmler established
257
00:13:11,071 --> 00:13:13,919
the first Nazi concentration
camp in Dachau,
258
00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:17,729
indicating he had no issue
bringing harm to Jews
259
00:13:17,730 --> 00:13:20,073
as he considered them
vermin within Germany.
260
00:13:21,750 --> 00:13:24,089
- Himmler, like Hitler,
looked like the very inverse
261
00:13:24,090 --> 00:13:28,949
of the kind of Aryan,
blonde, 6'5" tall superhuman.
262
00:13:28,950 --> 00:13:30,689
You know, he was a very short man.
263
00:13:30,690 --> 00:13:33,179
He has weak jawline, very ugly.
264
00:13:33,180 --> 00:13:35,099
You know, he has pebble glasses,
265
00:13:35,100 --> 00:13:36,689
former chicken farmer.
266
00:13:36,690 --> 00:13:40,439
You know, he looked
very, very unimpressive.
267
00:13:40,440 --> 00:13:43,649
- Himmler had joined the Nazi
Party in quite early years.
268
00:13:43,650 --> 00:13:46,469
And I think that the important
thing about what Himmler did
269
00:13:46,470 --> 00:13:49,106
was that he established the SS.
270
00:13:49,107 --> 00:13:52,259
And the SS started out
as a very small group,
271
00:13:52,260 --> 00:13:55,919
and, in fact, started out as
Hitler's personal bodyguard.
272
00:13:55,920 --> 00:13:59,579
Himmler extended his power very
quickly and his power base.
273
00:13:59,580 --> 00:14:02,579
So with the SS, a very small organization
274
00:14:02,580 --> 00:14:05,069
that had started out as Hitler's bodyguard
275
00:14:05,070 --> 00:14:07,169
suddenly became thousands strong.
276
00:14:07,170 --> 00:14:10,529
By about 1936, he was in charge
277
00:14:10,530 --> 00:14:15,269
of a very vast complex
of the SS, the Gestapo,
278
00:14:15,270 --> 00:14:18,807
which was the secret police,
and the security police.
279
00:14:20,640 --> 00:14:22,859
And what Himmler does from,
280
00:14:22,860 --> 00:14:24,809
you know, almost from the beginning,
281
00:14:24,810 --> 00:14:29,810
is to build the SS up into
a state within a state.
282
00:14:30,030 --> 00:14:33,179
Because by the height of Nazi power,
283
00:14:33,180 --> 00:14:35,969
Himmler is in charge of an organization
284
00:14:35,970 --> 00:14:39,659
that has a kind of civil side to it,
285
00:14:39,660 --> 00:14:41,069
an administrative side to it,
286
00:14:41,070 --> 00:14:44,339
which is huge and has
fingers in so many pies.
287
00:14:44,340 --> 00:14:47,609
And also the Waffen SS, the armed SS,
288
00:14:47,610 --> 00:14:50,309
which is there, you know,
to help fight the war.
289
00:14:50,310 --> 00:14:52,166
And its troops are notorious
290
00:14:52,167 --> 00:14:53,459
for being some of the most sort of,
291
00:14:53,460 --> 00:14:56,369
kind of evil and deadly troops, you know,
292
00:14:56,370 --> 00:14:58,229
as part of the war.
293
00:14:58,230 --> 00:15:00,059
He became in charge
294
00:15:00,060 --> 00:15:03,839
of the whole concentration camp system.
295
00:15:03,840 --> 00:15:06,239
- He was responsible for the Holocaust
296
00:15:06,240 --> 00:15:10,019
because, you know, it was the
SS largely who carried it out.
297
00:15:10,020 --> 00:15:13,949
And when he went to go and
kind of witness a slaughter,
298
00:15:13,950 --> 00:15:17,639
you know, some brains were
splattered upon his coat
299
00:15:17,640 --> 00:15:19,885
and it caused him to vomit.
300
00:15:19,886 --> 00:15:22,799
You know, this is the
man responsible for it,
301
00:15:22,800 --> 00:15:24,209
and he can't cope with it.
302
00:15:24,210 --> 00:15:25,619
I'm not saying it's desirable
303
00:15:25,620 --> 00:15:26,819
that he should have coped with it,
304
00:15:26,820 --> 00:15:27,750
but it just shows you
305
00:15:27,751 --> 00:15:30,869
that he didn't actually
have the personal appetite
306
00:15:30,870 --> 00:15:32,639
for butchering people himself
307
00:15:32,640 --> 00:15:34,199
and got other people to do it.
308
00:15:34,200 --> 00:15:36,186
In many ways, he was a coward.
309
00:15:45,960 --> 00:15:49,259
Hermann Wilhelm
Goring was a German politician,
310
00:15:49,260 --> 00:15:52,510
a military leader, and later
a convicted war criminal
311
00:15:55,200 --> 00:15:57,689
Goring was one of the
most influential figures
312
00:15:57,690 --> 00:15:59,073
in the Nazi party.
313
00:16:01,350 --> 00:16:03,749
He was also framed in a scandal,
314
00:16:03,750 --> 00:16:05,159
claiming he was attempting
315
00:16:05,160 --> 00:16:08,553
to take over the Fuhrer's
powers in the war's final days.
316
00:16:11,100 --> 00:16:13,169
Goring wrote a letter to Hitler,
317
00:16:13,170 --> 00:16:15,569
offering to relieve Hitler of his duties
318
00:16:15,570 --> 00:16:18,719
and act in his place as
he had believed the Fuhrer
319
00:16:18,720 --> 00:16:21,333
was encircled and helpless in Berlin.
320
00:16:23,970 --> 00:16:26,009
This was a reasonable act
321
00:16:26,010 --> 00:16:29,153
as Hitler had named
him the political heir.
322
00:16:32,423 --> 00:16:34,799
Hitler issued a telegram to Goring
323
00:16:34,800 --> 00:16:37,259
and told him he had committed high treason
324
00:16:37,260 --> 00:16:40,169
and gave him the option
to resign his office
325
00:16:40,170 --> 00:16:42,333
in exchange for his life.
326
00:16:45,570 --> 00:16:49,439
- Hermann Goring is a
really key Nazi figure.
327
00:16:49,440 --> 00:16:50,819
He's a big figure in every way,
328
00:16:50,820 --> 00:16:53,489
because he also became enormously fat.
329
00:16:53,490 --> 00:16:56,879
But you've gotta think of
Goring and his kind of arc,
330
00:16:56,880 --> 00:16:57,713
if you like.
331
00:16:57,714 --> 00:17:01,019
So he goes from being a First
World War fighter pilot hero
332
00:17:01,020 --> 00:17:03,299
who's got the Pour le Merite medal,
333
00:17:03,300 --> 00:17:05,939
which is the highest medal that can be won
334
00:17:05,940 --> 00:17:08,849
by the German fighting man
in the First World War.
335
00:17:08,850 --> 00:17:09,683
You know, for the British,
336
00:17:09,684 --> 00:17:11,279
it's like winning the Victoria Cross,
337
00:17:11,280 --> 00:17:12,539
or for the Americans,
338
00:17:12,540 --> 00:17:14,369
it's like winning the
kind of Medal of Honor.
339
00:17:14,370 --> 00:17:16,829
It's a hugely important award.
340
00:17:16,830 --> 00:17:19,289
And so he's a venerated pilot,
341
00:17:19,290 --> 00:17:21,892
very successful fighter pilot
during the First World War.
342
00:17:29,070 --> 00:17:30,629
And then when he falls in with the Nazis
343
00:17:30,630 --> 00:17:32,039
in Munich in the 20s,
344
00:17:32,040 --> 00:17:33,899
he's feeling that that's giving him
345
00:17:33,900 --> 00:17:35,321
a kind of sense of purpose.
346
00:17:42,850 --> 00:17:44,609
- Goring was quite an
interesting character
347
00:17:44,610 --> 00:17:48,059
because he had several different
roles in the Third Reich.
348
00:17:48,060 --> 00:17:49,259
And even before then,
349
00:17:49,260 --> 00:17:51,299
if we think about his
First World War record
350
00:17:51,300 --> 00:17:52,919
as this sort of flying ace,
351
00:17:52,920 --> 00:17:55,499
it meant that later on
Hitler made him head
352
00:17:55,500 --> 00:17:57,810
of the Luftwaffe, the German Air Force.
353
00:18:03,900 --> 00:18:04,733
- The problem is,
354
00:18:04,734 --> 00:18:08,699
is that he's on the famous
Beer Hall Putsch in 1923,
355
00:18:08,700 --> 00:18:10,679
and he gets shot and wounded.
356
00:18:10,680 --> 00:18:14,069
And when he's recuperating
from his wounds,
357
00:18:14,070 --> 00:18:17,159
he's given morphine, heroin effectively.
358
00:18:17,160 --> 00:18:20,493
And it's that that he becomes addicted to.
359
00:18:23,460 --> 00:18:26,399
Goring is addicted to
morphine all the way through
360
00:18:26,400 --> 00:18:28,949
from the Beer Hall
Putsch in '23, you know,
361
00:18:28,950 --> 00:18:33,575
for another 23 years
until he dies in 1946.
362
00:18:33,576 --> 00:18:35,883
You know, it holds him back in many ways.
363
00:18:36,750 --> 00:18:40,169
But he is a man who likes
the finest things in life.
364
00:18:40,170 --> 00:18:42,179
And so when the Nazis do come to power,
365
00:18:42,180 --> 00:18:44,189
and that's partly thanks to the fact
366
00:18:44,190 --> 00:18:46,529
that Goring is such a capable politician,
367
00:18:46,530 --> 00:18:48,869
and because he comes from a
pretty well-off background
368
00:18:48,870 --> 00:18:51,839
and married to, you know, an aristocrat.
369
00:18:51,840 --> 00:18:52,859
You know, he,
370
00:18:52,860 --> 00:18:55,349
to some of the kind of
old school German bigwigs,
371
00:18:55,350 --> 00:18:57,629
looks like the decent face of Nazism
372
00:18:57,630 --> 00:18:59,309
because he's kind of a war hero
373
00:18:59,310 --> 00:19:00,993
and quite an old school figure.
374
00:19:02,910 --> 00:19:04,139
So he's absolutely instrumental
375
00:19:04,140 --> 00:19:06,029
in helping the Nazis get into power,
376
00:19:06,030 --> 00:19:08,111
and he consolidates a lot of power
377
00:19:08,112 --> 00:19:11,879
into his own pockets
and hands, if you like.
378
00:19:11,880 --> 00:19:13,559
So he's in charge of the Prussian police.
379
00:19:13,560 --> 00:19:15,809
He's initially in charge of the Gestapo,
380
00:19:15,810 --> 00:19:17,129
the secret state police.
381
00:19:17,130 --> 00:19:19,199
He's in charge of the Four Year Plan,
382
00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:21,816
which is an important economic imperative.
383
00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:28,109
This is a man with a lot of power,
384
00:19:28,110 --> 00:19:31,593
and he uses it to
personally enrich himself.
385
00:19:34,260 --> 00:19:36,869
When you look at pictures of
Goring throughout the war,
386
00:19:36,870 --> 00:19:38,999
you just see this body getting
bigger, bigger and bigger,
387
00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:42,393
and his uniforms getting
more and more ostentatious.
388
00:19:44,100 --> 00:19:46,289
And he had like millions
of medals everywhere,
389
00:19:46,290 --> 00:19:48,539
and the uniforms'd be like bright white
390
00:19:48,540 --> 00:19:50,129
with gold all over them.
391
00:19:50,130 --> 00:19:53,909
And he would have properties,
amazing hunting lodges.
392
00:19:53,910 --> 00:19:55,649
He loved hunting.
393
00:19:55,650 --> 00:19:58,109
And whenever the Nazis
conquered countries,
394
00:19:58,110 --> 00:19:59,429
he'd be right at the front of it,
395
00:19:59,430 --> 00:20:04,430
looting all the works of art,
statues, paintings, jewelry,
396
00:20:04,620 --> 00:20:08,163
you name it, that would all
go into Goring's pocket.
397
00:20:11,670 --> 00:20:14,819
He made himself almost impossibly rich.
398
00:20:14,820 --> 00:20:16,469
And he also had vast appetites.
399
00:20:16,470 --> 00:20:18,089
Not only for morphine,
400
00:20:18,090 --> 00:20:21,416
but also for alcohol, for food, you know,
401
00:20:21,417 --> 00:20:23,841
for all the finest things in life.
402
00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:38,099
And, in fact, he became a victim
of his own self-indulgence.
403
00:20:38,100 --> 00:20:40,379
And when the Battle of Britain failed,
404
00:20:40,380 --> 00:20:43,259
and when the German Air
Force was shown to be,
405
00:20:43,260 --> 00:20:46,949
you know, inferior to a
smaller British Air Force,
406
00:20:46,950 --> 00:20:49,626
he started, you know, to be
laughed at behind his back.
407
00:20:49,627 --> 00:20:51,329
You know, he became
408
00:20:51,330 --> 00:20:54,749
this kind of drug-addled
alcoholic whale of a man
409
00:20:54,750 --> 00:20:56,969
who other Nazis would laugh
at and not take seriously,
410
00:20:56,970 --> 00:20:58,420
and saw him as an impediment.
411
00:21:00,150 --> 00:21:02,429
By the end of the war,
he's this joke figure.
412
00:21:02,430 --> 00:21:05,219
And it's at Nuremberg
when he's off the drugs,
413
00:21:05,220 --> 00:21:06,569
when he loses weight,
414
00:21:06,570 --> 00:21:08,669
his brain suddenly gets sharper again.
415
00:21:08,670 --> 00:21:10,709
And of all the Nazis in
the dock at Nuremberg,
416
00:21:10,710 --> 00:21:12,269
he's the most impressive.
417
00:21:12,270 --> 00:21:15,329
And that old flash of
intelligence and brilliance
418
00:21:15,330 --> 00:21:17,729
that's got him to the top of the Nazi tree
419
00:21:17,730 --> 00:21:18,899
is shown once more.
420
00:21:18,900 --> 00:21:21,509
And it's Goring who cheats the hangman
421
00:21:21,510 --> 00:21:24,847
by committing suicide in his cell in 1946.
422
00:21:28,590 --> 00:21:31,632
Does he get the last laugh?
In some ways, he does.
423
00:21:43,050 --> 00:21:45,419
Rudolf Franz Ferdinand Hoss
424
00:21:45,420 --> 00:21:48,209
was a German Schutzstaffel functionary
425
00:21:48,210 --> 00:21:49,619
during the Nazi era,
426
00:21:49,620 --> 00:21:52,113
who was later convicted as a war criminal.
427
00:21:53,550 --> 00:21:55,246
He was the longest serving commandant
428
00:21:55,247 --> 00:21:58,623
of the Auschwitz concentration
and extermination camp.
429
00:21:59,820 --> 00:22:01,919
He tested and implemented means
430
00:22:01,920 --> 00:22:03,929
to accelerate Hitler's plan
431
00:22:03,930 --> 00:22:07,109
to exterminate the Jewish
population systematically
432
00:22:07,110 --> 00:22:09,269
and introduced Zyklon B,
433
00:22:09,270 --> 00:22:12,843
containing hydrogen cyanide
used in the gas chambers.
434
00:22:14,151 --> 00:22:16,409
Now, he was the
commandant of Auschwitz.
435
00:22:16,410 --> 00:22:18,059
And as a result, as, you know,
436
00:22:18,060 --> 00:22:20,369
probably got about a
million people, you know,
437
00:22:20,370 --> 00:22:22,323
against his name, who he had murdered.
438
00:22:23,940 --> 00:22:26,249
He typified the quiet
439
00:22:26,250 --> 00:22:29,099
and bureaucratic mass murderer.
440
00:22:29,100 --> 00:22:30,269
Very conscientious,
441
00:22:30,270 --> 00:22:33,419
very determined to do his
job and to do it well.
442
00:22:33,420 --> 00:22:35,699
And, of course, without much
thought for the victims.
443
00:22:35,700 --> 00:22:37,739
So in terms of what he
was doing at Auschwitz,
444
00:22:37,740 --> 00:22:40,259
trying to make a very efficient machine
445
00:22:40,260 --> 00:22:42,659
and trying to do his
job well and properly.
446
00:22:42,660 --> 00:22:44,429
His concern was not with the victims,
447
00:22:44,430 --> 00:22:47,789
but just to make sure that the
apparatus was working well.
448
00:22:47,790 --> 00:22:48,623
So in this case,
449
00:22:48,624 --> 00:22:52,081
to ensure that the gas chambers
could operate efficiently.
450
00:22:55,800 --> 00:22:58,619
He treated the mass
murder that went on there
451
00:22:58,620 --> 00:23:00,029
just as a kind of routine
452
00:23:00,030 --> 00:23:02,099
and ordinary business as usual, really,
453
00:23:02,100 --> 00:23:04,863
very much as a kind of
ordinary procedure and process.
454
00:23:06,450 --> 00:23:10,589
He took pride in being
the first to use Zyklon B
455
00:23:10,590 --> 00:23:14,549
as the gas used for the
gassing of his victims.
456
00:23:14,550 --> 00:23:17,669
And he was so efficient
that, at Auschwitz,
457
00:23:17,670 --> 00:23:20,429
2.5 million prisoners met their deaths.
458
00:23:20,430 --> 00:23:22,019
So it's a massive death toll,
459
00:23:22,020 --> 00:23:24,287
2.5 million deaths at Auschwitz.
460
00:23:26,820 --> 00:23:28,889
He went into hiding
at the end of the war
461
00:23:28,890 --> 00:23:30,359
on the advice of Heinrich Himmler,
462
00:23:30,360 --> 00:23:32,699
his ultimate boss in the SS.
463
00:23:32,700 --> 00:23:34,529
And Hoss disguises himself
464
00:23:34,530 --> 00:23:37,503
and hides amongst various
German navy personnel.
465
00:23:39,630 --> 00:23:42,359
He's eventually picked up by the British
466
00:23:42,360 --> 00:23:44,729
who've actually interrogated his wife,
467
00:23:44,730 --> 00:23:45,839
who's actually terrified
468
00:23:45,840 --> 00:23:48,419
that she's gonna be tortured by the Brits
469
00:23:48,420 --> 00:23:50,879
and she's basically spilled the beans.
470
00:23:50,880 --> 00:23:53,309
So Hoss is brought to justice.
471
00:23:53,310 --> 00:23:55,679
And there is this extraordinary image
472
00:23:55,680 --> 00:23:59,879
of a British war crimes officer
actually confronting Hoss,
473
00:23:59,880 --> 00:24:02,609
who looks like this
completely pathetic figure.
474
00:24:02,610 --> 00:24:04,619
You know, looking absolutely terrified
475
00:24:04,620 --> 00:24:06,539
while this sort of tall
British Army officer
476
00:24:06,540 --> 00:24:08,369
is just basically shouting at him.
477
00:24:08,370 --> 00:24:09,210
And it shows, you know,
478
00:24:09,211 --> 00:24:10,589
basically, this man who had power
479
00:24:10,590 --> 00:24:12,689
of life and death over millions of people
480
00:24:12,690 --> 00:24:15,179
is reduced to this pathetic figure.
481
00:24:15,180 --> 00:24:18,089
Now, the British hand
him over to the Poles.
482
00:24:18,090 --> 00:24:21,269
And it's the Poles who
actually bring him to justice,
483
00:24:21,270 --> 00:24:23,343
and it's the Poles who hang him.
484
00:24:27,690 --> 00:24:30,299
We had two SS
doctors on duty at Auschwitz
485
00:24:30,300 --> 00:24:33,239
to examine the incoming
transports of prisoners.
486
00:24:33,240 --> 00:24:35,459
Prisoners would be marched
past one of the doctors
487
00:24:35,460 --> 00:24:38,309
who would make spot
decisions as they walked by.
488
00:24:38,310 --> 00:24:41,249
Those who were fit for work
were sent into the camp.
489
00:24:41,250 --> 00:24:44,249
Others were sent immediately
to the extermination plant.
490
00:24:44,250 --> 00:24:47,009
Children of tender years
were invariably exterminated
491
00:24:47,010 --> 00:24:50,519
since by reasons of their
youth, they were unable to work.
492
00:24:50,520 --> 00:24:52,499
We endeavored to fool them into thinking
493
00:24:52,500 --> 00:24:55,053
they were to go through
a delousing process.
494
00:24:57,150 --> 00:24:59,416
It took from 3 to 15
minutes to kill the people
495
00:24:59,417 --> 00:25:00,749
in the death chamber,
496
00:25:00,750 --> 00:25:03,359
depending upon climatic conditions.
497
00:25:03,360 --> 00:25:05,339
We knew when the people were dead
498
00:25:05,340 --> 00:25:06,940
because their screaming stopped.
499
00:25:11,280 --> 00:25:13,259
We usually waited about one half hour
500
00:25:13,260 --> 00:25:16,259
before we opened the doors
and removed the bodies.
501
00:25:16,260 --> 00:25:17,819
After the bodies were removed,
502
00:25:17,820 --> 00:25:20,009
our special commanders took off the rings
503
00:25:20,010 --> 00:25:22,863
and extracted the gold from
the teeth of the corpses.
504
00:25:24,510 --> 00:25:26,939
He was brought before
a Polish military tribunal.
505
00:25:26,940 --> 00:25:31,940
And he was found guilty, and
he was executed in April, 1947.
506
00:25:34,950 --> 00:25:37,049
Was taken back to Auschwitz
507
00:25:37,050 --> 00:25:40,859
to outside the house where
he and his family had lived,
508
00:25:40,860 --> 00:25:43,129
and he was executed there.
509
00:25:43,130 --> 00:25:46,289
He was executed there at the
place where he had lived,
510
00:25:46,290 --> 00:25:50,339
and at the place where he had
sent millions of people to die
511
00:25:50,340 --> 00:25:53,073
during his time as
commandant at Auschwitz.
512
00:26:04,471 --> 00:26:06,119
Otto Adolf Eichmann
513
00:26:06,120 --> 00:26:09,809
was a German-Austrian
SS-Obersturmbannfuhrer
514
00:26:09,810 --> 00:26:13,049
and one of the major
organizers of the Holocaust,
515
00:26:13,050 --> 00:26:16,439
the "Final Solution to
the Jewish question,"
516
00:26:16,440 --> 00:26:18,033
in Nazi terminology,
517
00:26:19,800 --> 00:26:21,389
Eichmann quickly became known
518
00:26:21,390 --> 00:26:23,729
as the world's most wanted Nazi.
519
00:26:23,730 --> 00:26:26,939
Branded the architect
of the Final Solution
520
00:26:26,940 --> 00:26:28,653
to exterminate Jews.
521
00:26:30,570 --> 00:26:32,189
He was seen as the mastermind
522
00:26:32,190 --> 00:26:34,139
behind the network of death camps
523
00:26:34,140 --> 00:26:35,849
that resulted in the murder
524
00:26:35,850 --> 00:26:38,843
of approximately 6 million people.
525
00:26:40,260 --> 00:26:42,539
He orchestrated the identification,
526
00:26:42,540 --> 00:26:45,779
assembly, and transportation
of European Jews
527
00:26:45,780 --> 00:26:50,613
to Auschwitz, Treblinka, and
other death camps in Poland.
528
00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:55,319
Adolf Eichmann was in charge
529
00:26:55,320 --> 00:26:59,579
of the Office for Jewish
Emigration in Vienna, first of all.
530
00:26:59,580 --> 00:27:03,419
So he kind of, sort of rose
to a prominent position
531
00:27:03,420 --> 00:27:05,639
after the Anschluss in 1938.
532
00:27:05,640 --> 00:27:07,529
And essentially he was responsible
533
00:27:07,530 --> 00:27:12,530
for the forced removal or
relocation of first Vienna's
534
00:27:13,110 --> 00:27:15,659
and then the rest of Austria's Jews.
535
00:27:15,660 --> 00:27:17,609
And then, of course,
for the forced removal
536
00:27:17,610 --> 00:27:21,719
of all of the European Jews
who were under Nazi rule
537
00:27:21,720 --> 00:27:23,849
as the years went on.
538
00:27:23,850 --> 00:27:27,479
Eichmann today is an
incredibly notorious name,
539
00:27:27,480 --> 00:27:31,019
and we all today know
him to be the man he was.
540
00:27:31,020 --> 00:27:32,969
You know, he's famously
and notoriously called
541
00:27:32,970 --> 00:27:35,369
the architect of the Final Solution.
542
00:27:35,370 --> 00:27:36,203
What he was,
543
00:27:36,204 --> 00:27:38,189
was in charge of a department
544
00:27:38,190 --> 00:27:40,259
of the Reich Security Main Office,
545
00:27:40,260 --> 00:27:42,509
and it was called Department IV-B4.
546
00:27:42,510 --> 00:27:45,689
It was part of the Gestapo,
the secret state police.
547
00:27:45,690 --> 00:27:49,889
And his job was to basically
wage war against the Jews.
548
00:27:49,890 --> 00:27:51,689
And it was Eichmann's job
549
00:27:51,690 --> 00:27:56,690
was to help facilitate the
destruction of the Jewish people.
550
00:27:57,725 --> 00:28:00,089
He was responsible
for registering, assembling,
551
00:28:00,090 --> 00:28:02,429
and then transporting the Jews
552
00:28:02,430 --> 00:28:06,843
from different assembly points
to the death camps in Poland.
553
00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:10,019
In December, 1939,
554
00:28:10,020 --> 00:28:13,349
he sort of took on a more
important or kind of bigger role
555
00:28:13,350 --> 00:28:15,929
within the Gestapo as head
556
00:28:15,930 --> 00:28:19,709
of the Jewish Office of the
Reich Main Security Office.
557
00:28:19,710 --> 00:28:22,919
And so, again, the main
point of that role really
558
00:28:22,920 --> 00:28:26,609
was to orchestrate and
carry out the removal
559
00:28:26,610 --> 00:28:30,603
of all of the European Jews
to the death camps in Poland.
560
00:28:31,800 --> 00:28:33,419
He was effectively the guy,
561
00:28:33,420 --> 00:28:34,799
didn't come up with the policy,
562
00:28:34,800 --> 00:28:37,529
but he was the guy who
zealously implemented it.
563
00:28:37,530 --> 00:28:40,229
And he knew that if he was captured,
564
00:28:40,230 --> 00:28:41,510
he would face the noose.
565
00:28:43,950 --> 00:28:46,649
Eichmann was arrested
at the end of the war,
566
00:28:46,650 --> 00:28:49,859
but his name wasn't very
well known at that stage.
567
00:28:49,860 --> 00:28:50,790
He managed to escape
568
00:28:50,791 --> 00:28:55,169
from an American internment camp in 1946.
569
00:28:55,170 --> 00:28:58,589
He decided to
call himself Eckmann,
570
00:28:58,590 --> 00:29:00,479
and then he managed to, you know,
571
00:29:00,480 --> 00:29:05,099
go into hiding for quite a
few years in Germany on farms.
572
00:29:05,100 --> 00:29:08,189
And he tried to sort of recreate his life
573
00:29:08,190 --> 00:29:11,699
as a kind of, you know, humble
son of the soil, if you like.
574
00:29:11,700 --> 00:29:14,129
But actually by the late 1940s,
575
00:29:14,130 --> 00:29:17,069
he realizes that things
are getting a bit hot.
576
00:29:17,070 --> 00:29:19,859
He suspects that war crimes
units may be after him.
577
00:29:19,860 --> 00:29:23,489
And what he does is that he
eventually flees to Argentina,
578
00:29:23,490 --> 00:29:25,383
where he tries to create a new life.
579
00:29:28,050 --> 00:29:33,029
Eventually, in 1960,
the Israeli Secret Services,
580
00:29:33,030 --> 00:29:34,649
after quite a lot of detective work,
581
00:29:34,650 --> 00:29:36,419
managed to find him.
582
00:29:36,420 --> 00:29:39,179
And then came into place an operation
583
00:29:39,180 --> 00:29:42,179
really to smuggle him out of Argentina
584
00:29:42,180 --> 00:29:46,563
and to bring him to Israel
in order to stand trial.
585
00:29:49,170 --> 00:29:50,189
- Behind this fence,
586
00:29:50,190 --> 00:29:53,429
the pages of history are being turned back
587
00:29:53,430 --> 00:29:56,849
to one of the most terrible
chapters of our time.
588
00:29:56,850 --> 00:30:00,089
Adolf Eichmann faces probably
the most appalling list
589
00:30:00,090 --> 00:30:03,393
of charges ever to be leveled
against a single human being.
590
00:30:04,290 --> 00:30:07,439
But if Eichmann's is the
name on the charge sheet,
591
00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:09,749
the Israelis have made very clear
592
00:30:09,750 --> 00:30:11,913
who they think is really in the dock.
593
00:30:12,960 --> 00:30:15,723
In the building where
Eichmann is being tried,
594
00:30:16,650 --> 00:30:18,599
the Israelis are trying
595
00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:21,509
to place before the
conscience of the world
596
00:30:21,510 --> 00:30:26,510
the full facts of how the Nazis
in Germany tried, literally,
597
00:30:26,520 --> 00:30:30,843
to exterminate millions of
the Jewish people in Europe.
598
00:30:32,010 --> 00:30:36,629
Now, to us, the Nazi persecution
is 15 years or more away,
599
00:30:36,630 --> 00:30:38,519
but to the people living here,
600
00:30:38,520 --> 00:30:40,713
it's still a sharp memory.
601
00:30:41,790 --> 00:30:45,389
The children playing in
the warm spring sunshine,
602
00:30:45,390 --> 00:30:50,039
the older people going
about their everyday lives,
603
00:30:50,040 --> 00:30:55,040
many of them had relatives who
died in Hitler's gas ovens.
604
00:30:56,400 --> 00:30:59,943
And even here in Israel,
they found no peaceful haven.
605
00:31:00,780 --> 00:31:03,539
Just over a mile up the road from here,
606
00:31:03,540 --> 00:31:08,540
there's a barbed wire fence
and sentries stand guard.
607
00:31:08,760 --> 00:31:11,639
This is the border
across which Israel looks
608
00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:15,273
to an implacably hostile Arab neighbor.
609
00:31:16,170 --> 00:31:17,673
To the people of Israel,
610
00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:22,289
persecution, personified by Eichmann,
611
00:31:22,290 --> 00:31:24,093
is still a living danger.
612
00:31:25,080 --> 00:31:27,569
For now in this city of Jerusalem,
613
00:31:27,570 --> 00:31:30,809
which itself is no stranger to history,
614
00:31:30,810 --> 00:31:32,489
let us look back at the moment
615
00:31:32,490 --> 00:31:34,652
when this historic trial began.
616
00:31:38,160 --> 00:31:39,209
In Jerusalem,
617
00:31:39,210 --> 00:31:41,459
the trial of Adolf Eichmann begins,
618
00:31:41,460 --> 00:31:43,559
reviving memories of the Nazi horrors
619
00:31:43,560 --> 00:31:45,179
of the Second World War.
620
00:31:45,180 --> 00:31:48,239
Entering the bulletproof
prisoners box is the man charged
621
00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:50,669
with the annihilation of millions of Jews
622
00:31:50,670 --> 00:31:52,085
in Nazi death camps.
623
00:31:55,170 --> 00:31:56,849
Searching problems of conscience
624
00:31:56,850 --> 00:31:59,969
and of international law
will be raised by this trial,
625
00:31:59,970 --> 00:32:02,493
one of the most stirring of modern times.
626
00:32:04,440 --> 00:32:06,359
Eichmann himself is impassive
627
00:32:06,360 --> 00:32:09,539
as the three judges who
will decide his fate enter.
628
00:32:09,540 --> 00:32:11,729
Now, after 15 years in hiding
629
00:32:11,730 --> 00:32:15,119
and one year after his sensational
abduction from Argentina,
630
00:32:15,120 --> 00:32:17,969
Adolf Eichmann is indicted on 15 counts
631
00:32:17,970 --> 00:32:19,949
of crimes against the Jewish people
632
00:32:19,950 --> 00:32:21,569
and crimes against humanity.
633
00:32:21,570 --> 00:32:23,458
The accused,
together with the others,
634
00:32:23,459 --> 00:32:26,879
during a period of 1939 to 1945,
635
00:32:26,880 --> 00:32:30,389
caused the killing of millions
of Jews in his capacity
636
00:32:30,390 --> 00:32:32,879
as the person responsible
for the execution
637
00:32:32,880 --> 00:32:37,349
of the Nazi plan for the physical
extermination of the Jews,
638
00:32:37,350 --> 00:32:40,083
known as the Final Solution
of the Jewish problem.
639
00:32:42,270 --> 00:32:44,729
Eichmann's
attorney, Dr. Robert Servatius,
640
00:32:44,730 --> 00:32:47,489
opens by denying the legality of the trial
641
00:32:47,490 --> 00:32:49,439
and questions the jurisdiction obtained
642
00:32:49,440 --> 00:32:51,449
by Eichmann's forcible capture.
643
00:32:51,450 --> 00:32:54,629
Dr. Servatius further suggests
that Eichmann be tried
644
00:32:54,630 --> 00:32:58,108
by a neutral or international tribunal.
645
00:33:01,170 --> 00:33:03,389
Israeli attorney general, Gideon Hausner,
646
00:33:03,390 --> 00:33:05,046
the chief prosecutor replies,
647
00:33:05,047 --> 00:33:07,139
"That no one except the state of Israel
648
00:33:07,140 --> 00:33:09,299
has sought to bring Eichmann to justice."
649
00:33:09,300 --> 00:33:11,609
And cites the Nuremberg war crimes trials
650
00:33:11,610 --> 00:33:13,439
as precedent for this trial.
651
00:33:13,440 --> 00:33:16,169
Throughout, Eichmann remains icy calm,
652
00:33:16,170 --> 00:33:19,233
his fate, at last, in
the scales of justice.
653
00:33:23,790 --> 00:33:26,489
The trial, which
opened in April, 1961,
654
00:33:26,490 --> 00:33:27,659
was very controversial.
655
00:33:27,660 --> 00:33:31,169
But it also, of course,
attracted a great deal
656
00:33:31,170 --> 00:33:33,188
of international attention as well.
657
00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:36,150
When he was questioned,
658
00:33:36,151 --> 00:33:38,279
he claimed that he was
only following orders.
659
00:33:38,280 --> 00:33:41,639
He claimed not to be responsible
for any of the executions,
660
00:33:41,640 --> 00:33:44,373
and said he was just
involved in transportation.
661
00:33:45,390 --> 00:33:47,129
So, again, that's the kind of line used
662
00:33:47,130 --> 00:33:48,299
about following orders
663
00:33:48,300 --> 00:33:50,189
and not really admitting responsibility
664
00:33:50,190 --> 00:33:51,758
for the Final Solution.
665
00:33:55,560 --> 00:33:56,560
Yes.
666
00:33:57,720 --> 00:34:00,149
With regard to the Jews,
667
00:34:00,150 --> 00:34:04,586
my only obligations were those
concerned with emigration.
668
00:34:04,587 --> 00:34:08,159
And this transpires from
the official designation
669
00:34:08,160 --> 00:34:08,993
of the department,
670
00:34:08,994 --> 00:34:11,819
which was called
Emigration and Evacuation.
671
00:34:11,820 --> 00:34:14,669
Emigration, that applied to the Jews,
672
00:34:14,670 --> 00:34:19,670
while evacuation, that concerned
the sphere of jurisdiction
673
00:34:20,460 --> 00:34:22,049
of the Reichskommissar
674
00:34:22,050 --> 00:34:24,813
for strengthening the
basis of the German nation,
675
00:34:26,130 --> 00:34:28,743
a post to which Himmler
was then appointed.
676
00:34:30,840 --> 00:34:34,499
And this concerned the evacuation
677
00:34:34,500 --> 00:34:37,499
of the newly annexed areas in the East,
678
00:34:37,500 --> 00:34:41,493
which were annexed to the Reich.
679
00:34:42,687 --> 00:34:45,569
And as Hitler and Himmler
had ordered at that time,
680
00:34:45,570 --> 00:34:50,009
these areas had to be evacuated of Jews
681
00:34:50,010 --> 00:34:54,869
and other foreign nationalities.
682
00:34:54,870 --> 00:34:56,909
And my connection with this
683
00:34:56,910 --> 00:34:59,759
was strictly from the
point of view of timetables
684
00:34:59,760 --> 00:35:02,103
and technical transport problems.
685
00:35:31,590 --> 00:35:35,039
I do not remember
it in detail, Your Honor.
686
00:35:35,040 --> 00:35:38,759
I do not remember the
circumstances of this conversation,
687
00:35:38,760 --> 00:35:41,819
but I do know that these
gentlemen were standing together
688
00:35:41,820 --> 00:35:43,259
or sitting together
689
00:35:43,260 --> 00:35:47,609
and were discussing this
subject quite bluntly,
690
00:35:47,610 --> 00:35:49,079
quite differently from the language
691
00:35:49,080 --> 00:35:51,599
which I had to use later in the record.
692
00:35:51,600 --> 00:35:52,649
During the conversation,
693
00:35:52,650 --> 00:35:55,423
they minced no words about it at all.
694
00:36:31,950 --> 00:36:35,309
I might say,
furthermore, Your Honor,
695
00:36:35,310 --> 00:36:37,600
that I would not have remembered this
696
00:36:38,670 --> 00:36:41,129
unless I had later remember
697
00:36:41,130 --> 00:36:44,369
that I told myself, look here,
698
00:36:44,370 --> 00:36:45,330
I told myself,
699
00:36:45,331 --> 00:36:47,489
even this guy, Stuckart,
700
00:36:47,490 --> 00:36:49,439
who was known as one of these uncles
701
00:36:49,440 --> 00:36:53,249
who was a great stickler for legalities,
702
00:36:53,250 --> 00:36:56,789
he too uses language
703
00:36:56,790 --> 00:36:59,609
which is not at all in accordance
704
00:36:59,610 --> 00:37:02,879
with the spirit of paragraphs of the law.
705
00:37:02,880 --> 00:37:06,809
This incident remained
engraved in my memory
706
00:37:06,810 --> 00:37:09,273
and recalls the entire subject to my mind.
707
00:37:17,556 --> 00:37:21,389
Eichmann was sentenced
to death in December, 1961,
708
00:37:21,390 --> 00:37:24,662
and he was executed in May, 1962.
709
00:37:49,920 --> 00:37:52,439
Rudolf Walter Richard Hess
710
00:37:52,440 --> 00:37:54,119
was a German politician
711
00:37:54,120 --> 00:37:57,513
and a leading member of the
Nazi Party in Nazi Germany.
712
00:37:58,710 --> 00:38:02,639
Appointed Deputy Fuhrer
to Adolf Hitler in 1933,
713
00:38:02,640 --> 00:38:06,029
Hess served in that position until 1941
714
00:38:06,030 --> 00:38:08,189
when he flew solo to Scotland
715
00:38:08,190 --> 00:38:11,279
in an attempt to negotiate
peace with the United Kingdom
716
00:38:11,280 --> 00:38:12,487
during World War II.
717
00:38:15,060 --> 00:38:18,119
Rudolph Hess noticed that
the Fuhrer was preoccupied
718
00:38:18,120 --> 00:38:21,869
and decided to take
matters into his own hands.
719
00:38:21,870 --> 00:38:24,749
He decided to end the
continuing military struggle
720
00:38:24,750 --> 00:38:27,903
between Germany and the
Allies using a peace pact.
721
00:38:29,580 --> 00:38:32,249
He secretly flies solo over Britain
722
00:38:32,250 --> 00:38:34,709
and lands in Scotland by parachute,
723
00:38:34,710 --> 00:38:35,543
hoping to speak
724
00:38:35,544 --> 00:38:37,773
with one of the highly-placed
British figures.
725
00:38:39,570 --> 00:38:41,099
He intended to offer respect
726
00:38:41,100 --> 00:38:43,436
for the integrity of the British Empire,
727
00:38:43,437 --> 00:38:46,109
for Germany to have a free hand in Europe
728
00:38:46,110 --> 00:38:48,393
and the return of German colonies.
729
00:38:51,240 --> 00:38:54,419
Of course, as soon as he
was found out to be a Nazi,
730
00:38:54,420 --> 00:38:57,329
he was arrested and treated
as a prisoner of war,
731
00:38:57,330 --> 00:39:00,093
held in a British prison
until the war's end.
732
00:39:02,190 --> 00:39:05,909
Once Hitler hears of his
plan and capture in Britain,
733
00:39:05,910 --> 00:39:08,339
he declares Hess has committed treason
734
00:39:08,340 --> 00:39:09,952
and the Nazis reject him.
735
00:39:12,870 --> 00:39:15,419
- Rudolph Hess was a very
troubled man in many ways,
736
00:39:15,420 --> 00:39:19,259
and you only have to look at
his somewhat uneven expressions
737
00:39:19,260 --> 00:39:20,519
whenever he's captured on film.
738
00:39:20,520 --> 00:39:22,619
He's got these very sort of thick brows,
739
00:39:22,620 --> 00:39:25,589
and he looks like he's puzzling
about the world in general.
740
00:39:25,590 --> 00:39:28,829
He was a very sort of troubled man,
741
00:39:28,830 --> 00:39:31,530
and he was devoted to Hitler
from the very early days.
742
00:39:32,820 --> 00:39:35,789
And it was Hess who
was in Landsberg Prison
743
00:39:35,790 --> 00:39:38,609
after the failed Beer Hall Putsch in 1923.
744
00:39:38,610 --> 00:39:41,189
And it was Hess who was
by kind of Hitler's side,
745
00:39:41,190 --> 00:39:42,629
you know, all the way
through those sort of,
746
00:39:42,630 --> 00:39:44,020
kind of very dark years.
747
00:39:45,750 --> 00:39:48,389
You know, as Hitler gained more power,
748
00:39:48,390 --> 00:39:51,119
Hitler is loyal to Hess because
Hess has been loyal to him,
749
00:39:51,120 --> 00:39:53,100
and he makes him Deputy Fuhrer.
750
00:39:54,660 --> 00:39:58,859
But it's clear that as the
Nazi Party has come to power
751
00:39:58,860 --> 00:40:01,169
and its popularity and its ability
752
00:40:01,170 --> 00:40:03,179
to draw on talent has increased,
753
00:40:03,180 --> 00:40:05,399
it's basically shown up Hess
754
00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:08,099
to be the kind of real
second or third rater
755
00:40:08,100 --> 00:40:09,119
that he actually is.
756
00:40:09,120 --> 00:40:10,949
He's not really a very impressive figure.
757
00:40:10,950 --> 00:40:12,599
You know, what does he offer, you know,
758
00:40:12,600 --> 00:40:14,249
the Nazi regime who are out control?
759
00:40:14,250 --> 00:40:17,339
He doesn't have any
great personal charisma
760
00:40:17,340 --> 00:40:18,659
that's gonna draw people in.
761
00:40:18,660 --> 00:40:20,999
He doesn't really have any particular kind
762
00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:23,249
of administrative skills.
763
00:40:23,250 --> 00:40:25,203
You know, what he is, is just loyal.
764
00:40:26,640 --> 00:40:28,649
He's kind of totally out of his depth
765
00:40:28,650 --> 00:40:30,419
by the time Hitler comes into power.
766
00:40:30,420 --> 00:40:32,339
His usefulness is no longer there,
767
00:40:32,340 --> 00:40:35,674
and he's really, basically
very much sidelined
768
00:40:35,675 --> 00:40:37,319
by the outbreak of war.
769
00:40:37,320 --> 00:40:39,899
And it makes him very sort
of desperate to, you know,
770
00:40:39,900 --> 00:40:41,249
curry favor with Hitler.
771
00:40:41,250 --> 00:40:44,399
And so he carries out this
absolutely extraordinary mission.
772
00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:48,299
Takes off from a
Messerschmitt 110 in Augsburg,
773
00:40:48,300 --> 00:40:51,299
and flies to Scotland, obviously,
774
00:40:51,300 --> 00:40:53,309
where he parachutes out to land
775
00:40:53,310 --> 00:40:55,199
on the land of the Duke of Hamilton,
776
00:40:55,200 --> 00:40:57,509
who he thinks is a friend of his.
777
00:40:57,510 --> 00:40:59,879
And he says, you know,
I'm here to basically,
778
00:40:59,880 --> 00:41:02,692
you know, forge a peace deal.
That, you know, if, you know,
779
00:41:02,693 --> 00:41:06,449
you allow Nazi Germany to
have a free hand in Europe,
780
00:41:06,450 --> 00:41:08,849
we'll allow the British Empire
781
00:41:08,850 --> 00:41:10,619
and British colonies a free hand,
782
00:41:10,620 --> 00:41:12,029
and for Britain to maintain her influence
783
00:41:12,030 --> 00:41:13,319
all over the world.
784
00:41:13,320 --> 00:41:15,539
And of course, this is
just complete nonsense.
785
00:41:15,540 --> 00:41:18,539
You know, Churchill, by this
stage, is in no, you know,
786
00:41:18,540 --> 00:41:20,129
mood to start listening
787
00:41:20,130 --> 00:41:24,089
to what is clearly a
semi-deranged individual.
788
00:41:24,090 --> 00:41:27,179
And, indeed, he just remains in prison,
789
00:41:27,180 --> 00:41:29,699
you know, locked up
until the end of the war.
790
00:41:29,700 --> 00:41:32,249
And then he's put on trial at Nuremberg.
791
00:41:32,250 --> 00:41:34,019
And by then, he's gone mad.
792
00:41:34,020 --> 00:41:38,159
He seems very kind of withdrawn, troubled.
793
00:41:38,160 --> 00:41:40,199
And he is sentenced at Nuremberg,
794
00:41:40,200 --> 00:41:41,037
but he's not sentenced to death.
795
00:41:41,038 --> 00:41:43,559
And he actually lives in Spandau Prison
796
00:41:43,560 --> 00:41:45,659
until his death many decades later
797
00:41:45,660 --> 00:41:48,393
as this very kind of
cryptic, enigmatic figure.
798
00:42:01,405 --> 00:42:02,759
Josef Mengele,
799
00:42:02,760 --> 00:42:05,189
also known as the Angel of Death,
800
00:42:05,190 --> 00:42:08,009
was a German Schutzstaffel, SS, officer
801
00:42:08,010 --> 00:42:10,083
and physician during World War II.
802
00:42:12,180 --> 00:42:13,409
He is mainly remembered
803
00:42:13,410 --> 00:42:17,159
for his actions at the
Auschwitz concentration camp,
804
00:42:17,160 --> 00:42:20,339
where he performed deadly
experiments on prisoners.
805
00:42:22,920 --> 00:42:25,409
He was a member of the team of doctors
806
00:42:25,410 --> 00:42:28,799
who selected victims to be
killed in the gas chambers
807
00:42:28,800 --> 00:42:31,743
and was one of the doctors
who administered the gas.
808
00:42:33,720 --> 00:42:36,809
A doctor, nicknamed the Angel of Death,
809
00:42:36,810 --> 00:42:39,569
conducted macabre
experiments on the prisoners
810
00:42:39,570 --> 00:42:41,223
at the Auschwitz death camp.
811
00:42:42,600 --> 00:42:45,419
He started as an SS officer,
812
00:42:45,420 --> 00:42:48,629
was sent at the start of World
War II to the Eastern Front,
813
00:42:48,630 --> 00:42:51,449
to repel the Soviets and
received an Iron Cross
814
00:42:51,450 --> 00:42:52,533
for his bravery.
815
00:42:53,880 --> 00:42:57,479
After being wounded and
cleared unfit for active duty,
816
00:42:57,480 --> 00:42:59,399
he was assigned to Auschwitz
817
00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:01,829
and used prisoners as guinea pigs,
818
00:43:01,830 --> 00:43:05,429
particularly women,
twins, and the disabled,
819
00:43:05,430 --> 00:43:07,379
and tortured and killed children
820
00:43:07,380 --> 00:43:09,200
with his medical experiments.
821
00:43:12,000 --> 00:43:15,899
After being wounded and
cleared unfit for active duty,
822
00:43:15,900 --> 00:43:17,759
he was assigned to Auschwitz
823
00:43:17,760 --> 00:43:20,039
and used prisoners as guinea pigs,
824
00:43:20,040 --> 00:43:25,040
particularly women, twins,
and people with disabilities
825
00:43:25,140 --> 00:43:27,299
and tortured and killed children
826
00:43:27,300 --> 00:43:29,690
with his medical experiments.
827
00:43:32,550 --> 00:43:35,159
It was Mengele's
job to be one of those
828
00:43:35,160 --> 00:43:37,949
who selected which prisoners
829
00:43:37,950 --> 00:43:39,989
were to go straight to the gas chambers
830
00:43:39,990 --> 00:43:42,029
when they arrived by train at Auschwitz,
831
00:43:42,030 --> 00:43:44,759
and which prisoners should
be allowed to go and work
832
00:43:44,760 --> 00:43:46,529
for a few months until
they worked themselves,
833
00:43:46,530 --> 00:43:47,579
or for a few weeks,
834
00:43:47,580 --> 00:43:50,279
until they worked themselves to death.
835
00:43:50,280 --> 00:43:53,699
But what he also did
with his medical hat on
836
00:43:53,700 --> 00:43:56,309
was to experiment on twins.
837
00:43:56,310 --> 00:43:59,909
He was absolutely fascinated by twins
838
00:43:59,910 --> 00:44:03,539
from a kind of anthropological
level, from a medical level.
839
00:44:03,540 --> 00:44:06,659
And what medics like with twins is
840
00:44:06,660 --> 00:44:09,629
that you have two people
who are identical,
841
00:44:09,630 --> 00:44:13,349
and you can compare and contrast
842
00:44:13,350 --> 00:44:15,029
what happens to them medically.
843
00:44:15,030 --> 00:44:17,189
Now, ethically, you can't, you know,
844
00:44:17,190 --> 00:44:21,059
in most normal societies,
introduce one twin
845
00:44:21,060 --> 00:44:24,179
to some disease and the
other one not to receive it,
846
00:44:24,180 --> 00:44:25,619
and then to see how they do.
847
00:44:25,620 --> 00:44:27,269
You could do that in Auschwitz
848
00:44:27,270 --> 00:44:30,213
because Mengele had all
these live human guinea pigs.
849
00:44:33,660 --> 00:44:36,169
But medical
experiments took place
850
00:44:36,170 --> 00:44:40,319
at a number of the concentration
camps across Germany,
851
00:44:40,320 --> 00:44:43,799
including Dachau,
Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen,
852
00:44:43,800 --> 00:44:46,377
Natzweiler, and Ravensbruck.
853
00:44:51,180 --> 00:44:52,889
- We arrived to Auschwitz
854
00:44:52,890 --> 00:44:57,890
and there was some Jewish
people came up the train.
855
00:44:57,930 --> 00:45:02,930
He said to us, whatever we do,
don't say that we are sick.
856
00:45:04,740 --> 00:45:06,839
And we stand in the line.
857
00:45:06,840 --> 00:45:10,829
And Mengele was sitting there,
858
00:45:10,830 --> 00:45:12,573
Dr. Mengele they called him.
859
00:45:13,980 --> 00:45:18,980
And left, right, you know?
860
00:45:19,448 --> 00:45:24,448
They announced every young woman
861
00:45:24,480 --> 00:45:25,679
should take the baby,
862
00:45:25,680 --> 00:45:28,309
give the children to the
elderly, to the mothers,
863
00:45:28,310 --> 00:45:29,823
to the elderly people.
864
00:45:31,680 --> 00:45:34,323
Then when we came in the
line, you know, Mengele,
865
00:45:37,839 --> 00:45:42,839
he said, in German he talked
to us, if we are healthy,
866
00:45:44,730 --> 00:45:47,939
we are sick, or something is hurting us.
867
00:45:47,940 --> 00:45:51,234
He talk so nice, so
soft, you know, things.
868
00:46:01,890 --> 00:46:06,659
- In my case, never ever talked to me.
869
00:46:06,660 --> 00:46:08,819
He talked about me.
870
00:46:08,820 --> 00:46:10,709
He talked at me.
871
00:46:10,710 --> 00:46:12,389
You have to realize,
872
00:46:12,390 --> 00:46:17,069
Mengele did not treat us as human beings.
873
00:46:17,070 --> 00:46:21,967
We were just his treasured
experiment subjects.
874
00:46:25,440 --> 00:46:27,089
We would stand by our bunk beds
875
00:46:27,090 --> 00:46:29,099
with our hands behind our back
876
00:46:29,100 --> 00:46:32,643
like little soldiers for
Mengele's inspection.
877
00:46:34,500 --> 00:46:36,029
There was two,
878
00:46:36,030 --> 00:46:39,513
we had three supervisors in
our barrack, Blockalteste.
879
00:46:40,620 --> 00:46:43,806
And one of them would
stand at the front and say,
880
00:46:43,807 --> 00:46:46,526
"Mengele is coming."
881
00:46:46,527 --> 00:46:48,269
And everybody would just,
882
00:46:48,270 --> 00:46:52,709
it's like some kind of
a horror was entering.
883
00:46:52,710 --> 00:46:57,710
He would come very elegantly
with his hands behind his back.
884
00:46:57,990 --> 00:46:59,249
He had a stick in his hand.
885
00:46:59,250 --> 00:47:02,189
He would hit it sometime
against his riding boots
886
00:47:02,190 --> 00:47:03,363
and start counting.
887
00:47:04,200 --> 00:47:07,289
He always had at least
six people with him.
888
00:47:07,290 --> 00:47:09,136
Many times, as many as 8 or 10.
889
00:47:09,137 --> 00:47:10,994
It was a big entourage.
890
00:47:14,850 --> 00:47:17,309
He had power
of life and death over,
891
00:47:17,310 --> 00:47:19,049
you know, hundreds of thousands of people.
892
00:47:19,050 --> 00:47:21,869
And he committed the
most vile experiments,
893
00:47:21,870 --> 00:47:24,329
on twins and all sorts of other people.
894
00:47:24,330 --> 00:47:25,739
And so he knew at the end of the war
895
00:47:25,740 --> 00:47:27,599
that he would have to go into hiding,
896
00:47:27,600 --> 00:47:28,986
because there would be people
who had survived Auschwitz
897
00:47:28,987 --> 00:47:32,519
who would be giving
testimony about his savagery
898
00:47:32,520 --> 00:47:34,019
and his barbarism.
899
00:47:34,020 --> 00:47:37,079
And what he does, like so
many other Nazi figures,
900
00:47:37,080 --> 00:47:40,199
he disappears to a farm.
901
00:47:40,200 --> 00:47:42,078
And where he ends up working,
902
00:47:42,079 --> 00:47:45,239
you know, along with sort
of normal farm laborers,
903
00:47:45,240 --> 00:47:47,219
but it's clear he's a much
more intellectual figure
904
00:47:47,220 --> 00:47:48,269
than those around him.
905
00:47:48,270 --> 00:47:51,389
They all know that he's, you
know, got something to hide.
906
00:47:51,390 --> 00:47:55,199
And also what Mengele has
is a very wealthy background
907
00:47:55,200 --> 00:47:59,159
because the Mengele family
produced farm machinery
908
00:47:59,160 --> 00:48:01,319
in Southern Germany for decades.
909
00:48:01,320 --> 00:48:03,299
And so, effectively, the
family were millionaires.
910
00:48:03,300 --> 00:48:06,239
And so when Mengele decides to hotfoot it
911
00:48:06,240 --> 00:48:08,279
to Argentina in 1949,
912
00:48:08,280 --> 00:48:10,679
he's got the backing of a family fortune
913
00:48:10,680 --> 00:48:13,023
to really help smooth his way over there.
914
00:48:15,240 --> 00:48:17,339
What's really chilling
about Mengele is that,
915
00:48:17,340 --> 00:48:19,139
throughout the rest of his life,
916
00:48:19,140 --> 00:48:23,159
he always would justify what
he had done in Auschwitz.
917
00:48:23,160 --> 00:48:26,039
He had always thought he had
done the morally correct thing.
918
00:48:26,040 --> 00:48:29,579
He would see his work on the
selection ramps for starters,
919
00:48:29,580 --> 00:48:31,379
saying to people, you know,
920
00:48:31,380 --> 00:48:33,299
well, you're gonna live
and you're gonna die.
921
00:48:33,300 --> 00:48:35,309
You know, we see that as
sending people to their deaths.
922
00:48:35,310 --> 00:48:39,149
Mengele saw that as sending
people to their continued life
923
00:48:39,150 --> 00:48:40,379
because he had this attitude
924
00:48:40,380 --> 00:48:42,209
that everybody there was gonna die anyway.
925
00:48:42,210 --> 00:48:44,369
So in fact, he was, you know,
kind of delaying their deaths.
926
00:48:44,370 --> 00:48:45,959
He was being the nice guy.
927
00:48:45,960 --> 00:48:46,950
You know, that's absurd.
928
00:48:46,951 --> 00:48:49,349
And he also would say that
the experiments he did
929
00:48:49,350 --> 00:48:51,059
were for the good of humanity,
930
00:48:51,060 --> 00:48:52,109
that this was,
931
00:48:52,110 --> 00:48:56,763
an essential role of medicine
was to experiment on people.
932
00:48:57,660 --> 00:48:59,609
It was ultimately beneficial.
933
00:48:59,610 --> 00:49:01,319
You know, he would come
up with all sorts of
934
00:49:01,320 --> 00:49:04,829
kind of pseudo-academic kind of verbiage
935
00:49:04,830 --> 00:49:06,722
to kind of justify what he had done.
936
00:49:08,040 --> 00:49:10,409
It took a long time for the German people
937
00:49:10,410 --> 00:49:11,879
to really come to terms
938
00:49:11,880 --> 00:49:13,439
with what had been done in their name.
939
00:49:13,440 --> 00:49:15,262
I think a lot of German
people throughout the war
940
00:49:15,263 --> 00:49:17,519
had had more than an inkling,
941
00:49:17,520 --> 00:49:19,559
but I don't think they knew the extent
942
00:49:19,560 --> 00:49:21,929
of the savagery of what went on,
943
00:49:21,930 --> 00:49:25,679
you know, behind those miles
upon miles of barbed wire,
944
00:49:25,680 --> 00:49:26,939
and inside those huts,
945
00:49:26,940 --> 00:49:30,299
and inside those chambers
of death, effectively.
946
00:49:30,300 --> 00:49:33,269
And I think that when it was
finally revealed to them,
947
00:49:33,270 --> 00:49:36,839
and when, you know,
justice started being done,
948
00:49:36,840 --> 00:49:39,359
I think any reasonable
German started realizing
949
00:49:39,360 --> 00:49:40,200
that actually, yes,
950
00:49:40,201 --> 00:49:42,329
there should be some form of retribution.
951
00:49:42,330 --> 00:49:46,889
But I think also there was also a feeling,
952
00:49:46,890 --> 00:49:49,709
not just in Germany, but
also amongst the Allies,
953
00:49:49,710 --> 00:49:52,829
that you couldn't spend decade upon decade
954
00:49:52,830 --> 00:49:55,589
carrying out tens of
thousands of man hunts
955
00:49:55,590 --> 00:49:57,100
for all these people.
956
00:50:01,830 --> 00:50:03,029
What Nuremberg represents
957
00:50:03,030 --> 00:50:05,609
to so many of these
Nazis is a real reckoning
958
00:50:05,610 --> 00:50:08,729
that they never thought
they were gonna receive.
959
00:50:08,730 --> 00:50:11,249
Maybe some of the smarter ones
in the dying days of the war
960
00:50:11,250 --> 00:50:12,569
thought maybe, uh-oh.
961
00:50:12,570 --> 00:50:15,869
But actually the whole idea
of the Reich was not meant
962
00:50:15,870 --> 00:50:16,830
to be a 12-year Reich.
963
00:50:16,831 --> 00:50:19,379
It was supposed to be
a Thousand-Year Reich.
964
00:50:19,380 --> 00:50:20,999
And in fact, that what was gonna happen
965
00:50:21,000 --> 00:50:24,419
is that people were gonna be
treating them as demigods,
966
00:50:24,420 --> 00:50:26,459
and statues would be erected
967
00:50:26,460 --> 00:50:28,439
and buildings enshrined to them,
968
00:50:28,440 --> 00:50:30,479
you know, for hundreds of years,
969
00:50:30,480 --> 00:50:33,359
not actually hanging from some grubby rope
970
00:50:33,360 --> 00:50:35,159
in the prison courtyard in Nuremberg,
971
00:50:35,160 --> 00:50:36,120
which is what happened to them.
972
00:50:36,121 --> 00:50:38,939
So they went from kind of being demigods
973
00:50:38,940 --> 00:50:41,403
to criminal lowlife very quickly.
974
00:50:42,540 --> 00:50:46,739
The Nuremberg trials
represented a very important,
975
00:50:46,740 --> 00:50:51,419
unprecedented moment and a way
for the Allied powers really
976
00:50:51,420 --> 00:50:55,019
to bring to justice some
of those key Nazi leaders
977
00:50:55,020 --> 00:50:58,259
as representatives of
key Nazi organizations
978
00:50:58,260 --> 00:50:59,579
who had carried out
979
00:50:59,580 --> 00:51:03,089
such unspeakably cruel acts of war crimes,
980
00:51:03,090 --> 00:51:06,809
crimes against humanity, and
crimes against the peace.
981
00:51:06,810 --> 00:51:08,466
It was very radical at the time.
982
00:51:08,467 --> 00:51:10,019
There had never been
983
00:51:10,020 --> 00:51:12,569
an international criminal court like it.
984
00:51:12,570 --> 00:51:14,819
And so this was a kind of coming together
985
00:51:14,820 --> 00:51:17,489
of a lot of different legal systems,
986
00:51:17,490 --> 00:51:19,679
a lot of different political systems.
987
00:51:19,680 --> 00:51:21,839
But what it was saying
to the world was, listen,
988
00:51:21,840 --> 00:51:23,669
these people who commit war crimes,
989
00:51:23,670 --> 00:51:25,619
these people who commit genocide,
990
00:51:25,620 --> 00:51:28,049
these people who commit
crimes against humanity,
991
00:51:28,050 --> 00:51:31,743
they are never ever going to
get away with it ever again.
74574
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