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The night sky,
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00:00:10,039 --> 00:00:12,406
We look up and think,
3
00:00:14,521 --> 00:00:16,257
What's up there?
4
00:00:17,700 --> 00:00:19,330
Where does?
5
00:00:20,458 --> 00:00:22,182
When did you start?
6
00:00:24,537 --> 00:00:27,575
We could stay forever, wondering ...
7
00:00:30,228 --> 00:00:34,369
... or we can prepare us to see the
universe for ourselves,
8
00:00:35,400 --> 00:00:38,675
and travel as far as you can go.
9
00:00:41,750 --> 00:00:45,684
To feel the tremendous heat
of burning stars,
10
00:00:47,178 --> 00:00:50,724
face the forces of
strong cosmic collisions.
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00:00:54,778 --> 00:00:56,247
avoid dead stars
12
00:00:56,272 --> 00:01:00,027
and super-hole mass
insatiable black.
13
00:01:01,929 --> 00:01:04,257
Witness the birth of new stars,
14
00:01:04,303 --> 00:01:07,470
and to the limit of human comprehension.
15
00:01:11,874 --> 00:01:15,633
We have to take a trip back in time
to the early universe,
16
00:01:15,685 --> 00:01:19,035
see with their own eyes,
the moment when it all started,
17
00:01:19,310 --> 00:01:20,618
o Big Bang.
18
00:01:23,253 --> 00:01:24,658
You are soon?
19
00:01:25,081 --> 00:01:26,600
So let's go,
20
00:01:26,925 --> 00:01:28,060
a journey
21
00:01:28,167 --> 00:01:31,080
to the limits of the universe.
22
00:01:33,628 --> 00:01:39,825
TO TRAVEL LIMITS OF THE UNIVERSE
23
00:01:49,098 --> 00:01:51,554
This is the beginning of space,
24
00:01:51,783 --> 00:01:53,617
only 100 km above,
25
00:01:53,782 --> 00:01:56,437
just an hour drive from home.
26
00:02:00,240 --> 00:02:02,545
Down there,
life goes on ,
27
00:02:02,778 --> 00:02:04,525
traffic continues to walk,
28
00:02:04,765 --> 00:02:06,897
shares are traded
29
00:02:07,015 --> 00:02:10,257
and continue to be transmitted
the same reality shows .
30
00:02:24,757 --> 00:02:27,119
But we have to leave it all behind
31
00:02:33,018 --> 00:02:36,239
and move to the limit of the universe.
32
00:02:39,517 --> 00:02:41,330
First stop,
33
00:02:43,603 --> 00:02:44,982
to take.
34
00:03:05,930 --> 00:03:09,717
Twenty-seven American astronauts
made this way before us,
35
00:03:09,812 --> 00:03:12,776
twelve of which they walked on the Moon itself.
36
00:03:14,640 --> 00:03:18,080
When the Apollo astronauts
sent a message via radio,
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00:03:18,302 --> 00:03:21,965
the message about took a second
to reach Earth,
38
00:03:23,364 --> 00:03:29,575
even traveling at the speed of light,
300,000 kilometers per second.
39
00:03:31,287 --> 00:03:35,915
So Mission Control heard him what
was going on after it happened.
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00:03:42,222 --> 00:03:46,388
If there is a second difference
between us and the nearest neighbor,
41
00:03:46,612 --> 00:03:50,373
imagine the difference up
to the Universe limit.
42
00:03:50,615 --> 00:03:53,073
We do not turn back a few seconds,
43
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but billions of years.
44
00:04:02,926 --> 00:04:06,202
Less than 400 000 kilometers from Earth,
45
00:04:06,420 --> 00:04:08,495
three days in a spacecraft.
46
00:04:14,341 --> 00:04:17,003
It looks like a desert battlefield,
47
00:04:17,152 --> 00:04:21,198
bombarded by millions of
meteroritos and asteroids.
48
00:04:21,579 --> 00:04:23,132
But now it's quiet.
49
00:04:23,322 --> 00:04:27,970
Of course, there are no major
collisions for millions of years.
50
00:04:34,432 --> 00:04:37,310
The Apollo 11 lunar module.
51
00:05:01,440 --> 00:05:05,541
For astronauts Appolo,
the risks were high,
52
00:05:12,831 --> 00:05:15,281
but the rewards
were still higher.
53
00:05:15,485 --> 00:05:16,979
See our planet,
54
00:05:17,068 --> 00:05:19,082
as had never been seen,
55
00:05:19,218 --> 00:05:20,227
walk
56
00:05:20,252 --> 00:05:23,549
where no man had walked before
57
00:05:24,365 --> 00:05:26,965
and visit another world,
58
00:05:27,501 --> 00:05:31,245
a world destroyed by the
deadly radiation from the sun.
59
00:05:31,961 --> 00:05:34,481
It's just endless frozen lava,
60
00:05:34,587 --> 00:05:38,090
piles of gray rocks
uninteresting.
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00:05:49,437 --> 00:05:54,657
Apollo astronauts brought hundreds
of them for scientists to analyze,
62
00:05:54,836 --> 00:05:57,131
and found that these
gray rocks uninteresting
63
00:05:57,284 --> 00:05:59,424
after all they were not so uninteresting.
64
00:06:00,434 --> 00:06:04,219
NASA scientists discovered that
the rocks were super-heated,
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00:06:04,332 --> 00:06:07,598
evidence of a massive impact.
66
00:06:08,817 --> 00:06:10,825
There are 4.5 billion years ago,
67
00:06:10,927 --> 00:06:13,361
a wandering planet crashed into Earth,
68
00:06:13,490 --> 00:06:17,328
and projected billions of tons
of molten rock into space.
69
00:06:17,482 --> 00:06:20,612
And that joined to form the Moon.
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00:06:22,377 --> 00:06:23,901
Until this discovery,
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00:06:24,038 --> 00:06:26,782
We thought that the moon does not
was related to the Earth,
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00:06:26,865 --> 00:06:31,285
a space rock controlled by the
powerful force of Earth's gravity.
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00:06:31,443 --> 00:06:35,084
Now we know that is made of the same
material as our planet.
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00:06:35,229 --> 00:06:36,312
To take
75
00:06:36,518 --> 00:06:38,008
He came from Earth.
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00:06:46,232 --> 00:06:49,160
The first steps of Neil Armstrong,
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00:06:49,397 --> 00:06:51,695
It seems to have been made yesterday.
78
00:06:51,873 --> 00:06:54,363
And no wind here to make them disappear,
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00:06:54,491 --> 00:06:57,300
shall survive for millions of years.
80
00:07:01,936 --> 00:07:05,075
It is time for us to take our giant leap,
81
00:07:10,699 --> 00:07:14,195
further than any man has ever traveled.
82
00:07:25,229 --> 00:07:27,311
Out of the darkness,
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00:07:27,849 --> 00:07:29,868
the goddess of love,
84
00:07:30,692 --> 00:07:31,933
Venus.
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00:07:34,823 --> 00:07:38,545
The morning star,
the evening star.
86
00:07:42,263 --> 00:07:45,376
Venus is the planet of the system
brighter Solar.
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00:07:45,513 --> 00:07:47,666
Its spectacular yellow clouds
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reflect the light the sun.
89
00:07:56,073 --> 00:07:58,262
A sister of our planet.
90
00:07:58,506 --> 00:08:02,435
It has more or less the same size
and the same Earth's gravity.
91
00:08:06,836 --> 00:08:08,982
More spacecraft to Venus
92
00:08:09,149 --> 00:08:14,035
tells us that these views clouds
are made of deadly sulfuric acid,
93
00:08:14,182 --> 00:08:15,720
that the planet's atmosphere
94
00:08:15,764 --> 00:08:18,736
It is blocked by carbon dioxide.
95
00:08:25,998 --> 00:08:29,401
Venus is a goddess angry.
96
00:08:32,459 --> 00:08:34,544
The air is harmful,
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intolerable pressure
98
00:08:36,784 --> 00:08:38,240
and it is hot,
99
00:08:38,372 --> 00:08:41,798
approximately 500 degrees Celsius.
100
00:08:42,066 --> 00:08:46,238
Staying too long,
we would be corroded, suffocated,
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crushed and boiled.
102
00:08:54,456 --> 00:08:57,352
Nothing can survive here.
103
00:08:57,991 --> 00:08:59,228
Like this.
104
00:08:59,478 --> 00:09:02,468
It is the unmanned Soviet probe Venera.
105
00:09:02,655 --> 00:09:06,738
Their heavy armor is being eroded
by the extreme atmosphere.
106
00:09:18,302 --> 00:09:20,279
So beautiful Earth,
107
00:09:20,560 --> 00:09:21,769
close up view of
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00:09:21,897 --> 00:09:24,843
Venus is the sister of Hell,
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marked by hundreds of volcanoes.
110
00:09:43,374 --> 00:09:47,584
All that carbon dioxide in its
atmosphere is to retain the sun's heat.
111
00:09:47,667 --> 00:09:51,087
This is global warming
taken to the extreme.
112
00:09:51,668 --> 00:09:54,723
Before that,
maybe Venus was calm,
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00:09:54,914 --> 00:09:57,661
as the sister planet Earth.
114
00:09:59,274 --> 00:10:00,910
If it's true,
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this may be the future of our planet.
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A future shaped by the sun.
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But before we get to it,
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We have it,
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Mercury,
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the smallest planet in the Solar System.
121
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Approaching the sun too,
122
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and this is what happens.
123
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Temperatures here vary wildly,
124
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night are 170 degrees below zero,
125
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by noon,
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400 are positive.
127
00:10:55,398 --> 00:10:57,208
Burned, ice cream,
128
00:10:57,367 --> 00:10:59,262
and covered with scars,
129
00:10:59,559 --> 00:11:03,403
it seems that Mercury
had a violent past.
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00:11:04,865 --> 00:11:07,140
A sonda espacial Messenger
131
00:11:07,533 --> 00:11:09,583
It is telling us something strange.
132
00:11:09,712 --> 00:11:14,112
For its size, this small planet
has a powerful gravitational pull.
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It must be heavier than it looks.
134
00:11:17,246 --> 00:11:19,458
It's like a huge ball of iron
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covered by a thin layer of rock,
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the core of what once
was a much larger planet.
137
00:11:29,224 --> 00:11:31,366
So where's the rest of it?
138
00:11:31,749 --> 00:11:34,505
Perhaps a wandering planet
has shocked Mercury,
139
00:11:34,603 --> 00:11:36,640
launching into space of
its outer layers,
140
00:11:36,708 --> 00:11:37,880
leaving the planet
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almost entirely made of metal.
142
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The sun,
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in all its splendor mesmerizing.
144
00:12:06,210 --> 00:12:10,112
Everything we do,
is controlled by the sun.
145
00:12:10,844 --> 00:12:13,774
All our lives
depend on it.
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00:12:16,500 --> 00:12:18,271
Throughout history,
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across cultures,
148
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is the axis around
which life revolves on Earth,
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maturing our crops,
150
00:12:25,687 --> 00:12:27,652
structuring our day,
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00:12:27,782 --> 00:12:30,275
inspiring our beliefs.
152
00:12:38,429 --> 00:12:41,431
150 million kilometers from home,
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a trip 20 years by plane,
154
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turning it off,
155
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so far away,
156
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not we would know for eight minutes.
157
00:12:55,224 --> 00:12:59,810
It's so big, it could contain
a million Earths inside.
158
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so heavy,
159
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that its gravity controls the
entire solar system.
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00:13:15,578 --> 00:13:17,458
We see it every day,
161
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a familiar face in our sky.
162
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Closely,
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It is unrecognizable.
164
00:13:31,265 --> 00:13:35,359
A turbulent sea
of incandescent gas.
165
00:13:36,094 --> 00:13:40,103
The thermometer rises above 5000 degrees.
166
00:13:42,923 --> 00:13:44,349
Below the core,
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should be tens of millions of degrees.
168
00:13:57,637 --> 00:14:00,502
Hot enough to
trigger nuclear reactions,
169
00:14:00,583 --> 00:14:03,242
transforming million
tons of matter into energy,
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00:14:03,321 --> 00:14:04,514
every second,
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more than all the energy
ever produced by mankind.
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My home
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we see this energy as light,
174
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and feel it as heat.
175
00:14:19,740 --> 00:14:23,633
But up close,
there is nothing reassuring about the sun.
176
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It is so full of activity
Electrical and magnetic,
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exploding these huge and
incandescent gas ties,
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called prominences,
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each of which releasing more
energy than 10 million volcanoes.
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00:14:40,931 --> 00:14:43,011
We could spend the
earth by one of these ties
181
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and still we would be tens of
kilometers to spare thousands.
182
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And when burst,
183
00:14:53,973 --> 00:14:56,705
exposing the colder lower layers,
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causing sunspots.
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00:14:59,448 --> 00:15:02,098
They are more fraction
cooler than the surroundings,
186
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this is why look black,
but still warmer
187
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than anything on earth.
188
00:15:06,097 --> 00:15:07,758
They are also massive,
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some of them at least 50,000
kilometers in diameter,
190
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enough to swallow the Earth.
191
00:15:18,868 --> 00:15:20,501
A solar flare,
192
00:15:23,141 --> 00:15:25,837
a super hot gas flow electrified,
193
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spreading deadly radiation through space.
194
00:15:32,131 --> 00:15:33,364
But one day
195
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Sun fuel
196
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it will end.
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Die.
198
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When I die,
will reap life on Earth.
199
00:15:49,853 --> 00:15:51,858
The sun creates life
200
00:15:52,117 --> 00:15:53,792
and destroy it.
201
00:15:54,133 --> 00:15:56,820
It requires us to maintain distance.
202
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It comet
203
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He approached a lot.
204
00:16:09,460 --> 00:16:12,185
It is to be evaporated by heat from the sun,
205
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creating a tail extending
millions of kilometers.
206
00:16:27,141 --> 00:16:28,988
It's freezing here.
207
00:16:29,393 --> 00:16:31,895
There is no doubt where this comet came,
208
00:16:31,965 --> 00:16:35,213
ice wastes of deep space.
209
00:16:39,085 --> 00:16:42,253
Steam, geysers and dust,
210
00:16:42,719 --> 00:16:46,735
is the sun again,
melting the cold heart of the comet.
211
00:16:48,141 --> 00:16:51,118
It's kind of a big
dirty snowball,
212
00:16:51,305 --> 00:16:53,472
tar covered.
213
00:16:55,625 --> 00:16:58,522
Small grains of what
seems organic material,
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preserved in the ice since,
215
00:17:00,687 --> 00:17:02,387
God knows since when,
216
00:17:02,484 --> 00:17:05,415
perhaps from the early solar system.
217
00:17:07,983 --> 00:17:12,360
If a comet like this if you have crashed
on the young Earth billions of years ago,
218
00:17:12,504 --> 00:17:15,557
it can be brought
organic material and water,
219
00:17:15,709 --> 00:17:18,218
the basic ingredients of life.
220
00:17:18,592 --> 00:17:21,237
And it may have sown the
seeds of life on Earth
221
00:17:21,341 --> 00:17:24,479
which evolved to you and to me.
222
00:17:35,068 --> 00:17:37,676
But collide with the Earth now,
223
00:17:37,964 --> 00:17:40,916
only has to think of dinosaurs,
extinct by a
224
00:17:40,941 --> 00:17:44,510
comet or asteroid that
crashed 65 million years,
225
00:17:44,776 --> 00:17:47,898
to realize,
it would not be good news.
226
00:17:48,604 --> 00:17:50,636
It's only a matter of time.
227
00:17:50,828 --> 00:17:52,177
Eventually, one day,
228
00:17:52,273 --> 00:17:54,879
unless we find a
way to protect,
229
00:17:54,967 --> 00:17:58,461
we will face the same
fate as the dinosaurs.
230
00:18:00,552 --> 00:18:02,378
The Earth is safe ...
231
00:18:02,732 --> 00:18:04,058
...for now.
232
00:18:04,522 --> 00:18:06,977
But if life on Earth is threatened,
233
00:18:07,115 --> 00:18:10,689
we need to get away
and find a new home.
234
00:18:13,106 --> 00:18:15,983
Among the millions, billions of planets,
235
00:18:16,200 --> 00:18:18,358
there must be one that does not
is too hot,
236
00:18:18,481 --> 00:18:19,571
not too cold,
237
00:18:19,596 --> 00:18:21,849
air, sunlight,
238
00:18:22,122 --> 00:18:23,248
Water.
239
00:18:29,043 --> 00:18:30,912
The Red Planet,
240
00:18:31,260 --> 00:18:34,396
inconfundivelmente, Mars.
241
00:18:37,525 --> 00:18:40,531
For centuries, we look at
Mars looking for company,
242
00:18:40,681 --> 00:18:42,501
for signs of life.
243
00:18:49,454 --> 00:18:51,576
It sounds like science fiction,
244
00:18:51,860 --> 00:18:54,539
but today the astronomers
think that Mars can be
245
00:18:54,564 --> 00:18:57,836
the best chance of finding
extraterrestrial life.
246
00:18:59,111 --> 00:19:00,974
Observe the planet,
247
00:19:01,170 --> 00:19:02,644
digitalizam-not,
248
00:19:02,763 --> 00:19:04,188
study it.
249
00:19:15,590 --> 00:19:17,353
More than any other planet,
250
00:19:17,458 --> 00:19:20,507
Mars holds our imagination.
251
00:19:21,605 --> 00:19:23,535
Think of science fiction movies,
252
00:19:23,715 --> 00:19:25,153
comics,
253
00:19:25,222 --> 00:19:27,607
and will think of Martians.
254
00:19:29,426 --> 00:19:31,630
It's all just fiction, right?
255
00:19:32,723 --> 00:19:36,074
But what if there really is
something here?
256
00:19:37,379 --> 00:19:38,731
If it exists,
257
00:19:38,880 --> 00:19:41,720
You are living on a dead planet.
258
00:19:42,465 --> 00:19:44,607
The processes that make
Earth habitable,
259
00:19:44,632 --> 00:19:47,717
They stopped hundreds of
millions of years here.
260
00:19:48,335 --> 00:19:49,354
Red...
261
00:19:49,360 --> 00:19:50,418
... and dead,
262
00:19:50,789 --> 00:19:54,084
... Mars is a giant fossil.
263
00:19:56,779 --> 00:19:58,452
But there is wind here,
264
00:19:58,768 --> 00:20:00,854
a whirlpool, a big one,
265
00:20:01,050 --> 00:20:04,430
larger than the largest tornados on Earth.
266
00:20:05,892 --> 00:20:07,246
And where there is wind,
267
00:20:08,010 --> 00:20:09,263
no air,
268
00:20:13,221 --> 00:20:17,451
air that can sustain extraterrestrial life.
269
00:20:20,484 --> 00:20:22,577
But it is too thin
to be breathable,
270
00:20:22,633 --> 00:20:26,079
filled with carbon dioxide suffocating.
271
00:20:28,270 --> 00:20:32,870
There is nothing to protect Mars
from the sun's ultraviolet rays,
272
00:20:33,161 --> 00:20:34,509
and it is cold,
273
00:20:34,692 --> 00:20:36,761
as low as 80 degrees below zero,
274
00:20:36,786 --> 00:20:38,254
freezing the water in the soil,
275
00:20:38,504 --> 00:20:40,933
the poles and up in the atmosphere.
276
00:20:41,106 --> 00:20:42,242
Neve.
277
00:20:48,082 --> 00:20:50,894
It is hard to believe that
something can live here.
278
00:20:54,323 --> 00:20:55,597
Back on Earth,
279
00:20:55,725 --> 00:20:58,396
there are creatures that
survive the extreme cold,
280
00:20:58,599 --> 00:20:59,599
hot,
281
00:20:59,624 --> 00:21:03,268
even in the deep
, dark sea crevices.
282
00:21:03,682 --> 00:21:06,654
Even in the most extreme conditions,
life ...
283
00:21:06,846 --> 00:21:09,646
... usually finds a way.
284
00:21:14,055 --> 00:21:15,845
But here, on Mars,
285
00:21:16,040 --> 00:21:21,426
no geological activity to replenish
minerals and nutrients in the soil,
286
00:21:21,995 --> 00:21:24,906
no heat to melt
its frozen water,
287
00:21:25,510 --> 00:21:27,119
and all this dust,
288
00:21:27,643 --> 00:21:30,229
It is hard to see how.
289
00:21:43,728 --> 00:21:45,306
But the surface of Mars
290
00:21:45,396 --> 00:21:47,882
It is marked with remarkable features.
291
00:21:48,065 --> 00:21:49,360
So big,
292
00:21:49,490 --> 00:21:51,775
it is impossible not to notice,
293
00:21:52,204 --> 00:21:54,070
Mount Olympus,
294
00:21:54,392 --> 00:21:56,890
an ancient volcano vast,
295
00:21:57,217 --> 00:22:00,446
three times higher than Everest.
296
00:22:03,183 --> 00:22:05,425
There are signs of activity.
297
00:22:05,683 --> 00:22:08,195
Since its discovery in the 70s,
298
00:22:08,282 --> 00:22:10,689
It was declared extinct.
299
00:22:12,126 --> 00:22:14,746
Any lava flow
must have termindo long,
300
00:22:14,822 --> 00:22:17,802
destroyed by meteorite impacts.
301
00:22:18,358 --> 00:22:19,473
Unless,
302
00:22:19,684 --> 00:22:22,826
this monster
is not dead after all.
303
00:22:23,664 --> 00:22:28,523
If not, there may be magma flowing
beneath the crust right now.
304
00:22:29,931 --> 00:22:33,333
Volcanic activity can
melt ice in the soil,
305
00:22:33,471 --> 00:22:36,117
where life could survive.
306
00:22:49,618 --> 00:22:54,022
This makes the Grand Canyon look like
one rachadela on the pavement.
307
00:22:54,156 --> 00:22:56,218
There is no end.
308
00:22:56,758 --> 00:23:01,167
It is so long,
that would extend throughout America.
309
00:23:04,380 --> 00:23:06,101
And there are signs of erosion,
310
00:23:06,214 --> 00:23:08,093
dry riverbeds,
311
00:23:08,249 --> 00:23:11,347
as volcanic activity
has melted water in the soil,
312
00:23:11,448 --> 00:23:14,135
sending water through this gap.
313
00:23:14,713 --> 00:23:17,852
And if there is water running
on Mars right now,
314
00:23:17,974 --> 00:23:21,398
so no chance of
finding life here.
315
00:23:29,111 --> 00:23:31,497
So the hunt is launched.
316
00:23:32,656 --> 00:23:35,688
Wandering through this desolate landscape,
317
00:23:36,035 --> 00:23:39,177
or robot da NASA Opportunity.
318
00:23:39,521 --> 00:23:41,802
Looking for evidence
that these barren plains
319
00:23:41,827 --> 00:23:44,786
are ancient lakes or oceans,
320
00:23:45,266 --> 00:23:47,611
that could have supported life.
321
00:24:10,241 --> 00:24:11,926
And look at this.
322
00:24:12,503 --> 00:24:15,769
When the orbiting Mars probes
pass over these ravines,
323
00:24:15,859 --> 00:24:17,889
continue to find new ones.
324
00:24:20,653 --> 00:24:24,614
More evidence
that Mars may be very much alive,
325
00:24:25,463 --> 00:24:28,149
that there may be liquid water
beneath its surface,
326
00:24:28,174 --> 00:24:30,005
yielding these gullies
327
00:24:30,257 --> 00:24:31,306
Water
328
00:24:31,331 --> 00:24:34,122
that can sustain life on Mars.
329
00:24:37,750 --> 00:24:39,625
Now all we have to do,
330
00:24:39,670 --> 00:24:41,110
It is to find it.
331
00:24:43,414 --> 00:24:45,752
But perhaps already we have found,
332
00:24:45,864 --> 00:24:48,090
because, incredibly,
Mars may have been the place
333
00:24:48,115 --> 00:24:50,715
where the life of the
Earth has had origin.
334
00:24:51,770 --> 00:24:53,364
It seems crazy,
335
00:24:53,634 --> 00:24:56,322
but there is a theory
that life began here,
336
00:24:56,434 --> 00:24:58,690
before moving to Earth.
337
00:24:59,659 --> 00:25:03,382
The idea is that an asteroid crashed,
releasing fragments of Mars
338
00:25:03,407 --> 00:25:06,396
with tiny microbes
to space,
339
00:25:06,492 --> 00:25:08,010
and the young Earth,
340
00:25:08,310 --> 00:25:11,372
which sowed the seeds of life itself.
341
00:25:12,567 --> 00:25:15,269
No wonder we consider
Mars fascinating,
342
00:25:15,399 --> 00:25:17,945
It could be our ancestral home.
343
00:25:18,234 --> 00:25:19,449
If it's true,
344
00:25:19,584 --> 00:25:22,597
this means that we are all Martians.
345
00:25:27,369 --> 00:25:28,559
thought
346
00:25:28,607 --> 00:25:30,485
it was a dead planet,
347
00:25:30,639 --> 00:25:34,530
but may be more alive than
ever imagined.
348
00:25:36,461 --> 00:25:37,466
Mars,
349
00:25:37,865 --> 00:25:41,284
possibly the planet in
the solar system most studied,
350
00:25:41,469 --> 00:25:43,569
continues to baffle us.
351
00:25:43,972 --> 00:25:46,538
So what other surprises will be out there,
352
00:25:46,835 --> 00:25:49,298
waiting to be discovered?
353
00:26:06,694 --> 00:26:07,744
This
354
00:26:07,847 --> 00:26:12,509
It is like being inside a game
giant computer.
355
00:26:24,180 --> 00:26:25,505
asteroids,
356
00:26:25,624 --> 00:26:29,079
some with hundreds of
kilometers in diameter.
357
00:26:33,837 --> 00:26:37,721
This should be about 30
kilometers long.
358
00:26:38,842 --> 00:26:39,874
And look,
359
00:26:43,460 --> 00:26:45,983
It must not have been easy to
land a probe on a
360
00:26:46,008 --> 00:26:49,890
asteroid traveling at
8000 kilometers per hour.
361
00:26:54,179 --> 00:26:57,311
It's too much effort to
study rock debris,
362
00:26:57,801 --> 00:26:59,124
rocks collide,
363
00:26:59,229 --> 00:27:03,803
depart,
and fall to Earth as meteorites.
364
00:27:11,770 --> 00:27:15,321
Were rocks like those that
joined to form the planets,
365
00:27:15,412 --> 00:27:17,498
including ours.
366
00:27:21,289 --> 00:27:24,295
Thus, dating the meteorites
we find on Earth,
367
00:27:24,411 --> 00:27:28,911
we know that the planets
were born 4.5 billion years ago.
368
00:27:29,084 --> 00:27:32,789
These are the certificates of
birth of the solar system.
369
00:27:33,874 --> 00:27:35,276
But for some reason,
370
00:27:35,410 --> 00:27:38,610
these rocks have not joined a planet.
371
00:27:41,857 --> 00:27:44,301
Something must have stopped him,
372
00:27:44,648 --> 00:27:46,710
something powerful.
373
00:27:53,689 --> 00:27:54,951
Jupiter,
374
00:27:55,731 --> 00:27:57,225
that monster,
375
00:27:58,119 --> 00:28:01,395
at least 1 000 times
greater than the earth.
376
00:28:01,687 --> 00:28:06,974
So great that if they could get
all the other planets within it.
377
00:28:07,417 --> 00:28:12,548
Something so big should have a
large effect on its neighbors.
378
00:28:13,073 --> 00:28:18,567
Its gravity is preventing the
asteroids to form a planet.
379
00:28:20,522 --> 00:28:22,094
But this huge planet
380
00:28:22,213 --> 00:28:24,239
is almost all gas.
381
00:28:27,251 --> 00:28:28,259
Landing here,
382
00:28:28,284 --> 00:28:30,305
and we would sink
through its layers,
383
00:28:30,330 --> 00:28:33,977
probably never
finding solid surface.
384
00:28:38,945 --> 00:28:40,798
And the beautiful aspect of Jupiter,
385
00:28:40,963 --> 00:28:44,724
It is the product of extreme violence.
386
00:28:49,640 --> 00:28:52,408
It is spinning at an incredible speed,
387
00:28:52,992 --> 00:28:56,820
causing winds of hundreds
of kilometers per hour,
388
00:28:57,204 --> 00:29:02,637
contorting the clouds into
stripes, swirls, whirls.
389
00:29:05,065 --> 00:29:06,071
This is it,
390
00:29:06,454 --> 00:29:07,511
the legendary
391
00:29:07,536 --> 00:29:09,653
Great Red Spot,
392
00:29:11,511 --> 00:29:14,812
the largest and most violent
storm in the solar system,
393
00:29:14,985 --> 00:29:17,398
at least three times the size of Earth,
394
00:29:17,464 --> 00:29:20,644
It is roaring for more than 300 years.
395
00:29:24,339 --> 00:29:30,048
All these choppy clouds should
trigger an electrical storm.
396
00:29:31,865 --> 00:29:38,219
Lightning is only 10 000 times
more intense than any at home.
397
00:29:45,588 --> 00:29:47,327
It seems that the best place,
398
00:29:47,450 --> 00:29:50,040
the safest place to see Jupiter,
399
00:29:50,416 --> 00:29:51,933
It is away.
400
00:29:57,305 --> 00:29:59,177
Look at those lights,
401
00:29:59,447 --> 00:30:01,624
Auroras appear at home,
402
00:30:01,818 --> 00:30:04,110
dancing around the poles.
403
00:30:07,061 --> 00:30:09,068
But even these are deadly.
404
00:30:09,272 --> 00:30:12,045
Are generated by radiation
attracted lethal space
405
00:30:12,070 --> 00:30:15,740
by powerful field
magnetic Jupiter.
406
00:30:17,966 --> 00:30:19,949
Seductive distance,
407
00:30:20,200 --> 00:30:22,444
terrifying closely,
408
00:30:22,876 --> 00:30:23,923
on here...
409
00:30:24,081 --> 00:30:26,381
...nothing is what it seems like.
410
00:30:26,619 --> 00:30:30,566
The universe is full of contradictions.
411
00:30:31,720 --> 00:30:33,897
We must proceed with caution,
412
00:30:34,043 --> 00:30:39,269
among the 62 or more Jupiter moons.
413
00:30:40,394 --> 00:30:42,073
Contact Esta multicolored
414
00:30:42,180 --> 00:30:43,916
chama-if I do.
415
00:30:48,457 --> 00:30:49,659
But as Jupiter,
416
00:30:49,753 --> 00:30:50,891
your beauty,
417
00:30:50,983 --> 00:30:52,995
It is only superficial.
418
00:30:53,995 --> 00:30:55,535
These beautiful colors,
419
00:30:55,653 --> 00:30:57,013
They are molten rock,
420
00:30:57,181 --> 00:30:58,241
sulfur,
421
00:30:58,382 --> 00:31:04,923
volcanoes, spewing hot ash sulfur
hundreds of kilometers into the air.
422
00:31:05,143 --> 00:31:09,852
The strong gravitational force
Jupiter is to twist and stretch Io
423
00:31:10,029 --> 00:31:13,760
creating enough friction to
melt the interior of this moon.
424
00:31:14,676 --> 00:31:17,127
On our trip to the Universe limit,
425
00:31:17,279 --> 00:31:18,773
we do not find life,
426
00:31:19,061 --> 00:31:21,539
no place that
we can call home ...
427
00:31:21,617 --> 00:31:22,688
...so far.
428
00:31:23,743 --> 00:31:26,482
But there is always another planet, moon,
429
00:31:26,926 --> 00:31:28,800
another world of possibilities,
430
00:31:28,870 --> 00:31:30,923
just above the horizon.
431
00:31:35,773 --> 00:31:37,046
How is it going,
432
00:31:37,365 --> 00:31:38,607
Europe is,
433
00:31:38,792 --> 00:31:41,112
another of Jupiter's moons.
434
00:31:42,754 --> 00:31:46,681
650 million kilometers from home,
435
00:31:51,442 --> 00:31:53,764
that place with strange aspect.
436
00:31:54,857 --> 00:31:58,555
And yet it seems strangely familiar,
437
00:31:59,442 --> 00:32:01,048
a bit like the Arctic,
438
00:32:01,102 --> 00:32:02,227
with all that ice,
439
00:32:02,375 --> 00:32:04,663
all those ridges and faults.
440
00:32:05,227 --> 00:32:07,818
And maybe, like the Arctic,
441
00:32:08,380 --> 00:32:10,944
this ice is floating in water,
442
00:32:11,977 --> 00:32:13,557
liquid water.
443
00:32:16,827 --> 00:32:19,166
It's a fascinating possibility,
444
00:32:19,538 --> 00:32:23,253
but the 800 million kilometers from the Sun,
445
00:32:24,559 --> 00:32:27,717
Europe should be solid ice.
446
00:32:31,178 --> 00:32:35,268
Unless Jupiter gravity is
creating friction deep inside,
447
00:32:35,461 --> 00:32:37,796
preventing Europe from freezing,
448
00:32:39,278 --> 00:32:44,058
allowing life to develop in the
downstream of the frozen crust.
449
00:32:45,622 --> 00:32:49,075
We may be a few meters from aliens,
450
00:32:49,779 --> 00:32:52,301
a full microsystem of microbes,
451
00:32:52,437 --> 00:32:55,183
crustaceans, even squid.
452
00:32:55,806 --> 00:32:59,707
The only thing between us and the
possibility of extraterrestrial life,
453
00:33:00,130 --> 00:33:02,403
This ice layer.
454
00:33:03,445 --> 00:33:06,744
But until we send a ship
space drill the ice,
455
00:33:06,874 --> 00:33:12,865
Europe will remain one of the
greatest mysteries of the solar system.
456
00:33:28,613 --> 00:33:31,420
It has captivated our imagination,
457
00:33:31,836 --> 00:33:34,405
haunted our dreams,
458
00:33:35,438 --> 00:33:37,056
and here it is,
459
00:33:37,540 --> 00:33:40,403
turning before our eyes,
460
00:33:41,308 --> 00:33:42,505
Saturn,
461
00:33:43,120 --> 00:33:46,860
the jewel in the crown of the solar system.
462
00:33:48,352 --> 00:33:51,213
There is something magical about Saturn,
463
00:33:53,016 --> 00:33:54,753
a giant ball of gas,
464
00:33:54,879 --> 00:33:55,934
so light
465
00:33:56,262 --> 00:33:58,315
that float in water.
466
00:33:59,744 --> 00:34:05,022
Your spectacular, rings
extended arrive almost from Earth to the moon.
467
00:34:05,628 --> 00:34:08,573
But they have only a few hundred
centimeters thick.
468
00:34:10,473 --> 00:34:12,428
A Cassini
469
00:34:12,693 --> 00:34:15,077
It is to catch emissions
spectral radio,
470
00:34:15,187 --> 00:34:19,427
probably generated by auroras
around Saturn's poles.
471
00:34:19,853 --> 00:34:22,376
This is the real music of the spheres.
472
00:34:26,637 --> 00:34:27,961
And you're telling us that
473
00:34:27,986 --> 00:34:30,593
these rings are almost
certainly the remains of a
474
00:34:30,618 --> 00:34:33,833
moon shattered by the force
of Saturn gravity.
475
00:34:35,903 --> 00:34:37,967
incomparable beauty
476
00:34:38,320 --> 00:34:40,951
from complete destruction.
477
00:34:49,603 --> 00:34:51,988
Billions of ice pieces,
478
00:34:52,085 --> 00:34:54,452
some smaller than ice cubes,
479
00:34:54,558 --> 00:34:57,215
other houses in size.
480
00:34:57,784 --> 00:35:02,361
They collide, break off, join again,
481
00:35:04,119 --> 00:35:08,047
It is like a photograph of
our young solar system,
482
00:35:08,489 --> 00:35:12,207
with dust and gas orbiting
the newborn sun,
483
00:35:12,660 --> 00:35:17,151
and gravity to do its magic,
picking up the pieces,
484
00:35:19,084 --> 00:35:21,766
until waste like these,
485
00:35:22,399 --> 00:35:24,924
our planet arose.
486
00:35:38,563 --> 00:35:40,996
All objects orbiting Saturn,
487
00:35:41,091 --> 00:35:43,123
They are technically moons,
488
00:35:43,318 --> 00:35:46,364
from the smallest
chunk of ice to it,
489
00:35:46,930 --> 00:35:49,283
greater than our moon,
490
00:35:49,898 --> 00:35:51,212
Titan.
491
00:35:53,297 --> 00:35:56,732
Is shrouded by clouds
thick orange,
492
00:36:10,216 --> 00:36:11,434
But underneath them,
493
00:36:11,518 --> 00:36:14,495
there seems to be an atmosphere here.
494
00:36:14,733 --> 00:36:16,946
There is wind, rain,
495
00:36:17,162 --> 00:36:19,080
even stations.
496
00:36:22,260 --> 00:36:23,386
And rivers,
497
00:36:23,497 --> 00:36:24,528
lagos,
498
00:36:24,613 --> 00:36:25,793
and oceans.
499
00:36:30,035 --> 00:36:34,015
It is the place more like
the Earth that we have seen so far,
500
00:36:35,720 --> 00:36:36,727
except
501
00:36:36,752 --> 00:36:38,203
is not water,
502
00:36:39,651 --> 00:36:41,892
is liquid natural gas.
503
00:36:44,140 --> 00:36:46,610
There must be hundreds of times
more natural gas here
504
00:36:46,635 --> 00:36:50,028
than in all the reserves
of oil and gas on Earth.
505
00:36:50,343 --> 00:36:52,007
If we took home,
506
00:36:52,140 --> 00:36:54,975
he could feed our
cities, fuel our cars
507
00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:57,611
for thousands of years,
508
00:36:58,025 --> 00:37:00,240
or perhaps one day,
509
00:37:00,412 --> 00:37:01,965
we can use it here ...
510
00:37:02,131 --> 00:37:04,063
... to supply a colony,
511
00:37:04,318 --> 00:37:07,629
assuming that not
there is life on Titan.
512
00:37:08,668 --> 00:37:10,583
A space probe Huygens,
513
00:37:10,763 --> 00:37:13,093
dropped on the surface
of Titan by Cassini,
514
00:37:13,209 --> 00:37:14,869
You are here to find out.
515
00:37:16,251 --> 00:37:20,136
You are telling us that there are
organic materials in the soil,
516
00:37:20,515 --> 00:37:21,681
but it's so cold,
517
00:37:21,864 --> 00:37:24,143
180 degrees Celsius,
518
00:37:24,345 --> 00:37:27,683
there is no way to
join to give life.
519
00:37:28,018 --> 00:37:29,078
Unless,
520
00:37:29,230 --> 00:37:31,300
Titan heat.
521
00:37:33,115 --> 00:37:35,697
It is anticipated that the sun becomes hotter.
522
00:37:35,943 --> 00:37:37,033
When this happens,
523
00:37:37,129 --> 00:37:39,155
perhaps life to flourish here,
524
00:37:39,273 --> 00:37:43,040
as it happened on Earth
billions of years ago.
525
00:37:44,084 --> 00:37:46,622
And as the Earth will become
too hot for us,
526
00:37:46,738 --> 00:37:49,446
perhaps us to move to Titan.
527
00:37:51,539 --> 00:37:55,410
One day, maybe we can call
this distant moon, house.
528
00:38:03,222 --> 00:38:04,227
House,
529
00:38:05,289 --> 00:38:08,682
we are at least a billion
kilometers away now.
530
00:38:09,590 --> 00:38:10,772
Beyond this point,
531
00:38:10,869 --> 00:38:14,042
We lost visual contact with the earth.
532
00:38:14,975 --> 00:38:19,895
And whatever there is here,
is Earth invisible to the naked eye.
533
00:38:20,260 --> 00:38:24,292
We are in the mysterious
outer reaches of the solar system,
534
00:38:24,585 --> 00:38:29,926
territory that, for most
of history, no one knew existed.
535
00:38:34,827 --> 00:38:39,116
It's like diving into the deep ocean.
536
00:38:57,323 --> 00:38:58,727
Uranus,
537
00:38:59,020 --> 00:39:03,193
with these odd rings
only discovered in 1977,
538
00:39:03,596 --> 00:39:07,824
that make this giant planet
appears to have been moved from its axis,
539
00:39:07,996 --> 00:39:10,309
pushed by an ancient collision,
540
00:39:10,527 --> 00:39:12,992
perhaps for a lost planet.
541
00:39:13,511 --> 00:39:15,780
It seems to be far from home,
542
00:39:18,441 --> 00:39:19,982
but the truth is that,
543
00:39:20,085 --> 00:39:22,592
still poorly we left the coast.
544
00:39:24,593 --> 00:39:27,311
We are 2 billion
kilometers from Earth,
545
00:39:27,379 --> 00:39:29,640
but to reach the
solar system boundary,
546
00:39:29,743 --> 00:39:33,820
we will have to travel 10 000 times further.
547
00:39:50,668 --> 00:39:53,022
Coming out of the deep darkness,
548
00:39:53,218 --> 00:39:54,955
another strange beast,
549
00:39:55,208 --> 00:39:57,253
the god of the sea,
550
00:39:57,415 --> 00:39:58,609
Neptuno.
551
00:40:03,793 --> 00:40:05,023
It seems serene,
552
00:40:05,294 --> 00:40:08,632
but this point is an
Earth - sized storm,
553
00:40:08,844 --> 00:40:13,428
shaken by wild winds
of 1500 kilometers per hour.
554
00:40:19,426 --> 00:40:22,214
On Earth, it is the Sun that drives the wind,
555
00:40:22,581 --> 00:40:24,846
but Neptune is too far.
556
00:40:25,031 --> 00:40:28,433
Something else must be
to generate these ferocious winds,
557
00:40:28,569 --> 00:40:30,628
but no one knows what.
558
00:40:42,406 --> 00:40:46,436
Advancing the limits
outside the solar system,
559
00:40:48,475 --> 00:40:50,725
orbiting the gas giant,
560
00:40:51,015 --> 00:40:52,585
a solid moon,
561
00:40:52,801 --> 00:40:54,032
Merman.
562
00:40:55,644 --> 00:40:56,862
It is solid,
563
00:40:57,036 --> 00:40:59,074
but far from stable.
564
00:41:04,627 --> 00:41:06,105
Is covered with geysers,
565
00:41:06,141 --> 00:41:09,446
cosmic smokestacks,
spewing out strange soot,
566
00:41:09,574 --> 00:41:14,623
Neptune and is orbiting in the direction
opposite the rotation of the planet.
567
00:41:16,089 --> 00:41:17,909
A cosmic battle of wills,
568
00:41:17,996 --> 00:41:19,239
but this angry moon,
569
00:41:19,323 --> 00:41:21,089
will inevitably lose.
570
00:41:24,816 --> 00:41:26,576
It has been locked,
571
00:41:26,752 --> 00:41:30,019
Gravity mass wound by Neptune.
572
00:41:33,069 --> 00:41:34,541
One day, Triton,
573
00:41:34,674 --> 00:41:36,345
It will be torn apart.
574
00:41:43,617 --> 00:41:47,310
We saw all the planets
in our solar system.
575
00:41:47,766 --> 00:41:49,431
But beyond the planets,
576
00:41:49,551 --> 00:41:50,911
It is not empty.
577
00:41:51,124 --> 00:41:53,410
It's full of frozen rocks,
578
00:41:53,580 --> 00:41:55,339
Ice balls,
579
00:42:02,454 --> 00:42:04,450
as Pluto.
580
00:42:05,250 --> 00:42:08,761
Until recently,
it seemed that Pluto was alone,
581
00:42:08,901 --> 00:42:11,433
that there was nothing here.
582
00:42:12,854 --> 00:42:14,345
We were wrong.
583
00:42:14,559 --> 00:42:17,120
More frozen worlds.
584
00:42:17,662 --> 00:42:19,426
The discovery is so recent,
585
00:42:19,487 --> 00:42:21,947
no one agrees on what to call them,
586
00:42:22,072 --> 00:42:26,931
plutoids, ice dwarfs, cubewanos .
587
00:42:28,210 --> 00:42:32,362
It seems that our solar system is not
organized model we thought it was.
588
00:42:32,524 --> 00:42:36,553
It's full of trash with the
rest of your creation.
589
00:42:36,981 --> 00:42:40,706
Beyond 13 billion
kilometers from home,
590
00:42:41,169 --> 00:42:42,518
the furthest thing
591
00:42:42,738 --> 00:42:45,444
ever seen orbiting the sun.
592
00:42:46,176 --> 00:42:48,841
Another small frozen world,
593
00:42:49,099 --> 00:42:50,308
called Sedna ,
594
00:42:50,575 --> 00:42:52,784
discovered in 2003.
595
00:42:53,543 --> 00:42:55,785
Its orbit takes 10,000 years
596
00:42:55,810 --> 00:43:00,152
and dista 130 billion
kilometers from the sun.
597
00:43:03,184 --> 00:43:05,455
There is something else here.
598
00:43:06,152 --> 00:43:09,133
The 16 billion kilometers from home,
599
00:43:09,285 --> 00:43:10,555
a space probe
600
00:43:10,784 --> 00:43:12,350
Voyager One.
601
00:43:16,066 --> 00:43:19,778
If it were not for her, we would not have
images of the giant planets,
602
00:43:19,903 --> 00:43:23,299
no clue about
its strange moons.
603
00:43:28,227 --> 00:43:31,834
Is traveling 20 times
faster than a bullet,
604
00:43:31,938 --> 00:43:34,199
sending messages to home.
605
00:43:42,010 --> 00:43:43,631
That gold panel,
606
00:43:43,829 --> 00:43:47,126
It is a kind of message
intergalactic a bottle.
607
00:43:47,260 --> 00:43:51,160
It contains a recorded greeting
in 55 languages,
608
00:43:58,196 --> 00:44:03,177
and a map showing how to
find our solar system.
609
00:44:04,290 --> 00:44:07,638
But we will want to really
advertise our existence?
610
00:44:07,729 --> 00:44:10,814
Anyone, anything,
can hear our chamamamento,
611
00:44:10,940 --> 00:44:12,553
find out where we live,
612
00:44:12,651 --> 00:44:14,090
come and knock on the door ...
613
00:44:14,228 --> 00:44:17,007
... amicably or not.
614
00:44:21,875 --> 00:44:22,962
To follow,
615
00:44:23,079 --> 00:44:25,781
a cloud of cosmic icebergs,
616
00:44:25,982 --> 00:44:29,327
blocks of frozen water, dust and gas,
617
00:44:29,514 --> 00:44:31,813
as the comet seen before.
618
00:44:35,350 --> 00:44:38,477
Were comets that may have
planted the sementas of life on Earth
619
00:44:38,502 --> 00:44:40,428
billions of years ago.
620
00:44:42,007 --> 00:44:43,990
And if they came here,
621
00:44:44,210 --> 00:44:45,619
seeing all this ice,
622
00:44:45,772 --> 00:44:48,979
They may have also
brought water to Earth.
623
00:44:51,937 --> 00:44:56,089
The water in the oceans, in your coffee,
even in your body,
624
00:44:56,343 --> 00:45:00,511
all this distant
celestial ice machine.
625
00:45:06,007 --> 00:45:08,748
We are 8 trillion,
626
00:45:09,202 --> 00:45:12,120
ie eight trillion
house of kilometers,
627
00:45:13,632 --> 00:45:17,216
right on the edge of our solar system,
628
00:45:20,606 --> 00:45:26,959
where no man,
no probe had come before.
629
00:45:41,339 --> 00:45:44,727
Welcome to the interstellar space,
630
00:45:46,148 --> 00:45:49,113
far beyond our solar system.
631
00:45:52,076 --> 00:45:56,495
Billions of stars like our Sun,
many with planets,
632
00:45:56,768 --> 00:45:59,056
many of which have moons.
633
00:46:07,086 --> 00:46:09,212
endless possibilities
634
00:46:09,399 --> 00:46:11,551
in all directions.
635
00:46:13,460 --> 00:46:14,760
Whatever the choice,
636
00:46:14,868 --> 00:46:19,348
we need a power
very large acceleration.
637
00:46:43,399 --> 00:46:46,822
40 trillion kilometers from home,
638
00:46:47,392 --> 00:46:51,941
a trip 150 000
years a space shuttle,
639
00:46:52,408 --> 00:46:57,201
and still only reached the first
solar system after ours,
640
00:46:57,751 --> 00:46:59,542
Alpha Centauri.
641
00:47:00,204 --> 00:47:02,987
A star and two,
642
00:47:03,697 --> 00:47:07,985
rotating around each other,
trapped in a celestial standoff,
643
00:47:08,126 --> 00:47:10,951
the severity of each
star attracting other,
644
00:47:10,976 --> 00:47:15,021
its dizzying orbital speed,
keeping them separate.
645
00:47:24,057 --> 00:47:26,165
We are now so far from home,
646
00:47:26,267 --> 00:47:29,235
that kilometers lose their meaning.
647
00:47:29,455 --> 00:47:32,804
We will have to speak in light years.
648
00:47:37,837 --> 00:47:42,530
A ray of light takes 1 year to
go 10 trillion kilometers.
649
00:47:42,650 --> 00:47:47,690
Thus, 40 trillion kilometers,
is 4 light years from home.
650
00:47:51,884 --> 00:47:58,361
It's amazing, distances so vast that
are almost beyond comprehension.
651
00:48:01,618 --> 00:48:02,932
It's exciting,
652
00:48:03,288 --> 00:48:06,932
who knows what strange
worlds lie ahead.
653
00:48:17,787 --> 00:48:19,779
10 years light of Earth,
654
00:48:19,892 --> 00:48:22,983
the star Epsilon Eridani .
655
00:48:25,386 --> 00:48:28,061
spectacular rings of dust and ice,
656
00:48:28,185 --> 00:48:29,752
and sometime there
657
00:48:29,889 --> 00:48:32,187
-planets are formed
from fragments,
658
00:48:32,350 --> 00:48:35,231
being born before our eyes.
659
00:48:42,881 --> 00:48:46,509
Asteroids and comets everywhere.
660
00:48:50,709 --> 00:48:55,240
We could almost be looking for
our solar system, billions of years ago,
661
00:48:55,320 --> 00:48:59,601
comets with the molecules to be delivered
organic water to these young planets,
662
00:48:59,693 --> 00:49:04,244
triggering life as
may have done on Earth.
663
00:49:18,583 --> 00:49:20,730
At the center of all the action,
664
00:49:20,825 --> 00:49:23,405
a smaller star than our sun.
665
00:49:23,669 --> 00:49:26,018
It is still in its infancy,
666
00:49:27,544 --> 00:49:33,325
Any life in this solar system,
would be, at best, primitive.
667
00:49:40,496 --> 00:49:44,389
There should be here solar systems
more mature and more developed,
668
00:49:44,481 --> 00:49:45,654
Find more-the
669
00:49:45,833 --> 00:49:49,467
It is like looking for a needle
in a cosmic haystack.
670
00:49:58,755 --> 00:50:01,988
We are now 20 light years from Earth.
671
00:50:02,661 --> 00:50:05,840
The star Gliese 581 .
672
00:50:10,728 --> 00:50:13,977
Has more or less the same
age as our Sun,
673
00:50:18,909 --> 00:50:21,979
and orbit-a, this planet.
674
00:50:24,510 --> 00:50:27,117
Is the right distance from its sun,
675
00:50:27,222 --> 00:50:29,346
nearest and boil water,
676
00:50:29,433 --> 00:50:32,449
further and freeze.
677
00:50:33,401 --> 00:50:37,361
Ideal conditions for life to have evolved.
678
00:50:42,659 --> 00:50:47,374
And if comets have crashed,
delivering water and organic materials,
679
00:50:47,488 --> 00:50:48,511
then life,
680
00:50:48,792 --> 00:50:50,482
complex beings like us,
681
00:50:50,596 --> 00:50:56,437
even civilizations like ours
can exist there at this time.
682
00:50:57,558 --> 00:50:58,644
If any,
683
00:50:58,781 --> 00:51:00,247
even at this distance,
684
00:51:00,345 --> 00:51:03,068
They can pick up our TV signals,
685
00:51:03,243 --> 00:51:07,944
see programs broadcast from Earth 20 years ago.
686
00:51:15,837 --> 00:51:18,617
But to future generations
discover how to communicate
687
00:51:18,642 --> 00:51:20,954
through
such great distances,
688
00:51:21,431 --> 00:51:24,031
all we can do is speculate.
689
00:51:28,633 --> 00:51:29,723
In fact,
690
00:51:29,789 --> 00:51:32,274
life may have already prospered here
691
00:51:32,402 --> 00:51:34,879
only to be annihilated.
692
00:51:50,830 --> 00:51:53,321
It is the problem with comets,
693
00:51:53,596 --> 00:51:54,802
are creators
694
00:51:54,942 --> 00:51:56,404
and destroyers,
695
00:51:56,552 --> 00:52:00,218
like dinosaurs
discovered the hard way.
696
00:52:03,043 --> 00:52:05,584
This is the outer needle in a haystack,
697
00:52:05,723 --> 00:52:10,033
the closest we get a
solar system habitable like ours.
698
00:52:10,176 --> 00:52:12,132
But it was a casual finding.
699
00:52:13,207 --> 00:52:18,127
There may be hundreds, millions, more
solar systems like this here
700
00:52:18,230 --> 00:52:19,995
or absolutely none.
701
00:52:30,808 --> 00:52:32,676
This is great,
702
00:52:33,164 --> 00:52:34,166
and look
703
00:52:34,305 --> 00:52:38,008
some of its atmosphere is being
boiled for its next star.
704
00:52:38,609 --> 00:52:41,114
It is the planet Bellerophon ,
705
00:52:43,711 --> 00:52:49,488
the first planet discovered outside
our solar system in 1995.
706
00:52:52,882 --> 00:52:54,075
The problem is that,
707
00:52:54,128 --> 00:52:56,091
Earth, it is difficult to identify
708
00:52:56,206 --> 00:52:59,813
obscured by the glare
of its nearby star.
709
00:53:00,311 --> 00:53:04,271
But he has little effect
gravity on its star.
710
00:53:04,599 --> 00:53:07,769
Measuring these small movements,
the trillions of kilometers away,
711
00:53:07,899 --> 00:53:11,132
one can prove that this planet exists.
712
00:53:13,437 --> 00:53:15,956
That 's how we track Bellerophon ,
713
00:53:16,141 --> 00:53:21,804
and opened the door to the discovery of
hundreds of other distant planets.
714
00:53:24,464 --> 00:53:26,120
The farther we go,
715
00:53:26,250 --> 00:53:28,789
further back in time on our trip.
716
00:53:28,961 --> 00:53:31,586
We are 65 light-years from Earth,
717
00:53:31,679 --> 00:53:34,875
connecting a TV in this
shining star, catch would
718
00:53:34,900 --> 00:53:40,572
the TV signal of the Olympic Games
of 1936 Hitler in Berlin.
719
00:53:56,554 --> 00:53:58,290
twin stars,
720
00:53:58,498 --> 00:54:01,060
is Algol , the Demon Star,
721
00:54:01,240 --> 00:54:03,874
feared since ancient times.
722
00:54:04,404 --> 00:54:08,473
Earth looks like a
star that flashes on and off,
723
00:54:08,615 --> 00:54:09,668
but close to,
724
00:54:09,732 --> 00:54:13,199
we can see that, in fact,
are two stars
725
00:54:13,271 --> 00:54:17,210
and that is being sucked by the other.
726
00:54:20,279 --> 00:54:22,473
Almost 100 light-years from home,
727
00:54:22,599 --> 00:54:23,646
listen
728
00:54:24,013 --> 00:54:26,633
one of the first radio broadcasts,
729
00:54:26,771 --> 00:54:28,738
only faint whispers.
730
00:54:39,694 --> 00:54:41,464
And then silence.
731
00:54:42,501 --> 00:54:44,436
From now on,
732
00:54:44,789 --> 00:54:48,608
it's as if the earth had never existed.
733
00:54:49,882 --> 00:54:52,507
Any aliens
who live beyond here,
734
00:54:52,578 --> 00:54:55,660
They will not make any idea that we are there.
735
00:55:00,100 --> 00:55:02,467
And the farther
we travel, less familiar,
736
00:55:02,492 --> 00:55:05,391
more dangerous it
becomes the universe.
737
00:55:20,287 --> 00:55:23,448
Well within our galaxy, the Milky Way,
738
00:55:25,601 --> 00:55:28,535
an immense celestial bookstore.
739
00:55:29,920 --> 00:55:34,173
Each star is a book with
a story to tell.
740
00:55:35,481 --> 00:55:37,222
The Seven Sisters,
741
00:55:37,340 --> 00:55:41,507
transformed into stars
in ancient Greek mythology.
742
00:55:47,527 --> 00:55:49,395
And this giant,
743
00:55:49,602 --> 00:55:50,901
Betelgeuse,
744
00:55:53,267 --> 00:55:56,946
the brightest and biggest
star we've seen so far,
745
00:55:57,031 --> 00:56:01,599
at least 600 times
larger than our sun.
746
00:56:14,937 --> 00:56:16,140
But this ...
747
00:56:16,493 --> 00:56:18,586
... it is not a star,
748
00:56:21,798 --> 00:56:23,244
It is not a planet,
749
00:56:23,423 --> 00:56:26,689
nothing like anything we've seen.
750
00:56:34,227 --> 00:56:35,872
Um spectrum spooky,
751
00:56:35,993 --> 00:56:39,292
over 1 300 light-years from Earth,
752
00:56:39,649 --> 00:56:42,229
the Black Cloud Orion .
753
00:56:45,906 --> 00:56:47,297
Dust and gas,
754
00:56:47,422 --> 00:56:51,539
so dense that it is blocking
the universe forward.
755
00:56:56,757 --> 00:56:58,766
And right inside,
756
00:56:58,851 --> 00:57:00,419
a ball of light
757
00:57:00,500 --> 00:57:03,075
pulling the dust and gas for you,
758
00:57:03,250 --> 00:57:04,488
heating,
759
00:57:04,679 --> 00:57:07,984
merging a ball
burning hot gas,
760
00:57:08,156 --> 00:57:09,500
Like a star,
761
00:57:09,634 --> 00:57:11,094
like our Sun,
762
00:57:11,219 --> 00:57:12,966
miniature.
763
00:57:14,798 --> 00:57:18,481
Within the temperature
reaches millions of degrees.
764
00:57:18,688 --> 00:57:19,701
So hot,
765
00:57:19,759 --> 00:57:22,648
You begin to trigger nuclear reactions,
766
00:57:22,727 --> 00:57:25,633
the kind that keep
our sun shining,
767
00:57:25,860 --> 00:57:27,315
producing energy,
768
00:57:27,462 --> 00:57:29,040
radiation,
769
00:57:29,173 --> 00:57:30,370
light.
770
00:57:30,938 --> 00:57:32,166
A star...
771
00:57:32,204 --> 00:57:34,122
... is born.
772
00:57:38,774 --> 00:57:39,931
Or better,
773
00:57:40,118 --> 00:57:41,799
stars.
774
00:57:52,602 --> 00:57:57,694
The Black Cloud Orion is a
huge star factory.
775
00:58:01,860 --> 00:58:04,681
We came here expecting horrors.
776
00:58:04,790 --> 00:58:05,857
Instead,
777
00:58:05,994 --> 00:58:09,662
We discovered one of the greatest
wonders of the universe,
778
00:58:09,789 --> 00:58:11,797
the birth of stars.
779
00:58:15,781 --> 00:58:20,037
We are witnessing the
birth of the Universe future
780
00:58:39,788 --> 00:58:41,241
gas jets,
781
00:58:41,365 --> 00:58:45,919
Exploding
200 000. kilometers per hour,
782
00:58:48,944 --> 00:58:53,783
releasing dust and gas
million kilometers.
783
00:59:00,209 --> 00:59:02,664
It's incredibly violent,
784
00:59:03,982 --> 00:59:06,576
but look at the results.
785
00:59:08,686 --> 00:59:10,177
nebulas,
786
00:59:12,865 --> 00:59:15,821
huge bright clouds of gas,
787
00:59:15,990 --> 00:59:18,452
suspended in space.
788
00:59:20,560 --> 00:59:22,072
No wind here,
789
00:59:22,165 --> 00:59:25,903
They take thousands of years to disperse.
790
00:59:28,510 --> 00:59:32,190
This nebula is so vast that
it would take a quarter of a million years,
791
00:59:32,299 --> 00:59:35,437
only to go around in a spaceship.
792
00:59:38,095 --> 00:59:42,341
But its vast expanse is
overshadowed by a strange way,
793
00:59:45,377 --> 00:59:47,635
It looks like a giant head of a horse,
794
00:59:47,744 --> 00:59:50,044
prancing in space.
795
00:59:54,876 --> 00:59:56,772
Stars are born,
796
00:59:57,110 --> 00:59:59,164
grow and then ...
797
01:00:00,017 --> 01:00:01,294
...after what?
798
01:00:01,556 --> 01:00:02,673
die,
799
01:00:03,024 --> 01:00:05,295
silently fall asleep at night,
800
01:00:05,469 --> 01:00:07,646
or end up in an explosion?
801
01:00:11,179 --> 01:00:12,812
What happens next,
802
01:00:12,937 --> 01:00:15,021
happen to our sun,
803
01:00:15,195 --> 01:00:18,661
their fate lies here somewhere.
804
01:00:20,117 --> 01:00:23,765
Nearly 4 000 light years later,
805
01:00:24,757 --> 01:00:27,674
luminous clouds suspended in space,
806
01:00:27,796 --> 01:00:31,806
turning around what was once
a star like our sun.
807
01:00:35,436 --> 01:00:39,601
All that remains of it,
are these colorful gases,
808
01:00:40,147 --> 01:00:43,822
elements formed by fusion
nuclear well inside the star,
809
01:00:43,847 --> 01:00:46,755
released into space in his death.
810
01:00:48,545 --> 01:00:52,085
Green and violet,
hydrogen and helium,
811
01:00:52,429 --> 01:00:55,260
the raw material of the universe.
812
01:00:56,038 --> 01:00:59,185
Red and blue,
nitrogen and oxygen,
813
01:00:59,405 --> 01:01:02,474
the building blocks of life on Earth.
814
01:01:04,842 --> 01:01:05,897
To live,
815
01:01:05,952 --> 01:01:08,784
stars like this had to die.
816
01:01:09,499 --> 01:01:12,133
The oxygen in our lungs,
817
01:01:12,875 --> 01:01:15,504
nitrogen in our DNA
818
01:01:17,725 --> 01:01:20,210
was all produced by nuclear fusion
819
01:01:20,311 --> 01:01:24,870
in stars that died long
before the earth have even born.
820
01:01:29,290 --> 01:01:30,320
we are made
821
01:01:30,345 --> 01:01:33,773
Star of nuclear waste.
822
01:01:46,249 --> 01:01:47,915
In your heart,
823
01:01:48,111 --> 01:01:50,231
the ghost of a star.
824
01:01:52,758 --> 01:01:54,555
It is a white dwarf,
825
01:01:54,947 --> 01:01:56,000
white
826
01:01:56,109 --> 01:01:57,800
and incredibly hot,
827
01:01:57,931 --> 01:02:01,918
small,
but incredibly dense.
828
01:02:03,736 --> 01:02:05,641
In the final moments of the stars,
829
01:02:05,738 --> 01:02:08,291
atoms are melted and squeezed
against each other,
830
01:02:08,316 --> 01:02:11,182
making it so dense
that just a teaspoon
831
01:02:11,207 --> 01:02:14,870
this white dwarf
would weigh a ton.
832
01:02:18,863 --> 01:02:22,095
It is a frightening premonition
of the fate of our sun.
833
01:02:22,379 --> 01:02:24,522
In a 6 billion years,
834
01:02:24,645 --> 01:02:27,115
to become a white dwarf.
835
01:02:27,473 --> 01:02:32,154
His death,
announce the end of life on Earth.
836
01:02:32,550 --> 01:02:36,178
This makes you think how many worlds
have existed and gone,
837
01:02:36,330 --> 01:02:38,389
stories were untold,
838
01:02:38,557 --> 01:02:42,420
heavenly books lost forever.
839
01:02:47,978 --> 01:02:49,654
But most of all stories
840
01:02:49,706 --> 01:02:51,582
It has not yet been told.
841
01:02:54,487 --> 01:02:57,848
We must return in time to
the true first chapter,
842
01:02:57,987 --> 01:02:59,412
to tell the story
843
01:02:59,510 --> 01:03:02,862
how the universe began.
844
01:03:16,860 --> 01:03:21,240
This are the scattered remains
of the death of a star,
845
01:03:21,596 --> 01:03:22,604
a nebula,
846
01:03:22,761 --> 01:03:24,550
the Crab Nebula.
847
01:03:30,400 --> 01:03:33,015
We are 6 000 light years from home,
848
01:03:33,096 --> 01:03:36,154
well within a star cemetery.
849
01:03:41,282 --> 01:03:42,819
Dust and gas,
850
01:03:42,923 --> 01:03:46,502
extending kilometers per trillion.
851
01:03:51,616 --> 01:03:53,478
It looks dead,
852
01:03:55,220 --> 01:03:59,160
but perhaps this is just the
calm after the storm.
853
01:03:59,837 --> 01:04:02,246
After a massive explosion,
854
01:04:04,336 --> 01:04:06,737
powerful enough
to transform a huge star
855
01:04:06,762 --> 01:04:08,847
a cloud of dust and gas,
856
01:04:08,986 --> 01:04:10,508
one Supernova.
857
01:04:20,258 --> 01:04:21,742
The eye of the storm,
858
01:04:21,867 --> 01:04:24,233
a pulsating star spinning,
859
01:04:24,313 --> 01:04:25,585
a pulsar.
860
01:04:31,811 --> 01:04:36,931
The gravity squeezed the giant
star 's core that.
861
01:04:37,850 --> 01:04:43,834
It has only about 20 kilometers in diameter,
making it impossibly dense.
862
01:04:44,883 --> 01:04:49,824
A pinhead of this would weigh
hundreds, perhaps millions, of tons.
863
01:04:50,672 --> 01:04:53,515
While decreases,
as a skater spinning on ice
864
01:04:53,540 --> 01:04:56,317
with outstretched arms
and then shrinking them,
865
01:04:56,547 --> 01:04:59,604
he starts running faster.
866
01:05:01,429 --> 01:05:02,968
Two light beams,
867
01:05:03,118 --> 01:05:04,914
energy, radiation,
868
01:05:04,960 --> 01:05:07,069
turning thirty times per second,
869
01:05:07,094 --> 01:05:10,250
feeding the huge cloud
of dust and gas.
870
01:05:11,852 --> 01:05:13,824
There is so much radiation here,
871
01:05:14,040 --> 01:05:16,110
even more than our sun.
872
01:05:17,438 --> 01:05:21,884
If this pulse approaching
the Earth and our Sun,
873
01:05:24,735 --> 01:05:29,636
our planet would be
instantly stripped of life.
874
01:05:38,297 --> 01:05:42,934
That was by far the most thing
deadly we have met ...
875
01:05:56,662 --> 01:05:58,055
...so far.
876
01:06:03,015 --> 01:06:06,598
It's the only thing
we wanted to find.
877
01:06:09,322 --> 01:06:11,130
Impossibly black,
878
01:06:11,376 --> 01:06:14,487
blotting out the stars behind it,
879
01:06:15,438 --> 01:06:18,999
we are looking at the face of death,
880
01:06:19,884 --> 01:06:22,955
the remains of a giant star,
881
01:06:23,665 --> 01:06:25,844
a black hole.
882
01:06:36,820 --> 01:06:41,854
Instead of getting a
white dwarf, or a pulsar
883
01:06:42,543 --> 01:06:44,381
just continued ...
884
01:06:47,591 --> 01:06:48,989
... shrinking,
885
01:06:49,361 --> 01:06:51,092
until so small,
886
01:06:51,192 --> 01:06:54,051
only a few kilometers across.
887
01:06:56,216 --> 01:06:58,111
Much denser than a pulsar,
888
01:06:58,145 --> 01:07:01,245
and impossible to resist him.
889
01:07:08,823 --> 01:07:10,909
Walking too close,
890
01:07:11,034 --> 01:07:13,246
there is no return.
891
01:07:16,192 --> 01:07:18,687
Now we know why it is a black hole.
892
01:07:18,746 --> 01:07:24,242
Its gravity is so intense.
that even light can not escape.
893
01:07:25,325 --> 01:07:29,641
This asteroid, a piece of rock
sound is being stretched,
894
01:07:29,770 --> 01:07:32,956
to be drawn into the open hole.
895
01:07:33,481 --> 01:07:36,549
Within the field does not exist
as we know,
896
01:07:36,622 --> 01:07:39,162
there is no time, no space.
897
01:07:39,294 --> 01:07:43,147
All the laws of physics collapse.
898
01:07:56,387 --> 01:07:58,809
The asteroid disappeared.
899
01:07:58,942 --> 01:08:02,580
The truth is that
nobody really knows where.
900
01:08:02,997 --> 01:08:06,973
We are looking at the limits
of scientific knowledge.
901
01:08:08,223 --> 01:08:11,865
There may be millions of black holes,
crawling around our galaxy,
902
01:08:12,130 --> 01:08:15,105
perhaps more than all
the stars in the sky.
903
01:08:15,864 --> 01:08:17,824
But not we would see ...
904
01:08:17,988 --> 01:08:20,369
... until it was too late,
905
01:08:25,043 --> 01:08:26,538
as this star,
906
01:08:26,598 --> 01:08:30,460
spiraling down to
an invisible black hole.
907
01:08:34,581 --> 01:08:38,860
Who can say that we do not live
in a huge black hole,
908
01:08:39,957 --> 01:08:43,083
the whole universe not
is tucked inside a this time,
909
01:08:43,131 --> 01:08:45,405
in another universe?
910
01:08:47,294 --> 01:08:50,474
Sometimes it seems that the more we see,
911
01:08:51,035 --> 01:08:53,125
least we know.
912
01:08:54,378 --> 01:08:56,292
But we know that our
galaxy is more complex
913
01:08:56,317 --> 01:08:59,477
and more dangerous than
ever imagined.
914
01:09:03,736 --> 01:09:07,251
And we are still in our own galaxy,
the Milky Way.
915
01:09:07,471 --> 01:09:11,074
The rest of the universe is still ahead.
916
01:09:14,431 --> 01:09:15,544
The wonders,
917
01:09:15,604 --> 01:09:16,898
the dangers,
918
01:09:16,970 --> 01:09:18,404
the secrets,
919
01:09:18,501 --> 01:09:20,193
They are out there.
920
01:09:22,157 --> 01:09:23,697
But first,
921
01:09:23,822 --> 01:09:27,282
we have to find a way out of the Milky Way.
922
01:09:42,873 --> 01:09:47,206
We are now 7000 years light-house,
923
01:09:48,093 --> 01:09:50,840
well within our galaxy,
924
01:09:53,663 --> 01:09:57,686
traveling to the Universe limit.
925
01:10:03,483 --> 01:10:08,595
We still have to travel
many millions of light years,
926
01:10:09,615 --> 01:10:13,663
but there is plenty to see along the way.
927
01:10:16,140 --> 01:10:21,507
A colossal glowing cloud,
topped by the two towers of dust,
928
01:10:21,592 --> 01:10:24,064
the Pillars of Creation.
929
01:10:25,155 --> 01:10:29,127
As a gateway
to a distant galaxy,
930
01:10:29,638 --> 01:10:33,242
both pillars
are studded with tiny bumps,
931
01:10:33,426 --> 01:10:35,492
embryonic solar systems,
932
01:10:35,592 --> 01:10:39,290
each of which
the size of our solar system.
933
01:10:42,310 --> 01:10:47,138
It is another monument
to the astonishing creativity of nature,
934
01:10:47,523 --> 01:10:49,537
but not permanent.
935
01:10:49,819 --> 01:10:54,016
The radiation from neighboring hot stars
is to destroy it.
936
01:10:54,130 --> 01:10:55,692
In just a few million years
937
01:10:55,717 --> 01:10:57,170
This immense nebula
938
01:10:57,194 --> 01:10:58,954
It will be gone.
939
01:10:59,201 --> 01:11:03,682
Blink of an eye
in astronomical terms.
940
01:11:14,975 --> 01:11:17,698
Dazzled by the beauty of the Milky Way,
941
01:11:17,780 --> 01:11:21,201
we enter into a cosmic minefield.
942
01:11:21,647 --> 01:11:23,451
Giant clouds of gas
943
01:11:23,531 --> 01:11:25,728
this exploding star,
944
01:11:25,927 --> 01:11:30,451
a star millions of times brighter
than our sun.
945
01:11:32,827 --> 01:11:37,175
The nuclear reactions that supported
are decreasing.
946
01:11:37,397 --> 01:11:40,401
We are watching the agony of death.
947
01:11:47,693 --> 01:11:48,826
Eventually,
948
01:11:48,871 --> 01:11:51,314
implode the core.
949
01:11:51,928 --> 01:11:53,381
The result,
950
01:11:53,490 --> 01:11:55,514
a new black hole.
951
01:12:04,535 --> 01:12:05,959
An even greater,
952
01:12:06,021 --> 01:12:09,986
even more dangerously unstable star,
953
01:12:10,560 --> 01:12:13,466
but this is about to explode.
954
01:12:14,145 --> 01:12:15,903
And when such a large star dies,
955
01:12:15,928 --> 01:12:20,405
is hundreds of times more violent
than a supernova.
956
01:12:21,177 --> 01:12:25,260
Somehow stumbled into death
more violent imaginable of a star,
957
01:12:25,373 --> 01:12:26,949
one hypernova.
958
01:12:40,095 --> 01:12:41,725
The core collapsed,
959
01:12:41,802 --> 01:12:43,928
It has become a black hole.
960
01:12:48,750 --> 01:12:50,373
And this is the shock wave,
961
01:12:50,447 --> 01:12:52,613
Star coming
962
01:12:52,806 --> 01:12:56,238
expelling its layers
exterior to space.
963
01:13:01,033 --> 01:13:03,435
There are deadly radiation everywhere,
964
01:13:03,605 --> 01:13:05,662
enough to have a
catastrophic effect on
965
01:13:05,687 --> 01:13:09,462
any planet sucientemente
unlucky to be around.
966
01:13:10,172 --> 01:13:12,022
When virtually
all species on Earth
967
01:13:12,047 --> 01:13:14,523
It was extinguished
there are 450 million years,
968
01:13:15,008 --> 01:13:18,652
the culprit
may have been one of these.
969
01:13:22,446 --> 01:13:24,098
Deadly hypernovae,
970
01:13:24,161 --> 01:13:25,654
frozen comets,
971
01:13:25,755 --> 01:13:27,474
burned planets,
972
01:13:27,536 --> 01:13:28,972
white dwarfs,
973
01:13:29,064 --> 01:13:30,714
red giants,
974
01:13:30,808 --> 01:13:31,903
Terra,
975
01:13:33,125 --> 01:13:37,532
small drops
in a vast pool of white light,
976
01:13:38,521 --> 01:13:40,294
our galaxy,
977
01:13:41,076 --> 01:13:43,100
the Milky Way.
978
01:13:45,031 --> 01:13:48,636
We wanted to know where we fit.
979
01:13:49,170 --> 01:13:50,721
Here is the answer.
980
01:13:55,830 --> 01:13:59,088
Civilizations past and present,
981
01:13:59,215 --> 01:14:02,255
all who have ever lived,
982
01:14:02,692 --> 01:14:04,433
the smallest insect,
983
01:14:04,478 --> 01:14:06,257
the highest mountain,
984
01:14:06,348 --> 01:14:07,393
all this
985
01:14:07,838 --> 01:14:09,203
invisible,
986
01:14:09,302 --> 01:14:12,490
even a tiny spot.
987
01:14:17,387 --> 01:14:18,524
Our house,
988
01:14:18,609 --> 01:14:20,092
It is a minor planet
989
01:14:20,138 --> 01:14:22,926
an insignificant star.
990
01:14:23,262 --> 01:14:25,407
If he disappeared at this time,
991
01:14:25,451 --> 01:14:27,013
no one would notice.
992
01:14:29,168 --> 01:14:30,260
And yet,
993
01:14:30,366 --> 01:14:34,017
so far we have not found any
other place where you would prefer to live,
994
01:14:34,081 --> 01:14:37,050
no place where we could live.
995
01:14:52,429 --> 01:14:54,856
But look at all these stars,
996
01:14:55,029 --> 01:14:57,953
hundreds, thousands of them.
997
01:14:59,078 --> 01:15:01,603
Surely one of these,
more than one,
998
01:15:01,649 --> 01:15:04,908
must be able to support life.
999
01:15:28,894 --> 01:15:31,814
Perhaps here,
this star cluster,
1000
01:15:31,885 --> 01:15:33,605
Grand Group.
1001
01:15:34,724 --> 01:15:36,606
Stepping back to the 70s,
1002
01:15:36,676 --> 01:15:39,483
astronomers sent a
message in this direction,
1003
01:15:39,564 --> 01:15:41,959
detailing the structure of our DNA
1004
01:15:42,016 --> 01:15:45,131
and showing a plane
of our solar system.
1005
01:15:45,369 --> 01:15:47,228
But it's so far from home,
1006
01:15:47,282 --> 01:15:53,257
the message will not arrive before
at least another 25,000 years.
1007
01:15:55,928 --> 01:15:58,691
We did not find extraterrestrial life, yet,
1008
01:15:58,716 --> 01:16:00,974
but we did not find
any reason to believe
1009
01:16:00,981 --> 01:16:02,465
that does not exist here ...
1010
01:16:02,490 --> 01:16:03,490
...somewhere.
1011
01:16:05,631 --> 01:16:07,094
There is an equation
1012
01:16:07,185 --> 01:16:11,756
designed to estimate the number
of other advanced civilizations.
1013
01:16:12,007 --> 01:16:13,904
And the results are shocking.
1014
01:16:14,039 --> 01:16:16,913
There may be millions of civilizations,
1015
01:16:16,987 --> 01:16:19,879
just in our galaxy.
1016
01:16:35,105 --> 01:16:37,190
Everything we have seen so far,
1017
01:16:37,274 --> 01:16:39,737
It belongs to the Milky Way.
1018
01:16:42,488 --> 01:16:44,998
Now is our chance
1019
01:16:45,099 --> 01:16:47,093
to see other galaxies,
1020
01:16:47,167 --> 01:16:49,363
to envision an even bigger picture,
1021
01:16:49,440 --> 01:16:52,402
and perhaps answer the ultimate question,
1022
01:16:52,517 --> 01:16:55,102
whence came all this.
1023
01:16:57,224 --> 01:16:58,337
It's time
1024
01:16:58,400 --> 01:17:00,402
to leave our solar system,
1025
01:17:00,462 --> 01:17:02,113
our galaxy,
1026
01:17:09,076 --> 01:17:11,750
to travel beyond the Milky Way,
1027
01:17:11,805 --> 01:17:15,655
through the vast distances
between galaxies,
1028
01:17:15,963 --> 01:17:17,160
not coming
1029
01:17:17,279 --> 01:17:19,886
intergalactic space.
1030
01:17:37,489 --> 01:17:38,716
Here outside,
1031
01:17:38,781 --> 01:17:41,799
there is no horizon in sight.
1032
01:17:43,929 --> 01:17:50,201
Even the closest galaxies are
hundreds of thousands of light-years.
1033
01:17:54,184 --> 01:18:00,259
The remains of galaxies undone by the
immense force of gravity of the Milky Way,
1034
01:18:00,651 --> 01:18:02,317
scattered ...
1035
01:18:02,585 --> 01:18:03,875
...any.
1036
01:18:09,161 --> 01:18:11,508
This is the closest that the universe has
1037
01:18:11,567 --> 01:18:13,736
a perfect vacuum.
1038
01:18:13,974 --> 01:18:16,897
But even this is not
completely empty.
1039
01:18:17,076 --> 01:18:19,332
There are thin strands gas,
1040
01:18:19,545 --> 01:18:22,067
fine traces of dust,
1041
01:18:22,340 --> 01:18:24,096
and something else,
1042
01:18:24,474 --> 01:18:26,308
dark matter.
1043
01:18:29,665 --> 01:18:31,162
So mysterious,
1044
01:18:31,215 --> 01:18:32,847
not to see,
1045
01:18:32,904 --> 01:18:34,837
feel it, touch it,
1046
01:18:34,957 --> 01:18:36,985
or even measure it.
1047
01:18:38,453 --> 01:18:40,656
Yet so common,
which may represent
1048
01:18:40,681 --> 01:18:44,078
90% of all
matter in the universe.
1049
01:18:45,520 --> 01:18:47,509
If dark matter exists,
1050
01:18:47,592 --> 01:18:50,828
this means that there is no
such thing as empty space.
1051
01:18:51,032 --> 01:18:52,392
Even out here,
1052
01:18:52,551 --> 01:18:54,975
we are surrounded by matter.
1053
01:18:56,834 --> 01:18:58,548
Only we suspect that there is,
1054
01:18:58,600 --> 01:19:02,467
because of the strange attraction
that seems to play in galaxies,
1055
01:19:02,622 --> 01:19:03,728
as this,
1056
01:19:03,907 --> 01:19:06,787
the Large Magellanic Cloud.
1057
01:19:08,837 --> 01:19:13,257
Over 6 billion years the most
rapid spacecraft of today,
1058
01:19:13,331 --> 01:19:16,649
160 000 light-years from the Milky Way,
1059
01:19:16,694 --> 01:19:19,937
within their gravitational reach.
1060
01:19:20,106 --> 01:19:23,126
This galaxy should
rotate in space,
1061
01:19:23,307 --> 01:19:25,957
but something seems to
be holding her here,
1062
01:19:26,085 --> 01:19:27,688
something invisible,
1063
01:19:27,845 --> 01:19:29,243
powerful,
1064
01:19:29,359 --> 01:19:31,118
dark matter.
1065
01:19:33,007 --> 01:19:34,412
star
1066
01:19:34,590 --> 01:19:36,655
star clusters,
1067
01:19:36,780 --> 01:19:38,236
nebulae,
1068
01:19:38,365 --> 01:19:43,057
It is an immense home of astronomical treasures.
1069
01:19:46,857 --> 01:19:48,419
A fireball,
1070
01:19:48,476 --> 01:19:52,200
expanding from what should
have been a massive explosion,
1071
01:19:52,283 --> 01:19:54,251
one Supernova.
1072
01:19:54,846 --> 01:19:59,202
So bright that when light from the
explosion reached Earth in 1987,
1073
01:19:59,250 --> 01:20:02,143
It was visible to the naked eye.
1074
01:20:10,013 --> 01:20:11,583
And so violent,
1075
01:20:11,646 --> 01:20:13,934
that triggered a chain
of nuclear reactions,
1076
01:20:13,959 --> 01:20:17,015
forcing the atoms to unite,
creating new elements,
1077
01:20:17,067 --> 01:20:18,086
gold,
1078
01:20:18,111 --> 01:20:19,185
talk,
1079
01:20:19,210 --> 01:20:20,232
platinum,
1080
01:20:21,089 --> 01:20:24,259
ejecting them into space.
1081
01:20:29,547 --> 01:20:31,479
The gold ring on your finger,
1082
01:20:31,553 --> 01:20:34,872
It was forged in a supernova
massive as this,
1083
01:20:34,996 --> 01:20:36,839
the trillions of kilometers away,
1084
01:20:36,898 --> 01:20:39,877
billions of years ago.
1085
01:20:42,469 --> 01:20:44,503
It is an astonishing thought,
1086
01:20:44,570 --> 01:20:47,650
the stars
that seem so distant from Earth,
1087
01:20:47,769 --> 01:20:50,652
affect our lives directly.
1088
01:21:02,636 --> 01:21:04,546
It is comforting to remember,
1089
01:21:04,617 --> 01:21:07,882
as we venture further
across the chasm.
1090
01:21:24,879 --> 01:21:27,028
The Andromeda galaxy,
1091
01:21:27,321 --> 01:21:30,899
2.5 million light years,
1092
01:21:31,462 --> 01:21:36,607
is moving in space
almost one million kilometers per hour.
1093
01:21:37,019 --> 01:21:38,946
Everything in space is to move away,
1094
01:21:39,002 --> 01:21:42,214
as shrapnel in an explosion.
1095
01:21:42,674 --> 01:21:45,983
We are seeing this galaxy as
it was when our primates
1096
01:21:46,008 --> 01:21:50,405
ancestors took the first
steps on the African plains.
1097
01:21:59,845 --> 01:22:02,374
Go further in space,
1098
01:22:02,468 --> 01:22:05,044
and further back in time,
1099
01:22:07,179 --> 01:22:09,008
to find an entire galaxy
1100
01:22:09,053 --> 01:22:10,659
to explode.
1101
01:22:13,053 --> 01:22:16,446
The only thing big enough
to cause an explosion of this scale,
1102
01:22:16,496 --> 01:22:17,808
It must be a collision
1103
01:22:17,877 --> 01:22:20,607
with another galaxy.
1104
01:22:22,794 --> 01:22:24,793
But this galaxy will not die,
1105
01:22:24,846 --> 01:22:26,914
reborn,
1106
01:22:27,498 --> 01:22:28,853
a new form,
1107
01:22:28,978 --> 01:22:31,358
perhaps even new stars,
1108
01:22:31,531 --> 01:22:33,319
as dust and gas collide,
1109
01:22:33,360 --> 01:22:35,343
creating friction,
1110
01:22:35,590 --> 01:22:36,990
shock waves,
1111
01:22:37,109 --> 01:22:38,265
triggering
1112
01:22:38,358 --> 01:22:41,941
the birth of even more stars.
1113
01:22:49,482 --> 01:22:51,812
There is order in this chaos,
1114
01:22:51,888 --> 01:22:55,158
a pattern behind the endless variety,
1115
01:22:55,210 --> 01:22:58,284
an endless cycle
of births and deaths,
1116
01:22:58,341 --> 01:22:59,437
from creation
1117
01:22:59,462 --> 01:23:01,127
and destruction.
1118
01:23:01,740 --> 01:23:05,301
It is a standard fabric in the
vast factory space,
1119
01:23:05,478 --> 01:23:08,543
linking each of these galaxies.
1120
01:23:08,807 --> 01:23:11,410
There are billions of galaxies in the universe,
1121
01:23:11,488 --> 01:23:15,365
each with billions,
even trillions of stars,
1122
01:23:15,513 --> 01:23:16,536
possibly,
1123
01:23:16,561 --> 01:23:21,567
more stars than there are grains of
sand on all the beaches of Earth.
1124
01:23:21,661 --> 01:23:22,675
And all this,
1125
01:23:22,739 --> 01:23:25,835
They are just the stars that exist now.
1126
01:23:25,920 --> 01:23:29,676
And the stars
that ever existed and disappeared?
1127
01:23:30,003 --> 01:23:32,225
All the stars have been born,
1128
01:23:32,444 --> 01:23:34,609
unborn,
1129
01:23:36,227 --> 01:23:39,442
finally begin to see the big picture,
1130
01:23:39,556 --> 01:23:43,113
and it is greater than ever imagined.
1131
01:23:44,100 --> 01:23:45,480
This galaxy,
1132
01:23:45,547 --> 01:23:47,475
the immense galaxy Cata-Vento,
1133
01:23:47,533 --> 01:23:49,100
It is so far from Earth
1134
01:23:49,162 --> 01:23:51,162
that we sent one
message home now,
1135
01:23:51,186 --> 01:23:55,864
it would take 27 million years to get there.
1136
01:23:56,485 --> 01:23:59,305
Who knows if our species,
our planet,
1137
01:23:59,367 --> 01:24:02,793
still they are there to receive it.
1138
01:24:13,703 --> 01:24:15,254
We are traveling
1139
01:24:15,332 --> 01:24:17,661
back in time.
1140
01:24:18,909 --> 01:24:22,605
We passed the point where the
dinosaurs went extinct,
1141
01:24:23,536 --> 01:24:29,257
We spent the time that the first
creatures crept ashore.
1142
01:24:39,439 --> 01:24:42,646
2 billion light-years from home,
1143
01:24:42,859 --> 01:24:45,550
to approach the Universe limit,
1144
01:24:45,655 --> 01:24:49,597
retreating to the beginning of time.
1145
01:24:50,012 --> 01:24:52,113
This is not a galaxy,
1146
01:24:52,235 --> 01:24:56,902
It is brighter
than hundreds of galaxies together.
1147
01:24:57,126 --> 01:25:04,050
A blinding beam of energy
spanning trillion kilometers.
1148
01:25:05,095 --> 01:25:07,792
Something so big, so bright,
1149
01:25:07,911 --> 01:25:11,613
It must be incredibly powerful.
1150
01:25:13,301 --> 01:25:15,745
Experience tells us that here,
1151
01:25:15,828 --> 01:25:19,785
power equals danger.
1152
01:25:21,644 --> 01:25:23,324
It is a quasar,
1153
01:25:23,403 --> 01:25:28,917
the deadliest and most
powerful thing in the universe.
1154
01:25:45,549 --> 01:25:50,306
A rotary pot
of super-heated gas,
1155
01:25:50,760 --> 01:25:55,408
brighter
than hundreds of galaxies.
1156
01:26:03,715 --> 01:26:05,986
The source of this immense power,
1157
01:26:06,054 --> 01:26:09,681
lies deep in the heart of the beast,
1158
01:26:09,914 --> 01:26:12,236
a heart of darkness,
1159
01:26:12,363 --> 01:26:14,564
a super massive black hole,
1160
01:26:14,652 --> 01:26:19,369
as heavy as billions of suns.
1161
01:26:30,599 --> 01:26:32,658
Is ripping entire stars,
1162
01:26:32,724 --> 01:26:37,611
sucking its gases to the quasar,
devouring them,
1163
01:26:37,705 --> 01:26:39,139
until they are nothing,
1164
01:26:39,179 --> 01:26:44,455
lost forever the visible universe.
1165
01:26:57,621 --> 01:27:00,786
We have seen the worst the
universe in can cause,
1166
01:27:00,884 --> 01:27:04,044
their most powerful destructive forces.
1167
01:27:04,267 --> 01:27:06,606
Now, our path is clear.
1168
01:27:06,772 --> 01:27:11,825
The real limit of the Universe
is almost within reach.
1169
01:27:16,170 --> 01:27:18,434
But we still need to go further,
1170
01:27:18,492 --> 01:27:19,555
faster,
1171
01:27:19,581 --> 01:27:23,792
to cross the ends
end of the universe.
1172
01:27:41,481 --> 01:27:44,673
8 billion light years from home,
1173
01:27:44,817 --> 01:27:46,728
most galaxies,
1174
01:27:46,900 --> 01:27:48,610
but they look different,
1175
01:27:48,748 --> 01:27:53,837
tattered, small,
close together.
1176
01:27:54,220 --> 01:27:56,079
We step back in both time
1177
01:27:56,147 --> 01:28:01,399
we are seeing these galaxies as
they were before the Earth even have been born.
1178
01:28:01,552 --> 01:28:03,017
They are still new,
1179
01:28:03,123 --> 01:28:05,868
They are still growing.
1180
01:28:07,763 --> 01:28:10,290
Estamo us closer to where and how
1181
01:28:10,352 --> 01:28:13,056
everything started,
1182
01:28:14,716 --> 01:28:18,454
for 12 billion years.
1183
01:28:22,253 --> 01:28:24,556
Look at the galaxies now,
1184
01:28:24,671 --> 01:28:31,915
They seem more primitive plankton,
floating in a vast, dark ocean.
1185
01:28:39,239 --> 01:28:40,553
It's magic,
1186
01:28:40,853 --> 01:28:42,834
dust and gas clouds,
1187
01:28:42,961 --> 01:28:44,026
dancing,
1188
01:28:44,044 --> 01:28:45,451
assuming manner,
1189
01:28:45,476 --> 01:28:50,202
merging to create
embryonic galaxies.
1190
01:28:52,492 --> 01:28:56,461
Thus it was born our galaxy,
1191
01:29:13,862 --> 01:29:17,305
but now they are disappearing.
1192
01:29:18,871 --> 01:29:22,375
Step back to a time before
the birth of stars,
1193
01:29:22,440 --> 01:29:25,664
in an era of cosmic darkness.
1194
01:29:29,353 --> 01:29:30,930
And before that,
1195
01:29:31,171 --> 01:29:32,391
light,
1196
01:29:32,645 --> 01:29:35,719
the twilight of a massive explosion,
1197
01:29:35,796 --> 01:29:40,110
the explosion that created the universe,
1198
01:29:49,033 --> 01:29:51,430
We are almost there,
1199
01:29:55,614 --> 01:29:57,516
this is it,
1200
01:29:58,070 --> 01:30:00,008
managed,
1201
01:30:00,882 --> 01:30:04,203
the universe of the limit,
1202
01:30:04,554 --> 01:30:08,914
130 trillion trillion
house of kilometers,
1203
01:30:09,010 --> 01:30:12,086
there are 13.5 billion years,
1204
01:30:16,307 --> 01:30:19,235
the exact moment of the Big Bang,
1205
01:30:19,475 --> 01:30:21,282
the most violent,
1206
01:30:21,350 --> 01:30:24,946
the most creative moment in history.
1207
01:30:25,170 --> 01:30:31,490
All that happened
was triggered at the moment.
1208
01:30:38,173 --> 01:30:40,130
All religions,
1209
01:30:40,304 --> 01:30:44,529
all cultures have thought of it,
1210
01:30:45,746 --> 01:30:49,997
but we do not know what
triggered this act of creation,
1211
01:30:50,177 --> 01:30:51,943
or why.
1212
01:30:55,485 --> 01:30:58,591
This is where our journey ends,
1213
01:30:58,868 --> 01:31:02,345
and the Universe begins.
1214
01:31:14,418 --> 01:31:15,719
An infinitely hot,
1215
01:31:15,744 --> 01:31:19,310
small, dense
point erupts,
1216
01:31:31,046 --> 01:31:34,677
creating the space, time, matter,
1217
01:31:34,795 --> 01:31:38,091
our Universe itself.
1218
01:31:39,193 --> 01:31:42,404
First is the size of
a subatomic particle,
1219
01:31:42,453 --> 01:31:44,943
a very small fraction of a second later,
1220
01:31:44,996 --> 01:31:48,357
It is large enough to
be held in the palm of your hand.
1221
01:31:48,471 --> 01:31:49,810
Moments later,
1222
01:31:49,904 --> 01:31:53,063
It is the size of Earth.
1223
01:32:01,442 --> 01:32:04,193
Today, the light of the Big Bang
1224
01:32:04,289 --> 01:32:06,646
still continues to spread
1225
01:32:06,820 --> 01:32:09,551
as a radio static hiss.
1226
01:32:11,358 --> 01:32:14,001
TV antenna picks it up,
1227
01:32:14,932 --> 01:32:20,176
You can see it as still
an untuned television.
1228
01:32:29,550 --> 01:32:31,143
we continue,
1229
01:32:32,169 --> 01:32:35,198
forward in time.
1230
01:32:38,124 --> 01:32:40,284
All the things we saw on our trip,
1231
01:32:40,357 --> 01:32:43,815
Sparks are flying from the Big Bang.
1232
01:32:45,311 --> 01:32:46,422
galaxies,
1233
01:32:46,555 --> 01:32:50,987
stars, planets, everything just remains.
1234
01:32:56,433 --> 01:32:58,948
Back in our galaxy,
1235
01:33:05,752 --> 01:33:07,987
our Solar System,
1236
01:33:11,770 --> 01:33:15,456
until we get
the other ashes cooled,
1237
01:33:15,525 --> 01:33:19,300
running at dusk Big Bang,
1238
01:33:19,638 --> 01:33:20,995
the land,
1239
01:33:21,358 --> 01:33:23,245
Our house.
1240
01:33:25,649 --> 01:33:28,042
But the story does not end here.
1241
01:33:28,231 --> 01:33:31,557
The effects of the Big Bang
continue to engage us.
1242
01:33:31,667 --> 01:33:34,604
The universe continues to change.
1243
01:33:39,051 --> 01:33:41,464
In a 3 billion years,
1244
01:33:41,564 --> 01:33:45,885
the vast Andromeda galaxy
will smash against our,
1245
01:33:45,953 --> 01:33:48,643
creating a new galaxy.
1246
01:33:48,964 --> 01:33:51,565
The Sun and the planets survive,
1247
01:33:51,630 --> 01:33:57,401
but they will be released in a huge
circular orbit around the new galaxy.
1248
01:33:57,847 --> 01:34:00,081
The sun will become a red giant to,
1249
01:34:00,175 --> 01:34:02,667
swallowing Mercury and Venus,
1250
01:34:02,725 --> 01:34:05,120
burning the surface of our planet,
1251
01:34:05,222 --> 01:34:09,065
destroying all life on Earth.
1252
01:34:10,542 --> 01:34:12,760
Then die,
1253
01:34:13,011 --> 01:34:15,370
contracting a white dwarf.
1254
01:34:15,519 --> 01:34:17,729
The nearby stars also die
1255
01:34:17,824 --> 01:34:23,589
replaced by white dwarfs,
pulsars, black holes.
1256
01:34:24,136 --> 01:34:25,979
The lights will go off
1257
01:34:26,073 --> 01:34:28,339
in the galaxy.
1258
01:34:34,909 --> 01:34:36,401
Since the Big Bang,
1259
01:34:36,496 --> 01:34:38,792
the universe is disappearing,
1260
01:34:38,917 --> 01:34:40,128
to die,
1261
01:34:40,206 --> 01:34:41,760
not with a bang,
1262
01:34:41,831 --> 01:34:45,559
but with a long drawn breath.
1263
01:34:51,315 --> 01:34:53,253
But there may be a way out,
1264
01:34:53,334 --> 01:34:56,764
a route of escape from
our Universe dying.
1265
01:34:58,186 --> 01:35:00,655
Is likely to be possible for
our distant descendants
1266
01:35:00,680 --> 01:35:03,784
find a shortcut through
space and time,
1267
01:35:04,084 --> 01:35:06,073
a worm hole.
1268
01:35:07,202 --> 01:35:09,737
If there are other universes,
1269
01:35:09,795 --> 01:35:13,034
could lead our descendants
of a doomed universe
1270
01:35:13,100 --> 01:35:15,768
to another parallel,
1271
01:35:16,295 --> 01:35:21,220
where you can find a new earth,
still in the prime of life.
1272
01:35:21,943 --> 01:35:26,307
If they are lucky enough,
they will live in a new universe,
1273
01:35:26,412 --> 01:35:28,135
a new planet,
1274
01:35:28,278 --> 01:35:30,229
a new home.
1275
01:35:31,272 --> 01:35:34,945
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CASIMIR GOMES
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