All language subtitles for subtitlesessai

Alright, so let's move into interpreting phylogenies. What did they really mean? what we're looking at them.

Sophie, remember the convergent evolution. There are homologous structures. Their origin sets hox genes, genes that control development, that will control similar development in similar organisms.

So phenotypic, engineered to be, silom and larry's are going to be a result of shared ancestral characteristics. Okay, so we look at the animal group and we look at them.

Vertebrates. We look at their berlin sake. They are going to have very similar structures pay. Their bones may be a bit different, but you see the same pattern.

We can also use dna or rna sequences. These can be homologous if they're from a common ancestor. So the degree of similarity of these molecular betas.

Is what we're using to see if they are malignant or not.

Analogous characteristic will be like a bat swing compared to an insect wing. Kai the materials are that they're made from are completely different: the genes that control their development, or different control mechanisms, different control genes. So

Convergent evolution.

Means just because you have different women, different lineages, they're not of the same lineage, they're not evolutionary related to each other. They don't have a recent common ancestor. They may have a big way distant common ancestor, but they do not have a recent common ancestor.

But what they did have is they did have a similar selection pressure for that particular adaptation.

And so flight in flight evolved independently in these two groups. K just like the compound, i compound, i have

Hire melissa, such as cuttlefish and octopus, compared to the vertebrate eye, to completely different lineages but similar selection pressures. You get that.

You get that compound, i get that vertebrate. Get nine compound, i get that similar. I structure to see:

So the bat and b when they have the same function, but they evolved independently from each other.

Monophyletic. Clade k how powerful medic.

Polly valetta clades. Those clades are not recognized as true plates. Okay, to be a clade and to represent a relationship, a mountain, you'd have to be a modern, flooded clade. Okay, and these right here are going to be monophyletic: it's gonna include all the branches.

Including it's ancestral species, of all the groups coming off of that branch.

K.

So ancestral species in all of it's descendants. You can't just pick two groups and say they're related. Doesn't work that way. Okay, so not played. You can't say animal and plants for my plate. You can't do that, you have to include.

Either other- you carry ids there- or some other ancestral species that have a similar characteristic that you're looking at.

So let's look at some important terminology. When you're looking at a clatter gram,

First thing you want to pick out is your shared ancestral character stick. This is what is found in the testicle group. Okay, so in this case i want to say the vertebral column would be the ancestral characteristic. I'm going to get back to the lancelet in just a minute.

A shared derive characteristic is a characteristic unique to that played but not to the ancestor. So, for instance,

Legs.

Would be a share, direct characteristic of everything branching off from frogs, lizards and rabbits. The fish, on the other hand, do not have legs. Okay, so that is not as your direct characteristic fish, but is your drug character.

Stick of the clade coming up. Cause of the frogs, lizards and rabbits.

The outgroup, a species or group that has birds before the lady just study so bramson invertebrates and those that have habitable.

Vertebral column. Okay, then my outgroup of this particular program would be the lancelet cape. You say don't have one. That would be my outgroup.

Okay, so my aunt shared ancestral characteristic would be my vertebral column, my outgroup. My outgroup would be the landslide.

So when you're deriving these.

You're looking at maximum parsimony. The simplest explanation is the most consistent came maximum likelihood. On the other hand, it's going to be used with molecular data k. It's job is to reflect the most likely were like relationship based upon the computer models and mathematical models.

That of possible dna changes. So it's based upon the rules of probability, it's based upon what we know about how teenage changes cake. So there is a difference between the maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony.

With biotechnology and being able to sequence the genome. We're getting a lot of dna data, data on the genome of organisms. We're using this to form follow genetic traits, but how do we know which tree is the most likely? and that's where we come in.

To maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. Maximum parsimony is going to be the evolutionary tree that is going to be based upon the newest evolutionary changes so that fewer changes made is the tree.

That is probably the most likely. Maximum likelihood, on the other hand, deals with dna data alone and the rules of probability.

So which tree fits the rules of probability and the dna data? both are going to use computer programs to analyze the data to help scientists generate these phylogenetic trees.

So horizontal gene transfers cake. These are going to be gene transfer for lunging into another, between different domains, through the exchange of transposable elements such as plasmids, viral infections. We know bacteria, bacteria transpose.

They have conjugation, they have horizontal gene transfer or they have transduction. They have conjugation and transformation that allow them pass information from one to another. Eukaryotes also show some carrots. Ten show horizontal gene transfer from one to another. Molecular data is there.

We looked at it in your molecular genetics.

So because of this.

We're changing our.

Initial family tree into what we call the ring of life model, and when we have to understand this meme to previous models are wrong. It just means as we get new information, we're going to change her models to help us visualize that information.

And horizontal gene transfer is so important to the

Domains: information of the domains that.

We represent those primitive ancestral.

Organisms as a ring showing that they did have those permitted procurers, did have horizontal transfer. Tween them and eventually lead to your different.

Domains of the curia, archaea and bacteria and came up there without being rooted in one particular aspect or another, because, depending upon the genes analyzed, okay, you're going to get some genes that are going to be.

Similar all throughout the domains and then some genes are going to be weird, vastly different with.

So in terms of their.

Sequences.

I.

So with horizontal gene transfers. To show the importance, this is a new model called the ring of life model.

Hope this clarified some information on classification. What we're gonna do is we're going to look more in detail at different phylogenies for various groups of organisms in the next section, when we talk about diversity of plants, diversity of animals. This is not the last time you're going to see it. This is just an introduction into how we

Supply organisms and how, what data we use to do that. Okay, and so it's all going to be based upon a whole bunch of data and molecular data.

Through fossil, later geological data.

Biology, behavior, all of it.

All these characteristics are used to help determine relationships between organisms.

Until next time.

This has been bilaterally.

Wow. A point two had a whole lot of information. We saw how molecular genetics and evolutionary processes came together to form a graphical representation that we call a phylogeny. We also were able to get is derived character.

Restricts or shared characteristics as a branch point on phylogenies to show how evolutionary processes

Gained or lost traits over time in a variety of speciation events. We also saw how molecular data is consistently influence the influencing evolutionary relationships. As we get that new data we're going to use,

These relationships to help explore diversity and plans and diversity in animals.