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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:10,280 On 29th May, 1660, King Charles II returned from exile 2 00:00:10,280 --> 00:00:13,200 to reclaim his throne. 3 00:00:13,200 --> 00:00:17,120 Everyone believed the Stuart dynasty had lost power forever. 4 00:00:17,120 --> 00:00:20,760 His father, Charles I, had been publicly executed 5 00:00:20,760 --> 00:00:25,160 only 10 years previously and England had been firmly in the grip 6 00:00:25,160 --> 00:00:28,040 of Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth, 7 00:00:28,040 --> 00:00:31,360 but now the monarchy was back in business. 8 00:00:33,240 --> 00:00:36,600 The Restoration was a turning point in British history. 9 00:00:36,600 --> 00:00:40,280 It marked the end of the Medieval and the beginning of the modern age. 10 00:00:40,280 --> 00:00:44,160 It affected the life of every single person in the country. 11 00:00:45,840 --> 00:00:49,000 In this series I'm looking at the lives of women 12 00:00:49,000 --> 00:00:50,720 in the late-17th century. 13 00:00:50,720 --> 00:00:53,880 This is a really exciting time to be a woman. 14 00:00:53,880 --> 00:00:58,080 For centuries they've been lurking about in the footnotes of history 15 00:00:58,080 --> 00:01:00,000 but now they come to prominence. 16 00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:03,200 Some of them have such modern attitudes and ambitions 17 00:01:03,200 --> 00:01:05,560 and we see them coming up against a world 18 00:01:05,560 --> 00:01:08,280 that was still pretty male and misogynistic. 19 00:01:10,120 --> 00:01:12,160 'Over three programmes, 20 00:01:12,160 --> 00:01:15,360 'I've been exploring their lives at the newly liberated Royal Court...' 21 00:01:15,360 --> 00:01:19,000 The King without a doubt would have been completely delighted. 22 00:01:19,000 --> 00:01:22,240 - If all my clothes had suddenly fallen off? - Yes, I'm sure he would. 23 00:01:22,240 --> 00:01:25,640 '..at home behind closed doors...' 24 00:01:25,640 --> 00:01:26,800 Oh! 25 00:01:26,800 --> 00:01:30,520 '..and now in public, at work and play.' 26 00:01:30,520 --> 00:01:34,880 She dominated the theatre. She had more plays put on than anybody. 27 00:01:34,880 --> 00:01:36,600 Not any woman, any man. 28 00:01:36,600 --> 00:01:40,760 You might have thought that Britain was swinging in the 1960s, 29 00:01:40,760 --> 00:01:44,800 but it was the 1660s that really shook things up. 30 00:01:52,720 --> 00:01:55,360 APPLAUSE 31 00:01:55,360 --> 00:01:58,840 In this final programme I'll meet a band of female pioneers, 32 00:01:58,840 --> 00:02:01,920 mavericks who made names for themselves 33 00:02:01,920 --> 00:02:04,440 in new and unprecedented ways. 34 00:02:06,040 --> 00:02:10,120 Now, the one Restoration woman you'll have heard of was Nell Gwynn. 35 00:02:10,120 --> 00:02:13,080 Famously she was an orange seller, and an actress 36 00:02:13,080 --> 00:02:15,600 and then the mistress of Charles II, 37 00:02:15,600 --> 00:02:17,160 but she wasn't alone, 38 00:02:17,160 --> 00:02:20,080 there were other extraordinary women in her age. 39 00:02:21,480 --> 00:02:24,760 There were explorers and scientists 40 00:02:24,760 --> 00:02:29,760 and business women and writers, and even female spies. 41 00:02:29,760 --> 00:02:33,200 All of them were defying convention at a time when most women 42 00:02:33,200 --> 00:02:35,840 were expected to be spinsters, wives, widows, 43 00:02:35,840 --> 00:02:38,960 or, if they were unlucky, a prostitute. 44 00:02:38,960 --> 00:02:42,280 Now, my question is, was this just a group of 45 00:02:42,280 --> 00:02:45,240 extraordinary, exceptional individuals 46 00:02:45,240 --> 00:02:49,960 or was there something about the new world of Restoration England 47 00:02:49,960 --> 00:02:53,720 that allowed these women to take centre stage? 48 00:03:02,080 --> 00:03:06,680 In the summer of 1698, travellers up and down the country 49 00:03:06,680 --> 00:03:10,760 might have encountered a most unusual figure on the road. 50 00:03:11,880 --> 00:03:13,360 This was Celia Fiennes, 51 00:03:13,360 --> 00:03:15,400 a remarkable noble woman 52 00:03:15,400 --> 00:03:17,840 who travelled the length and breadth of England 53 00:03:17,840 --> 00:03:21,280 from Penzance in the south to Newcastle in the north, 54 00:03:21,280 --> 00:03:22,520 virtually alone. 55 00:03:24,320 --> 00:03:29,120 Celia's account of her travels is an amazingly detailed survey 56 00:03:29,120 --> 00:03:32,160 of a nation on the brink of modernity. 57 00:03:33,280 --> 00:03:37,360 Celia's always been a heroine of mine because of her independence. 58 00:03:37,360 --> 00:03:41,240 She stayed single, really unusual for a Restoration woman, 59 00:03:41,240 --> 00:03:43,920 and this gave her control of her own fortune. 60 00:03:43,920 --> 00:03:46,280 She used it to go travelling. 61 00:03:46,280 --> 00:03:49,760 She travelled 3,000 miles over her life time. 62 00:03:49,760 --> 00:03:53,560 This was extraordinary, even for a contemporary man. 63 00:03:56,640 --> 00:03:58,840 Celia toured the country 64 00:03:58,840 --> 00:04:02,080 well before travel had become a fashionable pastime. 65 00:04:02,080 --> 00:04:05,320 In fact, she's the first woman recorded to have visited 66 00:04:05,320 --> 00:04:08,200 every different county in the kingdom. 67 00:04:08,200 --> 00:04:12,360 She travelled on roads largely unaltered since Roman times, 68 00:04:12,360 --> 00:04:15,120 but the country she surveyed was changing fast 69 00:04:15,120 --> 00:04:19,480 and Celia was fascinated by every last detail of its transformation. 70 00:04:20,800 --> 00:04:26,160 No portraits of Celia survive but here at the Fiennes' family seat, 71 00:04:26,160 --> 00:04:28,880 Broughton Castle in Oxfordshire, 72 00:04:28,880 --> 00:04:32,200 they've still got her original journal. 73 00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:33,760 There's her signature. 74 00:04:33,760 --> 00:04:37,040 - She's signed it. - A beautiful hand, that's clearly Celia's own hand. 75 00:04:37,040 --> 00:04:40,160 - Yeah. - She was inquisitive. She wanted to know practical things, 76 00:04:40,160 --> 00:04:44,920 she wanted to know the price of fish and where you got coal from 77 00:04:44,920 --> 00:04:49,280 and why they built dams over rivers, and so on. 78 00:04:49,280 --> 00:04:52,280 She says that both ladies and gentlemen 79 00:04:52,280 --> 00:04:55,840 should make observations of the pleasant prospects, good buildings, 80 00:04:55,840 --> 00:04:59,200 - different produces and manufactures of each place. - Yes. 81 00:04:59,200 --> 00:05:02,440 So that's saying, they should go like industrial spies really, 82 00:05:02,440 --> 00:05:04,640 recording all the products of the nation. 83 00:05:04,640 --> 00:05:08,320 One feels about her, she very much didn't lie on the beach, did she? 84 00:05:08,320 --> 00:05:11,240 She does go on and on and on, very long sentences. 85 00:05:11,240 --> 00:05:15,400 - I don't know what sort of education she'd had. - Well, obviously not bad. 86 00:05:15,400 --> 00:05:18,920 - Hmm. - Although I have to tell you, she doesn't really get punctuation. 87 00:05:18,920 --> 00:05:24,280 Perhaps Celia's urge to explore lay in her Fiennes' family genes. 88 00:05:24,280 --> 00:05:28,600 After all, the polar adventurer and conqueror of Mount Everest, 89 00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:30,560 Sir Ranulph Fiennes is her descendent. 90 00:05:30,560 --> 00:05:32,800 She must have been very courageous, I think, 91 00:05:32,800 --> 00:05:34,840 because it's an equivalent, if you like, 92 00:05:34,840 --> 00:05:37,720 to somebody going to the North Pole or something now, 93 00:05:37,720 --> 00:05:39,240 it was a great adventure. 94 00:05:39,240 --> 00:05:42,000 So in her own way she really is a pioneer, isn't she? 95 00:05:42,000 --> 00:05:45,280 Yes, I wonder if they'd peered her from the villages and said, 96 00:05:45,280 --> 00:05:47,320 "What's that woman doing on a horse?" 97 00:05:47,320 --> 00:05:49,480 Yes, it must have been unusual, I think. 98 00:05:53,920 --> 00:05:57,800 Celia was a first-hand witness to the country's evolution 99 00:05:57,800 --> 00:06:01,000 from an overwhelmingly rural society 100 00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:02,440 to a far more urban one, 101 00:06:02,440 --> 00:06:08,400 built on the profits of flourishing trade and manufacturing. 102 00:06:08,400 --> 00:06:11,360 She sets off from London, and as she's travelling 103 00:06:11,360 --> 00:06:13,600 she is interested in seeing great houses 104 00:06:13,600 --> 00:06:16,000 and touristy things like natural wonders, 105 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:17,640 but what really interests her 106 00:06:17,640 --> 00:06:20,760 are the economically important parts of Britain, 107 00:06:20,760 --> 00:06:23,160 places where they're making money. 108 00:06:23,160 --> 00:06:25,120 She goes up to Liverpool. 109 00:06:26,840 --> 00:06:31,440 Liverpool, records Celia, "was just a few fisherman's houses 110 00:06:31,440 --> 00:06:36,040 "and is now grown to a large fine town, there be 24 streets in it." 111 00:06:36,040 --> 00:06:39,320 Now she comes over to Newcastle. 112 00:06:39,320 --> 00:06:43,400 "Newcastle, upon a high hill, two miles from the city, 113 00:06:43,400 --> 00:06:47,600 "I could see all about the country which was full of coal-pits, 114 00:06:47,600 --> 00:06:49,920 "the sulphur of it taints the air." 115 00:06:49,920 --> 00:06:51,200 She comes through Bristol, 116 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:53,440 a very important port in the late-17th century. 117 00:06:53,440 --> 00:06:58,960 "Bristol, a very great trading city. I saw the harbour was full of ships 118 00:06:58,960 --> 00:07:02,680 "carrying coals and all sorts of commodities." 119 00:07:02,680 --> 00:07:05,800 She was the first traveller since William Harrison 120 00:07:05,800 --> 00:07:08,880 over a 100 years before to make such a complete tour 121 00:07:08,880 --> 00:07:12,320 and this means she was the first traveller really to tour 122 00:07:12,320 --> 00:07:14,960 the earlier stage of industrial Britain. 123 00:07:17,000 --> 00:07:20,200 Nowhere was the country's modernisation more dramatic 124 00:07:20,200 --> 00:07:21,600 than in the capital. 125 00:07:23,640 --> 00:07:28,880 The benchmark by which Celia measured every other town. 126 00:07:32,200 --> 00:07:35,800 Charles II's Restoration caused a real boom in London. 127 00:07:35,800 --> 00:07:38,480 When it was finished, the new cathedral of St Paul's 128 00:07:38,480 --> 00:07:41,920 would tower over a really thriving city, full of opportunities 129 00:07:41,920 --> 00:07:46,840 for people to work and play, and there is a population explosion. 130 00:07:46,840 --> 00:07:49,680 Nearly 600,000 people now living in London, 131 00:07:49,680 --> 00:07:53,280 making it bigger than Paris and well on its way 132 00:07:53,280 --> 00:07:57,120 to overtaking the biggest city in the world, which was Constantinople. 133 00:08:00,600 --> 00:08:04,360 With the city growing so fast, it soon burst out of its boundaries 134 00:08:04,360 --> 00:08:08,680 and it flowed beyond the old city walls to the open fields westwards. 135 00:08:08,680 --> 00:08:11,200 Here sprang up stately new squares 136 00:08:11,200 --> 00:08:14,640 and avenues and public parks to create the West End. 137 00:08:16,840 --> 00:08:19,720 Covent Garden, built 30 years earlier, 138 00:08:19,720 --> 00:08:23,640 became the home of London's reopened theatres. 139 00:08:23,640 --> 00:08:27,280 Nearby, St James's Park was reinvented by Charles II 140 00:08:27,280 --> 00:08:30,960 as an elegant new public space devoted to leisure. 141 00:08:30,960 --> 00:08:34,440 The graceful squares and wide streets of the new West End 142 00:08:34,440 --> 00:08:37,960 became the most desirable places to live. 143 00:08:37,960 --> 00:08:40,960 It was here that the greatest transformations took place 144 00:08:40,960 --> 00:08:43,240 in the lives of our Restoration women. 145 00:08:43,240 --> 00:08:46,560 Whether they were actresses, servants, shopkeepers 146 00:08:46,560 --> 00:08:49,440 or even street walkers. 147 00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:53,560 In the park and on the streets of the West End, 148 00:08:53,560 --> 00:08:58,200 women were more visible than ever before. 149 00:08:58,200 --> 00:09:01,360 By 1700, they outnumbered the capital's men 150 00:09:01,360 --> 00:09:04,120 by a pretty staggering 25%. 151 00:09:05,160 --> 00:09:09,520 London was now becoming a city of women. 152 00:09:09,520 --> 00:09:12,360 - We're going to see a lot of women, aren't we, wandering around? - Yes. 153 00:09:12,360 --> 00:09:14,320 This is a great new era for single women. 154 00:09:14,320 --> 00:09:16,160 It's a great era for women's work. 155 00:09:16,160 --> 00:09:18,600 What jobs did they come for? 156 00:09:18,600 --> 00:09:21,360 Most of them were coming in to come into domestic service. 157 00:09:21,360 --> 00:09:24,240 They're not going to be servants their whole lives. 158 00:09:24,240 --> 00:09:27,040 We're still in a period when service is something 159 00:09:27,040 --> 00:09:28,680 that you do for that interim period 160 00:09:28,680 --> 00:09:30,960 between your late teens and your mid-twenties. 161 00:09:30,960 --> 00:09:33,080 People marry, most people marry very late, 162 00:09:33,080 --> 00:09:35,680 so you've got a time in which you need to earn some money, 163 00:09:35,680 --> 00:09:38,720 set yourself up as ready to have a household of your own. 164 00:09:38,720 --> 00:09:41,880 So this crowd of young women in particular coming into London, 165 00:09:41,880 --> 00:09:44,320 it has such an effect, by the end of the 17th century, 166 00:09:44,320 --> 00:09:48,200 you've got four women for three men. 167 00:09:48,200 --> 00:09:50,160 There's a lot more women now than men in fact. 168 00:09:50,160 --> 00:09:52,520 - Yeah. The sex ratio has completely warped. - Changed. 169 00:09:52,520 --> 00:09:56,720 I guess that the park is just one of the new sort of public spaces 170 00:09:56,720 --> 00:09:58,320 for women to be, you know, 171 00:09:58,320 --> 00:10:00,440 they weren't at home all the time any more. 172 00:10:00,440 --> 00:10:03,520 - They can go to...the theatre. - The theatres. 173 00:10:03,520 --> 00:10:06,560 - They can go shopping. - Covent Garden. - Covent Garden. 174 00:10:06,560 --> 00:10:10,160 They can go to all the city squares that are appearing. 175 00:10:12,760 --> 00:10:16,400 Visitors to England frequently comment that, um... 176 00:10:16,400 --> 00:10:18,720 - English women have a peculiar freedom. - Hmm. 177 00:10:18,720 --> 00:10:21,480 In some ways, they have more constraints than anywhere else 178 00:10:21,480 --> 00:10:24,040 and, in other ways, like their activities outside the home, 179 00:10:24,040 --> 00:10:25,720 they seem to have more freedom. 180 00:10:27,880 --> 00:10:30,680 'These new freedoms were tightly linked 181 00:10:30,680 --> 00:10:34,560 'to the country's growing prosperity, 182 00:10:34,560 --> 00:10:38,680 'as women became ever more important players in the national economy.' 183 00:10:40,800 --> 00:10:42,760 By the time of the Restoration, 184 00:10:42,760 --> 00:10:46,480 England had established itself as a great trading nation, 185 00:10:46,480 --> 00:10:49,600 and exotic new imports, from coffee to calicos, 186 00:10:49,600 --> 00:10:51,640 flooded into the capital. 187 00:10:51,640 --> 00:10:55,000 When the traveller Celia Fiennes' tour of the country 188 00:10:55,000 --> 00:10:58,800 brought her to Greenwich, she was suitably impressed. 189 00:10:58,800 --> 00:11:01,480 She describes coming here to Greenwich one day 190 00:11:01,480 --> 00:11:05,480 and standing here and looking out to the Thames 191 00:11:05,480 --> 00:11:09,560 twisting and turning itself up and down and covered with ships. 192 00:11:09,560 --> 00:11:11,240 She said that, "of a morning, 193 00:11:11,240 --> 00:11:14,160 "you could see 100 sails of ships passing by 194 00:11:14,160 --> 00:11:17,680 "and that is one of the finest sights that is." 195 00:11:19,400 --> 00:11:21,600 The goods they were unloading were new and exotic. 196 00:11:21,600 --> 00:11:25,320 They were bringing tobacco and sugar from the West Indies, 197 00:11:25,320 --> 00:11:28,680 and silk and spices from the Middle East. 198 00:11:28,680 --> 00:11:31,680 From India, it was calico and black pepper. 199 00:11:31,680 --> 00:11:35,200 And from China, it was tea and porcelain. 200 00:11:35,200 --> 00:11:36,960 By the end of the 17th century, 201 00:11:36,960 --> 00:11:39,480 there were £10 million worth of goods 202 00:11:39,480 --> 00:11:41,200 coming through London every year. 203 00:11:41,200 --> 00:11:44,440 It seemed like there were more and more luxuries than ever before, 204 00:11:44,440 --> 00:11:47,480 and the city was getting richer than ever before. 205 00:11:58,800 --> 00:12:03,440 'Many of these new imports were targeted specifically at women. 206 00:12:03,440 --> 00:12:08,360 'And Restoration London's elegantly appointed new arcades 207 00:12:08,360 --> 00:12:12,240 'were designed to appeal directly to this new female market.' 208 00:12:14,440 --> 00:12:16,800 You're looking at the wrong gloves. These are the ones. 209 00:12:16,800 --> 00:12:19,040 'This was the moment the shopping mall came of age.' 210 00:12:19,040 --> 00:12:20,320 I quite fancy these. 211 00:12:20,320 --> 00:12:23,800 - Such choice, amazing. - And I like this. This is the capitalist glove. 212 00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:25,480 - Yeah. - With the fur around the bottom. 213 00:12:25,480 --> 00:12:27,480 And the slightly punk glove here. 214 00:12:27,480 --> 00:12:30,520 - That's horrible, that one is. - I'm not sure about that. 215 00:12:30,520 --> 00:12:34,080 So, Helen, we're spending the afternoon with a lot of other people 216 00:12:34,080 --> 00:12:36,480 wandering up and down and looking in shop windows. 217 00:12:36,480 --> 00:12:39,960 Is this a new Restoration form of behaviour? 218 00:12:39,960 --> 00:12:41,360 Yes, it is, and I think 219 00:12:41,360 --> 00:12:43,680 it would have been a much more pleasurable experience 220 00:12:43,680 --> 00:12:45,120 than in previous generations, 221 00:12:45,120 --> 00:12:47,200 where you went into dark pokey shops 222 00:12:47,200 --> 00:12:49,680 that had window shutters made of wood. 223 00:12:49,680 --> 00:12:52,840 For the first time, you've got window displays in the shop window 224 00:12:52,840 --> 00:12:55,080 and you have glass so that you can see in, 225 00:12:55,080 --> 00:12:56,880 and see the goods that are on offer. 226 00:12:56,880 --> 00:12:59,560 And it becomes a kind of leisure activity in its own right. 227 00:12:59,560 --> 00:13:03,200 The owners and managers of these arcades could actually specify 228 00:13:03,200 --> 00:13:04,800 what goods were sold there 229 00:13:04,800 --> 00:13:07,560 so that you weren't going and buying your lovely lace in one booth 230 00:13:07,560 --> 00:13:10,120 and next door there was a butcher doing horrible things. 231 00:13:10,120 --> 00:13:13,080 It was all supposed to be very polite and clean and genteel. 232 00:13:13,080 --> 00:13:16,760 That's still the case here in the arcade. No potatoes on sale here. 233 00:13:16,760 --> 00:13:20,600 - Absolutely no potatoes, just pearls. - Just pearls. 234 00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:23,240 A few tiaras thrown in for good measure. 235 00:13:23,240 --> 00:13:26,160 The women who flocked to these smart boutiques 236 00:13:26,160 --> 00:13:28,360 soon made a name for themselves. 237 00:13:28,360 --> 00:13:30,720 They were called "the silk worms." 238 00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:33,000 Addison in the Spectator talks about these women 239 00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:35,320 who go from shop to shop in their carriages 240 00:13:35,320 --> 00:13:37,120 and they drive the haberdashers mad 241 00:13:37,120 --> 00:13:38,880 because they just go into the shops 242 00:13:38,880 --> 00:13:41,200 and they're unravelling lengths and lengths of silk 243 00:13:41,200 --> 00:13:43,080 but they're not actually buying anything. 244 00:13:43,080 --> 00:13:46,160 They're just there to gossip with their friends. 245 00:13:46,160 --> 00:13:48,680 And that's the one I fancy. 246 00:13:48,680 --> 00:13:51,480 - This, gems on it. - Beautiful. 247 00:13:51,480 --> 00:13:53,840 Ooh, it's £19,500. 248 00:13:53,840 --> 00:13:55,480 Have you brought your credit card? 249 00:13:55,480 --> 00:13:58,920 'The Restoration shop keepers were quick to spot this new market 250 00:13:58,920 --> 00:14:02,040 'and went out of their way to win women over 251 00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:05,560 'with surprisingly modern marketing techniques.' 252 00:14:05,560 --> 00:14:09,480 One trick which the Spectator talks about is employing handsome young men 253 00:14:09,480 --> 00:14:12,520 - to entice women in and to flirt with them. - Like gigolos. 254 00:14:12,520 --> 00:14:16,240 Kind of, and er, yes, they flirt with them and they draw them in. 255 00:14:16,240 --> 00:14:19,760 'Well before the invention of the joint bank account, 256 00:14:19,760 --> 00:14:22,720 'some of these ladies even found cunning new ways 257 00:14:22,720 --> 00:14:26,280 'to exploit an old-fashioned legal system.' 258 00:14:26,280 --> 00:14:28,920 Tremendous advantage in a patriarchal society, 259 00:14:28,920 --> 00:14:32,000 where married women who have no legal personality of their own, 260 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:35,920 - is that they're not liable for the debts that they run up. - Oh, I like it! 261 00:14:35,920 --> 00:14:38,440 So they can go around saying to the shopkeeper, 262 00:14:38,440 --> 00:14:41,640 "Well, go on and give me those goods and my husband will pay you later," 263 00:14:41,640 --> 00:14:44,320 and, um, of course, he's obliged to do it. 264 00:14:44,320 --> 00:14:47,760 And this really goes too far in some cases. 265 00:14:47,760 --> 00:14:51,720 And what we find actually is some intriguing newspaper advertisements 266 00:14:51,720 --> 00:14:54,360 where a shopkeeper will have handed over a lot of goods 267 00:14:54,360 --> 00:14:55,760 and the husband's been appalled 268 00:14:55,760 --> 00:14:57,800 and he actually puts an advertisement saying, 269 00:14:57,800 --> 00:15:00,960 "Mrs Worsley, my wife, is a petite blonde woman, 270 00:15:00,960 --> 00:15:04,040 "please don't give her any more credit because I won't pay her bills." 271 00:15:05,760 --> 00:15:08,880 I love the idea of these ladies having a high old time in the shops. 272 00:15:08,880 --> 00:15:10,480 Absolutely, and it can go to court, 273 00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:12,280 you know, the husband ends up in the dock 274 00:15:12,280 --> 00:15:15,840 because women and children have no actual responsibility 275 00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:18,240 for debts that they accrue. 276 00:15:18,240 --> 00:15:21,960 Give them an inch and they'll take a mile. 277 00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:28,440 'But, of course, some women's credit rating was unimpeachable.' 278 00:15:28,440 --> 00:15:31,200 Now, right at the top of the fashion food chain, 279 00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:33,640 we've got the Queen, Mary II. 280 00:15:33,640 --> 00:15:36,040 She was quite a shopper. 281 00:15:36,040 --> 00:15:40,160 This bill was for just six months in 1694 282 00:15:40,160 --> 00:15:42,360 and it's full of lovely clothes. 283 00:15:42,360 --> 00:15:45,960 She's getting a nightgown with green flowers. 284 00:15:45,960 --> 00:15:48,400 And another one with white and gold flowers. 285 00:15:48,400 --> 00:15:50,600 She's buying buttons, 286 00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:53,800 gold flowered wadded nightgown 287 00:15:53,800 --> 00:15:57,440 and a silver chain, silk wadding, underwear, 288 00:15:57,440 --> 00:16:01,200 a pair of gold tissue stays, stitched with silver. 289 00:16:01,200 --> 00:16:02,880 They sound splendid. 290 00:16:02,880 --> 00:16:05,040 Now, an important thing about a lot of this fabric 291 00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:07,880 is that it's the new, exotic, imported stuff. 292 00:16:07,880 --> 00:16:10,960 Look, it's from India. It comes from the East. 293 00:16:10,960 --> 00:16:12,600 Right down at the bottom we've got, 294 00:16:12,600 --> 00:16:14,920 "For lining a morning gown quite through 295 00:16:14,920 --> 00:16:17,840 "with white Indian damasque." 296 00:16:17,840 --> 00:16:20,080 This is going to be the start of a new trend. 297 00:16:20,080 --> 00:16:22,840 Everybody's going to want something like that. 298 00:16:24,240 --> 00:16:27,320 'And for the fashion-conscious shopper without a royal budget, 299 00:16:27,320 --> 00:16:29,960 'a new industry was born, 300 00:16:29,960 --> 00:16:32,720 'producing cheap English imitations 301 00:16:32,720 --> 00:16:35,720 'of these luxurious fabrics from India and China.' 302 00:16:37,960 --> 00:16:41,600 - Isn't that lovely? - It's just glorious. It hasn't faded at all. 303 00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:43,440 The colours are so fresh and bright. 304 00:16:43,440 --> 00:16:46,800 This isn't an actual proper Indian fabric, is that right? 305 00:16:46,800 --> 00:16:48,800 No, that's right. This was made in England. 306 00:16:48,800 --> 00:16:50,600 It's much cheaper than buying, 307 00:16:50,600 --> 00:16:52,680 with the fabrics that are coming in from India. 308 00:16:52,680 --> 00:16:55,640 - Crazy colours, aren't they? - Yes, and they're often a lot brighter 309 00:16:55,640 --> 00:16:57,160 than we might associate with, 310 00:16:57,160 --> 00:16:58,840 you know, historical clothing. 311 00:16:58,840 --> 00:17:01,800 They're really vibrant and luminous. 312 00:17:01,800 --> 00:17:07,120 After the sober shades and restrained styles of the Commonwealth period, 313 00:17:07,120 --> 00:17:09,840 no wonder the Restoration saw a steep rise 314 00:17:09,840 --> 00:17:12,160 in dedicated followers of fashion. 315 00:17:12,160 --> 00:17:15,840 Look at this lovely conical shape that's really, um, 316 00:17:15,840 --> 00:17:19,240 typical of the late-17th century. 317 00:17:19,240 --> 00:17:21,200 So the jumps is the informal, 318 00:17:21,200 --> 00:17:23,000 comfortable, soft version 319 00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:24,360 - of the stays? - Yeah. 320 00:17:24,360 --> 00:17:28,400 It sucks you in a little bit, but it's like wearing your track suit. 321 00:17:29,760 --> 00:17:32,680 From top to toe, a host of new accessories 322 00:17:32,680 --> 00:17:35,160 left no extremity unadorned. 323 00:17:35,160 --> 00:17:40,480 'Towering head-dresses made the most of expensive continental lace.' 324 00:17:40,480 --> 00:17:44,440 - Fabulous! - You can only make about an inch and a half of this per day. 325 00:17:44,440 --> 00:17:46,920 'Wielding a fan showed off 326 00:17:46,920 --> 00:17:49,240 'your lovely white forearms.' 327 00:17:49,240 --> 00:17:51,840 What I really want is this pair of shoes. 328 00:17:51,840 --> 00:17:53,760 'And ingenious slap-soled shoes 329 00:17:53,760 --> 00:17:56,560 'got you along muddy streets in style.' 330 00:17:56,560 --> 00:18:00,080 - It's like a wedgie. - It's a wedgie, exactly. 331 00:18:00,080 --> 00:18:03,920 'And now, you could get hold of up-to-the-minute fashion prints.' 332 00:18:03,920 --> 00:18:05,680 So this lovely fontage style 333 00:18:05,680 --> 00:18:07,920 that was all the rage in the French courts... 334 00:18:07,920 --> 00:18:10,640 'These allowed women outside the world of the court 335 00:18:10,640 --> 00:18:13,240 'to copy what the beautiful people were wearing. 336 00:18:13,240 --> 00:18:16,400 'They were the 17th century's answer to Vogue.' 337 00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:18,440 It's a way into high-end fashion, I suppose, 338 00:18:18,440 --> 00:18:20,160 for the normal folk at home. 339 00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:23,520 Absolutely and, in a sense, it's almost the trade in the luxury goods 340 00:18:23,520 --> 00:18:26,280 that allows a wider proportion of people to use it 341 00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:28,240 because it's the wives of the people 342 00:18:28,240 --> 00:18:30,480 making their fortunes from importing these things. 343 00:18:30,480 --> 00:18:32,720 I mean, how better to get it 344 00:18:32,720 --> 00:18:35,240 than to be married to someone who imports it? Easy. 345 00:18:35,240 --> 00:18:36,400 SHE LAUGHS 346 00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:37,640 You get it at cost-price. 347 00:18:37,640 --> 00:18:39,720 - So the merchant classes start to grow. - Yeah. 348 00:18:39,720 --> 00:18:41,400 And the wives of the merchant classes 349 00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:43,480 are, are wearing more ostentatious clothing 350 00:18:43,480 --> 00:18:47,280 and, um, creating a huge demand. They've got the money. 351 00:18:47,280 --> 00:18:50,880 With the birth of these modern consumers fashion 352 00:18:50,880 --> 00:18:53,440 became a serious business. 353 00:18:55,520 --> 00:18:58,840 For a long time, there'd been criticism, particularly of women, 354 00:18:58,840 --> 00:19:01,080 for having too many and too fancy clothes, 355 00:19:01,080 --> 00:19:03,080 but now, people began to realise 356 00:19:03,080 --> 00:19:05,520 it was an important part of the economy. 357 00:19:05,520 --> 00:19:09,360 A 17th-century statistician called Gregory King calculated 358 00:19:09,360 --> 00:19:12,560 that, in the single year of 1688, 359 00:19:12,560 --> 00:19:17,080 the English people purchased 79 million separate garments. 360 00:19:17,080 --> 00:19:20,280 They were spending a quarter of their income on clothing. 361 00:19:20,280 --> 00:19:23,440 One commentator, called Nicholas Barbon, says, 362 00:19:23,440 --> 00:19:26,040 "Ladies, fashion is good! 363 00:19:26,040 --> 00:19:28,600 "It occasions the expense of new clothes 364 00:19:28,600 --> 00:19:31,040 "before the old ones are worn out. 365 00:19:31,040 --> 00:19:34,720 "It is the spirit and life of trade." 366 00:19:34,720 --> 00:19:37,600 For a growing number of women, 367 00:19:37,600 --> 00:19:40,120 it wasn't just a case of looking the part. 368 00:19:40,120 --> 00:19:42,240 They had to act it too. 369 00:19:42,240 --> 00:19:45,640 For all the new freedoms that women enjoyed, 370 00:19:45,640 --> 00:19:48,920 their behaviour was still very tightly prescribed. 371 00:19:48,920 --> 00:19:52,160 The 17th century saw a rash of conduct books 372 00:19:52,160 --> 00:19:54,520 aimed at female readers. 373 00:19:54,520 --> 00:19:57,600 These set out the distinctly old-fashioned codes 374 00:19:57,600 --> 00:19:59,960 of meek and modest behaviour 375 00:19:59,960 --> 00:20:03,400 still demanded of any respectable woman. 376 00:20:03,400 --> 00:20:06,880 If you did venture out into St James's Park as a lady, 377 00:20:06,880 --> 00:20:10,720 it was very important to follow the rules for female behaviour, 378 00:20:10,720 --> 00:20:14,160 set out by Hannah Woolley in her book of 1675, 379 00:20:14,160 --> 00:20:16,720 called A Guide To The Female Sex. 380 00:20:16,720 --> 00:20:21,480 Hannah was Restoration England's favourite agony aunt. 381 00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:25,800 Her work was part cook-book, part indispensable guide to everything, 382 00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:32,040 from courtship to managing servants and, above all, to female etiquette. 383 00:20:32,040 --> 00:20:35,280 First of all, she says, don't talk to any gentlemen 384 00:20:35,280 --> 00:20:38,600 cos they might take the opportunity to tell you a smutty story. 385 00:20:38,600 --> 00:20:41,080 She says that you should stick to sucking up to people 386 00:20:41,080 --> 00:20:42,720 who are better than you, 387 00:20:42,720 --> 00:20:45,120 don't speak to anyone who's inferior to you. 388 00:20:45,120 --> 00:20:47,480 Your walk is very important. 389 00:20:47,480 --> 00:20:51,680 She said that a light carriage shows that you've got a light mind. 390 00:20:51,680 --> 00:20:55,400 And I guess that means you've got to walk very sedately and soberly. 391 00:20:55,400 --> 00:20:58,120 And finally, take care what you do with your eyes. 392 00:20:58,120 --> 00:21:00,720 Don't send forth any tempting glances. 393 00:21:00,720 --> 00:21:03,240 This will reveal that you have a light character. 394 00:21:03,240 --> 00:21:06,280 Instead, you should just send your eyes up to heaven. 395 00:21:11,160 --> 00:21:13,600 'Women out and about in London didn't only run the risk 396 00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:16,840 'of a social faux pas. 397 00:21:16,840 --> 00:21:20,680 'The West End streets and squares may have looked elegant and refined, 398 00:21:20,680 --> 00:21:25,680 'but many of the people you encountered on them definitely weren't. 399 00:21:25,680 --> 00:21:27,480 'By night, the area attracted 400 00:21:27,480 --> 00:21:31,240 'both cheeky thieves and committed criminals.' 401 00:21:31,240 --> 00:21:34,240 This is way before the invention of street-lighting 402 00:21:34,240 --> 00:21:36,800 and if you wanted to get home, you'd hire a link-boy, 403 00:21:36,800 --> 00:21:40,360 who'd run in front of you with a flaming torch to show the way, 404 00:21:40,360 --> 00:21:41,920 if you were lucky. 405 00:21:41,920 --> 00:21:44,920 If you were unlucky, he'd lead you up a blind alley 406 00:21:44,920 --> 00:21:47,520 and all of his friends would jump on you and rob you. 407 00:21:47,520 --> 00:21:50,640 This is 150 years before the invention of the police 408 00:21:50,640 --> 00:21:54,320 and it's said that a gentleman walking home alone at night 409 00:21:54,320 --> 00:22:00,080 needed to arm himself to the teeth with a sword and a blunderbuss. 410 00:22:00,080 --> 00:22:06,280 'If it was dangerous for men, imagine what it was like for women.' 411 00:22:06,280 --> 00:22:09,960 Women out at night probably felt particularly vulnerable 412 00:22:09,960 --> 00:22:13,200 because of their clothes, which were surprisingly accessible. 413 00:22:13,200 --> 00:22:15,120 They had this low bodices, 414 00:22:15,120 --> 00:22:16,680 a groping hand 415 00:22:16,680 --> 00:22:18,280 could make its way down there 416 00:22:18,280 --> 00:22:20,480 and, although I look well protected, 417 00:22:20,480 --> 00:22:22,600 actually, these layers just lift up. 418 00:22:22,600 --> 00:22:25,160 And here's my outer skirt, 419 00:22:25,160 --> 00:22:28,200 here's my under skirt. 420 00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:33,560 Underneath that, I've got my linen smock or shift. 421 00:22:33,560 --> 00:22:35,280 Then, here are my stockings, 422 00:22:35,280 --> 00:22:37,440 but they stop just above the knee 423 00:22:37,440 --> 00:22:39,400 and that's it. 424 00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:42,520 Women's knickers haven't been invented yet. 425 00:22:42,520 --> 00:22:47,520 Women's vulnerability was often exploited, 426 00:22:47,520 --> 00:22:50,440 even by apparently civilised gentlemen, 427 00:22:50,440 --> 00:22:52,720 like the diarist Samuel Pepys, 428 00:22:52,720 --> 00:22:55,280 whose behaviour now seems pretty shocking. 429 00:22:57,480 --> 00:23:00,080 Samuel Pepys' diaries often mention him 430 00:23:00,080 --> 00:23:02,160 following pretty women down the street 431 00:23:02,160 --> 00:23:05,520 and literally having a squeeze, seeing what he could get away with. 432 00:23:05,520 --> 00:23:08,880 On one occasion, he even had a go at a lady in church, 433 00:23:08,880 --> 00:23:10,920 but he bit off more than he could chew, 434 00:23:10,920 --> 00:23:12,960 because she opened up her pocket. 435 00:23:12,960 --> 00:23:14,640 Now, it was a tie-on pocket, 436 00:23:14,640 --> 00:23:17,920 of the kind that Lucy Locket lost and Kitty Fisher found, 437 00:23:17,920 --> 00:23:21,000 and out she got a huge, great pin 438 00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:23,160 and she threatened to prick him with it 439 00:23:23,160 --> 00:23:25,160 and, after that, he left her alone. 440 00:23:28,400 --> 00:23:31,480 Pepys' victim was well able to look after herself 441 00:23:31,480 --> 00:23:35,280 but many of the women who came to the capital in search of work 442 00:23:35,280 --> 00:23:38,160 found it a cruel and unforgiving place. 443 00:23:40,880 --> 00:23:43,360 'Far from home, they could end up penniless, 444 00:23:43,360 --> 00:23:46,360 'without support and very alone.' 445 00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:52,960 This is not very secure employment, is it? 446 00:23:52,960 --> 00:23:56,200 They might find themselves out of a job, on the streets. 447 00:23:56,200 --> 00:23:58,760 If it went wrong, they had a problem, they had a problem 448 00:23:58,760 --> 00:24:01,200 because they didn't have many family and friends about, 449 00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:03,800 so they could quickly fall on very hard times. 450 00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:06,240 They would probably, they would not be settled in London 451 00:24:06,240 --> 00:24:09,000 so they wouldn't get parish relief, so they could quickly turn 452 00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:11,680 to any source of income that they could find. 453 00:24:11,680 --> 00:24:13,920 'For those desperate enough, 454 00:24:13,920 --> 00:24:17,400 'the West End provided one final job opportunity - 455 00:24:17,400 --> 00:24:20,880 'the world's oldest profession.' 456 00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:24,040 And then, they were coming to Covent Garden, weren't they? 457 00:24:24,040 --> 00:24:26,920 This was the centre of the vice business. 458 00:24:26,920 --> 00:24:30,880 Yes, it was. It, it was conveniently located between the City of London 459 00:24:30,880 --> 00:24:34,520 and the more wealthier parishes, er, west of here. 460 00:24:34,520 --> 00:24:36,280 Is it at all possible to estimate 461 00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:39,480 just how many brothels there were on the streets round here 462 00:24:39,480 --> 00:24:42,080 and how many women were working as prostitutes? 463 00:24:42,080 --> 00:24:44,480 Well, you can only really make an estimate, but we would, 464 00:24:44,480 --> 00:24:47,240 I would estimate that there were certainly dozens of brothels, 465 00:24:47,240 --> 00:24:51,480 maybe more, and thousands of, of women, er, walking the streets. 466 00:24:51,480 --> 00:24:53,200 How could you spot a prostitute? 467 00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:55,360 Did she come and give you a little poke with her fan? 468 00:24:55,360 --> 00:24:56,720 I don't think it was difficult. 469 00:24:56,720 --> 00:24:59,400 They were quite aggressive in terms of propositioning men. 470 00:24:59,400 --> 00:25:01,800 It's pretty clear at the lower end of the trade, 471 00:25:01,800 --> 00:25:03,200 at the higher end of the trade, 472 00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:06,240 probably the transaction would have been a little more subtle. 473 00:25:06,240 --> 00:25:10,680 The West End teemed with thousands of prostitutes 474 00:25:10,680 --> 00:25:12,920 openly plying their trade. 475 00:25:12,920 --> 00:25:17,160 By night, the area was regarded as a sink of sin. 476 00:25:20,200 --> 00:25:22,480 'Even those parts owned by the Crown 477 00:25:22,480 --> 00:25:24,680 'gained a reputation for debauchery.' 478 00:25:26,320 --> 00:25:29,840 The park at night was a very different place. 479 00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:32,800 It wasn't flirtation and ogling going on in there, 480 00:25:32,800 --> 00:25:36,600 it was assignations of prostitutes and muggings too. 481 00:25:36,600 --> 00:25:38,440 You might wonder how this could be, 482 00:25:38,440 --> 00:25:41,040 cos the gates were locked at ten o'clock every night. 483 00:25:41,040 --> 00:25:43,920 The answer was - authorised key holders. 484 00:25:43,920 --> 00:25:46,280 6,500 of them. 485 00:25:46,280 --> 00:25:49,560 And who knows how many illegal, unauthorised keys 486 00:25:49,560 --> 00:25:51,760 were floating around London too. 487 00:25:54,600 --> 00:25:57,360 'When Charles II handed out the keys to his new park, 488 00:25:57,360 --> 00:26:00,120 'he must have known exactly what his favourite courtiers 489 00:26:00,120 --> 00:26:02,680 'would be getting up to in it. 490 00:26:02,680 --> 00:26:06,600 'Their behaviour seemed to get the royal nod.' 491 00:26:06,600 --> 00:26:11,560 The Earl of Rochester wrote one of his typically salacious poems about the park. 492 00:26:11,560 --> 00:26:13,920 He called it A Ramble In St James's. 493 00:26:13,920 --> 00:26:16,080 He described the park at night 494 00:26:16,080 --> 00:26:18,800 being teeming with men and women of all ranks, 495 00:26:18,800 --> 00:26:21,080 all of them up to no good. 496 00:26:21,080 --> 00:26:24,680 He said that nightly, beneath the trees' shades, 497 00:26:24,680 --> 00:26:28,360 buggeries, rapes and incests are made. 498 00:26:28,360 --> 00:26:31,960 The location of the park, handy for the court 499 00:26:31,960 --> 00:26:34,200 and the West End, was really convenient. 500 00:26:34,200 --> 00:26:36,960 No wonder they all came here for their liaisons. 501 00:26:40,840 --> 00:26:44,880 'The quarter century of Charles II's reign had seen an explosion 502 00:26:44,880 --> 00:26:49,400 'in prostitution and public lewdness and licentiousness.' 503 00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:51,840 To the Puritans, who'd been the guardians 504 00:26:51,840 --> 00:26:54,320 of the nation's morality under Cromwell, 505 00:26:54,320 --> 00:26:59,480 it seemed the country was sliding into debauchery. 506 00:26:59,480 --> 00:27:03,640 They believed that the numerous disasters which had beset the nation 507 00:27:03,640 --> 00:27:06,280 were the expressions of God's anger. 508 00:27:06,280 --> 00:27:09,520 Plague, Dutch attacks on the fleet, 509 00:27:09,520 --> 00:27:12,120 and the Great Fire of London 510 00:27:12,120 --> 00:27:17,040 were the consequences of this immoral age. 511 00:27:17,040 --> 00:27:22,600 'But in 1688, a much less merry monarch came to the throne. 512 00:27:22,600 --> 00:27:25,160 'The Puritans were to gain a powerful ally 513 00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:29,720 'in the staunchly protestant new King, William III.' 514 00:27:29,720 --> 00:27:33,880 So in the 1660s and '70s, you've got lots of vice. 515 00:27:33,880 --> 00:27:37,680 Everybody enjoying themselves. But it all changes in 1688. 516 00:27:37,680 --> 00:27:40,040 Yes, with the arrival of William III, 517 00:27:40,040 --> 00:27:42,640 they decide that they're going to justify this new regime 518 00:27:42,640 --> 00:27:45,480 by creating a godly monarchy which is going to lead 519 00:27:45,480 --> 00:27:48,160 a kind of second protestant reformation. 520 00:27:48,160 --> 00:27:54,040 The scale and fervour of this anti-vice crusade were astonishing. 521 00:27:54,040 --> 00:27:58,120 An organisation called the Society For The Reformation Of Manners 522 00:27:58,120 --> 00:28:01,320 was founded to halt the country's moral decline. 523 00:28:01,320 --> 00:28:03,880 Its volunteers patrolled the city's streets, 524 00:28:03,880 --> 00:28:08,200 zealously pursuing women suspected of prostitution. 525 00:28:08,200 --> 00:28:12,520 How did the Society For The Reformation Of Manners actually work? 526 00:28:12,520 --> 00:28:14,040 It had to rely on informers, 527 00:28:14,040 --> 00:28:16,640 so informers were people who were religiously motivated 528 00:28:16,640 --> 00:28:18,960 or perhaps financially motivated, er, 529 00:28:18,960 --> 00:28:22,520 to go out and arrest, er, prostitutes in particular. 530 00:28:22,520 --> 00:28:23,880 It's not fair, is it? 531 00:28:23,880 --> 00:28:25,400 Well, no, it isn't fair. 532 00:28:25,400 --> 00:28:28,760 And I don't think that many of the prosecutions that the Reformers instigated 533 00:28:28,760 --> 00:28:32,240 would, would match any kind of standards of evidence that we would expect. 534 00:28:32,240 --> 00:28:34,320 They used to do naming and shaming, didn't they? 535 00:28:34,320 --> 00:28:40,040 Yes, we have here a Black Roll which the, er, the Society's published, 536 00:28:40,040 --> 00:28:42,800 which is basically a published list of all the offenders 537 00:28:42,800 --> 00:28:45,360 that they've prosecuted in the past year. 538 00:28:45,360 --> 00:28:46,960 So, after what you've said, 539 00:28:46,960 --> 00:28:48,600 we can't really be sure 540 00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:50,760 that all of these women were guilty. 541 00:28:50,760 --> 00:28:54,840 Some of them could have been, you know, walking in a street where prostitutes were known to work. 542 00:28:54,840 --> 00:28:56,880 They could have been tarred by association. 543 00:28:56,880 --> 00:28:58,400 I think that's quite possible. 544 00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:02,280 Er, there was a great distrust of young, unmarried women at the time 545 00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:05,240 and I think anyone who was acting at all suspiciously 546 00:29:05,240 --> 00:29:07,920 was quite, er, likely to be arrested. 547 00:29:07,920 --> 00:29:11,600 'This backlash wasn't directed at prostitutes alone. 548 00:29:11,600 --> 00:29:14,120 'Almost any ordinary woman 549 00:29:14,120 --> 00:29:17,160 'might find herself a victim of the morality police.' 550 00:29:18,720 --> 00:29:22,680 'Sometimes, just being in the wrong place at the wrong time was enough.' 551 00:29:22,680 --> 00:29:26,400 The impact of the Society's campaign was considerable. 552 00:29:26,400 --> 00:29:30,400 Every week, 40 or 50 so-called "night walkers" were packed off 553 00:29:30,400 --> 00:29:36,760 to the infamous Bridewell Prison, many on decidedly dodgy evidence. 554 00:29:36,760 --> 00:29:40,880 Once in jail, the women were set to hard labour, beating hemp. 555 00:29:40,880 --> 00:29:44,320 Members of the public could even come in and watch them, 556 00:29:44,320 --> 00:29:48,960 stripped to the waist and whipped in a positively medieval punishment. 557 00:29:48,960 --> 00:29:52,560 This was still a deeply misogynistic society, 558 00:29:52,560 --> 00:29:54,960 profoundly suspicious of women, 559 00:29:54,960 --> 00:29:59,200 what they wore, where they went, how they behaved. 560 00:29:59,200 --> 00:30:00,960 At the same time, though, 561 00:30:00,960 --> 00:30:05,040 the Restoration did offer incredible opportunities for women. 562 00:30:05,040 --> 00:30:08,840 None greater and yet more provocative than in the theatre. 563 00:30:12,960 --> 00:30:16,080 It was here that women were to experience 564 00:30:16,080 --> 00:30:18,120 a whole new level of freedom. 565 00:30:18,120 --> 00:30:22,440 Theatres had been outlawed under the Commonwealth. 566 00:30:22,440 --> 00:30:26,440 Charles II re-opens them on his Restoration in 1660 567 00:30:26,440 --> 00:30:29,680 and they were to become the symbol of his age. 568 00:30:40,200 --> 00:30:43,080 'There's one surviving theatre in the country, 569 00:30:43,080 --> 00:30:45,840 'the small but perfectly formed, Theatre Royal 570 00:30:45,840 --> 00:30:47,480 'in Richmond, North Yorkshire, 571 00:30:47,480 --> 00:30:49,200 'which provides our best guide 572 00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:51,760 'to the world of the Restoration playhouse.' 573 00:30:51,760 --> 00:30:55,960 Ooh, this is pretty good up here. What's this part of it? 574 00:30:55,960 --> 00:30:58,720 'After 18 years of closure under the Puritan regime, 575 00:30:58,720 --> 00:31:01,960 'theatres weren't simply re-opened in 1660, 576 00:31:01,960 --> 00:31:05,040 'they were totally reinvented.' 577 00:31:05,040 --> 00:31:07,480 This is a completely new thing of the 1660s, isn't it, 578 00:31:07,480 --> 00:31:10,400 - having the curtain between the back and the front? - Yes. 579 00:31:10,400 --> 00:31:13,240 - Shakespeare wouldn't have known what we were doing here? - No. 580 00:31:13,240 --> 00:31:16,960 Da-dah! Ooh, it's great down here on the stage, isn't it? 581 00:31:16,960 --> 00:31:19,160 Tell me how this scenery works. This was new. 582 00:31:19,160 --> 00:31:20,960 You have four sets of flats here. 583 00:31:20,960 --> 00:31:22,480 They're angled in a "V" shape 584 00:31:22,480 --> 00:31:24,720 to give you perspective up towards the back. 585 00:31:24,720 --> 00:31:27,840 Whoa! 586 00:31:29,280 --> 00:31:32,600 Arrg! Arrg! 587 00:31:33,840 --> 00:31:37,720 'With the newly introduced footlights blazing, 588 00:31:37,720 --> 00:31:40,160 'and occasionally burning down the theatre, 589 00:31:40,160 --> 00:31:42,280 'a visit to the playhouse in the 1660s 590 00:31:42,280 --> 00:31:44,600 'would have been a thrilling experience.' 591 00:31:46,960 --> 00:31:48,720 For women in particular, 592 00:31:48,720 --> 00:31:51,840 the theatre offered more than mere entertainment. 593 00:31:51,840 --> 00:31:53,320 This was a new space, 594 00:31:53,320 --> 00:31:56,400 in which they were welcome on equal terms with men. 595 00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:02,520 Is the opening up of the theatre going to be really important 596 00:32:02,520 --> 00:32:06,320 for letting women come to the fore in society? 597 00:32:06,320 --> 00:32:07,760 I think it is 598 00:32:07,760 --> 00:32:10,800 and I think what...you know, Restoration society 599 00:32:10,800 --> 00:32:12,880 is a very much more open society. 600 00:32:12,880 --> 00:32:15,360 If we think about one of the other new inventions, 601 00:32:15,360 --> 00:32:18,040 social inventions at the time, the coffee house, 602 00:32:18,040 --> 00:32:22,760 where men go to drink coffee and to talk about politics, 603 00:32:22,760 --> 00:32:25,200 women are not allowed in coffee houses 604 00:32:25,200 --> 00:32:28,560 so the theatre is the other great sort of public space 605 00:32:28,560 --> 00:32:32,480 where culture can be discussed, political arguments can be voiced, 606 00:32:32,480 --> 00:32:36,440 so theatre opens up a whole set of opportunities 607 00:32:36,440 --> 00:32:39,880 for women connecting with that broader public. 608 00:32:39,880 --> 00:32:43,120 In Shakespeare's time, the upper crust stayed away 609 00:32:43,120 --> 00:32:46,800 from the rough and tumble of London's playhouses. 610 00:32:46,800 --> 00:32:49,360 But now, encouraged by the King's patronage, 611 00:32:49,360 --> 00:32:51,040 they flock to the theatre. 612 00:32:53,120 --> 00:32:56,360 The auditorium is divided up on class lines, 613 00:32:56,360 --> 00:32:59,920 so you get higher, lower people sitting in different areas. 614 00:32:59,920 --> 00:33:01,240 Down here in the pit, 615 00:33:01,240 --> 00:33:04,000 this is perhaps the most lively and exciting area, 616 00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:07,200 this is where all the young, single men and gallants would want to come 617 00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:09,600 so they could be really up close to the actresses. 618 00:33:09,600 --> 00:33:11,920 Sitting amongst them you might find the odd female, 619 00:33:11,920 --> 00:33:14,400 she was likely to be a high-class prostitute. 620 00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:18,040 You could spot her by her black masque or vizard. 621 00:33:20,560 --> 00:33:23,760 These are the boxes, the most expensive seats, 622 00:33:23,760 --> 00:33:26,440 and here you would have got respectable gentlemen 623 00:33:26,440 --> 00:33:28,520 bringing their respectable wives, 624 00:33:28,520 --> 00:33:30,880 even to see some fairly unrespectable plays, 625 00:33:30,880 --> 00:33:35,680 cos this is where the fashionable world would sit to see and to be seen. 626 00:33:35,680 --> 00:33:38,080 And if there were any Royal visitors in the house, 627 00:33:38,080 --> 00:33:39,840 this is where they would have sat. 628 00:33:39,840 --> 00:33:42,320 So these are the cheapest seats up here, in the gallery. 629 00:33:42,320 --> 00:33:44,960 This is where you'd have got all the booing and the cat-calling 630 00:33:44,960 --> 00:33:47,040 and the drumming of the feet on the floor. 631 00:33:47,040 --> 00:33:49,440 Up here, it was pretty cheap and cheerful. 632 00:33:49,440 --> 00:33:51,920 You're a long way from the stage, but the big advantage is 633 00:33:51,920 --> 00:33:56,040 you can drop your orange peel down onto the heads of the people below. 634 00:34:01,040 --> 00:34:04,840 Charles hadn't just reinstated the theatres in 1660, 635 00:34:04,840 --> 00:34:10,280 he'd also ordered that the female roles must now be taken by women. 636 00:34:10,280 --> 00:34:14,760 Previously the girls had always been played by boys. 637 00:34:14,760 --> 00:34:17,000 The first generation of women 638 00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:19,960 to take to the public stage became stars 639 00:34:19,960 --> 00:34:24,240 and invented an entirely new profession - that of the actress. 640 00:34:26,200 --> 00:34:29,240 These women were real pioneers in lots of senses, weren't they? 641 00:34:29,240 --> 00:34:32,040 They're very much pioneers and they're real risk takers as well, 642 00:34:32,040 --> 00:34:33,920 because, when you think about it, 643 00:34:33,920 --> 00:34:35,920 this is an incredibly dangerous thing to do. 644 00:34:35,920 --> 00:34:38,880 There had been no professional actresses before this in England. 645 00:34:38,880 --> 00:34:40,560 How did they know it was going to work, 646 00:34:40,560 --> 00:34:42,200 that they were going to make a living? 647 00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:44,200 Well, I'm here on the stage, just here, 648 00:34:44,200 --> 00:34:45,960 and you're in the auditorium, 649 00:34:45,960 --> 00:34:48,440 but we're in the same space effectively, aren't we? 650 00:34:48,440 --> 00:34:51,200 There's none between us and there is accounts which suggest 651 00:34:51,200 --> 00:34:54,400 that in fact this, what we're doing now, happened during shows. 652 00:34:54,400 --> 00:34:56,000 What, how did that happen then? 653 00:34:56,000 --> 00:34:58,320 For example, if something happened they didn't like, 654 00:34:58,320 --> 00:35:01,280 the audience would boo and shout, and the actors might kind of adlib 655 00:35:01,280 --> 00:35:03,360 and extemporise and kind of change it. 656 00:35:03,360 --> 00:35:06,840 - It's all very fast and loose. - Oh, yes. - They're making it up as they're going along. 657 00:35:06,840 --> 00:35:08,520 So the actresses will have to pretend 658 00:35:08,520 --> 00:35:10,200 that they're somebody they're not, 659 00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:13,160 but also they had to be really good at crowd control, don't they? 660 00:35:13,160 --> 00:35:15,440 The skills of an actress in the Restoration 661 00:35:15,440 --> 00:35:18,640 are akin to the skills of, for example, a stand-up comic now. 662 00:35:18,640 --> 00:35:20,920 You know, you've got to be able to deal with hecklers, 663 00:35:20,920 --> 00:35:23,480 you've got to be prepared to extemporise and make things up 664 00:35:23,480 --> 00:35:25,680 to go with the flow of it. 665 00:35:25,680 --> 00:35:27,120 In the Restoration, 666 00:35:27,120 --> 00:35:29,920 it was a much more dramatic, riskier thing to be doing. 667 00:35:29,920 --> 00:35:33,000 You know, plays could completely collapse. They could fall to bits, 668 00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:36,120 because you just didn't know how the audience were going to react. 669 00:35:36,120 --> 00:35:40,320 In the most daring innovation of the Restoration theatre, 670 00:35:40,320 --> 00:35:42,040 'the so-called breeches role, 671 00:35:42,040 --> 00:35:46,680 'women were now literally wearing the trousers.' 672 00:35:46,680 --> 00:35:49,800 Now, today you'd only see a woman in this kind of get up 673 00:35:49,800 --> 00:35:54,760 on the stage in a pantomime, but it was really common in the 1660s 674 00:35:54,760 --> 00:35:57,040 and these breeches roles were... 675 00:35:57,040 --> 00:35:58,800 Yes, OK, they were about looking 676 00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:01,080 at a lady's lovely legs and titillation. 677 00:36:01,080 --> 00:36:05,200 But also, it's a real sense that when women put on the men's clothes, 678 00:36:05,200 --> 00:36:06,840 they were somehow released. 679 00:36:06,840 --> 00:36:09,200 They could say and do all sorts of new things, 680 00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:13,880 which even included a little bit of masculine violence and fighting. 681 00:36:13,880 --> 00:36:17,240 The real importance of the breeches role 682 00:36:17,240 --> 00:36:19,720 was the opportunity it gave the actresses 683 00:36:19,720 --> 00:36:24,920 to launch a devastating critique of Restoration men. 684 00:36:24,920 --> 00:36:27,840 You know, a very masculine society in some ways, Restoration, hmm, 685 00:36:27,840 --> 00:36:29,480 culture, Restoration theatre, 686 00:36:29,480 --> 00:36:32,720 Restoration theatre's full of these really rather unpleasant men 687 00:36:32,720 --> 00:36:34,960 - who just go round seducing hundreds of women. - Hmm. 688 00:36:34,960 --> 00:36:36,520 You know, and that's very funny. 689 00:36:36,520 --> 00:36:37,880 Er, so there's something 690 00:36:37,880 --> 00:36:40,280 about having women on stage wearing trousers, 691 00:36:40,280 --> 00:36:43,320 parodying men, parodying the way men behave when they're in courtship, 692 00:36:43,320 --> 00:36:45,800 the way men behave when they're all being mates together. 693 00:36:45,800 --> 00:36:48,000 Making fun of men when they all get their swords out 694 00:36:48,000 --> 00:36:49,400 and start hitting each other. 695 00:36:49,400 --> 00:36:51,600 There's something, I mean, there is a kind of extend 696 00:36:51,600 --> 00:36:54,240 to which it does give a space or allows a space for women 697 00:36:54,240 --> 00:36:58,440 to resist aspects of Restoration culture, I think. 698 00:36:58,440 --> 00:37:02,400 MUSIC AND APPLAUSE 699 00:37:02,400 --> 00:37:06,320 But the women taking these outrageous liberties on the public stage 700 00:37:06,320 --> 00:37:08,600 wouldn't always get away with it. 701 00:37:08,600 --> 00:37:13,560 The theatre was at the very heart of Restoration's society's ferocious culture wars. 702 00:37:13,560 --> 00:37:16,840 To outraged Puritans, actresses treading the boards 703 00:37:16,840 --> 00:37:20,680 were just as bad as prostitutes walking the streets. 704 00:37:22,920 --> 00:37:26,400 And what did those old Puritans really have against women actors? 705 00:37:26,400 --> 00:37:29,520 Why did they get so offended by them? 706 00:37:29,520 --> 00:37:33,160 In general, er, Puritans don't tend to like women very much at all. 707 00:37:33,160 --> 00:37:37,440 They, they're the origins of most sin in human society, hmm, 708 00:37:37,440 --> 00:37:40,480 so Puritans are very anxious about sexuality, 709 00:37:40,480 --> 00:37:44,200 they're very anxious about the discipline of the godly family 710 00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:49,560 and women on the stage represent just about everything that would be wrong. 711 00:37:49,560 --> 00:37:51,480 You can almost hear the sort of 712 00:37:51,480 --> 00:37:53,760 17th-century Mary Whitehouse's saying, you know, 713 00:37:53,760 --> 00:37:56,280 "This is just unacceptable. Turn it off!" 714 00:37:56,280 --> 00:37:59,640 They called them notorious strumpets and objectionable whores 715 00:37:59,640 --> 00:38:01,240 and all that sort of thing. 716 00:38:01,240 --> 00:38:03,440 Some fine language, the most peculiar, I think, 717 00:38:03,440 --> 00:38:04,880 is, er... "buttered buns." 718 00:38:04,880 --> 00:38:07,080 - They're buttered buns? - Buttered buns. 719 00:38:07,080 --> 00:38:09,760 Buttered buns, er, er, whores on the stage who've, 720 00:38:09,760 --> 00:38:12,560 who've been over used, shall we say? 721 00:38:15,200 --> 00:38:17,440 Despite the Puritans' best efforts, 722 00:38:17,440 --> 00:38:19,400 within 30 years of the Restoration, 723 00:38:19,400 --> 00:38:22,200 there were almost 100 professional actresses 724 00:38:22,200 --> 00:38:24,320 and it was in the theatre 725 00:38:24,320 --> 00:38:28,040 that arguably the most famous person of the century 726 00:38:28,040 --> 00:38:29,560 was to make her name. 727 00:38:31,120 --> 00:38:34,320 This is Nell Gwynn. 728 00:38:34,320 --> 00:38:37,320 She wasn't the first female to appear on a London stage 729 00:38:37,320 --> 00:38:39,960 but she is the most celebrated. 730 00:38:39,960 --> 00:38:43,080 From the top, you could think she was a court lady 731 00:38:43,080 --> 00:38:45,640 with the languid eyes and the pink cheeks 732 00:38:45,640 --> 00:38:48,400 and all of these very expensive looking pearls, 733 00:38:48,400 --> 00:38:50,360 but lower down, you can sense 734 00:38:50,360 --> 00:38:53,080 that Nell is treading that fine line 735 00:38:53,080 --> 00:38:57,080 between respectability and raunchiness. 736 00:38:57,080 --> 00:38:59,480 Her clothes are only just clinging onto her. 737 00:38:59,480 --> 00:39:02,400 In fact, we do have a hint of nipple. 738 00:39:04,520 --> 00:39:07,200 Witty, independent, 739 00:39:07,200 --> 00:39:10,440 unafraid to express her desires and speak her mind. 740 00:39:10,440 --> 00:39:12,440 Nell embodied a new breed of woman, 741 00:39:12,440 --> 00:39:15,840 both in real life and on the stage. 742 00:39:15,840 --> 00:39:18,640 In his play Secret Love, 743 00:39:18,640 --> 00:39:21,880 John Dryden created a character especially for Nell. 744 00:39:21,880 --> 00:39:25,720 Florimel was a wild mistress who only accepted marriage 745 00:39:25,720 --> 00:39:29,160 when guaranteed freedom within it. 746 00:39:29,160 --> 00:39:33,840 The part was to make Nell a bone fide star. Pepys was bowled over. 747 00:39:33,840 --> 00:39:36,760 He declared it impossible to have Florimel's part 748 00:39:36,760 --> 00:39:39,520 "ever done better than it is by Nellie." 749 00:39:39,520 --> 00:39:44,280 Nell was custom-made for the bawdy, vigorous world of the theatre 750 00:39:44,280 --> 00:39:47,440 and, in many ways, she's the complete Restoration woman, 751 00:39:47,440 --> 00:39:51,040 who really couldn't have existed at any moment before the 1660s. 752 00:39:53,800 --> 00:39:58,960 Nell is a very, very fine actress and she's stunningly beautiful 753 00:39:58,960 --> 00:40:03,200 and Dryden comments that she's really designed for the stage. 754 00:40:03,200 --> 00:40:05,840 - She's so beautiful. She's only good at comedies though. - Yeah. 755 00:40:05,840 --> 00:40:08,680 And that's one of the things, she's not very good at the tragedies. 756 00:40:08,680 --> 00:40:10,320 And, and a lot of the playwrights 757 00:40:10,320 --> 00:40:15,040 actually make prologues for women like Nell 758 00:40:15,040 --> 00:40:17,320 to sort of address the audience directly 759 00:40:17,320 --> 00:40:20,560 and, and you can think of those prologues as er, as Nell saying, 760 00:40:20,560 --> 00:40:22,480 "Look at me, you know, I'm pretty good, 761 00:40:22,480 --> 00:40:25,440 "if you're impressed by me, come and have a chat afterwards, you know, 762 00:40:25,440 --> 00:40:28,280 "if you want to give me some money or land, that would be excellent." 763 00:40:28,280 --> 00:40:31,200 It's, he wants his testimony to her brilliance and the only, 764 00:40:31,200 --> 00:40:34,560 the brilliance of the other women hmm, but they are so popular 765 00:40:34,560 --> 00:40:39,400 that the theatrical companies know they can make money out of them being there. 766 00:40:41,200 --> 00:40:44,560 On the back of her stage career, Nell became rich, 767 00:40:44,560 --> 00:40:48,720 famous and ultimately the mother of the King's children. 768 00:40:48,720 --> 00:40:52,560 She triumphed in the face of her numerous Puritan critics. 769 00:40:52,560 --> 00:40:57,480 Do you think it's going too far for us to imagine Charles II 770 00:40:57,480 --> 00:40:59,440 and Nell Gwyn having a bit of a laugh 771 00:40:59,440 --> 00:41:01,240 at the expense of the Puritans, 772 00:41:01,240 --> 00:41:02,880 teasing them, if you like? 773 00:41:02,880 --> 00:41:05,040 It's difficult for us to really recapture 774 00:41:05,040 --> 00:41:06,680 quite how horrified they were... 775 00:41:06,680 --> 00:41:08,080 SHE CHUCKLES 776 00:41:08,080 --> 00:41:11,120 ..if, if the King was encouraging this sort of degeneracy 777 00:41:11,120 --> 00:41:13,400 and was clearly part of it. 778 00:41:13,400 --> 00:41:17,040 Er, I think if, if we think especially about some of the plays 779 00:41:17,040 --> 00:41:19,480 that they might have performed in the comedies, 780 00:41:19,480 --> 00:41:24,400 the figure of the rather dry, boring, hypocritical Puritan 781 00:41:24,400 --> 00:41:27,000 is one that both Charles and Nell 782 00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:30,200 would have had a jolly good chortle about. 783 00:41:30,200 --> 00:41:32,120 By sheer force of personality, 784 00:41:32,120 --> 00:41:37,680 Nell made her way to the very pinnacle of the Restoration world. 785 00:41:37,680 --> 00:41:41,680 'But it wasn't just on stage that women were taking men's roles.' 786 00:41:46,800 --> 00:41:49,720 By the end of the century, a small but growing band 787 00:41:49,720 --> 00:41:54,040 of fiercely independent women had made their mark. 788 00:41:54,040 --> 00:41:59,360 Some of them in the most masculine profession of all. 789 00:41:59,360 --> 00:42:04,480 'And Restoration's society now seemed just about ready to recognise 790 00:42:04,480 --> 00:42:07,800 'and even to celebrate their achievements.' 791 00:42:10,360 --> 00:42:15,440 The Royal Hospital in Chelsea was founded by Charles II in 1681, 792 00:42:15,440 --> 00:42:18,160 to care for old and infirm soldiers 793 00:42:18,160 --> 00:42:20,400 and its archives reveal the story 794 00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:23,400 of one of the most remarkable of these women. 795 00:42:26,560 --> 00:42:29,840 This is a list of old soldiers entitled to a pension 796 00:42:29,840 --> 00:42:32,760 as administered by the Royal Hospital at Chelsea here. 797 00:42:32,760 --> 00:42:36,320 As well as their names, you get their physical characteristics. 798 00:42:36,320 --> 00:42:39,040 For example here, we have John Woods, 799 00:42:39,040 --> 00:42:41,920 who is "a black man, shot by the left eye." 800 00:42:41,920 --> 00:42:45,520 You get the descriptions of the wounds, so you don't give the money to the wrong guy. 801 00:42:45,520 --> 00:42:48,240 Underneath John Woods, we have Christian Welsh. 802 00:42:48,240 --> 00:42:49,760 Now, here's a surprise. 803 00:42:49,760 --> 00:42:51,840 Christian Welsh is in fact 804 00:42:51,840 --> 00:42:55,920 "a fat, jolly woman who has received several wounds in the service." 805 00:42:55,920 --> 00:42:58,840 And here's the amazing part - "in the habit of a man." 806 00:42:58,840 --> 00:43:05,480 In 1691, the 26-year-old Christian was running a pub in Dublin. 807 00:43:05,480 --> 00:43:07,680 One day, her husband Richard disappeared. 808 00:43:07,680 --> 00:43:10,800 When she discovered that he'd joined the army, 809 00:43:10,800 --> 00:43:13,880 'she decided to track him down by enlisting herself.' 810 00:43:13,880 --> 00:43:17,280 Now, what I'm dying to know is how on Earth 811 00:43:17,280 --> 00:43:20,240 did she get away with it for 12 years, living as a man? 812 00:43:20,240 --> 00:43:22,440 Christian Welsh says in her memoir very simply 813 00:43:22,440 --> 00:43:23,720 that she just put on 814 00:43:23,720 --> 00:43:25,120 her husband's clothes 815 00:43:25,120 --> 00:43:27,320 and, luckily, they were the same size. 816 00:43:27,320 --> 00:43:29,520 She says that her breasts were quite small 817 00:43:29,520 --> 00:43:32,960 so they didn't need to be bound and she also wore a quilted waistcoat. 818 00:43:32,960 --> 00:43:35,320 The other thing she did was that she had what she called 819 00:43:35,320 --> 00:43:38,320 "a silver painted urinary instrument." 820 00:43:38,320 --> 00:43:40,400 - A urinary instrument? - A urinary instrument. 821 00:43:40,400 --> 00:43:43,240 - So I'm thinking that's so that she can wee...wee standing up? - Pee. 822 00:43:43,240 --> 00:43:44,920 - Yes, yes. - Golly. 823 00:43:44,920 --> 00:43:48,920 Christian fought her way across the mud of Flanders 824 00:43:48,920 --> 00:43:53,920 with the Duke of Marlborough's troops as they took on the French. 825 00:43:53,920 --> 00:43:57,960 She was captured and exchanged and wounded several times. 826 00:43:57,960 --> 00:44:02,680 She fought and won a duel and looted and pillaged with the best of them. 827 00:44:02,680 --> 00:44:07,240 But after 12 years living as a man, the game was up. 828 00:44:07,240 --> 00:44:10,200 How did she finally get found out 829 00:44:10,200 --> 00:44:13,480 because she is discovered to be a woman in the end, isn't she? 830 00:44:13,480 --> 00:44:15,360 Yeah, well, she's on the battlefield. 831 00:44:15,360 --> 00:44:17,920 She's wounded and I think she says that there's a bullet 832 00:44:17,920 --> 00:44:22,120 - that goes into her groin so er, there's no disguising that. - Yeah. 833 00:44:22,120 --> 00:44:24,440 The urinary instrument isn't going to... 834 00:44:24,440 --> 00:44:26,640 isn't going to cut the mustard there. 835 00:44:26,640 --> 00:44:30,800 So she's taken off to a hospital and er, her disguise is, is, 836 00:44:30,800 --> 00:44:32,840 I mean, her identity is found out. 837 00:44:32,840 --> 00:44:37,680 But this wasn't the end of Christian's story. 838 00:44:37,680 --> 00:44:41,200 The tale of the female soldier disguised as a man, 839 00:44:41,200 --> 00:44:43,960 captured the public imagination. 840 00:44:43,960 --> 00:44:48,760 Far from being condemned for her deception, she was celebrated. 841 00:44:48,760 --> 00:44:53,880 When her memoirs were published, they became an instant hit. 842 00:44:53,880 --> 00:44:57,520 "A Corporal belonging to Brigadier Panton's regiment 843 00:44:57,520 --> 00:44:59,760 "attempted to steal my booty; 844 00:44:59,760 --> 00:45:03,720 "he drew and I had the sinew of my little finger cut in two, 845 00:45:03,720 --> 00:45:09,520 "so with the butt end of my pistol, I struck out one of his eyes." 846 00:45:09,520 --> 00:45:12,640 Do you think that the reason that her book is so popular 847 00:45:12,640 --> 00:45:15,760 is that it's wish fulfilment for these stuck-at-home women thinking, 848 00:45:15,760 --> 00:45:18,000 "Wow, Christian! I want to be like you." 849 00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:19,760 I certainly think they did. 850 00:45:19,760 --> 00:45:22,000 I mean, I could imagine women reading that 851 00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:26,880 and actually being inspired themselves to go off and do what she did or, in other ways, 852 00:45:26,880 --> 00:45:29,720 to feel that they could break gender boundaries of the period. 853 00:45:29,720 --> 00:45:32,280 I think all of that kind of adds to this idea 854 00:45:32,280 --> 00:45:34,560 that there might be something else I could do 855 00:45:34,560 --> 00:45:38,200 and I think that she probably was very inspirational for women. 856 00:45:40,520 --> 00:45:43,000 Christian didn't just win public acclaim. 857 00:45:43,000 --> 00:45:46,760 She also received the ultimate royal seal of approval. 858 00:45:46,760 --> 00:45:49,560 Queen Anne personally granted her a military pension 859 00:45:49,560 --> 00:45:54,040 and she ended her days at the Royal Hospital. 860 00:45:54,040 --> 00:46:01,160 Christian broke boundaries, refusing to allow her sex to hold her back. 861 00:46:01,160 --> 00:46:04,320 'But other women went even further. 862 00:46:04,320 --> 00:46:07,600 'Taking on men with brains as well as brawn.' 863 00:46:09,400 --> 00:46:12,360 In 1666, at the height of his war with the Dutch, 864 00:46:12,360 --> 00:46:15,280 King Charles II needed a trusted agent 865 00:46:15,280 --> 00:46:19,120 to report back on enemies plotting against him in Holland. 866 00:46:19,120 --> 00:46:23,440 'The choice of spy was a surprising one. 867 00:46:23,440 --> 00:46:26,920 'A young woman from a relatively humble background' 868 00:46:26,920 --> 00:46:30,880 at the margins of court society was dispatched to Antwerp 869 00:46:30,880 --> 00:46:33,520 to gather vital intelligence. 870 00:46:33,520 --> 00:46:36,360 She had code names for this. 871 00:46:36,360 --> 00:46:40,400 Sometimes she was called Agent 160, other times Astrea. 872 00:46:40,400 --> 00:46:44,600 She'd run up expenses and the government hadn't paid her back, 873 00:46:44,600 --> 00:46:46,240 so she wrote to a friend saying, 874 00:46:46,240 --> 00:46:48,960 "Please lend me money or I'm going to jail tomorrow." 875 00:46:48,960 --> 00:46:52,440 Just a couple of years later, though, she'd really turned things around. 876 00:46:52,440 --> 00:46:55,560 She'd started writing plays for the London stage 877 00:46:55,560 --> 00:46:57,880 and she was earning good money. 878 00:46:57,880 --> 00:47:01,400 She wrote some of her plays under her spy name of Astrea 879 00:47:01,400 --> 00:47:05,360 but her real name was Aphra Behn. 880 00:47:05,360 --> 00:47:08,440 Through her talent and tenacity, 881 00:47:08,440 --> 00:47:10,360 Aphra forced her way 882 00:47:10,360 --> 00:47:13,680 into the utterly male-dominated literary world. 883 00:47:13,680 --> 00:47:16,840 She became the first woman in English history 884 00:47:16,840 --> 00:47:19,280 to make her living from writing. 885 00:47:22,840 --> 00:47:27,080 'And she was fearless in demanding equality with her male peers.' 886 00:47:31,640 --> 00:47:35,040 'She's buried here at Westminster Abbey, 887 00:47:35,040 --> 00:47:38,040 'though not quite where you might expect. 888 00:47:38,040 --> 00:47:41,760 'Poets Corner is the literary holy of holies 889 00:47:41,760 --> 00:47:45,480 'with memorials to Chaucer and Shakespeare, 890 00:47:45,480 --> 00:47:48,520 'to contemporaries of Aphra's like Dryden and Milton, 891 00:47:48,520 --> 00:47:52,320 'and to other female authors like George Eliot and Jane Austen.' 892 00:47:53,640 --> 00:47:56,240 'But there's no sign of Aphra here. 893 00:47:56,240 --> 00:48:00,400 'The obscurity of her grave mirrors the sad neglect of her work. 894 00:48:00,400 --> 00:48:04,840 'For over 200 years, she was simply way ahead of her time 895 00:48:04,840 --> 00:48:07,240 'and it wasn't until the 20th century 896 00:48:07,240 --> 00:48:11,120 'that her reputation was finally resurrected.' 897 00:48:11,120 --> 00:48:17,680 This is the grave of Mrs Aphra Behn, died 1689 898 00:48:17,680 --> 00:48:21,640 and Virginia Woolf said that every woman ought to come and lay flowers 899 00:48:21,640 --> 00:48:23,280 on the grave of Aphra Behn 900 00:48:23,280 --> 00:48:27,520 because she gave them the right to speak their minds. 901 00:48:27,520 --> 00:48:29,840 And she did, but I think she also gave them 902 00:48:29,840 --> 00:48:31,720 the right to speak their bodies. 903 00:48:31,720 --> 00:48:33,400 - To talk about their bodies? - Yes. 904 00:48:33,400 --> 00:48:35,360 And this was new. It hadn't happened before? 905 00:48:35,360 --> 00:48:38,560 It's very new and it wouldn't happen for a long time again. 906 00:48:38,560 --> 00:48:41,520 So she is really something. 907 00:48:41,520 --> 00:48:43,200 She dominated the theatre. 908 00:48:43,200 --> 00:48:46,920 She had more plays put on than anybody. Not any woman, any man. 909 00:48:46,920 --> 00:48:48,280 - Any man as well? - Yes. 910 00:48:48,280 --> 00:48:50,360 She had a lot of successes, um, 911 00:48:50,360 --> 00:48:53,400 and when the theatres seemed to fail, she turned to fiction. 912 00:48:53,400 --> 00:48:55,840 She wrote some of the best fiction of the period. 913 00:48:55,840 --> 00:48:58,120 She wrote poetry, she was a court poet. 914 00:48:58,120 --> 00:49:00,160 She was a woman of great distinction. 915 00:49:00,160 --> 00:49:03,720 She's the first woman who makes her whole living like this. 916 00:49:03,720 --> 00:49:06,520 But, but then she's one of the first people, 917 00:49:06,520 --> 00:49:08,360 - you don't have to gender it. - Right. 918 00:49:08,360 --> 00:49:10,320 I mean, this is the first generation 919 00:49:10,320 --> 00:49:13,800 in which people made a living solely out of writing. 920 00:49:13,800 --> 00:49:17,120 For a woman as enterprising as Aphra, 921 00:49:17,120 --> 00:49:22,200 the recently re-opened theatres presented a real opportunity. 922 00:49:22,200 --> 00:49:25,920 The time is right for a professional writer 923 00:49:25,920 --> 00:49:28,880 and the time is certainly right for a professional woman writer 924 00:49:28,880 --> 00:49:31,440 because women at that stage would not know 925 00:49:31,440 --> 00:49:34,040 that they were supposed to write differently from men. 926 00:49:34,040 --> 00:49:36,840 Later they were told they had to, and they did. 927 00:49:39,080 --> 00:49:45,240 Unconstrained, Aphra told the truth above love and marriage and sex. 928 00:49:45,240 --> 00:49:50,960 Even today, her most notorious poem still retains its power to shock. 929 00:49:53,600 --> 00:49:56,360 I'm dying to ask you about the poem called The Disappointment. 930 00:49:56,360 --> 00:49:58,440 - Oh, yes. - What's that one about? 931 00:49:58,440 --> 00:50:00,320 Ah, well, now, that is naughty. 932 00:50:00,320 --> 00:50:03,600 That is all set in a little pastoral theme of shepherds and shepherdesses. 933 00:50:03,600 --> 00:50:05,880 The shepherdess is dying for it, 934 00:50:05,880 --> 00:50:08,840 she's there, all ready for the sexual act 935 00:50:08,840 --> 00:50:10,160 and she gets herself ready 936 00:50:10,160 --> 00:50:12,560 and lays herself out for...precisely for that. 937 00:50:12,560 --> 00:50:15,920 The man comes and it's going to be a hot erotic moment 938 00:50:15,920 --> 00:50:21,040 but, at the very climax, he finds he has premature ejaculation. 939 00:50:21,040 --> 00:50:24,920 - It's a disappointment. - It is a disappointment to her and she runs away 940 00:50:24,920 --> 00:50:26,760 and he is left cursing his fate. 941 00:50:26,760 --> 00:50:29,040 It's hilarious. Who would have thought it? 942 00:50:29,040 --> 00:50:31,280 It's hilarious and nobody, no woman 943 00:50:31,280 --> 00:50:34,360 in the 18th or 19th century could have written like that. 944 00:50:34,360 --> 00:50:38,280 The Restoration provided the perfect conditions 945 00:50:38,280 --> 00:50:42,920 for Aphra's openness and brutal honesty to flourish, 946 00:50:42,920 --> 00:50:47,640 but she was a fierce critic of the inequalities of the age. 947 00:50:52,320 --> 00:50:54,080 Hellena says in The Rover, 948 00:50:54,080 --> 00:50:56,720 "What would I get from sex before marriage? 949 00:50:56,720 --> 00:50:59,400 "Well, a cradle full of noise and mischief." 950 00:50:59,400 --> 00:51:02,760 - A baby and that's not going to do you any good at all. - A baby, yes. 951 00:51:02,760 --> 00:51:05,200 This is the, the double standard is absolute. 952 00:51:05,200 --> 00:51:09,880 Aphra was acutely conscious of her position as a pioneer 953 00:51:09,880 --> 00:51:13,840 and made a remarkably modern sounding call for equality. 954 00:51:16,840 --> 00:51:20,640 In the introduction to one of her plays, Aphra Behn says 955 00:51:20,640 --> 00:51:22,920 she's not doing it for the money. 956 00:51:22,920 --> 00:51:27,120 She says, "I am not content to write for a third day only," 957 00:51:27,120 --> 00:51:30,000 by this she means the third day of the performance, 958 00:51:30,000 --> 00:51:33,160 when the playwright gets to take home the profits of the theatre. 959 00:51:33,160 --> 00:51:34,560 "This is not enough. 960 00:51:34,560 --> 00:51:36,800 "I value fame," she says, 961 00:51:36,800 --> 00:51:39,480 "as much as if I had been born a hero." 962 00:51:39,480 --> 00:51:40,960 Not a heroine. 963 00:51:40,960 --> 00:51:43,480 This sounds like someone in the 20th century, doesn't it? 964 00:51:43,480 --> 00:51:46,800 Saying I'm a woman, I want the same recognition as a man. 965 00:51:46,800 --> 00:51:50,200 And I believe there must have been something special 966 00:51:50,200 --> 00:51:53,680 about the Restoration to allow women to start saying these things, 967 00:51:53,680 --> 00:51:56,640 because Aphra Behn isn't the only one. 968 00:51:58,640 --> 00:52:02,200 'These remarkable women took advantage of a nation in flux, 969 00:52:02,200 --> 00:52:05,720 'a new King, a new city and a new culture, 970 00:52:05,720 --> 00:52:08,520 'to stake their claim to equality.' 971 00:52:10,160 --> 00:52:12,560 'Buried not far from Aphra, in the Abbey, 972 00:52:12,560 --> 00:52:15,040 'is a woman who demanded her part 973 00:52:15,040 --> 00:52:19,160 'in the most ground-breaking and the most defiantly masculine development 974 00:52:19,160 --> 00:52:22,640 'of the Restoration - the scientific revolution.' 975 00:52:24,360 --> 00:52:27,720 This is the tomb of my heroine, Margaret Cavendish, 976 00:52:27,720 --> 00:52:29,680 the Duchess of Newcastle. 977 00:52:29,680 --> 00:52:32,600 At first sight, she looks like a proper 17th-century wife, 978 00:52:32,600 --> 00:52:36,320 lying demurely next to her husband, and it says down here 979 00:52:36,320 --> 00:52:39,840 that she was "virtuous and loving" 980 00:52:39,840 --> 00:52:42,240 but, actually, she could be here in her own right, 981 00:52:42,240 --> 00:52:45,520 and the clue to why is the book that's in her hand. 982 00:52:49,000 --> 00:52:51,720 Margaret was a prolific writer. 983 00:52:51,720 --> 00:52:55,480 Her material was always challenging and often subversive. 984 00:52:55,480 --> 00:52:58,960 It covered everything from romance to philosophy 985 00:52:58,960 --> 00:53:02,440 and, most radically of all, she was the first woman in the country 986 00:53:02,440 --> 00:53:04,320 to publish scientific works. 987 00:53:05,960 --> 00:53:09,920 She came into confrontation with some of the leading thinkers of the day 988 00:53:09,920 --> 00:53:13,680 and she made statements that you can only describe as feminist 989 00:53:13,680 --> 00:53:19,160 and that's where I think she's the most controversial woman of the whole Restoration period. 990 00:53:19,160 --> 00:53:23,920 As a woman, Margaret was denied a university education, 991 00:53:23,920 --> 00:53:26,200 but that didn't hold her back. 992 00:53:26,200 --> 00:53:28,680 She learnt her science at home. 993 00:53:28,680 --> 00:53:31,560 She published six books on the subject 994 00:53:31,560 --> 00:53:34,920 and took on her male peers in many of the current debates. 995 00:53:34,920 --> 00:53:40,040 On everything from matter and motion to the nature of magnetism. 996 00:53:40,040 --> 00:53:44,160 Her reputation was so great that, in May 1667, 997 00:53:44,160 --> 00:53:47,400 she secured an invitation 998 00:53:47,400 --> 00:53:50,280 to the ultimate bastion of scientific endeavour, 999 00:53:50,280 --> 00:53:52,520 the newly founded Royal Society. 1000 00:53:54,160 --> 00:53:56,560 Was it quite unusual that they allowed a woman 1001 00:53:56,560 --> 00:53:57,880 to come into their meeting? 1002 00:53:57,880 --> 00:53:59,000 Yes, unprecedented. 1003 00:53:59,000 --> 00:54:01,280 She was the first woman to visit the Royal Society. 1004 00:54:01,280 --> 00:54:04,280 These were...a society of gentlemen, 1005 00:54:04,280 --> 00:54:07,320 "gentlemen free and unconfined," they called themselves. 1006 00:54:07,320 --> 00:54:10,200 So Margaret was very special in that respect. 1007 00:54:10,200 --> 00:54:15,160 Well, we know that she saw the air being weighed in Boyle's pump, 1008 00:54:15,160 --> 00:54:17,520 she saw a piece of roast mutton being turned into blood, 1009 00:54:17,520 --> 00:54:20,320 - we don't know how they did that, do we? - No, I don't. 1010 00:54:20,320 --> 00:54:25,840 And we also know that she saw a louse down Hooke's microscope. 1011 00:54:25,840 --> 00:54:28,480 And here is a huge louse. 1012 00:54:28,480 --> 00:54:29,960 Look at that. 1013 00:54:29,960 --> 00:54:33,240 - That's holding a human hair. - Isn't that wonderful? - Ughh. 1014 00:54:33,240 --> 00:54:35,960 It's in Hooke's book, called Micrographia. 1015 00:54:35,960 --> 00:54:37,440 Yes, recently published. 1016 00:54:37,440 --> 00:54:39,440 Which is all about the use of the microscope 1017 00:54:39,440 --> 00:54:41,360 - and what you can see, isn't it? - Indeed, yeah. 1018 00:54:41,360 --> 00:54:44,640 And what you can see, and also what you understood about what you saw. 1019 00:54:46,360 --> 00:54:50,680 'Robert Hooke's best seller, Micrographia, 1020 00:54:50,680 --> 00:54:54,240 'had publicised and popularised the Royal Society's work. 1021 00:54:54,240 --> 00:54:57,800 'Pepys declared it the most ingenious book ever, 1022 00:54:57,800 --> 00:55:01,400 'but Margaret begged to differ.' 1023 00:55:01,400 --> 00:55:04,360 This is her own book and she's saying, "Well, you know, 1024 00:55:04,360 --> 00:55:07,360 "microscopes are all very well, but what's really the point of them?" 1025 00:55:07,360 --> 00:55:12,440 "A louse by the help of a magnifying glass appears like a lobster." 1026 00:55:12,440 --> 00:55:14,160 That's not really what it looks like. 1027 00:55:14,160 --> 00:55:17,200 - It's deceptive, in some way. - Well, yeah. - It's distorting it. - Yeah. 1028 00:55:17,200 --> 00:55:20,880 - She's, she's questioning the value, I suppose. - That's true. 1029 00:55:20,880 --> 00:55:24,200 And Margaret says that very clearly - by investigating nature 1030 00:55:24,200 --> 00:55:27,240 through these artificial instruments, you're distorting the truth. 1031 00:55:27,240 --> 00:55:30,640 How can you possibly say that you're getting closer to the truth 1032 00:55:30,640 --> 00:55:34,200 by using an instrument that you know is illusory? 1033 00:55:34,200 --> 00:55:36,360 The instrument is deceptive, 1034 00:55:36,360 --> 00:55:39,600 so how can you possibly believe what it's telling you in other respects. 1035 00:55:39,600 --> 00:55:43,880 So the point that she makes there is in many ways a valid one. 1036 00:55:43,880 --> 00:55:49,200 Though it wasn't a point the Royal Society were keen to hear. 1037 00:55:49,200 --> 00:55:53,960 Her views were largely ignored and she was branded "mad Madge". 1038 00:55:53,960 --> 00:55:59,880 'But Margaret wasn't prepared just to watch from the sidelines. 1039 00:55:59,880 --> 00:56:02,720 'She found a brilliantly original way to question the work 1040 00:56:02,720 --> 00:56:05,400 'of these male scientists and make a bold statement 1041 00:56:05,400 --> 00:56:08,880 'of her own radically different view of the world.' 1042 00:56:10,960 --> 00:56:15,920 She published one of the very first works of science fiction. 1043 00:56:15,920 --> 00:56:19,920 In parts, this was a description of an incredible parallel universe 1044 00:56:19,920 --> 00:56:22,680 with futuristic technology like submarines 1045 00:56:22,680 --> 00:56:24,480 and ships powered by wind cannons. 1046 00:56:28,400 --> 00:56:31,000 But this is more than mere fantasy. 1047 00:56:31,000 --> 00:56:34,800 It was also a satire on the established world of science. 1048 00:56:34,800 --> 00:56:40,520 In Margaret's utopia, her own scientific theories carried the day. 1049 00:56:40,520 --> 00:56:44,920 'Women had the upper hand and men were their intellectual inferiors.' 1050 00:56:48,600 --> 00:56:52,640 So this book of Margaret's, called The Blazing World, 1051 00:56:52,640 --> 00:56:56,440 is really the first science fiction novel 1052 00:56:56,440 --> 00:56:59,400 and the new world that she imagines is a very feminine place. 1053 00:56:59,400 --> 00:57:01,160 It's ruled over by an Empress, 1054 00:57:01,160 --> 00:57:04,800 and Margaret herself appears in the story 1055 00:57:04,800 --> 00:57:06,640 and she really stakes her claim. 1056 00:57:06,640 --> 00:57:08,160 This is what she says, 1057 00:57:08,160 --> 00:57:12,840 "Though I cannot be Henry V or Charles II, 1058 00:57:12,840 --> 00:57:16,040 "yet I endeavour to be Margaret I 1059 00:57:16,040 --> 00:57:19,080 "and, although I have neither power, 1060 00:57:19,080 --> 00:57:22,360 "time nor occasion to conquer the world, 1061 00:57:22,360 --> 00:57:26,040 "I have made a world of my own." 1062 00:57:26,040 --> 00:57:31,280 For a 17th-century woman, that's an extraordinary statement. 1063 00:57:31,280 --> 00:57:35,000 350 years after the Restoration, 1064 00:57:35,000 --> 00:57:36,680 Margaret is now regarded 1065 00:57:36,680 --> 00:57:39,880 as one of the most original thinkers of the age 1066 00:57:39,880 --> 00:57:45,080 and Aphra's plays are celebrated as some of the 17th century's finest. 1067 00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:49,680 And, as for Nell Gwyn, 1068 00:57:49,680 --> 00:57:54,160 she was and has always been the ultimate Restoration woman. 1069 00:57:58,200 --> 00:58:01,680 Nell and Margaret and Aphra were extraordinary women. 1070 00:58:01,680 --> 00:58:03,800 No-one can deny their brilliance, 1071 00:58:03,800 --> 00:58:06,200 but they did live in an extraordinary age. 1072 00:58:06,200 --> 00:58:09,520 It was the liberated atmosphere of the Restoration 1073 00:58:09,520 --> 00:58:13,400 that allowed them to sound so much like modern women. 1074 00:58:13,400 --> 00:58:16,680 We have to admit that the Restoration was a blip. 1075 00:58:16,680 --> 00:58:20,320 As the status quo returned and things settled down again 1076 00:58:20,320 --> 00:58:22,240 after the wars and the revolution, 1077 00:58:22,240 --> 00:58:24,160 doors did begin to close 1078 00:58:24,160 --> 00:58:28,080 but that's what makes our Restoration women so admirable, 1079 00:58:28,080 --> 00:58:32,040 so inspirational and so utterly memorable. 1080 00:58:52,880 --> 00:58:56,040 Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd 94894

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