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A second color model is hue, saturation, and value.
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So, it's not only that it's a different color model,
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it's a different way of thinking about it.
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Instead of looking at it as a queue of red, green and blue,
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now we're going to look at a cone of hue,
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saturation, and value, or HSV.
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So, this is supposed to be more intuitive than red, green and blue.
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I mean red, green and blue was really designed in the early days of
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computers based on what was best for a computer monitor.
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Hue, saturation and value is supposed to be a
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more intuitive and more human-oriented if you want.
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I don't know, I guess it's because I learned RGB first.
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I'm not sure if I think in hue,
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saturation and value, but I can see the idea and certainly for cartography.
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It can be useful to think about things in
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terms of how can I change the hue, or the saturation,
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or the value in terms of say upgradation of values as we'll
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see from a dark red to a light red,
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and doing that by changing the saturation and so on.
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But, I'm getting ahead of myself,
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let's just have a look at it first.
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So, the idea is that hue is described based
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on where a color is located around the circle at the top of the cone.
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This is done based on degrees around the circle.
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Saturation is going from a complete lack of color,
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which would be white in the center to the maximum amount of color.
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Let's go over here, let's say,
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over here to a completely saturated version of that hue.
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Okay. So, think of it as going from,
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or if you want to take it the other way around,
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going from a maximum saturated blue or red or whatever the color is.
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Then as you move inwards to the center of the cone,
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hue is getting more and more white attitude or you can
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think of it as being more washed out or less saturated.
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That's the way that they would think of it in terms of the HSV cone.
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Then value is going from white at the centre here to black at the bottom of the cone.
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So, you're going from white to black,
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or if you want to think of it like you're adding more
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black to the color so that you're going
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from maximum amount of saturation on the edge to less saturation towards the middle.
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If you're adding black to it at the same time,
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then you're actually moving your way down the cone as well to the bottom.
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So, it's shrinking down to the bottom because as you add black to it,
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all of the colors tend to look more and more similar to one
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another until they end up with just a pure black at the bottom.
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So, as I said, the hue is defined based
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on where it's positioned at the top of the circle.
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So, within the ArcMap color selector,
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this is based on using degrees here.
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So, zero degrees is pure red,
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and 120 degrees around the circle from that pure red would be pure green.
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Then if we go another 120 degrees around the circle,
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so this will actually be at 240 degrees,
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that's going to be a pure blue.
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So, what we're doing is working our way around the circle.
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Of course you can do any degree increment along the way around that.
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I'm just matching it up or showing you how this relates to red,
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green and blue in terms of the RGB color model.
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But of course, the idea is you're getting any kind of range
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of colors around the top of that circle,
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based on what degree they are from zero being a red all the way around 360 degrees,
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which will come back to the same red.
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Saturation is from the center to the outside as I said,
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and so you can see here for example that we have the same red.
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So, this is still zero degrees just like it is here,
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so we're defining the same hue still,
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but now we have 50 percent saturation instead of 100 percent saturation,
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and you'll notice that it's now halfway between the middle and the outside.
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So, we've gone from the same hue,
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but just less saturation.
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So, now we're at 50 percent, and you can see that you get this
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more washed out looking red.
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Then we can modify the value.
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So, here again, we're using the same red hue,
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we're using 100 percent saturation but now we're at 50 percent value,
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and so you end up with this kind of brick red.
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So again, same hue and we're back to 100 percent saturation,
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but we've modified the value.
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So, you've added black to it and so now we've got this darker looking red,
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and so this is a nice way I think any way of being able to see like "Oh!"
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So, when I'm actually modifying these things inside this little dialog box,
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you can visualize in your mind what's going on with this cone and how you're
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positioning that color in relation to the overall HSV color model.
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This is just a nice little comparison between the RGB cube and the HSV cone,
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and again I'm really just trying to emphasize this idea
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that you're just using two different ways of defining the same color.
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So, you can have that same red,
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whether it's the full red or the brick red or whatever,
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you're just using two different ways of specifying that for the software.
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So, just some definitions,
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we think of hue as the dominant wavelength,
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that's actually what most people normally think of as a color as you
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have like a green or a teal or orange or whatever,
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but really the better way of thinking of that is hue,
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that's the actual wavelength.
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If you want to think of it as parts of
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the electromagnetic spectrum or part of the colors of the rainbow,
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that's what we're talking about when we say hue.
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So, we can have different hues for different categories of data,
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if you are using say nominal data,
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something where you want to tell things apart like say land use,
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you have industrial areas versus commercial areas,
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you could use a different hue in order to be able to tell those apart.
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Saturation is arranged from white to pure color.
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So, I'm just summarizing the definitions here.
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So, the way that people tend to
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interpret saturation is that the more saturated something is,
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the more important it is or the higher the value is.
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By value, I mean the number associated with that particular location,
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not value in terms of the color model.
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When I think of value in terms of the HSV color model,
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that's the brightness or how light or dark a color is with the same hue,
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and so darker is interpreted as being more important or of greater magnitude,
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and that's definitely something to keep in mind.
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If you're trying to show a gradation of values from say high to low,
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so this can be whatever temperature,
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something like that, then you could show that based
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on changing the saturation or you could do it based on value,
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but you have to think about.
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So do this intentionally,
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how are people going to interpret this and how can I modify these parts of
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the color model in order to help
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them interpret them in the most easy efficiently possible?
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So, for relating the HSV color model to levels of measurements,
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with hue we can we can map qualitative or nominal data,
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like I was saying, things like land cover can be urban crop force and so on.
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So, the idea here is that you want to make it
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clear to your map reader that these are distinct from one another.
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Saturation is good for quantitative data whether it's ordinal interval or ratio data.
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Essentially, if you have a sequence or upgradation of values,
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you can work with saturation to go from less
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saturated to more saturated to be able to show that gradation or sequence of values.
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Basically, the same thing is true for value,
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again it's ordinal interval or ratio data.
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But notice here that we have low numbers in our datasets,
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have a higher value or they're less dark if you want,
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and if you have a higher number that you're trying to show somebody, so it could be,
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like I said, temperature or amount of corn harvested from a field or whatever it is,
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that you're still able to show that gradation of values,
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but now you're doing it in a different way than you were here with saturation.
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Both of them are perfectly fine,
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depends on the look you're going for or what's most effective
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based on other variables or things that are going on with your design.
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So, think of these as like these are options that
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are available to you when you're designing your map.
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So, I put together some apps just to show you what happens when
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you isolate one of these parts of the color model.
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So, for example here,
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I've made a map strictly based on modifying saturation,
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and this is population density for census tracks in Toronto.
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All I did is I kept the hue the same,
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so these are all zero,
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so they're all the same, red,
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and the value is the same,
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they're all at 100 here.
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The only thing that changed was the saturation,
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so I went from 20 percent to 40 to 60 to 80 to 100,
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and that's how I'm getting this range
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of colors or amount of saturation in my legend that's being reflected on the map.
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It tends to work well.
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Saturation is a nice one to modify because you can get
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this really nice gradation that is good for this type of map,
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it's called a choropleth map,
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so it's easy for people to interpret that they automatically want to think of areas with
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less saturation as being a lower number
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and areas with higher saturation as being a higher number.
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I'm going to do the same thing again, only now,
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I'm only going to modify value,
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and again this is not the value as in terms of the population density.
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The census track is the value in terms of the color model,
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and so here, the only thing that's being changed is the value.
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So, I've gone from 100 to 90 to 80 to 70 to 60.
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You notice that I'm not doing it by
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20s like I did in the last one because it just didn't look very good.
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So, I was trying my best to be able to make it look at least decent.
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I'm not thrilled with this map,
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but I wanted you to see what it looks like if you just changed value.
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Of course, I want to make sure it's clear,
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you can mix and match these,
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you can modify both the value and the saturation at the same time.
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I'm just trying to isolate them so you can see what
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the difference is between them and get a sense of how they work.
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So, definitely here, you've got lighter areas for lower numbers,
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and darker areas which are a higher value in the color,
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this is confusing, isn't it?
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Higher value for their color model,
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and so you do get that gradation and I do believe that people would
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interpret this as this is an area with higher population density,
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this is an area with lower population density.
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Even though I mentioned earlier that hue was often used for
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nominal data to be able to tell it apart things like land use or land cover,
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it can be used to show a gradation of values if it's done carefully.
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Make sure you're getting the right effect that makes sense.
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So, I tried it here and I think it worked pretty well.
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I went from a very light yellow to a
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darker red with a gradation of these warm colors from low to high.
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I'm not saying it's the best way to do this or perfect,
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but I was trying to show what could you use hue
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in the same way as we did with saturation and value.
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So, here the saturation and values are kept constant at 60 and 100 for all of them,
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and the only thing that's being changed is the hue, so 60,
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45, 30, 15, and zero.
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I think it works pretty well.
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I'm not super thrilled with it,
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I think that somebody might confuse especially the reds and the orangey-brown areas,
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like which one is higher.
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Obviously, if you see the legend,
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you'd be able to tell them apart, but ideally,
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someone should be able to interpret it without the legend,
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at least get a pretty good sense of what's going on.
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So, like I said, I think it's pretty good, it's not fantastic,
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but at least it shows you how this could work with only modifying hue.18694
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