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♪
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♪
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NARRATOR: The year is 1220.
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It is the height
of the Crusades.
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Muslims and Christians
have been fighting one another
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in a war that has lasted
for over 120 years.
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Tens of thousands
of Christian soldiers
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are trapped and dying
on a flooded field in Egypt.
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The opposing Muslim army
blocks their only escape.
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Saint Francis of Assisi
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and the sultan of Egypt,
Muhammad al-Kamil,
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have defied the angry times
and human nature itself
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to cross the bloody battle lines
and meet each other.
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But will it make a difference?
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How does anyone stop
a seemingly endless conflict?
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[bell tolling]
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Beset by revolts and
numerous assassination attempts,
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the beleaguered ruler
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of the Eastern Christian empire
of Byzantium
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makes a reluctant appeal.
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He asks the rival pope
of the Catholic Church in Rome
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for mercenaries.
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He wants an outside army
in his pay,
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palace guards he can trust,
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and soldiers to fight off
Muslim invaders on his borders.
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The pope seizes the opportunity
to assert Rome's power
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and perhaps reunite
the two churches under it.
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He doesn't send the emperor
the mercenaries he wants.
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Instead he sends his own army
to fight the Muslims.
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If it succeeds, Rome will
dominate the region.
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The Eastern Church
will never rival it again.
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The pope calls for a Crusade
to recapture Jerusalem
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after five centuries
of Muslim rule.
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Most people who answer
the pope's call are not killers.
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Many are peasants
who've never fought before.
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EMILE BRUNEAU: We know that from
some developmental psychology
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that children have this tendency
towards empathy towards others,
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that they have a tendency
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to behave altruistically
towards others,
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that they have
kind of the underpinnings
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of morality and justice,
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and all of these things
help a society remain together.
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If you have all of these
psychological tendencies
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that are preventing you
from harming others,
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how do you motivate people
to fight against other humans?
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One of the most common ways
is through dehumanization.
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POPE URBAN II: Your brethren
who live in the East
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are in urgent need of your help.
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Carry aid promptly
to those Christians
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and destroy that vile race
from the lands of our friends.
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Those who refuse to pay him
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the servant's service
that they owe him
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will justly deserve to suffer
a sentence of damnation.
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[crowd gasps]
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[screaming]
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MICHAEL CALABRIA:
What you unleash then
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is a certain religious fervor.
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We are going to take
our holy site
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from these non-believers.
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Of course, non-believers
are thrown into one category,
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which would include Jews.
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NARRATOR: The Crusade's
first victims are not Muslims;
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they are the Jews of Europe.
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BRUNEAU: There's nothing special
about the teachings of religion
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that's driving conflict.
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Evidence is starting to show
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that the psychological
tendencies that drive conflict
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are a complex combination
of processes in the brain.
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They're a bunch
of kind of deep structures
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that are underneath, that are
kind of central in the brain.
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Oftentimes it's referred to
as the reptilian brain.
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And we know that it responds
really strongly
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to fear conditioning,
fear learning.
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SULEIMAN MOURAD:
The religious propaganda focused
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on demonize the other
as heretical, as satanic,
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and when you see that you have
in your midst the other as well,
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you say why not start
killing him.
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♪
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[pounding on door]
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[kicking door]
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[grunting]
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[kicking]
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[gasps]
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[draws sword]
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MAN: No! No!
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[woman screaming]
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[crash]
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HELEN NICHOLSON: Contemporaries
were very puzzled
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as to why some of the Crusaders
attacked the Jewish communities.
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The excuse was
that the whole race was guilty
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of the death of Christ,
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and therefore
they were fair game.
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BRUNEAU: This kind
of moral disengagement
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from harming others
through dehumanization
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seems to be a major route
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through which you can get
one group of humans
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to actually harm, kill
another group of humans.
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MAN: ...against the pagans.
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Those who would follow Christ
to the crown,
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let them also follow him
to battle!
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[men cheer]
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BRUNEAU: You have a situation
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where you have a lot
of fear activated,
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so the subcortical structures
are kind of going off the hook.
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It's very strong,
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it has a powerful effect
on our behaviors,
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and can flip immediately.
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[cheering]
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CALABRIA: So as the Crusaders
make their way across Europe,
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they're not distinguishing
between the Muslims,
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who have captured the holy sites
in Palestine,
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and the Jews who lived
amongst them in Europe.
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So all, quote unquote,
"non-believers,"
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including schismatic Christians,
are the targets.
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When the Crusaders come
into Jerusalem,
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Christians are killed
along with Jews and Muslims.
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No one is distinguished
from the other.
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[baby crying]
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NICHOLSON: As far as they
were concerned,
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they were all wearing
strange clothes,
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people of a strange culture,
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so they must all be our enemies.
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NARRATOR:
The cries of battle fade.
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Silence descends
on the conquered city.
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But it is not the end
of violence;
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it is only the beginning.
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Christians and Muslims battle
back and forth over Jerusalem
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for almost 90 years.
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In 1187, troops commanded
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by the famous Muslim leader
Salah ad-Din
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retake the city.
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Jerusalem's no longer
under Christian control.
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In the glow of this victory,
Salah ad-Din's young nephew
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prepares to be
a leader himself one day.
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His name is Muhammad al-Kamil.
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More than Jerusalem will be
at stake when he becomes sultan.
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The very future of Islam
will be in his hands.
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Even as a child,
al-Kamil stands out.
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PAUL MOSES: He loved philosophy,
mathematics, learning,
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and of course studying
his own faith.
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TAREK ELGAWHARY: Typically
a traditional Islamic education
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would begin with memorization
of the Quran,
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and the Quran,
as Muslims believe it,
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is the eternal uncreated
word of God.
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NARRATOR: A childhood filled
with so many expectations
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can be lonely.
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Al-Kamil's mother
eases the demands.
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HOMAYRA ZIAD: The Quran speaks
to religious communities
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other than the community
of Muhammad.
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The Quran speaks
to Jews and Christians,
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who are children of Abraham who
share the faith in the one God.
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AL-KAMIL: No compul...
com... pul...
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MOTHER: Compulsion.
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AL-KAMIL: No compulsion
is to be on them.
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ZIAD: We have significant
theological
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and practical differences,
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but we harness those differences
to compete with one another,
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not in animosity,
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but towards
the common good of all.
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MOSES: He grew up with
a great love of learning,
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certainly part
of the royal court,
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for him to be trained to be
the leader of Egypt.
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♪
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[birds calling]
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♪
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NARRATOR:
Al-Kamil comes to power
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at a time of crisis in Egypt.
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Poor harvests
have brought famine.
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Political dissent
challenges his rule.
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Religious tensions
are on the rise.
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AL-KAMIL: Enough. Enough!
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♪
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NARRATOR: But a greater danger
looms across the sea.
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Cries for the recapture
of Jerusalem
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once again sweep through Europe.
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[horse neighs]
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♪
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In the markets and streets
and taverns,
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a romanticized view of war
takes hold.
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Many dream about the glories
of battle
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and are eager
for the coming conflict.
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One of them is a young man
named Francis
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from a small Italian town
called Assisi.
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CALABRIA: As a young man
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Francis is what we might call
a bon vivant,
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a man around town,
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uh, his social activities are
hanging out with his friends,
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probably going around Assisi,
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you know, making a little bit
of trouble.
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FRANCIS: Drinks for everyone!
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[cheering]
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MICHAEL CUSATO: Although he was
a member of the middle class,
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and his father being
the merchant,
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Francis also had pretentions
of the class above him,
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the aristocracy, the nobility.
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He liked to dress
in fine clothing,
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he liked the panoply
of being a knight--
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the armor, the weaponry.
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He was like a knight wannabe.
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♪
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NARRATOR: Petty wars between
Italian city-states were common.
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When one erupts between Assisi
and a neighboring city,
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Francis eagerly joins.
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[weapons clashing]
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[men groaning and screaming]
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CALABRIA: And suddenly
he's thrust into battle,
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and, of course, battle
at this time is, is horrible.
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This is hand-to-hand combat.
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This isn't anything abstract.
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[yells]
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[struggling]
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NARRATOR: Since Francis
is from a wealthy family,
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he's taken prisoner
and held for ransom.
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CUSATO: He languished until
his father could ransom him
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from captivity,
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but it took a year.
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[whimpering]
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[bell tolling]
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[chickens clucking]
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♪
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MOSES: Francis leaves
that imprisonment after a year
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as a shattered
and hollowed-out young man.
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CALABRIA: Was he simply going
to return to his life
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of carousing
and just having fun?
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FRANCIS: How are you?
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00:11:34,935 --> 00:11:36,247
[man laughing]
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♪
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00:11:44,048 --> 00:11:45,256
What are you doing?
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What are...
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[coins clattering]
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00:11:47,810 --> 00:11:50,571
[men laughing]
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♪
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CALABRIA:
What was his life to be about?
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00:11:55,059 --> 00:11:57,061
What was he being called to?
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♪
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[camel groaning]
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NARRATOR: In Cairo, a dispute
between Muslims and Christians
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threatens bloodshed.
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CROWD: It must go!
It must go!
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00:12:10,246 --> 00:12:11,903
It must go!
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00:12:11,938 --> 00:12:15,907
MOSES: Sultan al-Kamil has very
good relations with Christians.
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00:12:15,942 --> 00:12:17,944
On one occasion
there was a dispute
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00:12:17,978 --> 00:12:19,773
about whether a mosque
or a church
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should be built
on a certain site.
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CROWD: It must go!
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00:12:23,708 --> 00:12:25,710
MOURAD: A mob in Egypt
wanted to build a mosque
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next to the most holy
Christian church in Cairo.
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00:12:28,955 --> 00:12:30,266
[crowd shouting]
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MAN: It must go!
A mosque once stood here!
250
00:12:33,269 --> 00:12:34,823
It must be rebuilt!
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00:12:34,857 --> 00:12:39,655
[crowd shouting]
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00:12:39,689 --> 00:12:42,796
AL-KAMIL:
No mosque was ever here!
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00:12:42,831 --> 00:12:46,593
MOSES: He determined that there
had been a church there earlier,
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00:12:46,627 --> 00:12:48,768
which was the claim
the Christians were making,
255
00:12:48,802 --> 00:12:50,873
and so he supported them
in that.
256
00:12:50,908 --> 00:12:53,531
AL-KAMIL: You are looking
for excuses
257
00:12:53,565 --> 00:12:55,222
to justify a wrong!
258
00:12:55,257 --> 00:12:57,328
MAN: It must be rebuilt.
No. No!
259
00:12:57,362 --> 00:12:58,950
It must be rebuilt!
260
00:12:58,985 --> 00:13:00,780
[shouting]
261
00:13:00,814 --> 00:13:01,781
[clang]
262
00:13:01,815 --> 00:13:03,886
[screaming]
263
00:13:03,921 --> 00:13:04,991
♪
264
00:13:05,025 --> 00:13:06,820
[baby crying]
265
00:13:06,855 --> 00:13:11,549
♪
266
00:13:11,583 --> 00:13:13,965
AL-KAMIL: No, no.
267
00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:15,771
MOURAD: When the mobs
were throwing stones at him,
268
00:13:15,795 --> 00:13:17,244
he didn't react violently,
269
00:13:17,279 --> 00:13:19,119
he didn't ask his bodyguards
to go and kill them.
270
00:13:19,143 --> 00:13:20,834
♪
271
00:13:20,869 --> 00:13:24,389
AL-KAMIL: God created us
separate nations
272
00:13:24,424 --> 00:13:27,496
so that we could learn
from one another
273
00:13:27,530 --> 00:13:31,465
and become better
in what we are.
274
00:13:31,500 --> 00:13:34,537
Not harm one another.
275
00:13:34,572 --> 00:13:35,884
We become less.
276
00:13:35,918 --> 00:13:41,924
♪
277
00:13:41,959 --> 00:13:43,857
MOSES: This became
very controversial.
278
00:13:43,892 --> 00:13:48,828
He was willing to take
some heat for this.
279
00:13:48,862 --> 00:13:50,830
The Christians
really appreciated
280
00:13:50,864 --> 00:13:52,866
that they were
being treated fairly.
281
00:13:52,901 --> 00:13:58,803
♪
282
00:13:58,838 --> 00:14:01,185
CUSATO: Francis spends
a number of months,
283
00:14:01,219 --> 00:14:02,703
perhaps even a year,
284
00:14:02,738 --> 00:14:05,568
wandering in the countryside.
285
00:14:05,603 --> 00:14:10,263
One day he comes to the profound
insight of his life,
286
00:14:10,297 --> 00:14:11,609
which will be the foundation
287
00:14:11,643 --> 00:14:13,714
for the rest of his life
and his spirituality
288
00:14:13,749 --> 00:14:15,268
and of his own order.
289
00:14:15,302 --> 00:14:17,649
[bell clattering]
290
00:14:17,684 --> 00:14:20,721
NARRATOR: Leprosy was a common
and much feared disease
291
00:14:20,756 --> 00:14:22,896
in the Middle Ages.
292
00:14:22,931 --> 00:14:26,244
CUSATO: Francis had
an abhorrence of lepers.
293
00:14:26,279 --> 00:14:29,178
♪
294
00:14:29,213 --> 00:14:35,564
[bells clattering]
295
00:14:35,598 --> 00:14:37,014
MAN: Stay back!
296
00:14:37,048 --> 00:14:40,741
CALABRIA: They would have to
make some kind of noise
297
00:14:40,776 --> 00:14:45,056
with a bell or a clapper
when someone was approaching.
298
00:14:45,091 --> 00:14:46,195
MAN: Stay back!
299
00:14:46,230 --> 00:14:47,990
[bells clattering]
300
00:14:48,025 --> 00:14:48,991
Stay back!
301
00:14:49,026 --> 00:14:51,821
[bells clattering]
302
00:14:51,856 --> 00:14:54,721
♪
303
00:14:54,755 --> 00:14:57,793
CUSATO: He realizes--perhaps
the first time in his life--
304
00:14:57,827 --> 00:15:01,831
these are genuinely suffering
human beings.
305
00:15:01,866 --> 00:15:04,765
Men and women, like himself.
306
00:15:04,800 --> 00:15:07,216
This then becomes
the foundational insight.
307
00:15:07,251 --> 00:15:11,082
Every man and woman,
without exception in creation,
308
00:15:11,117 --> 00:15:14,534
is a brother and a sister,
one to another,
309
00:15:14,568 --> 00:15:19,056
constituting a commonality that
we all share with each other.
310
00:15:20,989 --> 00:15:28,755
♪
311
00:15:28,789 --> 00:15:37,074
♪
312
00:15:37,108 --> 00:15:40,180
KATHLEEN WARREN:
That basic conviction
313
00:15:40,215 --> 00:15:45,772
that really took hold
in Francis's heart
314
00:15:45,806 --> 00:15:48,188
set him on a path
that was very different
315
00:15:48,223 --> 00:15:49,983
than his original dream.
316
00:15:50,018 --> 00:15:54,056
♪
317
00:15:54,091 --> 00:16:00,580
MOSES: Francis adopts this life
of voluntary poverty and penance
318
00:16:00,614 --> 00:16:04,032
and preaching
a message of peace.
319
00:16:04,066 --> 00:16:08,588
♪
320
00:16:08,622 --> 00:16:12,040
Gradually there's other
young men in his town
321
00:16:12,074 --> 00:16:15,250
who can see the wisdom of this
and are attracted to it,
322
00:16:15,284 --> 00:16:19,116
because they also want to drop
out of the cycle of violence
323
00:16:19,150 --> 00:16:20,117
that is afflicting them.
324
00:16:20,151 --> 00:16:21,439
FRANCIS:
Where there is darkness...
325
00:16:21,463 --> 00:16:22,705
MAN: What's going on?
326
00:16:22,740 --> 00:16:24,086
Where's everyone going?
327
00:16:24,121 --> 00:16:28,021
FRANCIS:
Where there is sadness, joy.
328
00:16:28,056 --> 00:16:33,026
We are more than just
our daily struggle.
329
00:16:33,061 --> 00:16:37,306
The Lord has made us all
for a greater purpose...
330
00:16:37,341 --> 00:16:41,483
to be instruments of peace.
331
00:16:41,517 --> 00:16:42,553
[tosses bell]
332
00:16:42,587 --> 00:16:44,072
[crowd gasps]
333
00:16:44,106 --> 00:16:46,212
♪
334
00:16:46,246 --> 00:16:49,663
Where there is doubt, faith.
335
00:16:49,698 --> 00:16:54,565
It is in giving that we receive.
336
00:16:54,599 --> 00:16:57,671
It is in pardoning...
337
00:16:57,706 --> 00:17:01,468
that we are pardoned.
338
00:17:01,503 --> 00:17:03,229
It is in dying...
339
00:17:03,263 --> 00:17:04,816
[laughs]
340
00:17:04,851 --> 00:17:07,233
that we are born
to eternal life.
341
00:17:07,267 --> 00:17:12,997
♪
342
00:17:13,032 --> 00:17:14,861
WARREN: There was
a tremendous response
343
00:17:14,895 --> 00:17:17,622
to living in the world
in this way,
344
00:17:17,657 --> 00:17:19,831
and little by little
345
00:17:19,866 --> 00:17:23,214
a number of people
followed Francis.
346
00:17:23,249 --> 00:17:25,182
♪
347
00:17:25,216 --> 00:17:27,080
NARRATOR:
Francis travels the country
348
00:17:27,115 --> 00:17:29,876
preaching about
the Lord of Love.
349
00:17:29,910 --> 00:17:33,017
But the medieval Church
still holds to the vision
350
00:17:33,052 --> 00:17:37,401
of a ferocious, vengeful God
who summons believers to war.
351
00:17:37,435 --> 00:17:42,406
A new pope, Pope Innocent III,
calls for another Crusade.
352
00:17:42,440 --> 00:17:46,789
POPE INNOCENT III: Every day
during the celebration of mass,
353
00:17:46,824 --> 00:17:50,724
when the time has come
before the kiss of peace,
354
00:17:50,759 --> 00:17:53,279
the priests should say
to their flocks,
355
00:17:53,313 --> 00:17:56,558
"God, we humbly beseech thee
356
00:17:56,592 --> 00:18:00,217
to snatch this land
from our enemy!"
357
00:18:00,251 --> 00:18:10,054
[crowd cheering]
358
00:18:10,089 --> 00:18:12,056
NARRATOR: The Crusaders
go to Constantinople
359
00:18:12,091 --> 00:18:15,508
on promises to fund their
new war over the Holy Land.
360
00:18:15,542 --> 00:18:20,582
When the payments don't come,
they attack Byzantium instead.
361
00:18:20,616 --> 00:18:23,930
♪
362
00:18:23,964 --> 00:18:27,036
BRUNEAU: Once you've stoked
this in-group fervor,
363
00:18:27,071 --> 00:18:28,762
it seems like
that can be applied
364
00:18:28,797 --> 00:18:31,524
to many different out-groups.
365
00:18:31,558 --> 00:18:35,217
NARRATOR: They make a prostitute
sit on the emperor's throne.
366
00:18:35,252 --> 00:18:37,564
[clattering]
367
00:18:37,599 --> 00:18:41,016
♪
368
00:18:41,050 --> 00:18:43,225
NICHOLSON: They try to sell
this whole idea to the pope
369
00:18:43,260 --> 00:18:45,883
by saying, "Oh, now we hold
Constantinople,
370
00:18:45,917 --> 00:18:50,370
we've also restored it
to the true holy Catholic faith.
371
00:18:50,405 --> 00:18:52,338
POPE: Those fools!
372
00:18:52,372 --> 00:18:53,936
NICHOLSON: The pope wasn't
really buying this,
373
00:18:53,960 --> 00:18:56,376
but he had to make the best
of a bad job.
374
00:18:56,411 --> 00:18:59,517
NARRATOR: Pope Innocent III
explicitly banned a tax
375
00:18:59,552 --> 00:19:01,830
on Christian communities.
376
00:19:01,864 --> 00:19:04,143
But with Constantinople
in ruins,
377
00:19:04,177 --> 00:19:07,042
he decides to assert
Rome's authority.
378
00:19:07,076 --> 00:19:13,704
He dispatches a trusted cardinal
named Pelagius to take control.
379
00:19:13,738 --> 00:19:17,777
CUSATO: Cardinal Pelagius
was sent as the pope's legate,
380
00:19:17,811 --> 00:19:20,883
and he was sent to solidify
the gains
381
00:19:20,918 --> 00:19:24,093
of the Latin Christian Church,
the Roman Church,
382
00:19:24,128 --> 00:19:26,682
against the Greek clergy,
383
00:19:26,717 --> 00:19:30,099
who wanted to return
to their own city.
384
00:19:33,172 --> 00:19:35,277
MOSES: He wears
these scarlet robes,
385
00:19:35,312 --> 00:19:38,211
which was something new
at the time,
386
00:19:38,246 --> 00:19:41,870
because that's the color of
the martyrs that he's adopted.
387
00:19:41,904 --> 00:19:43,123
MAN: What has happened here
is a travesty!
388
00:19:43,147 --> 00:19:44,838
MAN: Don't speak
until given permission!
389
00:19:44,873 --> 00:19:46,702
MAN: Such behavior.
390
00:19:49,843 --> 00:19:54,158
PELAGIUS: Tell him
to tell his priests
391
00:19:54,193 --> 00:19:57,920
that they are subject
to the one true pope...
392
00:19:57,955 --> 00:19:59,888
His Holiness in Rome.
393
00:19:59,922 --> 00:20:00,889
MAN: What right do you have...
394
00:20:00,923 --> 00:20:02,856
PELAGIUS: Tell him...
395
00:20:02,891 --> 00:20:05,997
that the only words
I want to hear from him
396
00:20:06,032 --> 00:20:10,139
are the names of those priests
who ignore this.
397
00:20:12,866 --> 00:20:15,628
That is all.
398
00:20:15,662 --> 00:20:17,250
CUSATO: He was known to be
399
00:20:17,285 --> 00:20:22,221
a hard-nosed, intransigent
supporter of the papal policy.
400
00:20:22,255 --> 00:20:26,432
In other words, it was the
supremacy of the Latin Church
401
00:20:26,466 --> 00:20:28,434
over any competitors,
402
00:20:28,468 --> 00:20:33,370
be they the Greek Church,
be they Islam.
403
00:20:33,404 --> 00:20:39,341
PELAGIUS: No one speaks unless
Pelagius first gives permission.
404
00:20:39,376 --> 00:20:41,274
Understand?
405
00:20:41,309 --> 00:20:42,689
[whimpers]
406
00:20:42,724 --> 00:20:44,277
Go.
407
00:20:44,312 --> 00:20:51,215
♪
408
00:20:51,250 --> 00:20:53,597
NARRATOR: After the sacking
of Constantinople,
409
00:20:53,631 --> 00:20:56,807
Pope Innocent III vows
that the next Crusade
410
00:20:56,841 --> 00:21:00,086
will be under strict
papal control.
411
00:21:00,120 --> 00:21:02,813
He sends an order to the priests
throughout Europe
412
00:21:02,847 --> 00:21:05,919
to recruit a new army.
413
00:21:05,954 --> 00:21:08,059
One of the most
successful preachers
414
00:21:08,094 --> 00:21:12,823
was a German priest
named Oliver of Paderborn.
415
00:21:12,857 --> 00:21:14,169
NICHOLSON: He was a cleric;
416
00:21:14,203 --> 00:21:16,205
he was involved
in preaching the Crusade;
417
00:21:16,240 --> 00:21:19,726
a very intelligent man,
very pious man.
418
00:21:19,761 --> 00:21:21,072
He was also technically minded,
419
00:21:21,107 --> 00:21:23,661
because he designed
some of the war machines
420
00:21:23,696 --> 00:21:26,457
used during the Crusade.
421
00:21:26,492 --> 00:21:29,667
MOSES: A strategic decision was
made by the Christian leadership
422
00:21:29,702 --> 00:21:31,497
to attack Egypt.
423
00:21:31,531 --> 00:21:34,154
NICHOLSON: If we could control
that trade route,
424
00:21:34,189 --> 00:21:35,984
we will be rich people.
425
00:21:36,018 --> 00:21:38,227
NARRATOR: If the Crusaders
conquer Egypt,
426
00:21:38,262 --> 00:21:40,678
they can easily take Jerusalem.
427
00:21:40,713 --> 00:21:42,991
And if powerful Egypt falls,
428
00:21:43,025 --> 00:21:46,374
the Muslim Middle East
will likely fall with it.
429
00:21:46,408 --> 00:21:48,721
Only one thing stands
in their way--
430
00:21:48,755 --> 00:21:53,622
a fortress city called Damietta
at the mouth of the Nile.
431
00:21:53,657 --> 00:21:56,176
MOURAD: The Crusaders
could not sail through the Nile
432
00:21:56,211 --> 00:21:57,833
unless they took the town,
433
00:21:57,868 --> 00:22:00,595
so if you are to control
Damietta,
434
00:22:00,629 --> 00:22:02,631
you almost control Egypt.
435
00:22:02,666 --> 00:22:09,362
♪
436
00:22:09,397 --> 00:22:11,675
CUSATO: One of the most
important sources we have
437
00:22:11,709 --> 00:22:13,021
on the Crusade
438
00:22:13,055 --> 00:22:15,575
comes from the pen
of Oliver of Paderborn,
439
00:22:15,610 --> 00:22:19,510
who comes on site and leaves us
a remarkable chronicle
440
00:22:19,545 --> 00:22:23,342
of the events around the siege
of Damietta.
441
00:22:23,376 --> 00:22:26,379
♪
442
00:22:26,414 --> 00:22:28,416
OLIVER OF PADERBORN:
"The capture of hostile land
443
00:22:28,450 --> 00:22:31,177
was achieved
without any loss of blood.
444
00:22:31,211 --> 00:22:34,663
Upon coming to shore,
a few Egyptians approached,
445
00:22:34,698 --> 00:22:38,149
but a Friesian struck one dead
with an iron spear,
446
00:22:38,184 --> 00:22:40,220
and the rest fled in terror."
447
00:22:40,255 --> 00:22:49,989
♪
448
00:22:50,023 --> 00:22:56,789
[bell clanging]
449
00:22:56,823 --> 00:23:03,382
♪
450
00:23:03,416 --> 00:23:04,555
[horse neighs]
451
00:23:04,590 --> 00:23:07,351
NARRATOR: News of the invasion
reaches Cairo.
452
00:23:07,386 --> 00:23:11,217
Al-Kamil hurries a force
to Damietta.
453
00:23:11,251 --> 00:23:14,634
Vastly outnumbered,
al-Kamil's soldiers
454
00:23:14,669 --> 00:23:19,708
can only dig in
and defend the perimeter.
455
00:23:19,743 --> 00:23:21,296
AL-KAMIL: What's the report?
456
00:23:21,330 --> 00:23:23,954
GENERAL: Sire, more of their
reinforcements came today.
457
00:23:23,988 --> 00:23:26,612
We need more siege weapons.
458
00:23:26,646 --> 00:23:29,891
Damietta's walls are strong,
but they've never been tested
459
00:23:29,925 --> 00:23:32,376
against such fearsome weapons
before.
460
00:23:32,411 --> 00:23:33,826
They launched another assault...
461
00:23:33,860 --> 00:23:36,173
CALABRIA: He's in
a rather precarious position.
462
00:23:36,207 --> 00:23:38,762
We know that he even
faced the danger
463
00:23:38,796 --> 00:23:40,591
of a coup from within.
464
00:23:40,626 --> 00:23:42,075
You can clearly see
465
00:23:42,110 --> 00:23:45,424
in his attempts to come to terms
with the Crusaders
466
00:23:45,458 --> 00:23:49,117
a ruler who is very concerned
with the damage
467
00:23:49,151 --> 00:23:52,810
that the crusading campaign
is having on Egypt,
468
00:23:52,845 --> 00:23:58,160
and the reality is he needs
to come to some kind of deal,
469
00:23:58,195 --> 00:24:01,612
otherwise he's going to face
destruction.
470
00:24:01,647 --> 00:24:08,757
♪
471
00:24:08,792 --> 00:24:11,795
NARRATOR: The war racks Egypt
for two years.
472
00:24:11,829 --> 00:24:14,901
During this time,
Francis is preaching the gospel
473
00:24:14,936 --> 00:24:17,525
and growing his movement
across Europe.
474
00:24:17,559 --> 00:24:21,045
Now he wants to bring his
message of peace to the Crusade.
475
00:24:21,080 --> 00:24:26,395
He travels to Damietta with
another friar, named Illuminato.
476
00:24:26,430 --> 00:24:33,230
WARREN: Francis tells us that he
clearly heard God asking him
477
00:24:33,264 --> 00:24:35,508
to be a peacemaker
in this world,
478
00:24:35,543 --> 00:24:38,546
a peacemaker in the manner
of Jesus Christ.
479
00:24:38,580 --> 00:24:41,825
Francis realized
that the message he was given
480
00:24:41,859 --> 00:24:44,241
to promote peace in the world
481
00:24:44,275 --> 00:24:48,487
necessitated him
going to the Muslims.
482
00:24:48,521 --> 00:24:50,281
MOSES: He wants to reach out
to these people
483
00:24:50,316 --> 00:24:51,973
who were supposed to be
484
00:24:52,007 --> 00:24:53,526
the great enemies
of Christendom.
485
00:24:53,561 --> 00:24:55,942
I just have to say
Francis thought big.
486
00:24:55,977 --> 00:25:04,744
♪
487
00:25:04,779 --> 00:25:06,953
NARRATOR: Pelagius is sent
by the pope
488
00:25:06,988 --> 00:25:09,438
to lead the new Crusade.
489
00:25:09,473 --> 00:25:12,269
CUSATO: His presence in the camp
at Damietta
490
00:25:12,303 --> 00:25:14,927
was a rather provocative
presence.
491
00:25:14,961 --> 00:25:20,208
He was an instigator in order
to ensure that the pope's policy
492
00:25:20,242 --> 00:25:23,142
of the defeat of Islam happened.
493
00:25:23,176 --> 00:25:36,086
[men shouting]
494
00:25:36,120 --> 00:25:40,435
NARRATOR: Soon after arriving,
Francis faces his first test.
495
00:25:40,469 --> 00:25:44,715
Pelagius calls for a new assault
on Damietta.
496
00:25:44,750 --> 00:25:47,615
MOSES: Francis decides
that he's going to speak out
497
00:25:47,649 --> 00:25:48,512
against this battle.
498
00:25:48,547 --> 00:25:50,203
He feels he's called to do this.
499
00:25:50,238 --> 00:25:51,757
And he goes out and,
500
00:25:51,791 --> 00:25:54,829
according to one
of the Franciscan chronicles,
501
00:25:54,863 --> 00:25:57,486
begins to denounce the battle
502
00:25:57,521 --> 00:26:00,524
and to urge that the soldiers
not fight.
503
00:26:00,559 --> 00:26:06,288
♪
504
00:26:06,323 --> 00:26:07,603
MAN: "The saint leapt
to his feet
505
00:26:07,635 --> 00:26:09,498
and rushed to the Christians,
506
00:26:09,533 --> 00:26:12,156
crying out warnings
to save them,
507
00:26:12,191 --> 00:26:15,435
forbidding war
and threatening disaster.
508
00:26:15,470 --> 00:26:17,852
But they took the truth
as a joke.
509
00:26:17,886 --> 00:26:22,339
They hardened their hearts
and refused to turn back."
510
00:26:22,373 --> 00:26:24,824
[arrows whizzing]
511
00:26:24,859 --> 00:26:26,136
[scream]
512
00:26:26,170 --> 00:26:37,596
♪
513
00:26:37,630 --> 00:26:42,670
[shouting]
514
00:26:42,704 --> 00:26:45,327
MAN: Kill them all!
515
00:26:45,362 --> 00:26:47,019
Kill them all!
516
00:26:47,053 --> 00:26:55,234
♪
517
00:26:55,268 --> 00:27:01,309
[shouting]
518
00:27:01,343 --> 00:27:07,384
[weapons clashing]
519
00:27:07,418 --> 00:27:12,527
[shouting, groaning,
and screaming]
520
00:27:12,561 --> 00:27:19,845
♪
521
00:27:19,879 --> 00:27:21,501
MAN: To the wall!
522
00:27:21,536 --> 00:27:24,056
♪
523
00:27:24,090 --> 00:27:26,506
[explosion]
524
00:27:26,541 --> 00:27:28,647
AL-KAMIL: Back to the line!
525
00:27:28,681 --> 00:27:33,341
♪
526
00:27:33,375 --> 00:27:37,103
[growling]
527
00:27:37,138 --> 00:27:40,313
♪
528
00:27:40,348 --> 00:27:44,076
[growling]
529
00:27:44,110 --> 00:27:52,153
♪
530
00:27:52,187 --> 00:27:53,982
[scream]
531
00:27:54,017 --> 00:27:59,643
♪
532
00:27:59,678 --> 00:28:02,750
[growling]
533
00:28:02,784 --> 00:28:07,237
♪
534
00:28:07,271 --> 00:28:10,067
[growling]
535
00:28:10,102 --> 00:28:14,175
♪
536
00:28:14,209 --> 00:28:15,176
[whistling]
537
00:28:15,210 --> 00:28:16,867
[explosion]
538
00:28:16,902 --> 00:28:24,254
♪
539
00:28:24,288 --> 00:28:27,015
[grunting and screaming]
540
00:28:27,050 --> 00:28:41,996
♪
541
00:28:42,030 --> 00:28:45,309
♪
542
00:28:45,344 --> 00:28:52,178
[growling]
543
00:28:52,213 --> 00:28:53,697
♪
544
00:28:53,732 --> 00:28:57,528
[gurgling]
545
00:29:01,878 --> 00:29:10,058
[grunting and screaming]
546
00:29:10,093 --> 00:29:12,889
MAN: Retreat!
547
00:29:12,923 --> 00:29:15,063
Retreat!
548
00:29:15,098 --> 00:29:25,142
♪
549
00:29:25,177 --> 00:29:27,627
MOSES: It was a terrible day
for the Christian army.
550
00:29:27,662 --> 00:29:29,698
Thousands of people were killed.
551
00:29:29,733 --> 00:29:31,424
Very important people
were captured.
552
00:29:31,459 --> 00:29:33,599
It was a total disaster.
553
00:29:33,633 --> 00:29:34,911
[flames crackling]
554
00:29:34,945 --> 00:29:36,809
[bird squawking]
555
00:29:36,844 --> 00:29:46,887
♪
556
00:29:46,888 --> 00:29:51,824
♪
557
00:29:51,859 --> 00:30:01,903
♪
558
00:30:04,699 --> 00:30:06,390
AL-KAMIL:
This is what we will do.
559
00:30:06,425 --> 00:30:07,978
NARRATOR: Following his victory,
560
00:30:08,013 --> 00:30:10,567
al-Kamil proposes a treaty
to end the war.
561
00:30:10,601 --> 00:30:12,603
AL-KAMIL: Terms for a treaty.
562
00:30:12,638 --> 00:30:13,915
LIEUTENANT: Treaty?
563
00:30:13,950 --> 00:30:16,331
NARRATOR:
Not all his generals agree.
564
00:30:16,366 --> 00:30:17,722
AL-KAMIL:
It offers the pope control
565
00:30:17,746 --> 00:30:19,369
over the Christian holy places.
566
00:30:19,403 --> 00:30:21,889
LIEUTENANT:
And why give them anything?
567
00:30:21,923 --> 00:30:24,339
Let's punish them.
568
00:30:24,374 --> 00:30:28,757
AL-KAMIL: And how many more
of our men will die if we do?
569
00:30:28,792 --> 00:30:31,553
What about the people
of Damietta?
570
00:30:31,588 --> 00:30:34,867
They're starving to death.
571
00:30:34,902 --> 00:30:36,317
No.
572
00:30:36,351 --> 00:30:38,906
We cannot wait.
573
00:30:38,940 --> 00:30:41,046
Let's give the pope
what he wants
574
00:30:41,080 --> 00:30:43,496
and send his army home.
575
00:30:46,154 --> 00:30:49,192
NARRATOR: Al-Kamil hurries
a messenger to the Crusader camp
576
00:30:49,226 --> 00:30:50,918
with his peace offer.
577
00:30:50,952 --> 00:30:53,541
♪
578
00:30:53,575 --> 00:30:57,234
PELAGIUS: Did that messenger
look like the devil?
579
00:30:57,269 --> 00:31:02,067
Because this so-called treaty
is surely the devil's work.
580
00:31:02,101 --> 00:31:03,482
NARRATOR: John of Brienne,
581
00:31:03,516 --> 00:31:05,518
the acknowledged leader
of the Crusade,
582
00:31:05,553 --> 00:31:08,073
is the commander of the army
in name only.
583
00:31:08,107 --> 00:31:11,076
The real authority
is with Pelagius.
584
00:31:11,110 --> 00:31:13,699
PELAGIUS: But we will be weak
no longer.
585
00:31:13,733 --> 00:31:15,735
JOHN OF BRIENNE:
The sultan gives us control
586
00:31:15,770 --> 00:31:18,083
over our holy places.
587
00:31:18,117 --> 00:31:21,155
Isn't that what we want?
588
00:31:21,189 --> 00:31:22,673
PELAGIUS: It isn't what we want.
589
00:31:22,708 --> 00:31:25,538
It isn't what we want at all!
590
00:31:25,573 --> 00:31:28,852
We can finish this
once and for all, here, now!
591
00:31:28,887 --> 00:31:31,475
FRANCIS: Yes, we can finish it.
592
00:31:31,510 --> 00:31:33,098
But put away the swords
593
00:31:33,132 --> 00:31:35,583
and bring the Gospel of Christ
to them.
594
00:31:35,617 --> 00:31:39,000
Only then will there be peace.
595
00:31:39,035 --> 00:31:41,796
PELAGIUS: Who is this friar
who speaks without permission?
596
00:31:41,830 --> 00:31:44,109
FRANCIS: I am Brother Francis.
597
00:31:44,143 --> 00:31:47,457
NARRATOR: Francis finally
reveals his plan.
598
00:31:47,491 --> 00:31:49,735
He hopes to end the Crusade
599
00:31:49,769 --> 00:31:54,050
by preaching the Gospel
and converting the Muslim army.
600
00:31:54,084 --> 00:31:58,606
PELAGIUS: So, young friar,
you want to preach to them.
601
00:31:58,640 --> 00:32:01,540
Don't you think that they'll
kill you on sight?
602
00:32:01,574 --> 00:32:03,507
And what difference
would it make anyway
603
00:32:03,542 --> 00:32:06,683
to preach to a handful
of their soldiers?
604
00:32:06,717 --> 00:32:08,719
FRANCIS: I intend to preach
to the sultan.
605
00:32:08,754 --> 00:32:11,584
PELAGIUS: [laughing]
Now you're being ridiculous!
606
00:32:11,619 --> 00:32:14,001
If the sultan is not
the devil himself,
607
00:32:14,035 --> 00:32:16,727
he is surely
the devil's servant.
608
00:32:16,762 --> 00:32:19,627
He'll cut your tongue out
after just one word
609
00:32:19,661 --> 00:32:23,665
and likely nail it
to your forehead.
610
00:32:23,700 --> 00:32:26,806
No... I'm sorry.
611
00:32:26,841 --> 00:32:37,956
♪
612
00:32:37,990 --> 00:32:41,649
You think his real intention
is to martyr himself?
613
00:32:44,031 --> 00:32:45,929
NARRATOR: Francis may indeed
expect to be killed
614
00:32:45,964 --> 00:32:51,210
in this effort, but then that
would help Pelagius's cause.
615
00:33:04,879 --> 00:33:08,331
PELAGIUS: I sent for you to tell
you that I've changed my mind.
616
00:33:08,365 --> 00:33:10,436
You may go.
617
00:33:10,471 --> 00:33:11,782
FRANCIS: Thank you.
618
00:33:11,817 --> 00:33:13,612
Your Holiness, thank you.
619
00:33:13,646 --> 00:33:15,821
I will not waver.
620
00:33:15,855 --> 00:33:17,443
You have my word.
621
00:33:17,478 --> 00:33:19,859
PELAGIUS:
I'm sure that you won't.
622
00:33:22,793 --> 00:33:24,278
FRANCIS: Thank you.
623
00:33:24,312 --> 00:33:35,496
♪
624
00:33:35,530 --> 00:33:39,569
♪
625
00:33:39,603 --> 00:33:41,053
NARRATOR: Francis and Illuminato
626
00:33:41,088 --> 00:33:44,091
cross the corpse-strewn
battlefield.
627
00:33:44,125 --> 00:33:46,748
FRANCIS: Wait, please!
Please, wait!
628
00:33:46,783 --> 00:33:49,510
We are ambassadors.
We come in peace.
629
00:33:49,544 --> 00:33:51,374
We come in peace.
Please!
630
00:33:51,408 --> 00:33:53,928
NARRATOR: Startled guards
almost kill them.
631
00:33:53,962 --> 00:33:57,966
Francis shouts that he's
an ambassador of Christ.
632
00:33:58,001 --> 00:34:02,281
Maybe this man is bringing news
about the sultan's treaty.
633
00:34:02,316 --> 00:34:03,455
FRANCIS: Please...
634
00:34:03,489 --> 00:34:14,638
♪
635
00:34:14,673 --> 00:34:24,338
♪
636
00:34:24,372 --> 00:34:27,099
[horse neighs]
637
00:34:27,134 --> 00:34:31,345
♪
638
00:34:31,379 --> 00:34:33,036
LIEUTENANT: Who is this?
639
00:34:33,071 --> 00:34:35,832
FRANCIS: I am an emissary.
640
00:34:35,866 --> 00:34:37,972
GENERAL: With news
from the king of Rome?
641
00:34:38,006 --> 00:34:41,217
FRANCIS: From the King
of the Universe.
642
00:34:41,251 --> 00:34:43,943
GENERAL:
Is there to be peace, then?
643
00:34:43,978 --> 00:34:48,051
FRANCIS: The greatest peace
of all, I pray.
644
00:34:48,086 --> 00:34:51,813
GENERAL: Stop the riddles!
Is it yes or no?
645
00:34:51,848 --> 00:34:54,644
AL-KAMIL: It's neither.
646
00:34:54,678 --> 00:34:57,785
He isn't sent by their leader.
647
00:34:57,819 --> 00:34:59,235
Isn't that right?
648
00:34:59,269 --> 00:35:01,651
FRANCIS: No, I come for Christ.
I come to preach.
649
00:35:01,685 --> 00:35:03,653
I come for peace.
650
00:35:03,687 --> 00:35:05,137
LIEUTENANT: It's an insult.
651
00:35:05,172 --> 00:35:08,416
If this is their answer,
we should kill him.
652
00:35:08,451 --> 00:35:12,386
[murmur]
653
00:35:12,420 --> 00:35:17,080
♪
654
00:35:17,115 --> 00:35:20,739
AL-KAMIL: Come.
Sit with me.
655
00:35:20,773 --> 00:35:22,568
Bring them some food.
656
00:35:22,603 --> 00:35:27,470
♪
657
00:35:27,504 --> 00:35:30,473
WARREN: I think that Francis
must have been surprised
658
00:35:30,507 --> 00:35:33,924
at what he experienced
among the Muslim people,
659
00:35:33,959 --> 00:35:39,240
because the popular notion
was that Muslims were heathens.
660
00:35:39,275 --> 00:35:42,830
They were considered the enemy,
of course,
661
00:35:42,864 --> 00:35:46,972
and more strongly,
they were considered beasts.
662
00:35:47,006 --> 00:35:50,631
CUSATO: After this encounter
in the tent of the sultan,
663
00:35:50,665 --> 00:35:55,118
Francis and Illuminato were
pretty much given free rein
664
00:35:55,153 --> 00:36:00,019
to walk and to be and to live
in the camp for a few weeks.
665
00:36:00,054 --> 00:36:02,884
ZIAD: These two were indeed
seeking peace
666
00:36:02,919 --> 00:36:04,231
in the midst of war,
667
00:36:04,265 --> 00:36:06,025
so they were open
to being transformed
668
00:36:06,060 --> 00:36:11,410
by the person who was
allegedly their enemy.
669
00:36:11,445 --> 00:36:13,378
NARRATOR: One account says
that Francis offered
670
00:36:13,412 --> 00:36:17,244
to walk through fire to prove
the truth of the Gospel.
671
00:36:17,278 --> 00:36:20,005
The sultan declined
the demonstration
672
00:36:20,039 --> 00:36:24,182
but said that Francis
could address his court.
673
00:36:25,804 --> 00:36:30,291
[reciting prayer]
674
00:36:30,326 --> 00:36:32,845
CUSATO: Francis would have heard
the call to prayer
675
00:36:32,880 --> 00:36:35,986
five times a day.
676
00:36:36,021 --> 00:36:40,750
I believe, in watching Muslims
pray, men and women,
677
00:36:40,784 --> 00:36:42,200
five times daily,
678
00:36:42,234 --> 00:36:45,686
that it really struck Francis
unexpectedly.
679
00:36:45,720 --> 00:36:49,793
I don't think he was expecting
to see this, to know this,
680
00:36:49,828 --> 00:36:52,382
but I think
it profoundly moved him.
681
00:36:52,417 --> 00:37:05,084
[reciting prayer]
682
00:37:05,119 --> 00:37:09,917
MAN: "In the name of God,
the merciful and compassionate,
683
00:37:09,951 --> 00:37:14,542
glory be to God,
the Lord of the Worlds,
684
00:37:14,577 --> 00:37:19,892
the merciful and compassionate
king of the day of judgment.
685
00:37:19,927 --> 00:37:22,067
It is you alone we worship.
686
00:37:22,101 --> 00:37:25,243
It is you alone
we ask for help."
687
00:37:25,277 --> 00:37:26,485
♪
688
00:37:26,520 --> 00:37:29,695
FRANCIS: Give us this day
our daily bread
689
00:37:29,730 --> 00:37:32,284
and forgive us our trespasses
690
00:37:32,319 --> 00:37:36,219
as we forgive those
who trespass against us.
691
00:37:36,254 --> 00:37:41,776
Lead us not into temptation,
but deliver us from evil.
692
00:37:41,811 --> 00:37:43,226
Amen.
693
00:37:43,261 --> 00:37:44,814
BRUNEAU:
You can directly challenge
694
00:37:44,848 --> 00:37:46,505
this perception
of dehumanization
695
00:37:46,540 --> 00:37:49,957
by showing someone an example
of a member of the other group
696
00:37:49,991 --> 00:37:52,131
who's particularly human, right,
697
00:37:52,166 --> 00:37:54,755
who displays
these very characteristics
698
00:37:54,789 --> 00:37:57,585
that you define humanity by.
699
00:37:57,620 --> 00:38:00,381
It makes sense from a,
from a neuroscience perspective
700
00:38:00,416 --> 00:38:03,004
why this would be
so transformative.
701
00:38:03,039 --> 00:38:06,732
If you eliminate that
distinction between us and them,
702
00:38:06,767 --> 00:38:09,942
processes that would normally
be there to drive conflict
703
00:38:09,977 --> 00:38:13,187
are now all taken off line
wholesale.
704
00:38:13,221 --> 00:38:15,051
♪
705
00:38:15,085 --> 00:38:18,537
CUSATO: Francis, I believe,
came to the insight,
706
00:38:18,572 --> 00:38:22,161
by watching
Muslim men and women pray,
707
00:38:22,196 --> 00:38:26,304
that prayer is of the essence
for the creature,
708
00:38:26,338 --> 00:38:31,343
that if you are a creature,
what you do is pray.
709
00:38:31,378 --> 00:38:33,207
FRANCIS: Faith.
710
00:38:33,241 --> 00:38:34,864
Where there is despair, hope.
711
00:38:34,898 --> 00:38:37,522
Where there is darkness, light.
712
00:38:37,556 --> 00:38:41,836
NARRATOR:
Al-Kamil fulfills his promise.
713
00:38:41,871 --> 00:38:45,150
Francis addresses
the sultan's court.
714
00:38:45,184 --> 00:38:46,807
FRANCIS: To be understood...
715
00:38:46,841 --> 00:38:51,156
CALABRIA: There is before him
a man who makes no demands,
716
00:38:51,190 --> 00:38:53,296
who makes no threats,
717
00:38:53,331 --> 00:38:56,748
who does not insult
his religion,
718
00:38:56,782 --> 00:39:02,374
and probably
is simply preaching.
719
00:39:02,409 --> 00:39:04,549
MOURAD: Al-Kamil might ask
a theologian
720
00:39:04,583 --> 00:39:05,998
or a scholar in his court
721
00:39:06,033 --> 00:39:07,724
to be a respondent.
722
00:39:07,759 --> 00:39:12,626
That was part of classical
Islamic court life
723
00:39:12,660 --> 00:39:14,213
and court manners.
724
00:39:14,248 --> 00:39:19,598
♪
725
00:39:19,633 --> 00:39:22,083
WARREN: The respect they had
for each other
726
00:39:22,118 --> 00:39:23,878
spoke volumes to Francis,
727
00:39:23,913 --> 00:39:26,502
that this indeed
was not an enemy,
728
00:39:26,536 --> 00:39:29,401
this was not a beast,
729
00:39:29,436 --> 00:39:32,887
but this truly was a brother.
730
00:39:32,922 --> 00:39:45,175
♪
731
00:39:47,315 --> 00:39:49,421
FRANCIS: I believe, we believe.
732
00:39:49,456 --> 00:39:51,250
The sultan welcomed us
to his camp.
733
00:39:51,285 --> 00:39:54,461
PELAGIUS: I am so pleased
that my prayers were answered
734
00:39:54,495 --> 00:39:58,568
and that God protected you
from these wretched infidels.
735
00:39:58,603 --> 00:40:02,572
It is indeed a miracle.
736
00:40:02,607 --> 00:40:06,300
But I have even greater news
to report.
737
00:40:06,334 --> 00:40:09,441
Reinforcements will be arriving
in the morning.
738
00:40:09,476 --> 00:40:12,202
And our spies tell us
that sickness and starvation
739
00:40:12,237 --> 00:40:16,828
have set in
behind the city walls.
740
00:40:16,862 --> 00:40:20,038
It won't be long now.
741
00:40:20,072 --> 00:40:22,627
CALABRIA: If you give up
the rhetoric of hate,
742
00:40:22,661 --> 00:40:25,284
then why continue a war?
743
00:40:25,319 --> 00:40:29,496
And the point was that
the Church at the time
744
00:40:29,530 --> 00:40:32,533
had a vested interest
in keeping the war going.
745
00:40:32,568 --> 00:40:35,260
They wanted Jerusalem,
they wanted Egypt.
746
00:40:35,294 --> 00:40:37,365
That much was apparent.
747
00:40:37,400 --> 00:40:41,093
NARRATOR: Pelagius rejects
al-Kamil's peace offer.
748
00:40:41,128 --> 00:40:45,408
The war will go on
until Egypt is theirs.
749
00:40:45,443 --> 00:40:48,998
♪
750
00:40:49,032 --> 00:40:52,898
GENERAL: Sire, they launched
another assault on Damietta.
751
00:40:52,933 --> 00:40:55,522
♪
752
00:40:55,556 --> 00:40:57,282
Sire!
753
00:40:57,316 --> 00:40:59,664
AL-KAMIL: Assemble the men.
754
00:41:02,080 --> 00:41:03,633
I'll lead them.
755
00:41:05,186 --> 00:41:08,742
MOSES: The Crusaders
keep besieging Damietta,
756
00:41:08,776 --> 00:41:13,229
attacking, being repulsed,
it's a stalemate.
757
00:41:13,263 --> 00:41:15,749
But little by little,
the siege of Damietta
758
00:41:15,783 --> 00:41:18,786
is taking its toll
on the people inside.
759
00:41:18,821 --> 00:41:19,994
[men yelling]
760
00:41:20,029 --> 00:41:23,791
[weapons clashing]
761
00:41:23,826 --> 00:41:26,484
[fire crackling]
762
00:41:26,518 --> 00:41:27,830
[bird squawking]
763
00:41:27,864 --> 00:41:30,798
OLIVER: How long since they've
been at the ramparts?
764
00:41:30,833 --> 00:41:32,524
SOLDIER: Three days.
765
00:41:32,559 --> 00:41:34,457
♪
766
00:41:34,492 --> 00:41:37,460
OLIVER: Alert Cardinal Pelagius.
767
00:41:37,495 --> 00:41:41,602
MOSES: There were 80,000 people
at the start of this war,
768
00:41:41,637 --> 00:41:47,228
and almost all of them die
from disease and starvation,
769
00:41:47,263 --> 00:41:49,576
and so, in the end,
770
00:41:49,610 --> 00:41:52,751
a party of Christian troops,
Crusader troops, goes,
771
00:41:52,786 --> 00:41:56,859
and they just kind of go up
and enter the city.
772
00:41:56,893 --> 00:42:01,346
[door creaking]
773
00:42:09,181 --> 00:42:12,253
[flies buzzing]
774
00:42:16,844 --> 00:42:18,674
[coughing]
775
00:42:26,129 --> 00:42:36,588
♪
776
00:42:36,623 --> 00:42:38,590
NARRATOR: With the capture
of Damietta,
777
00:42:38,625 --> 00:42:41,662
the Crusader army
marches on Cairo.
778
00:42:41,697 --> 00:42:46,425
♪
779
00:42:46,460 --> 00:42:48,496
Al-Kamil must retreat.
780
00:42:48,531 --> 00:42:53,709
The panicked population
flees the countryside.
781
00:42:53,743 --> 00:42:55,987
AL-KAMIL: Ugh!
782
00:42:56,021 --> 00:42:58,541
NARRATOR: All is lost.
783
00:42:58,576 --> 00:43:02,649
♪
784
00:43:02,683 --> 00:43:06,480
[dog barking]
785
00:43:06,514 --> 00:43:12,520
NARRATOR: Ill and dispirited,
Francis has returned to Assisi.
786
00:43:12,555 --> 00:43:14,281
MOSES: It's really a low point
in his life.
787
00:43:14,315 --> 00:43:17,456
First of all, he's ill.
788
00:43:17,491 --> 00:43:19,735
Secondly, he's learned
that his order
789
00:43:19,769 --> 00:43:23,773
has gone in directions
that he disagrees with.
790
00:43:23,808 --> 00:43:25,440
CUSATO: All of the sudden
in his writings,
791
00:43:25,464 --> 00:43:28,295
there is this universal vision
792
00:43:28,329 --> 00:43:32,540
of men and women all called
into the praise of God.
793
00:43:32,575 --> 00:43:36,614
I think that it is
profoundly rooted
794
00:43:36,648 --> 00:43:41,377
in what he observed first
in Damietta
795
00:43:41,411 --> 00:43:43,482
among Muslim men and women,
796
00:43:43,517 --> 00:43:46,969
and then this insight
gets translated
797
00:43:47,003 --> 00:43:52,353
into his own writing to all
Christian men and women.
798
00:43:52,388 --> 00:43:54,217
He writes a letter,
which we call
799
00:43:54,252 --> 00:43:56,012
"The Letter
to All the Faithful,"
800
00:43:56,047 --> 00:44:05,297
in which he urges every man
and woman in the world to pray.
801
00:44:05,332 --> 00:44:07,161
WARREN: In another letter,
he writes,
802
00:44:07,196 --> 00:44:10,095
"Perhaps a herald could go
through the town
803
00:44:10,130 --> 00:44:14,030
announcing time for prayer."
804
00:44:14,065 --> 00:44:18,759
MOSES: He says that you must
make Christians stop every day
805
00:44:18,794 --> 00:44:22,763
and pray together
wherever they are.
806
00:44:22,798 --> 00:44:27,457
The biggest indication
that Francis was changed
807
00:44:27,492 --> 00:44:29,770
by his encounter
with Sultan al-Kamil
808
00:44:29,805 --> 00:44:32,946
is that he rewrote
the rule of his order,
809
00:44:32,980 --> 00:44:37,157
its code of conduct,
its constitution, really,
810
00:44:37,191 --> 00:44:38,986
to say to his friars
811
00:44:39,021 --> 00:44:45,821
that you can go and live
in peace among Muslims.
812
00:44:45,855 --> 00:44:49,445
♪
813
00:44:49,479 --> 00:44:53,829
CALABRIA: You could not have
a saintly figure
814
00:44:53,863 --> 00:44:59,282
who is willing to see
the goodness in non-Christians.
815
00:45:02,769 --> 00:45:03,977
PELAGIUS: Guard!
816
00:45:06,773 --> 00:45:11,985
NARRATOR: Pelagius is within
a few days' march of Cairo.
817
00:45:12,019 --> 00:45:15,816
His only thought now
is to defeat al-Kamil
818
00:45:15,851 --> 00:45:17,749
and take Egypt.
819
00:45:17,784 --> 00:45:32,246
♪
820
00:45:32,281 --> 00:45:33,765
[draws blade]
821
00:45:33,800 --> 00:45:35,180
[stab]
822
00:45:35,215 --> 00:45:38,839
♪
823
00:45:38,874 --> 00:45:40,530
[squish]
824
00:45:40,565 --> 00:45:48,711
[horse whinnying]
825
00:45:48,746 --> 00:45:50,609
[water rushing]
826
00:45:50,644 --> 00:45:53,129
[horse whinnying, commotion]
827
00:45:53,164 --> 00:45:55,925
NICHOLSON: The Crusaders thought
that they got it made,
828
00:45:55,960 --> 00:45:58,031
they were marching
towards Cairo.
829
00:45:58,065 --> 00:45:59,584
What could stop them now?
830
00:45:59,618 --> 00:46:00,792
[horse whinnying]
831
00:46:00,827 --> 00:46:02,863
[commotion]
832
00:46:02,898 --> 00:46:09,111
♪
833
00:46:09,145 --> 00:46:14,288
[horses whinnying]
834
00:46:14,323 --> 00:46:15,289
♪
835
00:46:15,324 --> 00:46:17,188
The answer is the Nile.
836
00:46:17,222 --> 00:46:18,948
AL-KAMIL: Ugh!
837
00:46:18,983 --> 00:46:22,296
[breathing heavily]
838
00:46:22,331 --> 00:46:30,339
♪
839
00:46:30,373 --> 00:46:32,790
The Nile is rising.
840
00:46:32,824 --> 00:46:37,380
And they've made camp
here on the floodplain.
841
00:46:37,415 --> 00:46:40,659
MOSES: The Crusader army does
penetrate deeper into Egypt
842
00:46:40,694 --> 00:46:43,490
but doesn't know the terrain,
doesn't understand
843
00:46:43,524 --> 00:46:45,664
these networks of canals
that they have
844
00:46:45,699 --> 00:46:48,322
and this river,
this ancient river,
845
00:46:48,357 --> 00:46:51,084
which can be raised and lowered.
846
00:46:51,118 --> 00:46:53,672
♪
847
00:46:53,707 --> 00:46:56,158
NICHOLSON: Al-Kamil ordered
the sluice gates open
848
00:46:56,192 --> 00:46:58,885
and he flooded the country.
849
00:46:58,919 --> 00:47:00,507
MOSES: They go to sleep
one night
850
00:47:00,541 --> 00:47:01,853
and are ready for battle,
851
00:47:01,888 --> 00:47:04,787
and the next day
they're flooded,
852
00:47:04,822 --> 00:47:07,238
they're in mud
up to their waists.
853
00:47:07,272 --> 00:47:09,896
OLIVER: Your Holiness...
854
00:47:09,930 --> 00:47:11,345
we are defeated.
855
00:47:11,380 --> 00:47:15,004
♪
856
00:47:15,039 --> 00:47:17,248
[men laughing]
857
00:47:17,282 --> 00:47:18,594
LIEUTENANT: This is it.
858
00:47:18,628 --> 00:47:21,528
They've left us no choice,
and you know it.
859
00:47:21,562 --> 00:47:23,461
MOURAD:
All the generals told him
860
00:47:23,495 --> 00:47:25,325
let's go for the kill.
861
00:47:25,359 --> 00:47:35,403
♪
862
00:47:35,404 --> 00:47:41,444
♪
863
00:47:41,479 --> 00:47:45,621
CUSATO: The encounter of Francis
with the sultan Malik al-Kamil
864
00:47:45,655 --> 00:47:50,108
is probably best portrayed
as an encounter of faith.
865
00:47:50,143 --> 00:47:51,903
It was a faith exchange.
866
00:47:51,938 --> 00:47:55,769
It wasn't so much
an intellectual debate,
867
00:47:55,803 --> 00:47:59,014
but it was an exchange
of two men of faith
868
00:47:59,048 --> 00:48:01,879
testifying to how God
has led them
869
00:48:01,913 --> 00:48:03,846
to this point in their lives.
870
00:48:03,881 --> 00:48:07,608
And each seemed,
according to the testimonies,
871
00:48:07,643 --> 00:48:10,888
okay to listen
to the other's perspective
872
00:48:10,922 --> 00:48:15,168
and allow God to be God
in the lives of both of them.
873
00:48:15,202 --> 00:48:16,583
♪
874
00:48:16,617 --> 00:48:20,932
[men coughing]
875
00:48:20,967 --> 00:48:22,830
NICHOLSON: Surrounded
by the floodwaters,
876
00:48:22,865 --> 00:48:25,903
they must have been going down
like flies with plague
877
00:48:25,937 --> 00:48:28,077
and all the problems
that you have when you're,
878
00:48:28,112 --> 00:48:31,805
got a large army camped out
on flooded ground.
879
00:48:31,839 --> 00:48:33,634
MOSES: They can't fight.
They're surrounded.
880
00:48:33,669 --> 00:48:40,158
The Muslim army
could kill them all at will.
881
00:48:40,193 --> 00:48:41,849
MOURAD: He realized
that the Crusaders
882
00:48:41,884 --> 00:48:43,921
are now
in a very dire situation,
883
00:48:43,955 --> 00:48:46,199
they have starvations
in their camp.
884
00:48:46,233 --> 00:48:48,891
They are surrounded by mud.
They can't escape.
885
00:48:48,926 --> 00:48:52,481
So he orders
50,000 loaves of bread
886
00:48:52,515 --> 00:48:54,034
sent to them every day
887
00:48:54,069 --> 00:49:00,006
and 1,100 bushels of barley
for their animals.
888
00:49:00,040 --> 00:49:08,083
♪
889
00:49:08,117 --> 00:49:13,398
[commotion]
890
00:49:13,433 --> 00:49:15,469
MAN: Bread! Everyone!
891
00:49:15,504 --> 00:49:20,060
♪
892
00:49:20,095 --> 00:49:21,682
MAN: Bless you.
893
00:49:21,717 --> 00:49:23,443
MAN: Oh, thank God.
894
00:49:23,477 --> 00:49:38,044
♪
895
00:49:38,078 --> 00:49:40,367
OLIVER OF PADERBORN: The sultan
was moved by such compassion
896
00:49:40,391 --> 00:49:45,051
that for many days he freely fed
us as we were dying of hunger.
897
00:49:45,085 --> 00:49:48,847
Who can doubt that such
kindness, mildness, and mercy
898
00:49:48,882 --> 00:49:51,471
proceeded from God?
899
00:49:51,505 --> 00:49:55,061
♪
900
00:49:55,095 --> 00:49:57,960
CUSATO: Francis wants,
once again, to write.
901
00:49:57,995 --> 00:50:01,308
He writes what we call
"The Praises of God."
902
00:50:01,343 --> 00:50:05,554
He names the attributes of God
that he's giving praise for.
903
00:50:05,588 --> 00:50:08,867
And he says things like,
"You are mercy.
904
00:50:08,902 --> 00:50:12,043
You are forgiveness.
You are compassion."
905
00:50:12,078 --> 00:50:14,390
CALABRIA:
What's remarkable about that
906
00:50:14,425 --> 00:50:19,568
is that it's the very way
that Muslims invoke
907
00:50:19,602 --> 00:50:23,330
the 99 Beautiful Names of God.
908
00:50:23,365 --> 00:50:28,715
ZIAD: The 99 Names of God
are attributes of God.
909
00:50:28,749 --> 00:50:32,926
For example, the merciful,
the compassionate,
910
00:50:32,960 --> 00:50:35,687
are the qualities
embodied by God,
911
00:50:35,722 --> 00:50:39,795
are the ways in which God
interacts with creation,
912
00:50:39,829 --> 00:50:45,697
and Muslims recite and meditate
upon these divine names
913
00:50:45,732 --> 00:50:50,426
as a means
of self-transformation.
914
00:50:50,461 --> 00:50:51,979
[man coughing]
915
00:50:52,014 --> 00:50:55,466
NARRATOR: The Crusaders
surrender control of Damietta
916
00:50:55,500 --> 00:50:57,882
and return to Europe.
917
00:50:57,916 --> 00:51:00,091
♪
918
00:51:00,126 --> 00:51:04,199
Pelagius's dream of conquering
Egypt was over.
919
00:51:04,233 --> 00:51:06,684
A few years later
he lost another war
920
00:51:06,718 --> 00:51:08,134
against a Christian king
921
00:51:08,168 --> 00:51:11,758
who refused to send troops
to the Crusade.
922
00:51:11,792 --> 00:51:17,384
Shortly after that final defeat,
Pelagius died.
923
00:51:17,419 --> 00:51:20,042
Oliver of Paderborn
returned to Germany,
924
00:51:20,077 --> 00:51:25,220
never again taking up
the trade of war.
925
00:51:25,254 --> 00:51:29,569
John of Brienne gave his wealth
to the Franciscan Order.
926
00:51:29,603 --> 00:51:34,539
He was buried wearing
the simple robes of a friar.
927
00:51:34,574 --> 00:51:39,130
Al-Kamil's act of humanity
marked the beginning of the end
928
00:51:39,165 --> 00:51:44,756
of the terrible period of
conflict known as the Crusades.
929
00:51:44,791 --> 00:51:46,344
NICHOLSON:
People are less anxious
930
00:51:46,379 --> 00:51:47,897
to sign up for crusading.
931
00:51:47,932 --> 00:51:49,416
They were no longer convinced
932
00:51:49,451 --> 00:51:52,109
that Islam was the implacable
enemy of Christendom.
933
00:51:52,143 --> 00:51:53,972
Another reason
being the emphasis
934
00:51:54,007 --> 00:51:56,837
on the God that Christ preached,
935
00:51:56,872 --> 00:51:59,771
the loving God,
the God who forgives,
936
00:51:59,806 --> 00:52:02,291
becomes much more important.
937
00:52:02,326 --> 00:52:06,709
FRANCIS: You are love.
938
00:52:06,744 --> 00:52:09,850
You are charity.
939
00:52:09,885 --> 00:52:13,026
You are our hope.
940
00:52:13,060 --> 00:52:15,339
♪
941
00:52:15,373 --> 00:52:18,894
NARRATOR: Francis died
seven years after Damietta.
942
00:52:18,928 --> 00:52:23,036
Two years later, the Church
declared him a saint.
943
00:52:23,070 --> 00:52:24,934
♪
944
00:52:24,969 --> 00:52:27,592
AL-KAMIL: Loving.
945
00:52:27,627 --> 00:52:30,733
Guide to the right path.
946
00:52:30,768 --> 00:52:33,495
The all-forgiving.
947
00:52:33,529 --> 00:52:35,876
The merciful.
948
00:52:35,911 --> 00:52:38,258
The compassionate.
949
00:52:38,293 --> 00:52:42,331
NARRATOR: Al-Kamil ruled
for 20 more years.
950
00:52:42,366 --> 00:52:48,026
His reign was marked by fairness
towards the Christians of Egypt.
951
00:52:48,061 --> 00:52:50,201
He buried his mother
in the mausoleum
952
00:52:50,236 --> 00:52:54,792
of a famous Muslim scholar
he studied as a boy.
953
00:52:54,826 --> 00:52:56,690
Bloodshed and war didn't end
954
00:52:56,725 --> 00:52:59,106
with the Sultan
and Saint Francis.
955
00:52:59,141 --> 00:53:05,147
Angry dehumanizing words
spark violence today as before.
956
00:53:05,182 --> 00:53:08,944
Transcending differences.
957
00:53:08,978 --> 00:53:12,327
The road to peace runs through
the common humanity
958
00:53:12,361 --> 00:53:15,053
that we all share.
69815
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