All language subtitles for The Living Planet s01e11 The Open Ocean.eng

Most of the earth is covered by water.

In fact, two-thirds of it is.

And it's only in this generation

that we have been able to move about it
with any degree of freedom as I am doing now.

So perhaps it is not surprising
that still most of this vast domain

is still unexplored.

And in the geographical sense,

the surface of the sea, the floor of the sea,

is even more varied
than the surface of the land.

To see just how varied it is,
let's take an imaginary journey across the Pacific

starting in the west where the ocean is deeper
than anywhere else on the globe:

The Mariana trench.

The bottom of this immense valley seven miles
below the surface is grooved by deep faults.

If Mount Everest rose from the bottom,

its summit would still be
beneath 7,000 feet of water.

Down at the very bottom, the water pressure
is some seven tons per square inch,

the temperature is close to freezing,
and it's pitch-dark,

for it is far beyond the reach of sunlight.

As we climb up out of the trench,
we move onto a plain covered with reddish mud.

A few hills rise from it, but there are still
some 20,000 feet of water above us.

Travel eastwards over these plains
for 1,000 miles,

and we reach a range of fantastic mountains.

Their summits are covered
by a white deposit like snow,

composed of the limestone skeletons

of microscopic organisms
that have drifted down from the surface.

Before they reach the lower slopes, the water
pressure becomes so great they dissolve.

Currents sweeping up from the south
pile the sand into dunes 150 feet high

which advance slowly across the sea floor
as dunes do in a desert on land.

In places, the sand is littered with metallic
lumps, some as big as cannon balls:

Manganese that under these pressures
has precipitated out from the salty water.

After a journey of 4,000 miles,
we reach the biggest mountains of all.

These are the flanks
of the great volcanic islands of Hawaii.

Their sides are steeper
than any mountain on land

for they are never eroded by frost
or by rivers armed with gravel.

They rise from the sea floor
15,000 feet to the surface

and continue for an almost equal height above it,

so they can truly be reckoned
the highest mountains in the world.

As we climb up their sides towards the surface,

we return once more to light and to abundant life.

Life began in sunlit waters like these
some 3,000 million years ago,

and creatures very similar
to those ancient primeval organisms

still flourish in shallow seas all over the world.

Feather stars like these waved their tentacles
long before any fish appeared,

at a time when the land
was still bare of life of any kind.

Horseshoe crabs come from
an equally antique stock.

Fossils have been found in rocks
600 million years old.

Most of their relatives have died out.

These are the lonely survivors
of a widespread and successful group.

Even older,
indeed among the first of all living things,

microscopic plants encased in shells of limestone.

They use sunshine to build, from simple
chemicals in the sea water, their own tissue.

This act of photosynthesis,
transforming mineral into vegetable,

is the basis of all life in the sea.

A myriad of creatures feed on them.

Some are tiny animals, scarcely bigger
than the plants that they waft into their mouths.

This floating community of plants and animals
is the plankton.

Its members move endlessly
through the blue seas.

Many are fragile constructions ofjelly
that would collapse without the support of water.

Some are colonial, several feet long.

They call this Venus's girdle. It's two feet acros

Light catches in the beating hairs
that ripple over its body

as it moves slowly through the water.

The animals of the plankton,
all those that can't photosynthesise,

sweep up the tiny plants and other edible particle
in many different ways.

This one extends a forest of long tentacles
in which smaller organisms get entangled.

This, transparent as glass, trails stinging thread

and pulls them in
whenever they catch something.

Worms actively pursue their prey.

Creatures from many families of animals
have representatives in this community.

Some are permanent members,
some only temporary,

joining it when they are young larvae
and drifting great distances

before they grow up, change shape
and settle down to a more static life.

But all are ultimately dependent
on the tiny microscopic plants.

There is another way in which
the drifting particles of food can be gathered.

Instead of moving with the current,
you stay fixed to the rocks

and allow the currents to bring food to you.

That is the technique
used by anemones and many other creatures.

As the water sweeps by, the particles it carries
stick to the waving tentacles.

All kinds of creatures live in this fashion.
This is a sea cucumber.

And this, a basket star.

The water brings not only food but vital oxygen.

If it doesn't bring it fast enough,
it can be speeded

by pulsing as these coral polyps are doing.

It's not only simple creatures
like anemones and corals that filter currents.

Other more complex animals
have also taken to doing so.

This is a remote relative of the shrimps
that has settled down on its back,

grown a protective shell
and fishes for the passing particles with its feet

It's a barnacle.

Some crabs also rely on the currents
to bring them meals,

and pluck them from the water with tiny pincers.

But the biggest of all filter-feeders propel
themselves gently through the surface waters.

A manta ray, 18 feet across.

It often feeds at night

when dense swarms of the plankton
move up towards the surface.

The water is channelled into its mouth
by the blades on the sides of its head,

then passes through filters
in the slits in the sides of its throat.

The basking shark
gathers the same sort of food in a similar way.

It grows even bigger than the manta:
40 feet long and four tons in weight.

Idling through the water,
it filters over 1,000 tons of water every hour.

And even bigger still, in fact,
the biggest of all fish: The whale shark.

This mountain of a creature
can be up to 50 feet long.

Other, more normal-sized fish
live on and around it. Some collect its refuse.

Others pick off morsels that get stuck
in its tiny teeth in a mouth six feet wide.

It's an astonishing proof of how sustaining
and how abundant the plankton must be.

But of course, not all sharks live on plankton
or are quite so amiable.

These are grey reef sharks, about six feet long.

It's some consolation to know that those sharks
don't normally attack human beings.

Their prey is usually small fish or predators.

And indeed, when one looks at them, it is not
so much their danger that comes into your mind

as their extraordinary beauty.

They are so perfectly streamlined,

every curve of their body, every curve of their fi

precisely matching the shape that is needed
to glide through the water with the least struggle

Most beautiful things.

Sharks belong to a very ancient family that
evolved this shape some 400 million years ago.

But soon after they appeared,
another group of fish established itself.

These have skeletons of bone,
not gristle as the sharks have,

and they have two swimming aids
that the sharks lack:

Swim bladders that give them buoyancy

and paired fins that can twist in all directions

and so give them
great manoeuvrability in the water.

These bony fish are the ones
which today dominate the seas.

Among them are the most powerful
of all hunters in the sea: The tuna.

When hunting,
they can swim faster than any other fish.

Some say nearly 70 miles an hour,
faster even than a cheetah can run on land.

But the fish's dominance of the sea
didn't go unchallenged.

Ten million years ago, warm-blooded creatures
from the land invaded the sea, mammals,

and they became equally streamlined.

Dolphins and killer whales are descended

from four-footed, land-living,
air-breathing mammals that were flesh-eaters.

In the sea, they lost their limbs
but not their taste for meat, nor their teeth.

Indeed, one of the family that lives
only in the ice-strewn waters of the Arctic

has grown one of its teeth
to an extraordinary length.

These are narwhals, and they are all males,

for only the male produces the tusk,
up to nine feet long.

These without tusks are females, one with a calf.

And these are young males.

No one knows for certain
what purpose the tusk serves,

but it seems likely that it is used in courtship.

That is confirmed by the fact
that very rarely indeed

males have been glimpsed,
as here, fencing with one another.

The best view that most of us can get
for most of the time of most kinds of whales

is a brief glimpse as the animal
comes to the surface to snatch a breath,

but that's not the case with the beluga,
these beautiful white whales.

Up here in the Canadian Arctic,
they come during those brief weeks

when the ice goes away from these shores,

and assemble in vast numbers in this bay.

There are hundreds,
sometimes as many as a thousand.

We don't really know why they come here,
nor what they do now that they are here.

Maybe there is some kind of specially
attractive food in these shallow waters,

for they seem to stir up
the gravelly bottom of the bay.

Perhaps there is valuable food
for youngsters or nursing mothers,

for many that come are females
with babies a few months old,

swimming skilfully in their mother's slipstream.

Whatever it is that they do here,
they seem to be enjoying themselves hugely.

And they haven't lost their mammalian habit
of communicating by sound.

So vocal are they
that they are sometimes called sea canaries.

The most recent family to colonise the sea,
also mammals,

were descended from bear-like creatures.

The walrus and its cousin the seals

are not so fully adapted to life in the sea as
the whales, but they haven't been there so long.

They haven't lost their feet as the whales have,
nor do they spend all their lives in the water.

They come ashore to give birth
and they often haul themselves out to rest.

Nonetheless, they are superb swimmers.

So, in the 3,000 million years
since living organisms first appeared in the sea,

the oceans have acquired
a population of immense diversity,

from single-celled microscopic plants

to advanced and complex
highly intelligent mammals.

Indeed, there are more different groups
of animals living in the sea than there are on lan

The oceans were the birthplace
and the nursery of life,

and they are still its main residence.

But the sea is not uniform.

Just as land has different,
specialised environments

inhabited by creatures that occur nowhere else,
so does the sea.

The coral lagoon is a world of its own.
Corals are very demanding in their requirements.

They must have good light,
clear, unpolluted water and warmth,

and they find this in the tropics,

particularly around the small islands
that are the summits of submarine mountains.

There, they flourish so well that they grow
outwards into the clear blue water,

building on top of their own skeletons
to form wide, shallow lagoons.

The variety of corals is immense.
Some are soft and rubbery,

others are hard and slightly flexible, like a horn
But most are stony.

The organisms that build these structures,
ton upon ton, occupy only the outer skin.

The rest is dead.
As they develop, the little organisms branch,

and the particular way they do so
determines the shape of the colony,

forming antlers and organ pipes,
whips and fans, vases and buttons.

If the jungle is the place on land

where there are the greatest number
and the greatest variety of life,

then this, the coral reef,
is surely the jungle of the sea.

The number, the variety,

the sheer beauty of all these myriad fish,
corals and anemones, is quite breathtaking.

Of course, the tiny anemone-like creatures
that build these fans and fronds of coral

are themselves animals.

But within their tissues,
there are tiny granules which are algae, plants,

and it's they that harness the sunshine
and use it to build living tissue.

And onto these plates and branches of coral

come a wide variety of creatures to browse.

Some, like the parrotfish, bite off chunks.

Others pick off little organisms and particles
with the utmost delicacy.

The tides, surging in and out of the lagoon,

bring in regular supplies
of fresh oxygenated water and fresh food.

Angler fish sit in the current waiting patiently,
like all fishermen, for whatever turns up.

Even such specialised fish as these
exist on the reef in several different versions.

There's this lemon-yellow one that angles
with a movable spine on its forehead.

Little reef fish find it an irresistible bait.

More prey to be angled for by the decoy fish.

A dorsal fin patterned with a false eye and mouth
so that it looks like a little fish

and may attract other small fish
or possibly predatory ones.

This one is the wrong way round.
Its spines would stick in the mouth.

That's better.

One of the fastest actions in the animal world.

And the angler,
perhaps to prevent a second fish arriving

before it has digested the first,

changes colour so that the lure vanishes.

In the reef, there are many species
with many ways of life.

Just take the crustaceans, for example.

Hermit crabs live by scavenging.

Often, they share the shells they have
commandeered as a home with anemones.

The anemones benefit
by picking up bits of the crab's meal

and give the crab in return a certain protection
with their stinging tentacles.

This crab actually uses
a particular kind of anemone as a weapon,

wearing one on each claw like boxing gloves.

This one tries to put on a sponge
like an overcoat.

It's rather overdoing things,
for the brown jersey it's wearing

is also a sponge, and a well-established one.

But the arrangement will suit both parties.

The crab gets the camouflage and the sponge
may benefit from the crab's crumbs.

Crabs and their relations,
the lobsters and shrimps,

are found from top to bottom of the reef.

Big ones like this lobster
prowl openly through the coral branches.

Little ones like the mantis shrimp are rather
more cautious and build themselves tunnels.

If the coral reef is the equivalent of the jungle,

maybe these waving beds of kelp in the cold
Atlantic waters off the coast of Norway

are like the dark evergreen forests of the north,

bitterly cold, dense and uniform,
and swept by raging gales.

Bleak though the kelp forest may seem,
there are riches here,

and eider duck know it.

The eiders settle in flocks
on the surface of the water above the kelp forest,

and they are almost as adept in flying
through the water as they are through the air.

This is what they seek: Mussels.

Eiders are true creatures of the sea,
seldom, if ever, visiting fresh water.

They prefer to fish for mussels
on an ebb tide when the water is low,

but they can stay below water
for a minute or more,

and dive down to 50 feet below the surface.

The streaming current causes great problems
to the fish of the kelp forest.

Simply maintaining a position there is a struggle.

The lumpsucker does it
with modified fins on its underside,

and gets such a firm grip
that it is extremely difficult to pull it off.

Its young develop suckers at a very early age

and sometimes fix themselves to their father,
who ferries them off to deeper waters.

Kelp grows in coastal waters all round the world,

and in the seaweed forests
of southern Australia

lives one of the most
extravagantly camouflaged of all fish.

Other fish appear to be completely deceived.

This small one, itself with a false eye

so that it is difficult to tell
whether it is coming or going,

lives in these green leafy tatters
as though they were real plants, but they're not.

They're all part of the elaborate costume
of the leafy seadragon.

The dragon is a kind of a seahorse,

as you can see if you disentangle
its main body from its extraordinary outgrowths.

Like its relatives, it has a tiny mouth
with which it picks up small shrimps

that ill-advisedly take shelter
in what appears to be floating weed.

As well as its forests, the sea has its deserts.

Over vast areas of the ocean floor,
there is nothing but shifting wastes of sand.

It seems as lifeless as a desert on land
in the heat of the day.

An occasional fish wanders
over the rippled surface as though lost.

Here and there,
a sea urchin levers itself along,

extracting what nutriment it can find
from particles within the sand.

The goatfish looks for the same sort of thing,
using sensitive barbels on its chin.

To build a home or a shelter in sand
demands special techniques.

Garden eels cement grains
together with mucus to form a tube

in which they cling with their tails
while collecting plankton with their mouths.

Bulldozer shrimps and a goby
cooperate to build a shared tunnel,

using coral rubble to prop up the roof.

The bladefish can improvise a shelter
on the spur of the moment.

There are two very different reasons
for hiding.

The bladefish does it to get out of trouble.

This little cuttlefish does it...

...in order to cause trouble.

The prey is a shrimp.

And the cuttlefish has the shrimp
firmly in its tentacles.

The floating pastures of plankton
on which so many ocean-going fish depend

must live in the surface waters
within the reach of sunshine.

The coral lagoon and the kelp forests
only flourish where good light reaches the bottom.

But light can't penetrate much beyond 350 feet,

and most of the ocean floor
lies far deeper that that.

Even quite near the surface
you have to take your own light with you.

Fish, too, carry lights.

The flashlight fish use theirs to find their food

and to maintain contact
like other species in deeper water.

Their batteries are little colonies of bacteria
living in a pouch beneath the fish's eye

that give off light
as a by-product of their chemistry,

and the fish turns its lights off and on
by raising and lowering a flap of skin.

At greater depths, giant amphipods,
primitive relatives of the horseshoe crabs,

plod along the bottom.

Very little is known
about these strange creatures.

Even at 3,000 feet down there is life.

Almost all the creatures here
feed on dead bodies that fall from above.

The eel-like hagfish, which have no jaws,

knot themselves against the carcass
to get a better hold.

Bigger fish grip with their teeth and spin,
tearing off strips of the flesh.

The smaller particles
drifting down from the surface

are collected by deep-sea stars and smaller fish.

It is here that all the nutrients
produced by decay finally collect as ooze.

The very deepest parts of the ocean
lie below the paths of currents,

so the water is not only black and cold
but almost still.

The weird tripod fish
perches on its extended fins and its tail.

Even in the deepest place of all, the Mariana
trench, seven miles down, there is life.

Shrimps are slowly picking clean
the skeleton of a fish

that may have taken months
to drift down to these still depths.

But at the surface of the sea,
the water is never still.

Storms whip it up into great waves
which may travel for hundreds of miles

before, eventually, they crash into the coasts.

The water in these waves doesn't travel far,

but circulates more or less in the same place
while the wave itself moves on.

But that circulation is of crucial importance
to the creatures of the sea,

for it is this that allows the waters of the sea
to absorb the vital oxygen from the air above.

But deep currents do move through the oceans.

They are created by the spin of the earth

which gives the waters at the equator
a westward drift,

and by the sun which warms these equatorial
waters and sends them away to the poles.

This produces vast ocean-wide eddies
that replicate the whirlpools of tidal races,

but do so on a scale
that is thousands of miles across.

In the Pacific, the equatorial current divides,

and in the south it flows down
as far as New Zealand.

In the Indian Ocean,
the southern system is almost circular.

The northern has to swirl
around the great triangle of India.

In the Atlantic, the north-flowing current
is called the Gulf Stream,

and it encloses, in the centre of the ocean,
as all these great whirlpools do,

an area where the waters are almost still.

On their surface float rafts of weed.
It never roots but floats for ever,

rocked sufficiently by the swell to prevent
its topmost fronds from drying out in the sun.

The Portuguese sailors,

looking at the little bladders that keep it afloat
called them sargasso: Grapes.

This is the Sargasso Sea.

Like every other region within the oceans,
it has its own specialised inhabitants.

Small fish shelter in its fronds
and are closely disguised to match them,

and swimming crabs clamber up
and rest on top of the floating mats.

But the Sargasso is one of the least fertile
stretches of water in all the oceans.

Since no currents feed into it,
it receives no nutrients

and its clear waters are largely barren.

But patches of it occasionally break away.

Between the Gulf Stream
and the North American coast

there are cores of cold Sargasso water
surrounded by warm circulating currents

formed when the Gulf Stream meanders
and nips off a segment of the Sargasso,

complete with its weed
and populations of animals.

These warm core-rings,
a hundred or so miles across,

drift down the coast
until they lose their momentum and their warmth,

break up and are swept away again
by the Gulf Stream.

The Gulf Stream continues northwards
along the coast to Newfoundland.

Here, off these bleak fogbound beaches,
it creates an area of seas

that might be seen as one of the most fertile
and productive places on the entire globe,

a place where the full potential richness
of the ocean is realised,

and where animals of all kinds
come to harvest it.

The warm water of the Gulf Stream
is accompanied by steady warm breezes.

And just about here, it meets
a cold current coming down from the Arctic,

and where the warm breezes
meet the icy breath of the Arctic,

they shed their moisture and form these fogs.

And where the two currents meet,
the waters churn and swirl,

and bring up rich nutrients
from the bottom of the sea.

Now, it so happens thatjust off this coast

there is an underwater plateau
where the water is so shallow

that the sun or the light
can get almost always to the bottom,

and so the floating plants of the sea
are always within the range of light,

and they're fed eternally
by these swirling currents bringing up nutrients.

So the plants flourish,
and on them come great shoals of fish

which breed and spawn in such numbers

that at times
the waters seem almost to boil with them.

These are capelin,
a small fish related to the European smelt.

They feed on the plankton in the surface waters,

and in May they gather in vast shoals to spawn.

Some will do so offshore,

but some go to extraordinary trouble
to lay their eggs out of water

where they will be safe from other hungry fish.

The shoals come closer and closer inshore.

Each female capelin can produce 10,000 eggs.

Each wave brings in
tens of thousands of fish again and again.

The number of eggs defies any computation.

They pile up in banks,
as solid as sand along the high-water mark.

Having spawned,
all the males and most of the females die.

The richness that the capelin
gathered from the plankton

and converted into their own flesh
is now gathered by birds.

Shearwaters gorge themselves
on the dying and the dead.

Gannets dive between the scavengers,
taking the live fish.

And still the capelin come in. Even before
they get to the shallows, they are hunted.

Herds of seals come up to the Grand Banks
specially at this time to share in the bonanza.

And here, too, come the biggest hunters of all.

Humpbacked whales.

With each upward lunge, the whale takes in
tons of water and thousands of capelin.

With a mouthful in its jaws,
it brings forward its tongue,

squirts out surplus water through the filter plate
that hang from its upperjaw

and swallows the tiny fish.

The whales have developed a way
of concentrating the capelin shoals

so that they will get the greatest number of fish
in a single mouthful.

It's called bubble-netting.

Those white areas are huge masses of bubbles.

The whales dive deep
below the swarming capelin

and start a slow, spiralling swim upwards,
blowing gusts of bubbles as they rise.

The capelin,
frightened by the circular curtain of bubbles,

rush inwards and form a dense, confused shoal.

The whale rises up in the middle,
jaws agape, and engulfs the lot.

After a few short weeks,
the spawning orgy of the capelin is over.

Their bodies lie in vast drifts
awaiting the processes of decay

which will return their nutrients to the waters,

but even before they disperse,
other bodies appear: Dead squid.

Nobody knows where they have come from,
or why they have died in such numbers,

but these blizzards of bodies
appear most years in July,

and are a sign that shoals
of the living animals are about to arrive.

They will bite any small, moving thing.

To catch them, you don't even need bait.
They simply impale themselves on a naked hook,

so that most summers, fishing villages
on the Newfoundland coast go jigging for squid,

hauling them out by the thousands.

As they're hooked,
they puff out clouds of squid ink.

Hundreds of tons of them
are despatched every year to Japan

where they are a much-prized food.

Mackerel also come to the Grand Banks by
the million to feed on small plankton-feeding fish

They're netted by the ton
by fleets of factory ships,

and their rich flesh is valued
all over the world.

But even the Grand Banks
are not inexhaustible.

During this century, man has fished so skilfully,
so intensively, so unrelentingly,

that he has begun to change
the pattern of life in the sea.

Some kinds of fish have been forced
to change their habits,

others have been driven
close to the edge of extinction.

This little port in Newfoundland,
close to what was once the richest of all seas,

now brings in fewer catches,

and modern fish-processing plants like that one
are mostly standing idle.

So man has changed the sea, just as he's
changed almost every environment in the world.

But he's done something else, too.

He's created new environments,

environments of brick and concrete,
and chromium and plastic.

It's the latest of the world's environments,

and the ways in which plants and animals
have adapted to live in them,

that we're going to look at
in the last of these programmes.

Repair and Synchronization by
Easy Subtitles Synchronizer 1.0.0.0