All language subtitles for The Living Planet s01e02 The Frozen World.eng

Water:
Hundreds of thousands of tons of it,

lying frozen on the world's mountains.

It covers not only the poles,
but caps great peaks on the equator.

Water molecules, distilled from the sea
by the sun's heat, condense in the sky.

As they fall through the air,
they pack together into shapes

that echo their six-fold symmetry
and form infinitely varied crystals of ice.

They settle on the high mountains
and compact into snow and ice

that is, chemically, almost pure water,

much purer than the sea from which it came.

On Mount Rainier in the United States,

permanent snow begins at 7,000 feet.

You might think that this was one of
the most inhospitable places on earth for life.

After all, no vegetation grows
on these snowfields,

so there can be no animals that feed on it,
like marmots or mice or rabbits,

and if there are no herbivores, there can't be
any predators like hawks or weasels.

But in fact,
there is a surprising amount of life here.

There is some life
actually within this snowfield itself,

because this snow is not white, but red.

The colour comes from microscopic plants:
Algae.

The redness is produced
by light reflected from their cell walls,

and is almost invisible when,
under the microscope, light shines through them.

Internally, they're green with chlorophyll.

With its aid, they convert
carbon dioxide and water into sugars.

These, and the minerals
dissolved in the melt water,

are all the algae need to grow and reproduce.

The winter snow will bury them feet deep,

but in spring, when the surface melts,
they divide, develop tiny beating hairs

and swim up towards the sunshine.

As they age and the minerals are used up,
they change colour,

forming huge smears of red
in snowfields all over the world.

Eventually, the snow algae produce spores
as fine as dust

and in that form they are blown
from one snowfield to another.

But other, bigger animals,
also brought up by the wind,

blow across the snows of Mount Rainier.

Ladybirds. Thousands of them.

Nobody knows why they come up
in such numbers and assemble like this.

But in late summer they fly up from the valleys
up to these high peaks

and here assemble in the rocks.

When the winter snows come, the ladybirds
remain underneath the snow in the rocks,

and then in the spring, as now,
the snow melts and the sun warms the ladybirds,

and they become active
and fly off back to the valley to feed on aphids.

The ladybirds are only temporary residents
of the Mount Rainier snowfields.

Other insects manage, almost unbelievably,

to live all their lives
in this seemingly inhospitable snow.

The best time to find them is at night.

A whole community lives here,

feeding on pollen grains and the bodies
of dead insects blown up on the wind.

Some, like this primitive relation
of the cockroach, a grylloblattid,

have a body chemistry
so well adjusted to low temperatures

that if you pick them up,
your hand's warmth will kill them.

Permanent snow lies directly on bare rock,

but lower down, where it comes and goes,
there can be a little vegetation to be grazed.

Mountain sheep. These on Mount McKinley
are the kind known as Dall Sheep.

Little ground squirrels live up here too.

Unlike the sheep,
which retreat to lower altitudes in winter,

the squirrels are permanent residents,

insulated in their burrows from the frosts
by the cover of snow.

There are sheep like these in mountains
all through North America, Asia and Europe.

All carry big horns,
and the senior males, in autumn,

indulge in the most alarming courtship battles.

It's hard for plants to grow on steep, high slopes

The warming by day and freezing by night
makes the gravelly soil slip downwards,

so it's difficult for plants to keep a hold.

With few plants, grazing animals are rare,

though there may be more
than there appear to be at first sight.

These, in the Himalayas, are blue sheep,

so nimble and sure-footed they can reach
almost any vegetation on the steep slopes.

But if these are rare, rarer still is the animal
that preys on them, the snow leopard.

In summer it stays
at between 12,000 and 15,000 feet,

hunting small rodents and birds
as well as mountain sheep.

Snow leopards have been seen
as high as 18,000 feet in summer.

But with winter's heavy snowfalls,
it retreats to the valleys.

Game is now so scarce that there's barely
enough to support more than one leopard,

so this animal hunts alone.

Its thick, dense fur is now paler.

It has a thick, woolly undercoat
and cushions of hair under its paws

which prevent it from sinking in the snow.

The mountains of Africa, although so near
the equator, are permanently snow-capped.

Kilimanjaro, 19,000 feet high, is a volcano.

Mount Kenya, also volcanic,
is 2,000 feet lower but still has its own glaciers

Each has its own animals and plants

specially adapted to life at low temperatures.

Here, at about 13,000 feet,
grow some most beautiful and dramatic plants:

Giant groundsels and giant lobelias.

At these altitudes, plants like these

have to face two totally conflicting problems
every 24 hours.

Every night the temperature falls so low
that they're in danger of freezing solid.

And every day the sun beats down so strongly
in this very thin air

that it threatens to rob them of their moisture
by evaporation.

But look how this lobelia
deals with those problems.

This little pond of water in the leaf rosette
freezes over every night,

and this shield of ice
prevents the water beneath from freezing,

so that it acts as a liquid jacket, preventing
the frost from reaching the heart of the plant.

But as the day wears on and it gets warmer,
this water is in danger of evaporating

and the plant of losing
its night-time insulation.

But it isn'tjust rainwater
that's accumulated in this rosette.

It's been secreted by the plant itself
and it's slightly slimy.

It contains pectin, a colloidal substance
which greatly reduces evaporation.

But there's another kind of lobelia

which deals with these two problems
in a quite different way.

This one grows very tall
and has extremely long leaves,

each fringed with tiny hairs
which act like an animal's fur,

trapping air between them,
insulating the stem from chills.

They also prevent the wind
from robbing the plants of moisture.

Each group of lobelias
is owned by a pair of sunbirds

which collect the insects the plants attract.

They keep themselves warm
with fluffed-up feathers.

And among the rocks are hyrax.

The reason these little creatures are so tame
and I can get so close to them

is just because they're living so high up.

Up here, there are few creatures to prey on them.

An occasional leopard may come up
and hunt them, but apart from that, nothing.

And so they can come out
during the few brief hours of sunshine

and bask on the rocks without any fear,

just as they're doing now.

Hyrax also live down on the hot plains below,

but these, in response to the cold,
have developed particularly long fur.

Despite their shape,
they often climb trees to crop leaves.

But at these altitudes,
there's only grass and lobelias,

and they share it with the little furry-eared rat.

Mount Kenya, like its neighbours
Kilimanjaro and Ruwenzori,

is an isolated patch of snow and ice
surrounded by the baking hot African plains.

But the great mountains of South America,

like Cotopaxi, 19,000 feet high, are very differen

These volcanoes, some active, some dormant,
are not isolated peaks

but part of a continuous range
that runs the length of the continent

and is surrounded
by the high, cold plains of the altiplano,

so their flanks support
a large and varied population of animals,

all adapted to life
at high altitudes and low temperatures.

Here lives a wild South American camel,
the vicuna.

Its coat is fine, silky
and protected so well from the cold,

that it has, paradoxically,
led to its near-extinction.

Men have recognised that vicuna wool
has an unexcelled softness and warmth

and hunted the animal for it
until it's close to extinction.

The people of the Andes have domesticated
another wild camel, the guanaco,

to produce heavy-fleeced versions
which produce excellent wool

and serve as beasts of burden.

Here, in Ecuador and Peru, near the equator,
wild camels live at around 14,000 feet.

But as you travel south down the Andes,
the snowline gets lower.

Half-way down,
2,000 miles south of Cotopaxi,

the line of permanent snow
has dropped from 16,000 feet to 13,000 feet.

A thousand miles farther south still,
the mountains are not so high

but are almost completely covered with snow,
to within a few hundred feet of the sea.

So, on the southernmost tip of South America,
in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego,

the guanaco doesn't live at great altitudes,
but almost at sea level.

Yet it needs its warm coatjust as much,
for here, even in summer, it's very cold,

and during the winter
the whole land is snowbound.

The reason it gets colder nearer the pole
is not complicated.

The sun's rays strike the earth
at the equator at right angles.

But as you travel round the earth,

the rays become more and more glancing.

So a given amount of heat falling on the equator

is distributed over a much greater area
in the polar regions

and has to travel through more of the earth's
atmosphere, which weakens it still further.

So down in Patagonia, the sun's rays are
very much less intense and carry much less heat,

and the glaciers flow right down to the sea.

Farther south still,
across the near-frozen seas off Cape Horn,

you reach chains of small volcanic islands

that run down towards
the Antarctic continent itself:

Remote, little-known archipelagos

such as the South Sandwich
and, here, the South Orkneys.

There are only two flowering plants that can
manage to survive in this bleak, icy country.

One is a kind of thrift
and the other is a small, stunted grass.

And apparently,
no land-living animals of any kind.

But when the snows melt in summer,
they reveal that the rocks and the boulders

are covered with over 100
different kinds of mosses and lichens,

some of them rounded green cushions,
others like miniature trees.

The capacity of these simple plants
to endure cold is phenomenal.

Some species can even survive
being frozen solid for weeks on end.

Within this miniature tangled jungle
lives a whole menagerie of tiny animals.

Primitive creatures
little bigger than pinheads

manage to survive by slowly chewing away
at the lichens and mosses during summer.

In winter they almost grind to a halt,

yet they survive unfrozen
because their blood contains a kind of antifreeze

and remains liquid
even when the temperature falls well below zero.

The majority are vegetarians,
but there are also carnivorous mites among them

which clamber around the grazing herds,

picking off individuals as they fancy.

In this extreme cold,
the processes of life are greatly slowed down,

not only those of growth,
but those that lead to old age and death.

So such tiny creatures,
which elsewhere might live for merely months,

survive for two or three years
within the green mossy carpets.

The seas around these Antarctic islands
are strewn with ice.

The pack ice that litters the surface
is frozen sea water,

and in winter forms a solid cover to the sea.

The icebergs are different.

They're made of fresh water and have
broken away from glaciers flowing into the sea.

This is the source of those bergs:
The edge of a glacier.

Beyond it, the continent of Antarctica.

It's huge, bigger than the whole of Europe,

and, for the most part,
it seems totally devoid of life.

But not all of Antarctica is snow-covered.

In parts of the interior there are valleys
where almost no snow ever falls.

This is as desolate a part of the earth as exists.

The cold is extreme,
it's drier even than the centre of the Sahara,

it's dark for half the year

and it's scoured by a never-ending howling wind.

And the wind is responsible
for these carvings in the solid granite.

Crystals of salt
form beneath tiny flakes on the surface,

and grow slowly, but so powerfully
that particles are broken loose.

The wind then sweeps them up and hurls them
at the rock face, eroding it still further.

Desolate though this waste of shattered rocks
may seem, there is life even here.

Algae. Beneath the stone,
the wind doesn't dry it out,

and it's protected from the cold.

It gets the light it needs to grow
through the translucent rock.

There are also green patches
actually within the rock.

Algae have penetrated the microscopic spaces
between the rock's constituent particles

and there managed to grow.

Glaciers flow down these dry valleys,

fed by the ice cap
covering the continent's centre.

They're among the world's fastest moving,
advancing as much as 300 feet in a year.

As they surge downwards,
their surface is torn into thousands of crevasses.

During the summer,
even though the winds are bitterly cold,

the sun is sufficiently strong
to melt a little of the glacier's surface.

Where it accumulates in pools,
blue-green algae grows vigorously,

its dark colour enabling it to absorb
a high proportion of the sun's feeble heat.

These pools and streams are the only places
in all of Antarctica's interior

where life flourishes in any abundance.

The earth, at the beginning of the history of life

before any higher plants
or any animals had appeared,

must have looked something like this.

Yet here, mysteriously,
lie the corpses of large animals.

A crab-eater seal.
It looks comparatively fresh,

but examination of its tissues
show that it is about 300 years old.

This extreme climate has freeze-dried it.

It must have lost its way,
perhaps because of sickness,

and misguidedly crawled up here
from the coast, 25 miles away.

Although the land of the Antarctic is almost steri
its waters are extremely fertile,

so its margins, particularly the beaches
of its off-shore islands, are rich in life.

These fur seals in South Georgia
flourish in great numbers

because the surface waters of the seas

are thick with shoals of floating shrimp:
Krill, which is their main food.

Every year they come ashore to the beaches
to pup and mate.

They're not true seals but eared seals,
for they have small external ears.

Their hind flippers can be brought forward,
enabling them to move quite fast on land,

something that true seals can't do.

These fur seals retained and thickened
the fur of their land-living ancestors,

so that now some of these big males
have manes which give them the name sea lion.

This fur lies in two layers.

There's an outer guard hair
and then a thick layer close to the skin,

and that traps air in it and keeps
the animals warm when they go swimming.

But the trouble with fur as an insulator

is that if you dive too deep,
water pressure squeezes out the air.

So fur seals, for the most part,
fish in the surface waters.

True seals, like these elephant seal pups,
have a different kind of insulation.

Their fur is sparse,

but beneath the skin
is a thick layer of oily fat, blubber,

which surrounds their entire body.

Elephant seals dive to great depths to hunt squid,

navigating in the dark with sonar and huge eyes,

but they don't get chilled, for pressure
has no effect on blubber's insulating qualities.

With every year, the blubber
which kept them so warm in the freezing seas

loses its power.

Because every year
the sea elephants have to moult,

and in order to grow new skin they have to
bring a blood supply close to the surface.

Blood vessels open up through the blubber

and the skin is flushed with blood
just below the surface.

If they stayed in the sea like that,
they'd chill very quickly.

But they don't. Instead...

...they haul themselves up onto the beaches
or into mud wallows like this one.

And there, the big old bulls like that one

must suppress the feelings of antagonism
they felt only a few months ago

and lie close together with their fellows
in the interests of keeping warm.

These are the biggest of all seals.

The huge adult males develop a bladder
on top of their noses, like a kind of trunk.

But they also justify their name
of sea elephant by their immense size.

The bulls may grow to 20 feet long
and weigh three tons.

If you wanted to pick a creature
to symbolise the frozen Antarctic wastes,

you might well choose a creature like this.

These are macaroni penguins
on the island of South Georgia,

halfway between the tip of South America
and the Antarctic.

But it seems the original penguins
evolved in relatively warm climates.

Even today, there are species of penguins
that live on the equator,

in the Galapagos islands.

So this dense coat of feathers
with a layer of fat beneath it

was probably developed
to keep them warm in the seas anywhere,

but it serves them just as well
in the freezing Antarctic winds,

standing on land or on a surging iceberg.

And they are superb swimmers.

Swift and agile through water,

they come in to land
through breakers that would smash any boat

with the resilience of rubber balls.

These chinstrap penguins
are only a couple of feet high.

King penguins are half as tall again.

Large size can be an advantage in cold climates.

The bigger a body, the smaller
the surface area of its skin relative to its volum

So big penguins retain heat
better than small ones.

But their great size
causes problems in breeding.

They lay just one egg, which they keep warm

by the rather inconvenient method
of holding it on top of their feet,

covered by a fold of feathered skin,
for eight long weeks.

When it does hatch,
the chick takes so long to mature

that they have to feed it for a further ten months

These king penguins
aren't the biggest of all penguins.

They have a cousin, living farther south,
which grows even bigger.

It, too, has fearsome problems in raising its chic

and it solves them
in the most dramatic way imaginable.

They lay their eggs not in spring,
but at the end of summer.

Their breeding grounds
are on the permanent sea ice near the coast.

The females return to the sea to feed,
leaving the males with the eggs.

They shuffle back and forth,
each with an egg on his feet,

held carefully above the ice.

The gales intensify as the winter advances

and the sun sinks lower.

In the skies above, the aurora plays.

The male emperors
stoically sit out the months of winter darkness.

The sea ice can offer them no nest.
Not even a scree for a few pebbles.

They have nothing to eat, and nothing to do
except protect the precious egg

and prevent it from freezing
while the chick slowly forms inside it.

As the gales intensify, the males huddle together
to give one another shelter.

Then, 65 days after it was laid,
the chick begins to hatch.

The newly-emerged chicks are hungry.

All the male can provide is a little secretion
from his throat and long-empty stomach.

He's close to starving himself,

having been sustained
only by the layer of fat beneath his skin.

He's lost a third of his weight.

But soon after,
the female reappears with a full stomach

and takes the chick onto her feet
for its first proper feed.

Now the parents will take turns
to trek to the sea and back,

bringing food for their youngsters.

But now, at the end of winter,
the ice has extended far out to sea,

and the penguins may have to walk 50 miles
to reach open water.

The adults have a powerful urge
to cherish a chick.

Those that have lost one
will try and adopt any that wanders by

or incubate pieces of ice.

Repeatedly, the parent in charge

manages to find something
from the pit of its stomach

to feed the ever-hungry chick.

Until the chicks lose their down
and get their adult plumage,

they can't swim and so can't feed for themselves.

But being so big, they, like the king penguins,
take a long time to grow to full size,

and so their parents must make the long march
to the sea to collect food for them.

Though the winter is almost over,
there is still bad weather.

Blizzards rage over the ice,

and the young huddle together
in groups of their own amongst the parent birds.

Many of the youngsters lack the strength
to withstand the cold.

Many die.

As the sun rises higher each day,
the adults suffer in a different fashion.

On sunny days they get too hot
in their insulating blanket of feathers,

and eat snow in order to cool themselves.

The chicks still have their downy feathers
and can't swim.

But ten months on from laying, the chicks fledge,

and over the next few weeks,
they all walk down to the sea,

which now, with the spring break-up
of the ice, is close at hand.

Now, at last, the adults
can feed entirely for themselves.

They've got two months
in which to restore their weight

before they start
the whole process over again.

These birds, at first sight so penguin-like,

live not near the south pole, but the north.

They're not penguins but guillemots,
members of the auk family.

All auks, like penguins,
are excellent underwater swimmers.

They use their wings like flippers,

but they have not become
such specialised swimmers as the penguins,

for they can still fly.

These are the guillemots' smaller cousins,
the little auk.

Auks and penguins, similar though they are,
are not closely related.

They've come to resemble one another
by adopting a similar lifestyle

at opposite ends of the earth.

Unlike Antarctica,
that isolated continent surrounded by sea,

the Arctic is connected by land
to more temperate regions.

So the land animals of Europe and North
America have been able to colonise it

and adapt to its particular demands.

Foxes have moved up here.

The Arctic fox's coat is lighter
than its southern cousin, and in winter turns whit

On land, it feeds on small rodents,
and on ice floes, perhaps the odd bird.

It's just as well the little auks
have kept their powers of flight.

The ice floes are also the hunting ground
of one of the biggest of all carnivores.

The polar bear.

This one has killed a bearded seal.

A young bear is eager to take a share of the kill,
but must be cautious.

Adults sometimes kill youngsters in squabbles.

The polar bear is clearly a close relative
of the bears that live in Europe and America.

Its whiteness is an obvious adaptation
to the snow and ice, but so is its huge size.

The principle of a big body retaining more heat
applies to bears as much as penguins,

and polar bears are very much bigger than
their cousins in temperate lands farther south.

Polar bears, if forced to, will eat all kinds of t
but their preferred food is flesh,

particularly that of seals.

They especially like the blubber
just below the seal's skin,

and often leave the meat
for the scavenging gulls and foxes.

Among the glaucous gulls is the much rarer
and pure-white ivory gull.

The polar bear's white coat and great size
are not its only adaptations to Arctic life.

It grips the ice with long, sharp claws

and thick hair on the soles,
which also makes them excellent paddles,

for the polar bear spends a lot of time swimming
during the summer.

Ringed seals are much hunted by polar bears,

and when on the ice,
must be constantly on the alert.

They need ice holes
through which to leave the water,

or at least stick up their heads to breathe.

A polar bear will wait for many hours,
motionless, beside such a hole.

They also stalk seals
that are rash enough to lie out on the ice.

The polar bear has lost, but about once
in every five hunting days, it does kill,

and that is enough.

The most powerful effective hunter of all,
however, on the northern ice, is man.

Eskimo, or Inuit,
as they prefer to call themselves,

came up to the Arctic in very early times.

Superb hunters,
they could live for many months in winter

on nothing whatever but raw meat.

They were so skilled at living on the ice
that with only a knife of bone

they could make a waterproof house
from snow in an hour or so.

A slab of sea ice made a window.

Inside, the igloo was lit
with lamps fed by seal blubber.

Heat from the flame and from their bodies

could raise the temperature enough for them
to remove their heavy clothing and relax.

It was a life of extraordinary rigour and privatio

These pictures were taken 20 years ago.

No Eskimo lives in this way today.

The poles have not always been so cold.

One explanation of why they've become so
is the warming effect of ocean currents.

If they can circulate the waters of the polar seas
down towards the equator,

they would keep them relatively warm.

And maybe they did so 100 million years ago,
when the continents were arranged like this.

But the continents have shifted,
the polar seas become more enclosed

and any such currents interrupted.

Meanwhile, during the same period,

the Antarctic continent drifted south
until it came to rest over the south pole.

Now ocean currents
could not keep that part of the world warm either,

and so an ice cap formed.

The whiteness reflected 90% of the heat
in the already feeble rays of the sun.

So ice now covers all of Antarctica
and the seas of the north pole.

Over the past million years
there have been other variations,

due to the sun's varying strength,

and the ice cover has waxed and waned.

Now we're in one of the warmer phases,

but even so, Antarctica is still buried
beneath ice a mile thick,

and in the north, ice and snow
extend for 1,000 miles away from the pole.

As you come down the mountain
or away from the pole,

the land becomes warm enough to prevent it
being covered by ice and snow all year.

Beyond, the country is bleak enough:
Boulders and gravel,

rocks that have been ground to fragments
by the glaciers and pushed in front of them.

This is the tundra,
a land full of strange shapes and patterns.

Fine muds and sands
retain more moisture than coarse gravel,

so when they freeze, they expand more

and push the gravel outwards
to produce these geometric shapes.

A foot down, the soil is still frozen, permafrost,

so the summer melt water can't soak away

and the land is covered with bogs and ponds
that lie within the polygonal ridges,

so that the land looks almost
as though it's been cultivated by man.

In places, the underground ice
pushes upwards into a mountain called a pingo.

It looks like a small volcano,
but instead of hot lava in its heart,

it has cold, blue ice.

Although the ice relaxes its grip
for only a few weeks in summer,

a surprising number of plants and animals
manage to find a permanent home here.

Small flowering plants keep low,

for close to the ground there is little wind
and the sun's rays can be quite warm.

One kind of tree manages to live up here
in large numbers

by adopting exactly the same policy.

This is the Arctic willow and it lies flat.

It grows extremely slowly
in these cold temperatures,

and this one may be a century or so old.

In shallow burrows in the topsoil

live the harvesters of this meagre crop
of leaves and grass: Lemmings.

In summer, when there's food about,
they breed with great speed.

One female produces five or six babies
in a litter, four or five times in a single season

So in a few months she may produce 30 young.

The babies grow so quickly
that the first to be born in the spring

can themselves produce young
before the winter returns.

In summer, all the tundra plants
put out their leaves

and there's lots to eat.

The swarming hordes of lemmings attract hunters:

Snowy owls.

During the summer,
lemmings are the owl's main food.

Abundant though the lemmings are,
the hunting has been poor for this owl.

She may have laid as many as eight eggs,
but only one chick has survived.

As the days lengthen,
herds of caribou migrate up from the south.

Their calves were born early in the season
and the herd moves up to 15 miles a day

They have to keep traveling in order
to find enough food to sustain them all.

They follow the same route each year.

In places, paths are worn 18 inches deep

where the animals have passed,
century after century.

Snow geese fly up, too.

They've come from as far away as Mexico,
3,000 miles distant,

to claim a share in summer's brief crop
and to breed.

They exist in two forms:

Ones with dark feathers on the body,
as well as pure-white ones.

But they're all the same species,
and mixed couples are common.

Soon the tundra is thick with their nests.

Ptarmigan, now in their dark summer plumage,
feed on the willow scrub.

The caribou take not only willow,
but grasses and lichen.

The first snow geese to arrive
already have goslings,

and are foraging as a family.

Later arrivals are still on the nest,

and can't leave until the last egg has hatched.

While there, the first goslings to emerge
and their parents

are plagued by hordes of voracious
blood-hungry mosquitoes.

From the warming pools,
more and more mosquitoes hatch.

They provide food for the red-necked phalarope,
and there are plenty to gather.

A square yard of fresh water here
can produce 100,000 insects in a season.

Now the blackfly larvae,

which as eggs were attached to stones
in the shallow pools,

are also beginning to emerge.

Activity now is intense, for it is light
for almost the whole 24 hours of the day.

But by late August,
the snow geese sense the imminence of winter

and start to head southwards again.

The caribou, too, end their grazing,

and start to plod back across the tundra.

As they go, they continue to feed,

building up the reserves of fat they will need
to sustain themselves through the winter.

As the weather gets colder and colder,
the need for shelter becomes more urgent

and the herds may cover 25 miles in a day.

And then, at last,
the returning travellers reach the first tall tree

It's the start of the great coniferous forest

that lies south of the tundra
right round the globe.

The snow geese will fly on for thousands of miles,

but the caribou have reached
their wintering grounds.

The forest is a sanctuary

which will protect them from the bitter winter col

and it's here that we shall be coming
in the next programme.

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