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DAVID ATTENBOROUGH:
Karnataka contains
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some of the richest wild places
left on Earth.
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One-quarter of all India's plant
and animal species are found here.
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It's one of the last places
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where big wild animals
can roam in safety.
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We are about to travel
across this diverse land.
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From the mountain rainforests
of the Western Ghats...
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..to the ancient rocks
of the Deccan Plateau.
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00:00:55,840 --> 00:00:58,680
From the rich jungles in the south...
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..and over the waters
that transform the land.
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And we will reveal wonders.
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This is the story of
Southern India's largest state.
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(BIRDS CALL)
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September in Karnataka.
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The monsoon rains have finished.
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(BIRDS TWITTER, INSECTS BUZZ)
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The land resonates
to the sound of life
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in all its abundance.
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But the animals here
must always be on guard.
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(UNDERGROWTH RUSTLES)
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This land is ruled
by the largest cat on the planet.
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Karnataka's rich jungles
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provide its most famous residents
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with all the food they need.
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This young female
has two young cubs.
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They're just five months old and
totally dependent on their mother.
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Karnataka is home to more tigers
than any other place in the world.
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The 400 individuals that live here
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make up 10% of the global
tiger population.
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And every single addition
is priceless.
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(SNUFFLES)
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These jungles are where cubs
learn how to survive.
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With so much potential food,
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they're likely to get
an excellent start in life.
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00:04:18,240 --> 00:04:22,440
The thickness of these jungles
in southern Karnataka
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allows tigers to coexist alongside
the largest of land animals.
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Elephants.
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This family
has a new addition in tow.
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A tiny calf, just a few weeks old.
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The matriarch,
the old female who leads the herd,
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is taking them
to a favourite destination.
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At this time of year,
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elephants love nothing more
than a good bath.
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With abundant food and water,
they can focus on family time.
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Elephants have some of nature's
strongest social bonds.
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It's now that
the younger members of the family
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get to know the rest of the herd.
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But these good times won't last.
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00:06:04,320 --> 00:06:07,080
Now that the monsoon rains
have finished,
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Karnataka begins to dry out.
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In just a few months, most of
this vegetation will be gone.
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The herd will have to rely
on the matriarch's prodigious memory
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to ensure that they find
enough food to survive.
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Forest covers only 20% of Karnataka.
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The rest of this huge state
appears to be barren.
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The vast Deccan Plateau
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contains some of the oldest rocks
on Earth.
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Here, the absence of rain
produces strange landscapes.
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In the historic lands of Hampi,
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sand blown by the wind
has carved the ancient rocks
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into all kinds of shapes.
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This is the stage
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for one of nature's
most dazzlingly beautiful spectacles.
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(BIRD CALLS)
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The competitive displays of peacocks.
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The males have been preparing
all year for this gathering.
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This is their breeding season.
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Dozens of females
converge on the display grounds
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to judge the competition.
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A peacock's tail
is unfakeable proof of his vigour.
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The finest display will be produced
by the fittest male.
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With so much at stake, tempers flare.
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(PEACOCKS SQUAWK)
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This could be the only chance to mate
a male will get for the whole year.
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Only the most spectacular
will be able to take it.
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The males take every opportunity
to impress the peahens.
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With the audience assembled,
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the show can begin.
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(BRIGHT MUSIC)
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The younger males
watch from the sidelines.
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It will be three years
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before they have the plumage
they need to take part.
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The adult males angle their
vibrating trains to face the sun
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so that their displays will look
as brilliant as possible.
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The best dressed will enjoy
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an uninterrupted opportunity
to strut their stuff.
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The owner of
the most spectacular feather fan
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has now earned himself mating rights
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to all the females here.
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Surprisingly, these rocks
hide a major food source...
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..though only a few can collect it.
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Southern India's only bear,
the sloth bear,
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is expert at doing that.
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A female is looking for lunch
and leaving no stone unturned.
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(QUIRKY MUSIC)
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(SNIFFS)
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Up to 60% of a sloth bear's diet
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is made up of ants and termites.
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Her jaws and lips
are shaped like a funnel
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with which she sucks them up.
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She can eat half a kilogram
of termites every day.
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But this particular bear
will have to turn over a lot of rocks
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because she isn't just feeding
herself.
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She has two cubs,
just a few months old.
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She rarely lets them
out of her sight.
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00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:28,840
And following mum around
can get quite tiring.
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00:11:52,920 --> 00:11:55,120
No other kind of bear cubs
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routinely travel
on their mothers' backs.
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Extra thick fur allows the cubs
to get a firm grip.
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It will be another two years
before they're truly independent.
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The Deccan Plateau is an unforgiving
place to raise a family.
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With wolves and other predators
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ready to attack
at every opportunity...
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..a safe refuge
is of the greatest importance.
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00:13:07,720 --> 00:13:12,520
Jungle cats are well adapted
to these exposed conditions.
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00:13:17,400 --> 00:13:21,800
Monumental outcrops
provide strategic lookout points.
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Danger is never far away.
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But with mum on guard,
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the kittens can play
and hone their survival skills.
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00:14:00,400 --> 00:14:04,760
And those skills may be tested
at any moment.
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One bite from a spectacled cobra
is usually fatal.
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They're one of India's
most dangerous snakes.
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The inquisitive youngster
edges closer.
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The cobra's hood is a final warning.
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Another inch and it will be
game over for the kitten.
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00:15:19,560 --> 00:15:22,560
But this time,
the kitten makes the right move.
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The reason why the Deccan Plateau
is so dry...
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..lies in Karnataka's
greatest geological feature.
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The mighty Western Ghats
mountain range.
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00:16:11,720 --> 00:16:13,440
This vast escarpment
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intercepts the rain clouds
arriving from the coast
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and creates the most
biodiverse habitat in India.
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The number of species found here
and nowhere else on Earth
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00:16:29,720 --> 00:16:32,080
rivals that of the Amazon.
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00:16:37,080 --> 00:16:38,920
This huge rainforest
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is home to the world's
largest venomous snake.
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(SINISTER MUSIC)
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The king cobra.
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They have acute eyesight
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and can track their prey
through the thick forest.
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00:17:12,360 --> 00:17:17,120
They feed almost entirely
on other snakes.
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00:17:19,400 --> 00:17:20,880
And when they catch one,
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they swallow it whole and head first.
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With no means of pinning it down,
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the king cobra has to roll
to subdue its victim.
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And they are insatiable.
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They even eat their own kind.
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As the dry season progresses,
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female king cobras stop hunting.
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00:18:05,760 --> 00:18:07,920
For the next few weeks,
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this mother won't eat at all.
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The drying rainforest
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has created the conditions
she has been waiting for.
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00:18:22,240 --> 00:18:23,960
This 10-foot long female
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00:18:24,120 --> 00:18:26,920
now uses her coils to pile leaves
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into one of the animal kingdom's
largest nests.
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No other snake behaves in this way.
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Exposed eggs
wouldn't survive the rain.
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So she heaps up the leaves
to protect them.
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The pile will act
as a natural incubator.
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She has special temperature receptors
in her skin
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and she adjusts the leaves
of the nest
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to ensure the eggs within
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stay at a steady
28 degrees centigrade.
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She will guard this nest
with her life for up to a month,
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eating nothing.
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00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:25,800
These rainforests are home
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to several dozen kinds
of fruiting trees.
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00:19:32,880 --> 00:19:34,440
In spite of the dry season,
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many trees produce fruit
all year round.
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00:19:43,960 --> 00:19:48,200
They are great boons
for the rainforest's canopy dwellers.
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00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:54,120
But there's one tree here
that almost everyone avoids.
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The strychnine tree
produces fruit so poisonous,
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just one could kill a human.
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00:20:11,400 --> 00:20:14,680
Amazingly, Malabar pied hornbills
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are able to stomach
this lethal neurotoxin.
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Exactly how they achieve this
isn't yet known.
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But it does give them the monopoly
of these otherwise fatal fruits.
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Being able to eat
even the deadliest of meals
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has made these hornbills
the most prolific seed disperses
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in the entire forest.
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But even a bird that is immune
to poison is not immune to parasites.
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Each evening, the hornbills
search out a very particular spot.
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An open glade in the forest.
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These dry conditions
produce plenty of dust
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and hornbills bathe in it.
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With their feathers cleansed,
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they return to the forest to roost.
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00:21:37,040 --> 00:21:39,200
The lower slopes of the Western Ghats
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are home to India's very own dragon.
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The camouflage of a Draco lizard
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helps keep it off the menu
of its many potential predators.
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00:21:58,040 --> 00:21:59,840
But camouflage is a problem
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when trying to attract the attention
of a female.
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00:22:05,560 --> 00:22:09,240
So the male flashes
a bright yellow flap of skin
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00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:11,720
to show a female where he is.
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00:22:18,240 --> 00:22:20,920
But she is too busy feeding.
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00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:28,320
And he is too far away.
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00:22:30,360 --> 00:22:34,360
But like all dragons,
he has got a hidden superpower.
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00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:38,400
He can fly.
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00:22:43,320 --> 00:22:45,040
On specially adapted ribs,
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00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:48,520
he will glide up to 100 feet
between trees.
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00:22:52,880 --> 00:22:57,160
It's the quickest and safest way
to travel in this aerial habitat.
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00:23:08,120 --> 00:23:11,800
Brushing him aside with her tail,
she threatens to jump.
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00:23:15,840 --> 00:23:19,120
Despite his best efforts,
she's not interested.
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00:23:21,560 --> 00:23:25,200
Perhaps this bachelor
will have more luck on the next tree.
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00:23:40,680 --> 00:23:46,080
The Western Ghats are the backdrop
to 280km of coastline.
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00:23:59,480 --> 00:24:03,880
Migrating gulls are drawn
to these rich tropical waters.
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Twice a day, the tide here
creates the ideal habitat
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for India's
most industrious creature.
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00:24:15,920 --> 00:24:17,680
As the water recedes,
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00:24:17,840 --> 00:24:21,600
tiny edible particles
get trapped in the sand.
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00:24:21,760 --> 00:24:23,920
This is food for some.
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00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:29,880
Sand bubbler crabs.
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00:24:33,120 --> 00:24:36,160
Scooping up sand
with their fine pincers...
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00:24:37,520 --> 00:24:42,960
..they sieve out its edible bits
and then roll it into small balls.
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00:24:56,200 --> 00:24:58,200
They have to work fast.
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00:24:59,320 --> 00:25:02,560
Their specialised mouth parts
can only extract the food
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00:25:02,720 --> 00:25:04,200
if the sand is wet.
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00:25:09,640 --> 00:25:11,120
To get enough to eat,
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00:25:11,280 --> 00:25:15,680
each crab produces over 1,000
of these sand balls every day.
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00:25:19,320 --> 00:25:22,000
But time is not their only enemy.
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00:25:25,920 --> 00:25:29,240
The crabs themselves
make excellent snacks.
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00:25:30,480 --> 00:25:33,240
Plovers and sandpipers feast on them.
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00:25:40,360 --> 00:25:43,440
Pond herons stalk them one...
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..by one.
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00:25:50,800 --> 00:25:53,600
This army has to eat
out in the open.
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00:25:55,560 --> 00:25:59,200
But there is a defence
in huge numbers.
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00:26:10,240 --> 00:26:13,400
Not even the turning tide stops them.
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00:26:15,600 --> 00:26:17,080
When the water arrives,
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00:26:17,240 --> 00:26:20,720
they break ranks
and perform their final trick.
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00:26:22,600 --> 00:26:27,560
Rotating in the sun, each builds
a circular wall of sand pellets.
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00:26:30,600 --> 00:26:34,400
Completing the roof
traps a bubble of air beneath.
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And that is just big enough
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00:26:39,520 --> 00:26:44,360
to enable the crabs to remain safely
underwater until the next tide.
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00:26:48,120 --> 00:26:53,120
Beyond these familiar shores
lies an alien world.
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00:27:12,560 --> 00:27:17,040
The reefs of Karnataka
are still largely unexplored.
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00:27:48,440 --> 00:27:52,680
This is a wild India
that few have seen.
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00:28:02,680 --> 00:28:05,440
After six months with little rain,
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00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:08,480
Karnataka's jungles are drying out.
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00:28:11,640 --> 00:28:14,000
This creates an opportunity
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00:28:14,160 --> 00:28:17,000
for India's most social wild canid -
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00:28:17,160 --> 00:28:18,640
the dhole.
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00:28:25,880 --> 00:28:29,840
Dhole packs communicate by whistling.
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00:28:31,560 --> 00:28:34,720
But when they hunt,
they travel in silence.
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00:28:47,560 --> 00:28:49,120
With immense territories,
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00:28:49,280 --> 00:28:53,560
they know how to find every one
of the shrinking waterholes.
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00:28:56,120 --> 00:28:57,680
As the drought intensifies,
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00:28:57,840 --> 00:29:01,480
they become the prime place
for an ambush.
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00:29:05,960 --> 00:29:10,840
An adult sambar deer would feed
the whole pack for days.
251
00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:15,840
But sambar are tough adversaries.
252
00:29:20,760 --> 00:29:24,080
A youngster
is a far easier proposition.
253
00:29:28,800 --> 00:29:31,600
The dogs have surrounded one
in a tiny pool.
254
00:29:51,400 --> 00:29:54,760
She challenges the inexperienced
members of the pack...
255
00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:01,240
..and tries to draw them away
from her youngster.
256
00:30:10,720 --> 00:30:13,760
One kick from an adult sambar
could be fatal.
257
00:30:31,560 --> 00:30:33,960
Eventually, the dogs give up.
258
00:30:40,000 --> 00:30:43,640
This lone mother
has seen off the whole pack.
259
00:30:51,960 --> 00:30:53,440
It will be another year
260
00:30:53,600 --> 00:30:57,280
before the calf is strong enough
to fight its own battles.
261
00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:08,000
Further into the jungle,
262
00:31:08,160 --> 00:31:12,760
some of the last remaining pools
have trapped huge carp.
263
00:31:20,200 --> 00:31:23,400
It's an opportunity
for specialist fish hunters.
264
00:31:25,800 --> 00:31:27,880
Smooth-coated otters.
265
00:31:33,680 --> 00:31:35,160
Travelling as a family,
266
00:31:35,320 --> 00:31:38,120
they begin to search all the pools
in their territory.
267
00:31:43,600 --> 00:31:46,520
But today they are in for a surprise.
268
00:31:50,840 --> 00:31:53,600
Tigers sweat mainly
through their paws.
269
00:31:56,280 --> 00:32:00,160
So on hot days,
they cool off in jungle pools.
270
00:32:06,760 --> 00:32:09,960
The otters would never approach
a tiger on land.
271
00:32:11,760 --> 00:32:14,040
But in water, their element,
272
00:32:14,200 --> 00:32:16,680
their confidence is boundless.
273
00:32:23,160 --> 00:32:25,240
Sometimes even a tiger...
274
00:32:27,760 --> 00:32:31,120
..is no match
for a pack of indignant otters.
275
00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:36,080
With the coast clear...
276
00:32:37,400 --> 00:32:38,960
..they set to work.
277
00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:00,880
Smooth-coated otter families
278
00:33:01,040 --> 00:33:03,720
can travel many kilometres each day.
279
00:33:10,840 --> 00:33:12,760
When they find a shoal of fish...
280
00:33:14,360 --> 00:33:16,720
..they work together to corner them
281
00:33:16,880 --> 00:33:19,320
and pick them off one at a time.
282
00:33:23,560 --> 00:33:28,560
Each of the family needs to eat
a kilo of fish every day.
283
00:33:35,920 --> 00:33:39,480
In two months,
the monsoon rains will arrive
284
00:33:39,640 --> 00:33:42,080
and release the imprisoned fish.
285
00:33:44,720 --> 00:33:49,360
Until then, this pool will provide
all the food the otters need.
286
00:34:13,480 --> 00:34:16,520
Whilst tigers
rule the jungle floor...
287
00:34:19,720 --> 00:34:24,280
..the canopy is dominated
by Karnataka's largest monkeys...
288
00:34:27,560 --> 00:34:29,280
..gray langurs.
289
00:34:33,840 --> 00:34:37,800
For much of the year, they get
all they need from the treetops.
290
00:34:43,680 --> 00:34:46,400
But now the cupboard is bare.
291
00:34:57,760 --> 00:35:01,680
The langurs must search
for food and water on the ground.
292
00:35:27,320 --> 00:35:30,120
Scouts in the trees keep watch...
293
00:35:31,440 --> 00:35:33,480
..ready to sound the alarm.
294
00:35:36,240 --> 00:35:39,320
A rare black panther
is quickly noticed.
295
00:35:45,840 --> 00:35:48,240
The danger seems to have passed.
296
00:36:00,880 --> 00:36:05,400
But in this jungle,
there are always eyes watching.
297
00:36:13,480 --> 00:36:15,400
(LANGUR SCOUTS CALL)
298
00:36:33,600 --> 00:36:35,120
(GROWLS)
299
00:36:35,280 --> 00:36:36,760
A close call.
300
00:36:45,840 --> 00:36:47,720
Nowhere is entirely safe...
301
00:36:48,720 --> 00:36:50,200
..from a leopard.
302
00:37:04,720 --> 00:37:07,400
Life here is becoming tough,
303
00:37:07,560 --> 00:37:10,760
even for an animal
with no natural predators.
304
00:37:20,120 --> 00:37:24,440
Karnataka's elephants constantly
search for fresh vegetation.
305
00:37:28,120 --> 00:37:31,120
But now the options are running out.
306
00:37:37,480 --> 00:37:42,000
The last of the grass
provides little sustenance.
307
00:37:52,440 --> 00:37:57,080
As a last resort,
the herd turns to the jungle trees.
308
00:37:59,800 --> 00:38:03,640
Using their tusks,
they prise off strips of bark.
309
00:38:07,680 --> 00:38:09,200
Despite the conditions,
310
00:38:09,360 --> 00:38:14,120
they still need to find over
100 kilos of vegetation every day.
311
00:38:17,520 --> 00:38:21,400
And with the rains
still a month away,
312
00:38:21,560 --> 00:38:23,680
the outlook appears bleak.
313
00:38:29,800 --> 00:38:32,920
Fortunately,
there is one last possibility.
314
00:38:34,560 --> 00:38:37,560
Within these jungles lies an Eden...
315
00:38:38,560 --> 00:38:41,080
..where water flows all year round.
316
00:39:19,280 --> 00:39:22,960
An elephant Shangri-la called Kabini.
317
00:39:30,640 --> 00:39:34,680
The older members of the herd
remember how to find it.
318
00:39:37,880 --> 00:39:40,640
After months of walking,
319
00:39:40,800 --> 00:39:43,120
the family have all made it.
320
00:39:51,680 --> 00:39:56,120
Each year, hundreds of elephants
from across all Karnataka
321
00:39:56,280 --> 00:39:59,480
assemble at their great
jungle paradise.
322
00:40:06,680 --> 00:40:11,720
In a few weeks, the rains will come
again and revive their forest home.
323
00:40:15,760 --> 00:40:20,080
The water across Karnataka
is now at its lowest point.
324
00:40:21,400 --> 00:40:24,920
Temporary sandbars have appeared
in the shrinking rivers,
325
00:40:25,080 --> 00:40:29,360
creating pools where the
remaining fish have congregated.
326
00:40:33,720 --> 00:40:37,560
Thousands of river terns
arrive here to breed.
327
00:40:39,280 --> 00:40:41,440
Food is now readily available.
328
00:40:42,440 --> 00:40:45,400
The birds have timed
their arrival perfectly.
329
00:40:56,200 --> 00:40:59,480
They quickly pair up
and start to nest.
330
00:41:07,280 --> 00:41:09,440
Then, after just four weeks,
331
00:41:09,600 --> 00:41:12,000
the first chicks begin to hatch.
332
00:41:22,640 --> 00:41:26,200
Now, the parents are intensely busy.
333
00:41:31,440 --> 00:41:36,520
A steady stream of small fish
is delivered into tiny mouths.
334
00:41:38,720 --> 00:41:41,040
The terns have just a few busy weeks
335
00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:44,680
before the returning rains
will submerge the sandbars
336
00:41:44,840 --> 00:41:46,320
for another year.
337
00:41:57,920 --> 00:42:01,840
Summer temperatures
have now risen to over 40 degrees,
338
00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:04,880
triggering a change
in the atmosphere.
339
00:42:11,880 --> 00:42:14,720
Huge clouds blow in
from the Indian Ocean
340
00:42:14,880 --> 00:42:17,320
and condense over the Western Ghats.
341
00:42:28,760 --> 00:42:32,640
This is the start of one of
the most important seasonal events
342
00:42:32,800 --> 00:42:34,280
on the planet.
343
00:42:36,080 --> 00:42:37,800
The mighty monsoon.
344
00:42:53,960 --> 00:42:55,520
In just a few weeks,
345
00:42:55,680 --> 00:43:00,240
trillions of litres of water
will fall across India.
346
00:43:10,880 --> 00:43:15,760
As the rivers swell,
the rainforest is transformed.
347
00:43:17,720 --> 00:43:20,800
The humidity soars to 100%...
348
00:43:22,960 --> 00:43:25,800
..and the earth throbs with calls.
349
00:43:28,000 --> 00:43:32,440
The Western Ghats have over
100 different species of frogs.
350
00:43:32,600 --> 00:43:35,400
(FROGS CROAK,
INSECTS BUZZ, BIRDS TWITTER)
351
00:43:35,560 --> 00:43:39,680
These monsoon rains are the cue
they have been waiting for.
352
00:43:44,360 --> 00:43:48,080
It's time for the males
to attract mates.
353
00:43:51,120 --> 00:43:53,680
(WATER RUSHES LOUDLY)
354
00:43:58,200 --> 00:43:59,680
But there's a problem.
355
00:44:01,520 --> 00:44:03,560
The sound of water is so loud
356
00:44:03,720 --> 00:44:06,520
it's difficult for the frogs
to make themselves heard.
357
00:44:07,800 --> 00:44:10,200
So Karnataka's amphibious orchestra
358
00:44:10,360 --> 00:44:12,880
has evolved an unusual solution.
359
00:44:17,600 --> 00:44:20,600
If you can't shout
about your credentials,
360
00:44:20,760 --> 00:44:22,480
flaunt them.
361
00:44:44,960 --> 00:44:46,880
A female arrives.
362
00:44:48,960 --> 00:44:50,840
The ante has been upped.
363
00:44:54,200 --> 00:44:55,680
Stretching to the limit,
364
00:44:55,840 --> 00:44:59,680
this male shows off
his enormous legs.
365
00:45:05,200 --> 00:45:07,560
His performance has paid off.
366
00:45:21,160 --> 00:45:27,000
The monsoon rains are also a trigger
for the female King Cobra.
367
00:45:28,800 --> 00:45:31,640
She leaves her giant nest.
368
00:45:34,760 --> 00:45:37,880
By abandoning her unhatched eggs,
369
00:45:38,040 --> 00:45:39,800
this cannibal queen
370
00:45:39,960 --> 00:45:43,480
is actually giving them
their best chance of survival.
371
00:45:47,480 --> 00:45:48,960
Were she to stay,
372
00:45:49,120 --> 00:45:51,920
she might well eat her own offspring.
373
00:46:04,080 --> 00:46:07,840
These youngsters
aren't even safe from one another.
374
00:46:11,800 --> 00:46:14,960
King cobras hatch hungry.
375
00:46:27,360 --> 00:46:31,400
Their best chance is to get
as far away from the nest
376
00:46:31,560 --> 00:46:33,240
as fast as they can.
377
00:46:35,080 --> 00:46:36,680
For the next five years,
378
00:46:36,840 --> 00:46:40,720
these youngsters will lead
entirely solitary lives in the forest
379
00:46:40,880 --> 00:46:43,480
until they're large enough
to find a mate.
380
00:46:47,760 --> 00:46:52,920
But right now, they must
slip away quietly and disappear.
381
00:46:57,360 --> 00:46:58,920
During the monsoon,
382
00:46:59,080 --> 00:47:02,600
the vast amount of rain
falling across the state
383
00:47:02,760 --> 00:47:05,760
creates an intricate
network of streams.
384
00:47:09,720 --> 00:47:12,000
Small ones join with others.
385
00:47:18,800 --> 00:47:22,160
Rivers grow
and turn into surging torrents...
386
00:47:24,840 --> 00:47:28,480
..that feed almost
every major river in southern India.
387
00:47:38,960 --> 00:47:42,600
The waterfalls of Jog
and Shivanasamudra
388
00:47:42,760 --> 00:47:46,360
are among India's
most impressive natural wonders.
389
00:48:13,800 --> 00:48:16,960
More rain falls
in the three months of the monsoon
390
00:48:17,120 --> 00:48:20,200
than in the whole
of the rest of the year.
391
00:48:25,520 --> 00:48:28,160
The drenching monsoon rains
392
00:48:28,320 --> 00:48:32,920
power Karnataka's
spectacularly rich natural worlds.
393
00:48:37,200 --> 00:48:39,680
Across rainforests...
394
00:48:41,920 --> 00:48:43,960
..ancient rocks...
395
00:48:48,320 --> 00:48:50,200
...thick jungles...
396
00:48:52,280 --> 00:48:54,240
..and thundering waters...
397
00:48:57,040 --> 00:48:58,720
..wildlife thrives.
398
00:49:02,160 --> 00:49:05,120
This annual elemental pulse
399
00:49:05,280 --> 00:49:09,120
ensures Karnataka is reborn each year
400
00:49:09,280 --> 00:49:14,840
as one of the most important
and glorious wild refuges on Earth.
401
00:49:33,520 --> 00:49:37,640
Captions by Red Bee Media (c) SBS
Australia 2019
31761
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