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I won't lie to you.
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They are strong and they are many,
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and we fight
on the ground of their choosing.
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The danger we face is great.
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But they are Persian...
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and we are Greek!
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Alexander the Great is one
of the greatest conquerors
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in all of the world.
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-King Alexander!
-Alexander!
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-Alexander!
-Alexander!
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Successful general,
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going from victory to victory,
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accomplishing seemingly impossible feats.
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Alexander never lost.
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The sheer scale
of Alexander's accomplishments
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are impossible to ignore.
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He built one of the largest
empires in human history,
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and he did so in just 13 years.
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His craving inside to succeed drives him,
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but there is a dark side to Alexander.
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You are no king!
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He was ruthless, he was a colonizer,
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he was an imperial,
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but he was a young man
who wanted to prove himself.
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What's left to fight for?
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Everything.
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His desire to be remembered
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is one of the things
that connects him to us.
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Alexander wanted to rule the world,
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and the glamor of his success
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shines on even in the 21st century.
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There was the world before Alexander,
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and the world after Alexander.
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Alexander completely changed
human history.
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It's 331 BC...
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and two empires are clashing.
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Persia and Greece.
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I would not lead us to battle.
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The Greek army is launching
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a full scale invasion
of their enemy's lands.
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A war between Persia
and Greece is a huge mismatch.
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Persia assembles an army
of more than 200,000 men.
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The Greeks were hugely outnumbered.
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We're talking about five to one.
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These are unthinkable odds.
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Even so,
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they charge,
because leading the Greek army
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is their remarkable young king...
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Alexander.
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To glory!
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Alexander wants to invade Persia
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because Persia is the last frontier.
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The ancient world
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was dominated by the Persian Empire,
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that stretches from the borders of India,
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Pakistan today,
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all the way to Egypt in the South
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and Greece in the north.
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It was a huge, successful,
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and seemingly invincible world power.
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Defeating Persia
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has long been
Alexander's consuming ambition.
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When Alexander looked at Persia,
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what he saw was a cause.
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But the deeper he went into it,
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the more confirmed he became
that this was his mission.
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But if Alexander loses here,
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the war is lost.
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Facing Alexander is his nemesis,
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Darius, King of Persia.
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If Alexander can capture Darius
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or if he can kill Darius,
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then it will be
a tremendous psychological blow
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against the entire Persian Empire.
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Hold the line!
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Everything was shaped on this battle.
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Whoever won the Battle of Gaugamela
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would win the Persian Empire.
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Alexander's training begins
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as a young prince of Macedon,
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a minor province on the northern
fringes of Ancient Greece.
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Macedon is just one
of a number of territories,
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city-states, regions,
that all comprise together
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what we think of as ancient Greece.
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The main powers in Greece include Athens,
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Sparta and Thebes.
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These are the centers of political life,
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philosophy, and culture.
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For the Greek city-states,
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Macedon is very much uncultured,
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uncivilized, and still is ruled by this,
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for them, archaic form of government,
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which is the monarchy.
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Alexander's father, Philip II,
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is the King of Macedon,
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and he ascended to the throne
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when his brother was killed in battle
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against a rival kingdom.
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One of the things
that makes King Philip stand out
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is his familiarity with violence
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and his willingness
to use it for his own ends.
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Move your feet. Put your shoulder into it.
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Faster, harder!
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Physical prowess
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was incredibly important to the Greeks.
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It was important that they were educated,
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but it was nothing
unless they were able to run
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and jump and fight.
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I don't think you're really trying, boy!
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Come on, harder, harder!
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From an early age,
Alexander's trained physically,
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he's given great opportunity,
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but it's also clear
that his father is the man
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and Alexander is not.
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Okay, stop.
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Alexander has mentors
other than his father.
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That bag, one hand, go.
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Parmenion, his
father's most trusted general.
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There must be fire in your belly, boy!
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Good. Stop, stop, enough.
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And Cleitus the Black,
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the brother of Alexander's nurse.
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We may have to keep an eye out
for this one, eh, Parmenion?
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Well done, well done.
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Well?
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How's the boy progressing?
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He may survive a skirmish or two.
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From the sidelines, Alexander watches
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as his father transforms
Macedon's fortunes.
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The other city-states,
particularly Athens,
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looked down on Macedon.
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The Athenians see Macedon
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as an upstart, even as barbarian.
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The Macedonians don't see
themselves that way.
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They see themselves as the future.
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Philip's top priority
when he takes the throne
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is to bring Macedon
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out of the barbarian status that it has
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and turn it into a world power.
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He wants to build up the economy,
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build up the infrastructure and the roads,
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but most especially,
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he wants to build up the army.
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Transforming them from simply
a gaggle on the battlefield,
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who might throw sticks
or stones or whatever,
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into a fully trained armed force.
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Philip's
most significant change:
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transforming the use of a battle
formation called the phalanx.
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The phalanx consists of a tight formation
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of infantry men.
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Heavily armed, standing toe to toe,
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shoulder to shoulder,
with shields interlocking.
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Philip changes the nature of the phalanx
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from a defensive formation
to an offensive one.
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Philip adds the sarisa,
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a spear of about 20 feet in length.
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And by being about twice as long
as the spear of the opposition,
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you can hold the enemy
at a greater distance.
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If every one of your soldiers
in the phalanx is strong,
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your phalanx is unbeatable.
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♪
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By 345 BC,
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Philip has used his highly trained army
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to aggressively capture
territory from his neighbors.
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Macedonia, at the start of Philip's reign,
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is a very small kingdom.
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But what Philip does
is he expands Macedonian power
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north, south, east,
and west during his rule.
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His expansion continues year after year.
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Philip does spend
nearly all of his reign at war.
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I leave tomorrow. A new campaign.
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Can I come with you?
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Not this time.
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When?
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When the time is right.
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I promise.
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While Alexander is trained physically,
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he also prepares intellectually.
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He is tutored by the great
philosopher, Aristotle.
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Aristotle is the Leonardo da Vinci
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of the ancient world.
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He did it all.
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Aristotle provided Alexander
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with his foundations
for almost everything.
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His notions of justice,
of virtue, of manliness,
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his thirst for knowledge and information.
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Aristotle also fueled
Alexander's lifelong obsession
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with the epic poem, The Iliad,
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and its central hero, Achilles.
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Achilles, for Alexander
and for many Greeks,
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was a paradigm of Greek masculinity.
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Good at war, noble, courageous.
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For Alexander,
Achilles is not just a myth.
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It is somebody that he can be.
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Achilles, for Alexander, is his goal.
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♪
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By the time Alexander is 18 years old
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in 338 BC,
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the Southern Greek states decide
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they can no longer
ignore Philip's expansion.
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The Athenians and the Thebans
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create this confederation of Greek states
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that will fight against Philip in 338 BC
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at the Battle of Chaeronea,
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probably the biggest battle
that Philip ever fights.
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♪
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Now, Alexander will get a chance
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to show his skill.
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Philip's Macedonian army prepares to meet
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the combined Greek forces
70 miles north of Athens.
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Alexander, I want you to lead the cavalry
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here on our left flank.
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This is where the soldiers
of the Sacred Band will be.
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Under the circumstances,
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Philip gave Alexander some
pretty heavy responsibility.
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Alexander is lined up against the Thebans
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and their elite Sacred Band of warriors,
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an extraordinarily well trained
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and fierce and effective fighting force.
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There are 300 of them
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and they are composed
of 150 pairs of male lovers.
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This was thought to make them
fight harder in battle,
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knowing that their beloved
was by their side.
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In the more than 30 years
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that the Sacred Band was in existence,
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they never once lost a battle,
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and they were seen to be invincible.
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Alexander is often represented
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as a man who knows no fear.
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That's rubbish.
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Every man feels fear.
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For Alexander, it is the fear of failure,
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it is the fear
of disappointing his father.
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We know they will fight to the death...
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and you must be prepared to do so as well.
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I won't let you down.
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Any of you.
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When your moment comes, you must be ready.
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00:13:33,458 --> 00:13:34,917
That's the fire.
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Alexander is assigned
to lead Macedon's cavalry.
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For Philip to give Alexander
command of the cavalry
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meant that he was giving
Alexander responsibility
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for the decisive blow
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that would decide
the outcome of the battle.
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It's an elite fighting force
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drawn from Macedonian nobles
who have the best weapons
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and the best equipment
and the best horses.
248
00:14:04,708 --> 00:14:06,125
And it's made up of, at this point,
249
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also many of Alexander's friends.
250
00:14:09,917 --> 00:14:12,250
The most important is Hephaestion.
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Hephaestion was his closest friend,
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his emotional rock.
253
00:14:19,042 --> 00:14:20,500
They were raised together,
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educated together, under Aristotle.
255
00:14:24,083 --> 00:14:26,375
They may have been lovers,
at least when they were younger.
256
00:14:30,250 --> 00:14:32,167
But for Alexander and Hephaestion,
257
00:14:32,333 --> 00:14:34,750
there's an even deeper level to it.
258
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They are inextricably linked together.
259
00:14:42,125 --> 00:14:43,667
The Battle of Chaeronea
260
00:14:43,875 --> 00:14:45,417
is a very important moment for Alexander.
261
00:14:50,542 --> 00:14:52,083
You could raise someone
262
00:14:52,208 --> 00:14:54,167
and educate them
to be a prince and a warrior...
263
00:14:55,375 --> 00:14:58,583
but until they actually face
the enemy in the battle lines,
264
00:14:58,708 --> 00:15:00,042
they fight, and they win...
265
00:15:01,667 --> 00:15:03,583
they haven't shown that
they can really do the job.
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00:15:17,458 --> 00:15:19,333
At the Battle of Chaeronea,
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Alexander proves his worth.
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00:15:22,667 --> 00:15:24,208
He defeats the Sacred Band...
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the most elite fighting force
in all of Greece.
270
00:15:30,542 --> 00:15:33,208
And he leaves practically no survivors.
271
00:15:36,375 --> 00:15:38,875
The Battle of Chaeronea
establishes Alexander
272
00:15:39,042 --> 00:15:40,667
as a great war leader,
273
00:15:40,875 --> 00:15:42,083
as a leader of men.
274
00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:47,625
As a man who does not shrink from danger.
275
00:15:50,833 --> 00:15:52,375
This is going to be
276
00:15:52,542 --> 00:15:54,917
one of the greatest
characteristics of Alexander
277
00:15:55,125 --> 00:15:56,333
for the rest of his life.
278
00:15:56,542 --> 00:16:01,042
♪
279
00:16:01,208 --> 00:16:04,125
It's also a way for a very young Alexander
280
00:16:04,292 --> 00:16:07,042
to demonstrate that he is a warrior
281
00:16:07,208 --> 00:16:10,125
and that he could
in fact be a future king.
282
00:16:12,542 --> 00:16:14,542
Leaders grow and develop over time,
283
00:16:14,750 --> 00:16:17,042
and at some point, we start
to refer to that as wisdom,
284
00:16:17,208 --> 00:16:19,750
but Alexander seems almost
wise from the beginning.
285
00:16:21,208 --> 00:16:23,292
He was very pleased with his
performance on the battlefield
286
00:16:23,458 --> 00:16:26,500
because he had lived up to
the expectations of his father
287
00:16:26,667 --> 00:16:30,292
and he had played a key role
in this important victory.
288
00:16:33,208 --> 00:16:34,625
You're as fearless as the gods.
289
00:16:35,625 --> 00:16:39,542
The victory at Chaeronea
makes one thing clear.
290
00:16:39,708 --> 00:16:41,375
Greece has been united
291
00:16:41,542 --> 00:16:44,375
and they've been united
under Macedonian rule.
292
00:16:46,833 --> 00:16:49,750
Finally, Alexander's father, Philip,
293
00:16:49,875 --> 00:16:53,042
is supreme leader of virtually
all the Greek states.
294
00:16:57,250 --> 00:16:59,792
He orders the defeated
to join him for a summit,
295
00:17:00,958 --> 00:17:02,583
at the coastal town of Corinth.
296
00:17:04,667 --> 00:17:06,167
What Philip decides to do
297
00:17:06,292 --> 00:17:08,250
is to create the League of Corinth,
298
00:17:08,458 --> 00:17:12,333
and this is essentially
a Pan-Hellenic confederation,
299
00:17:12,542 --> 00:17:15,500
and the idea behind it is that each member
300
00:17:15,667 --> 00:17:19,250
will contribute a number
of people to a regional army
301
00:17:19,417 --> 00:17:22,625
and that they will not go
to war with one another.
302
00:17:23,333 --> 00:17:25,292
They have no choice,
with their militaries defeated,
303
00:17:25,458 --> 00:17:29,583
but to make peace with Philip
and to follow his lead.
304
00:17:33,542 --> 00:17:35,500
The League of Corinth,
we might think of it
305
00:17:35,708 --> 00:17:40,000
as the Greek equivalent
of, say, NATO today.
306
00:17:40,417 --> 00:17:44,000
The Greeks coming together
as part of a common alliance,
307
00:17:44,125 --> 00:17:46,417
setting aside centuries of warfare
308
00:17:46,583 --> 00:17:48,083
and competition against each other
309
00:17:48,250 --> 00:17:50,667
to instead stand together,
310
00:17:50,833 --> 00:17:54,750
defend each other,
and fight for a common cause.
311
00:17:56,417 --> 00:17:58,333
But what Philip very much has in mind
312
00:17:58,500 --> 00:18:01,667
is using the League of Corinth
as a uniting force
313
00:18:01,833 --> 00:18:03,500
against the Persian Empire.
314
00:18:04,792 --> 00:18:06,458
150 years earlier,
315
00:18:06,583 --> 00:18:09,750
Persia twice attempted to conquer Greece.
316
00:18:10,750 --> 00:18:13,583
In 490 BC, King Xerxes I
317
00:18:13,792 --> 00:18:15,875
had launched an invasion
of the Greek mainland
318
00:18:16,042 --> 00:18:18,125
and the Greeks win a tremendous victory
319
00:18:18,292 --> 00:18:19,667
at the Battle of Marathon.
320
00:18:23,042 --> 00:18:24,375
Ten years later,
321
00:18:26,167 --> 00:18:29,750
the Persians had returned,
now with a massive army.
322
00:18:29,875 --> 00:18:33,000
This time, they were
eventually repulsed from Greece
323
00:18:33,208 --> 00:18:35,667
at the Battle of Plataea in 479.
324
00:18:40,792 --> 00:18:42,000
To our new alliance.
325
00:18:42,208 --> 00:18:43,333
To our alliance!
326
00:18:44,250 --> 00:18:47,083
They want vengeance.
Philip understands this.
327
00:18:47,250 --> 00:18:50,125
He is a master of marketing,
as Alexander will be.
328
00:18:50,583 --> 00:18:53,333
And so, he uses this
as a campaign of vengeance
329
00:18:53,500 --> 00:18:55,458
on Persia for their invasion of Greece.
330
00:18:55,583 --> 00:19:00,667
♪
331
00:19:08,167 --> 00:19:11,333
Before Philip is able
to launch his Persian offensive,
332
00:19:11,542 --> 00:19:14,167
he brings his family together
for a celebration.
333
00:19:15,167 --> 00:19:16,875
You go in first. I'll be right behind you.
334
00:19:20,375 --> 00:19:22,667
Philip II is at the height of his power
335
00:19:22,833 --> 00:19:25,583
as the year 336 BC comes to its end.
336
00:19:25,750 --> 00:19:28,208
He's summoned envoys
from all the Greek states
337
00:19:28,375 --> 00:19:32,125
to witness the marriage of his daughter.
338
00:19:32,708 --> 00:19:35,000
The bride is Alexander's sister.
339
00:19:35,500 --> 00:19:38,667
Their mother, Olympias,
is Philip's fourth wife.
340
00:19:39,208 --> 00:19:42,125
She is from basically modern day Albania
341
00:19:42,250 --> 00:19:44,750
and she claims descent from Achilles,
342
00:19:44,875 --> 00:19:47,833
who is the great hero of the Trojan War.
343
00:19:48,542 --> 00:19:50,958
Olympias does well
that she produces a son,
344
00:19:51,083 --> 00:19:53,167
and Alexander is the most capable
345
00:19:53,375 --> 00:19:55,333
of Philip's legitimate Children,
346
00:19:55,500 --> 00:19:57,167
therefore the most likely heir,
347
00:19:57,333 --> 00:19:58,917
but certainly not the inevitable heir.
348
00:20:00,167 --> 00:20:02,167
Olympias is a fascinating character.
349
00:20:02,708 --> 00:20:05,625
She's masterful, she's majestic,
350
00:20:05,750 --> 00:20:08,500
she's suspicious, she's dangerous,
351
00:20:08,583 --> 00:20:10,375
and she's ruthless.
352
00:20:10,542 --> 00:20:13,333
She's only interested
in protecting the future
353
00:20:13,458 --> 00:20:16,417
of herself and her son, Alexander.
354
00:20:26,167 --> 00:20:29,000
The king! Help, help!
355
00:20:29,542 --> 00:20:31,792
Just as Philip is walking
into this wedding feast,
356
00:20:31,958 --> 00:20:35,083
one of his own bodyguards
stabs him fatally.
357
00:20:35,250 --> 00:20:36,542
And Philip is dead within seconds.
358
00:20:39,042 --> 00:20:40,667
Secure the walls, now!
359
00:20:40,833 --> 00:20:44,583
In the immediate
aftermath of Philip's murder,
360
00:20:45,208 --> 00:20:46,542
it would have been quite chaotic.
361
00:20:47,208 --> 00:20:48,500
Alexander is king!
362
00:20:48,625 --> 00:20:50,833
We're not told a lot of details.
363
00:20:51,417 --> 00:20:53,500
Alexander is king!
364
00:20:54,375 --> 00:20:56,208
King Alexander!
365
00:20:56,333 --> 00:20:58,917
But it does seem that
Alexander was acclaimed king
366
00:20:59,083 --> 00:21:00,208
more or less on the spot.
367
00:21:00,875 --> 00:21:04,000
King Alexander! King Alexander!
368
00:21:04,167 --> 00:21:08,042
King Alexander! King Alexander!
369
00:21:27,375 --> 00:21:31,083
You did more for Macedonia
than any king before.
370
00:21:32,542 --> 00:21:33,750
You were a lion.
371
00:21:35,125 --> 00:21:36,333
No, he was a king.
372
00:21:37,125 --> 00:21:38,458
A good king.
373
00:21:39,333 --> 00:21:42,750
But you, Alexander, you are the lion.
374
00:21:44,375 --> 00:21:47,625
Olympias tells Alexander that
on the night before her wedding,
375
00:21:47,833 --> 00:21:50,208
she is struck in her womb
by a thunderbolt.
376
00:21:55,417 --> 00:21:57,250
The thunderbolt is the symbol...
377
00:21:59,125 --> 00:22:01,500
...of the god, Zeus,
who was the king of the gods
378
00:22:01,667 --> 00:22:04,500
and really imbues Alexander with this idea
379
00:22:04,708 --> 00:22:06,833
that he is somehow of divine birth.
380
00:22:06,958 --> 00:22:09,500
This is a prophecy come true for Olympias.
381
00:22:09,667 --> 00:22:12,292
She has always believed that
her son will do great things
382
00:22:12,458 --> 00:22:15,042
and reach great heights
of glory, and now he can.
383
00:22:16,208 --> 00:22:18,500
Alexander inherits his father's kingdom
384
00:22:18,667 --> 00:22:20,833
at just 20 years old.
385
00:22:28,625 --> 00:22:31,500
In many ways, he was ready to become king,
386
00:22:31,708 --> 00:22:34,333
but he's following this giant.
387
00:22:34,500 --> 00:22:37,458
And to be able to walk in Philip's shoes
388
00:22:37,667 --> 00:22:39,917
would have been very difficult,
389
00:22:40,042 --> 00:22:43,042
and Alexander has
to figure out how to do this.
390
00:22:43,792 --> 00:22:45,792
He's just Philip's young son
391
00:22:45,958 --> 00:22:48,708
and nobody really knows
what he's capable of yet.
392
00:22:50,375 --> 00:22:52,125
Alexander makes the decision
393
00:22:52,292 --> 00:22:54,083
to follow through
with his father's plan...
394
00:22:55,292 --> 00:22:56,667
to invade Persia.
395
00:23:00,042 --> 00:23:01,417
Alexander thinks,
396
00:23:02,208 --> 00:23:09,000
"Imagine if I am the one
who can bring 'civilization'
397
00:23:09,750 --> 00:23:13,000
"to the barbaric Persians."
398
00:23:15,792 --> 00:23:18,083
But Alexander wants
more than simply to invade.
399
00:23:18,792 --> 00:23:20,708
He wants to defeat Persia,
400
00:23:21,375 --> 00:23:22,958
and then rule it.
401
00:23:23,958 --> 00:23:27,875
To do so, he gathers
an army of 40,000 men.
402
00:23:28,792 --> 00:23:30,792
In the spring of 334 BC,
403
00:23:30,958 --> 00:23:32,833
Alexander invokes the League of Corinth,
404
00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:34,833
marches them from the Macedonian capital
405
00:23:34,958 --> 00:23:36,708
to the Hellespont to cross over
406
00:23:36,875 --> 00:23:39,125
and begin his campaign
against the Persians.
407
00:23:39,917 --> 00:23:41,542
Alexander has a main force
408
00:23:41,708 --> 00:23:46,250
of about 32,000 infantry
and 5,000 cavalry.
409
00:23:47,042 --> 00:23:50,208
So, this is a hardened, battle-ready,
410
00:23:50,375 --> 00:23:52,292
core group of soldiers.
411
00:23:57,042 --> 00:23:59,667
And he's blessed by having
412
00:23:59,792 --> 00:24:01,667
experienced commanders of men in battle
413
00:24:01,875 --> 00:24:03,667
who understood how to run a war.
414
00:24:07,667 --> 00:24:11,375
Alexander makes Parmenion
his second in command.
415
00:24:11,542 --> 00:24:14,333
Parmenion, who was the friend
416
00:24:14,500 --> 00:24:17,667
and close ally of his father, Philip.
417
00:24:19,167 --> 00:24:23,625
Cleitus the Black is one of
the leading cavalry commanders.
418
00:24:23,792 --> 00:24:26,167
He's a member
of the bodyguard of Alexander.
419
00:24:27,917 --> 00:24:29,958
Ptolemy is one
of Alexander's oldest friends.
420
00:24:30,125 --> 00:24:32,583
They would have studied
together with Aristotle.
421
00:24:34,042 --> 00:24:37,708
Hephaestion is tasked with logistics.
422
00:24:37,875 --> 00:24:40,000
He is responsible for making sure
423
00:24:40,167 --> 00:24:43,000
that the army has food, has supplies.
424
00:24:43,167 --> 00:24:46,125
Alexander and his companions,
at least in the early era,
425
00:24:46,292 --> 00:24:48,667
would not have acted
as a king and subjects,
426
00:24:48,833 --> 00:24:50,167
but rather, Alexander would have acted
427
00:24:50,333 --> 00:24:51,833
as the first amongst equals.
428
00:24:54,708 --> 00:24:56,500
Alexander ferries his vast army
429
00:24:56,625 --> 00:24:58,208
across the Hellespont...
430
00:25:00,792 --> 00:25:02,583
and onto Persian soil.
431
00:25:10,208 --> 00:25:15,125
♪
432
00:25:20,083 --> 00:25:22,875
Alexander begins his invasion
of the Persian Empire
433
00:25:23,042 --> 00:25:25,125
in a wonderfully symbolic way.
434
00:25:27,292 --> 00:25:28,750
He takes his spear...
435
00:25:30,833 --> 00:25:33,167
and he says, "I claim Asia...
436
00:25:34,833 --> 00:25:38,875
"as won by the spear
for myself and for my empire."
437
00:25:43,458 --> 00:25:45,292
He has not won anything yet,
438
00:25:45,458 --> 00:25:49,167
but this is a declaration
of what he intends.
439
00:25:50,875 --> 00:25:53,667
Alexander had an almost electric charisma.
440
00:25:53,875 --> 00:25:56,333
He understood the power of words
441
00:25:56,458 --> 00:25:58,792
and the ability to inspire people.
442
00:26:04,458 --> 00:26:06,417
For him, it's the start of a journey.
443
00:26:07,208 --> 00:26:09,875
For Greece, it's the start of a campaign.
444
00:26:10,042 --> 00:26:12,083
For world history, it's the start
445
00:26:12,250 --> 00:26:15,083
of an epic change, and Alexander knows it.
446
00:26:16,750 --> 00:26:19,917
He's going to be greater than Achilles.
447
00:26:20,083 --> 00:26:23,750
♪
448
00:26:38,250 --> 00:26:40,375
At the time of Alexander's invasion
449
00:26:40,542 --> 00:26:43,417
in the spring of 334 BC,
450
00:26:43,542 --> 00:26:46,250
Darius III is the King of Persia.
451
00:26:47,583 --> 00:26:51,625
Darius III was a successful
and experienced commander,
452
00:26:51,750 --> 00:26:53,917
a skillful and shrewd politician.
453
00:26:54,042 --> 00:26:57,792
He's restored stability
in the Persian Empire.
454
00:26:57,958 --> 00:26:59,958
He is deeply respected.
455
00:27:01,958 --> 00:27:04,958
When Alexander arrives in Asia,
456
00:27:05,667 --> 00:27:08,292
Darius is well over 1,000 miles away
457
00:27:08,458 --> 00:27:10,833
on the other side of the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers.
458
00:27:11,042 --> 00:27:14,417
Philip had been alarming for the Persians.
459
00:27:14,542 --> 00:27:15,792
Alexander, not so much.
460
00:27:16,417 --> 00:27:18,125
He's a 22-year-old kid.
461
00:27:18,292 --> 00:27:21,250
Alexander has invaded with a few
tens of thousands of troops.
462
00:27:22,208 --> 00:27:24,042
Darius says, "I'm going to let
463
00:27:24,208 --> 00:27:26,875
"my governors in Asia Minor
take care of this."
464
00:27:29,375 --> 00:27:32,458
The local governors
collect together their forces
465
00:27:32,625 --> 00:27:36,417
and face Alexander at a place
called the Granicus River.
466
00:27:38,042 --> 00:27:39,917
And they have every confidence
467
00:27:40,042 --> 00:27:43,417
that they are going to wipe
the Macedonian army off the map.
468
00:27:55,042 --> 00:27:57,625
Alexander brings 32,000 men
469
00:27:57,792 --> 00:27:59,167
to the banks of the River Granicus.
470
00:28:00,625 --> 00:28:03,875
The Persian governors
have around 10,000 more.
471
00:28:07,708 --> 00:28:08,875
So?
472
00:28:09,375 --> 00:28:11,792
They will be upon us
as soon as we cross the river.
473
00:28:19,917 --> 00:28:22,292
Alexander was a man who had a mission,
474
00:28:22,875 --> 00:28:25,333
and he knew that mission entailed risk.
475
00:28:28,833 --> 00:28:31,208
Ready the troops. Be quick.
476
00:28:34,042 --> 00:28:37,292
Parmenion, the leading
general of Alexander,
477
00:28:37,417 --> 00:28:39,083
advises him not to do it.
478
00:28:39,208 --> 00:28:41,583
It's late in the day, the army is weary,
479
00:28:41,750 --> 00:28:43,875
the Persians may have an unusual advantage
480
00:28:44,042 --> 00:28:45,833
with defensive position.
481
00:28:48,375 --> 00:28:50,708
But Alexander knows
that he has to join the battle
482
00:28:50,875 --> 00:28:52,042
for a number of reasons.
483
00:28:52,208 --> 00:28:53,375
The first one is psychological.
484
00:28:56,500 --> 00:28:58,000
"What would it look like
485
00:28:58,167 --> 00:29:01,042
"if the first time
we engaged with the enemy,
486
00:29:01,208 --> 00:29:03,083
"we withdrew, we ran away?"
487
00:29:06,792 --> 00:29:09,292
The second pressing reason is logistical.
488
00:29:10,333 --> 00:29:13,833
If Alexander does not fight
and win a victory early on,
489
00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:15,792
he is going to be shut out of the cities
490
00:29:15,958 --> 00:29:18,000
that he needs to provide supplies.
491
00:29:22,667 --> 00:29:25,167
He's commanding the most powerful force
492
00:29:25,333 --> 00:29:28,250
ever assembled from the Greek city-states.
493
00:29:32,833 --> 00:29:35,125
He's got them unified under his command.
494
00:29:39,375 --> 00:29:42,875
And he knows
that he has to produce results.
495
00:29:47,500 --> 00:29:50,125
Fording a river
and then engaging the enemy
496
00:29:50,333 --> 00:29:52,292
with some of your force still left
497
00:29:52,458 --> 00:29:56,250
is a very difficult military problem
498
00:29:56,417 --> 00:29:58,417
and, tactically,
most people don't want to do it.
499
00:30:02,375 --> 00:30:06,500
Alexander understands
the Persian mentality.
500
00:30:06,708 --> 00:30:08,208
He understands why the Persians
501
00:30:08,375 --> 00:30:11,458
have set up the battlefield
the way that they have.
502
00:30:13,375 --> 00:30:15,667
The Persians think they are dealing
503
00:30:15,875 --> 00:30:18,625
with an older version of the Greek army
504
00:30:18,792 --> 00:30:23,042
who would be heavily armored,
who would be weighed down.
505
00:30:24,917 --> 00:30:27,125
Alexander's forces are lighter,
506
00:30:27,292 --> 00:30:29,750
meaning the river isn't the obstacle
507
00:30:29,917 --> 00:30:31,333
that the Persians think it is.
508
00:30:35,542 --> 00:30:37,583
Emerging into the shallows,
509
00:30:38,042 --> 00:30:41,083
Alexander's men face
their enemy at close range.
510
00:30:41,792 --> 00:30:43,167
Trying to ford a river,
511
00:30:43,333 --> 00:30:45,167
people are shooting things at them.
512
00:30:50,708 --> 00:30:52,292
They are exposed,
513
00:30:52,458 --> 00:30:54,958
so this is a very terrifying moment.
514
00:31:03,375 --> 00:31:04,958
From the eastern bank of the Granicus,
515
00:31:06,500 --> 00:31:08,708
Alexander releases his most potent force.
516
00:31:11,375 --> 00:31:16,208
Alexander has the phalanxes
that his father had created.
517
00:31:17,167 --> 00:31:20,333
This incredibly hardened
518
00:31:20,500 --> 00:31:24,167
and experienced battle force
that is at his disposal.
519
00:31:31,042 --> 00:31:32,292
I don't believe the Persians
520
00:31:32,458 --> 00:31:34,458
had any idea of what they faced.
521
00:31:35,333 --> 00:31:37,458
They have now run into a force
522
00:31:37,667 --> 00:31:39,833
that has innovated
in ways they have not seen.
523
00:31:47,042 --> 00:31:49,417
Plutarch talks about this as frenzy.
524
00:31:50,375 --> 00:31:53,583
The clash, the close order nature of it,
525
00:31:54,667 --> 00:31:57,667
the idea that every
killing blow is a personal one.
526
00:31:59,083 --> 00:32:01,208
To look someone
in the eyes as that happens.
527
00:32:06,667 --> 00:32:10,083
Alexander finds himself involved
in cavalry melee,
528
00:32:10,250 --> 00:32:12,667
spears and swords
going in every direction.
529
00:32:15,208 --> 00:32:18,292
The Persians know, if they kill Alexander,
530
00:32:18,458 --> 00:32:20,042
the Greek army will collapse.
531
00:32:20,833 --> 00:32:23,667
This is what warfare is.
532
00:32:23,833 --> 00:32:26,583
It is kill or be killed.
533
00:32:26,708 --> 00:32:32,167
♪
534
00:32:34,208 --> 00:32:37,667
Alexander is knocked
to the ground from his horse.
535
00:32:42,792 --> 00:32:44,958
He receives a blow to the head
536
00:32:45,167 --> 00:32:47,583
that takes off
one of the plumes on his helmet.
537
00:32:49,375 --> 00:32:52,458
If Alexander is killed here,
the war is over.
538
00:32:52,625 --> 00:32:54,833
The League of Corinth breaks up.
539
00:32:57,875 --> 00:33:00,792
The future of Macedon is at stake.
540
00:33:03,375 --> 00:33:08,625
♪
541
00:33:15,792 --> 00:33:17,292
He's saved by the speed
542
00:33:17,458 --> 00:33:19,542
of the sword arm of Cleitus the Black.
543
00:33:20,208 --> 00:33:23,000
Had he been a few seconds later,
fractions of a second,
544
00:33:23,208 --> 00:33:24,708
then Alexander might
have been killed or crippled.
545
00:33:27,375 --> 00:33:30,500
That encounter wins
the first stage of the battle.
546
00:33:31,292 --> 00:33:33,042
The Persian cavalry is routed.
547
00:33:33,208 --> 00:33:35,917
The Persian infantry
are abandoned by their leaders.
548
00:33:37,583 --> 00:33:40,167
Once the Persian commanders
have scattered,
549
00:33:40,375 --> 00:33:42,667
the rest of the Persian lines flee.
550
00:33:46,292 --> 00:33:50,708
Alexander has won an incredible
battle against the odds
551
00:33:50,875 --> 00:33:53,833
and Alexander's decision
to fight this battle
552
00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:55,583
has paid off.
553
00:33:59,167 --> 00:34:01,042
The Battle of the Granicus shows us
554
00:34:01,208 --> 00:34:03,833
Alexander's qualities
as a leader in many ways.
555
00:34:05,208 --> 00:34:06,792
He builds his confidence.
556
00:34:07,917 --> 00:34:10,375
He becomes more and more assured,
557
00:34:10,542 --> 00:34:14,167
his troops become more loyal,
they strengthen him.
558
00:34:14,375 --> 00:34:16,292
Everything follows him,
559
00:34:16,458 --> 00:34:19,417
cementing his purpose and mission.
560
00:34:21,208 --> 00:34:25,125
Alexander's victory
sends a very strong message
561
00:34:25,292 --> 00:34:27,000
to the rest of the Persians.
562
00:34:27,167 --> 00:34:30,000
They may think this is a young general,
563
00:34:30,167 --> 00:34:32,583
an upstart, a child, a boy.
564
00:34:33,125 --> 00:34:34,667
He's a force to be reckoned with.
565
00:34:34,833 --> 00:34:36,625
Alexander!
566
00:34:40,958 --> 00:34:42,875
Alexander!
567
00:34:43,958 --> 00:34:46,333
Alexander!
568
00:34:52,167 --> 00:34:57,333
♪
569
00:35:10,708 --> 00:35:12,125
Victory at the Granicus
570
00:35:12,292 --> 00:35:14,375
fuels Alexander's ambition.
571
00:35:15,542 --> 00:35:18,167
He starts to think about
the world as a whole
572
00:35:18,333 --> 00:35:20,458
being an empire of the entire earth
573
00:35:20,625 --> 00:35:22,417
for which he is the ruler.
574
00:35:22,583 --> 00:35:26,667
Alexander's ability to visualize
an empire without end
575
00:35:26,792 --> 00:35:28,292
I think far exceeded
576
00:35:28,417 --> 00:35:30,500
what anyone thought
was possible in his time.
577
00:35:36,708 --> 00:35:38,333
During his travels, Alexander keeps
578
00:35:38,458 --> 00:35:41,000
in constant communication
with those back home.
579
00:35:42,000 --> 00:35:45,083
Alexander leaves one
of his generals, Antipater,
580
00:35:45,208 --> 00:35:47,417
in charge in Macedonia,
581
00:35:47,625 --> 00:35:50,000
but Olympias is also there.
582
00:35:50,833 --> 00:35:53,625
Olympias is installed as co-regent,
583
00:35:53,750 --> 00:35:55,667
so very, very important in terms
584
00:35:55,833 --> 00:35:57,333
of the day-to-day runnings of Macedon
585
00:35:57,542 --> 00:35:58,958
when Alexander was away.
586
00:36:00,833 --> 00:36:02,500
Through letters from his mother,
587
00:36:03,208 --> 00:36:04,792
Alexander learns of a threat
588
00:36:04,958 --> 00:36:07,042
that could bring
his campaign to an early end.
589
00:36:10,042 --> 00:36:12,333
Darius has sent 400 warships
590
00:36:12,542 --> 00:36:14,583
to attack Alexander's allies
in the Aegean Sea.
591
00:36:16,500 --> 00:36:18,542
It leaves Alexander with a dilemma.
592
00:36:19,542 --> 00:36:23,375
If Alexander goes back to aid
the islands of Southern Greece,
593
00:36:23,500 --> 00:36:26,417
then he risks losing
any initiative that he had.
594
00:36:26,583 --> 00:36:28,333
Exactly what Darius wants.
595
00:36:28,500 --> 00:36:30,333
Attention!
596
00:36:30,542 --> 00:36:32,417
But if he doesn't go back and help,
597
00:36:32,625 --> 00:36:34,667
then he risks losing the support
598
00:36:34,792 --> 00:36:37,333
of all of those Greek city-states.
599
00:36:38,583 --> 00:36:41,000
It's an impossible decision.
600
00:36:48,542 --> 00:36:50,750
In the fall of 334 BC...
601
00:36:54,333 --> 00:36:56,167
...Alexander begins his response
602
00:36:56,333 --> 00:36:57,583
to the Persian fleet.
603
00:37:00,500 --> 00:37:02,500
Alexander's primary means
604
00:37:02,625 --> 00:37:05,333
of countering Darius's naval threat
605
00:37:05,458 --> 00:37:08,667
is to remove the coastal cities from play,
606
00:37:08,875 --> 00:37:13,042
to conquer them, to deny
Darius's fleet safe harbor.
607
00:37:14,542 --> 00:37:17,583
By laying siege to Darius' ports,
608
00:37:17,750 --> 00:37:21,375
Alexander ensures the Persian
Navy will be stranded at sea.
609
00:37:23,375 --> 00:37:25,500
Because they can't restock and resupply,
610
00:37:25,708 --> 00:37:28,042
they can't threaten Greece any further.
611
00:37:28,625 --> 00:37:30,500
Alexander can now push onward.
612
00:37:31,542 --> 00:37:32,833
He is reaching away
613
00:37:33,042 --> 00:37:35,417
from the fringes of the Persian Empire
614
00:37:35,583 --> 00:37:37,500
into the heart of a world
that's unfamiliar to him.
615
00:37:37,625 --> 00:37:39,250
There's very little resistance
616
00:37:39,417 --> 00:37:42,167
and indeed, many people
hail him as a liberator.
617
00:37:42,333 --> 00:37:47,167
♪
618
00:37:49,833 --> 00:37:52,458
In April, 333 BC,
619
00:37:52,625 --> 00:37:55,750
Alexander reaches the city of Gordion,
620
00:37:55,875 --> 00:37:58,875
where the temple of Zeus is
the site of an ancient prophecy.
621
00:38:01,083 --> 00:38:06,042
♪
622
00:38:06,875 --> 00:38:09,708
In Gordion, there is an ox cart.
623
00:38:09,875 --> 00:38:13,167
According to legend,
Zeus had given King Gordias,
624
00:38:13,375 --> 00:38:15,208
the father of King Midas himself,
625
00:38:15,375 --> 00:38:17,417
this ox cart as a gift.
626
00:38:19,208 --> 00:38:22,042
The cart is tethered with a complex knot
627
00:38:22,625 --> 00:38:24,792
that only a future king can untie.
628
00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:29,958
♪
629
00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:35,083
Whoever unties this knot
becomes king of all Asia.
630
00:38:36,208 --> 00:38:37,458
"I have to do this."
631
00:38:38,208 --> 00:38:40,125
This is catnip to Alexander.
632
00:38:45,958 --> 00:38:50,375
If Alexander fails
to untie the Gordian knot,
633
00:38:50,542 --> 00:38:53,042
he risks his reputation,
634
00:38:53,250 --> 00:38:56,833
he risks the story
that he has told his men,
635
00:38:56,958 --> 00:38:59,000
that the gods are on their side.
636
00:39:17,250 --> 00:39:18,500
He looks at it carefully,
637
00:39:18,667 --> 00:39:21,333
but it's so intricate that he sees
638
00:39:21,500 --> 00:39:24,667
there is no way
that he can simply untie it.
639
00:39:35,583 --> 00:39:37,542
So, Alexander changes his approach.
640
00:39:39,333 --> 00:39:42,917
"It doesn't matter how I undo it
as long as I undo it."
641
00:39:52,417 --> 00:39:53,958
There.
642
00:39:55,417 --> 00:39:56,542
The knot is undone.
643
00:39:57,833 --> 00:39:59,833
Today, we talk about
cutting the Gordian knot,
644
00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:02,750
the seemingly impossible task
645
00:40:02,917 --> 00:40:06,208
that is solved in a way
that nobody had thought of.
646
00:40:08,417 --> 00:40:11,792
It took somebody with Alexander's ability
647
00:40:11,917 --> 00:40:15,792
to see alternative solutions,
to think outside the box,
648
00:40:15,917 --> 00:40:17,958
in order to solve it
in the way that he did.
649
00:40:18,708 --> 00:40:22,042
Tell the troops we march south.
650
00:40:22,250 --> 00:40:23,958
But not only that, this is the idea
651
00:40:24,167 --> 00:40:27,250
that the universe itself
is on Alexander's side.
652
00:40:28,042 --> 00:40:31,000
He cannot help but be victorious.
653
00:40:32,708 --> 00:40:35,542
Gordion is a huge
turning point for Alexander.
654
00:40:35,708 --> 00:40:37,875
After this, he's all in.
655
00:40:38,042 --> 00:40:40,917
He's going to stay and challenge Darius.
656
00:40:46,583 --> 00:40:51,792
♪
657
00:40:59,250 --> 00:41:01,750
Darius realizes he has no other option
658
00:41:01,875 --> 00:41:03,750
than confronting Alexander on land.
659
00:41:07,792 --> 00:41:10,167
He knows now that the only way
660
00:41:10,333 --> 00:41:12,333
he's going to beat Alexander
661
00:41:12,500 --> 00:41:14,500
in the western part of his kingdom
662
00:41:14,583 --> 00:41:17,083
is to face him in a great battle.
663
00:41:18,750 --> 00:41:20,208
Over the next six months,
664
00:41:21,333 --> 00:41:22,833
Darius assembles fighting men
665
00:41:23,000 --> 00:41:25,042
from across the Persian Empire
666
00:41:25,958 --> 00:41:28,833
to form an army double
the size of Alexander's.
667
00:41:29,000 --> 00:41:33,958
♪
668
00:41:36,333 --> 00:41:38,583
Darius' solution to Alexander
669
00:41:38,750 --> 00:41:41,833
is to simply overwhelm him with numbers.
670
00:41:44,000 --> 00:41:47,542
So, Darius leads his grand army into Syria
671
00:41:47,708 --> 00:41:50,250
as Alexander comes south along the coast.
672
00:41:52,625 --> 00:41:53,917
And almost by chance,
673
00:41:54,125 --> 00:41:56,333
Darius ends up behind Alexander's army.
674
00:42:06,375 --> 00:42:08,375
In November, 333 BC,
675
00:42:09,917 --> 00:42:12,000
Alexander considers his options.
676
00:42:13,375 --> 00:42:14,375
How many?
677
00:42:15,375 --> 00:42:16,542
Many more than us.
678
00:42:17,167 --> 00:42:20,708
We don't fight him yet.
We take more cities,
679
00:42:20,875 --> 00:42:23,500
send for more men, boost our numbers,
680
00:42:24,208 --> 00:42:27,125
then we fight them on our terms.
681
00:42:29,042 --> 00:42:30,292
No.
682
00:42:31,542 --> 00:42:33,333
He has made a mistake
chasing us into this valley.
683
00:42:33,833 --> 00:42:36,375
We fight him here. Now.
684
00:42:37,208 --> 00:42:39,417
The problem that Darius faces
685
00:42:39,542 --> 00:42:43,083
is that he is forced
into a narrow coastal plain
686
00:42:43,250 --> 00:42:46,917
and he is facing Alexander in a place
687
00:42:47,083 --> 00:42:50,125
where he is not able to use
all of his soldiers at once
688
00:42:50,250 --> 00:42:53,292
to surround and overwhelm Alexander.
689
00:42:53,917 --> 00:42:55,917
We have yet to be defeated.
690
00:42:56,958 --> 00:43:01,667
They will run whilst we stand united.
691
00:43:01,833 --> 00:43:04,625
For Greece! For Greece!
692
00:43:04,792 --> 00:43:06,833
If he wins, he will have proven
693
00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:08,958
the prophecy of the Gordian knot correct.
694
00:43:09,125 --> 00:43:11,750
He will become the master of Asia.
695
00:43:11,917 --> 00:43:14,292
Eat and sleep well tonight.
696
00:43:14,458 --> 00:43:17,333
Tomorrow, we march at dawn.
697
00:43:52,375 --> 00:43:55,667
By dawn, the Persians
should have been advancing.
698
00:43:56,292 --> 00:43:59,708
Instead, for the most part,
they are standing still.
699
00:44:00,292 --> 00:44:02,833
Darius' favorite position
700
00:44:03,042 --> 00:44:06,458
is to wait for an enemy to come to him.
701
00:44:07,042 --> 00:44:09,458
I think that is a mistake.
702
00:44:09,958 --> 00:44:13,958
You give up a lot of flexibility.
703
00:44:14,083 --> 00:44:18,042
You basically have a plan A and no plan B.
704
00:44:18,875 --> 00:44:20,833
In warfare, timing is everything.
705
00:44:26,542 --> 00:44:27,875
Alexander has the initiative.
706
00:44:29,458 --> 00:44:31,000
"I can take all the time in
the world I need to set this up
707
00:44:31,125 --> 00:44:32,667
"and I will do it on my good time."
708
00:44:32,833 --> 00:44:38,083
♪
709
00:44:42,917 --> 00:44:45,667
It must have been incredibly unnerving
710
00:44:45,833 --> 00:44:47,875
for the Persians
sitting and watching this.
711
00:44:54,083 --> 00:44:57,000
To have this foreign enemy coming along
712
00:44:57,167 --> 00:44:59,667
so eerily quiet in the way they do it
713
00:44:59,833 --> 00:45:01,042
and so organized...
714
00:45:03,375 --> 00:45:06,417
moving as groups, not individuals.
715
00:45:08,750 --> 00:45:10,792
It's not only tactical genius,
716
00:45:10,958 --> 00:45:13,417
it's also psychological warfare.
717
00:45:15,375 --> 00:45:18,917
When he was about 200 yards
away from the Persians,
718
00:45:19,083 --> 00:45:21,208
just out of range of their arrows,
719
00:45:21,375 --> 00:45:23,583
he does something really quite unexpected.
720
00:45:29,958 --> 00:45:33,042
He has all of his army stop and wait.
721
00:45:37,958 --> 00:45:39,708
The Persians on the other side
722
00:45:39,875 --> 00:45:43,292
simply left to await
the inevitable attack.
723
00:45:46,167 --> 00:45:51,625
That pressure built up
over that long, slow march...
724
00:45:53,042 --> 00:45:55,500
Alexander lets it sink in.
725
00:45:55,667 --> 00:46:00,958
♪
726
00:46:09,917 --> 00:46:11,833
Because Darius simply waits there
727
00:46:12,000 --> 00:46:13,500
with his superior army,
728
00:46:13,708 --> 00:46:18,000
Alexander concludes
that Darius is afraid of him,
729
00:46:18,208 --> 00:46:19,375
that he is a beaten man.
730
00:46:32,500 --> 00:46:35,000
Discovered in the ashes of Pompeii,
731
00:46:35,167 --> 00:46:38,000
the nine-foot wide Alexander mosaic
732
00:46:38,208 --> 00:46:40,458
is the closest thing we have
to an eyewitness account
733
00:46:40,625 --> 00:46:42,500
of the battle's climax.
734
00:46:47,875 --> 00:46:49,458
The Alexander mosaic shows
735
00:46:49,625 --> 00:46:52,083
a very particular moment
in the Battle of Issus,
736
00:46:54,333 --> 00:46:57,125
which is when Alexander,
leading from the front,
737
00:46:58,750 --> 00:47:00,583
charges straight at Darius.
738
00:47:06,333 --> 00:47:08,167
So, there's that moment,
739
00:47:08,333 --> 00:47:09,792
there must have been that moment...
740
00:47:12,167 --> 00:47:13,708
where their eyes connect.
741
00:47:18,042 --> 00:47:20,000
This is no longer an ethereal idea of,
742
00:47:20,208 --> 00:47:21,792
"Alexander wants me dead,"
743
00:47:21,958 --> 00:47:24,208
this is reality, "He's coming for me."
744
00:47:24,375 --> 00:47:27,250
Darius has gone from,
"I need to defend my empire"
745
00:47:27,417 --> 00:47:28,708
to, "I need to save my own life."
746
00:47:32,542 --> 00:47:36,042
The great king turns and runs,
and once he turns,
747
00:47:36,208 --> 00:47:38,542
the rest of the army quickly follows him.
748
00:47:40,417 --> 00:47:44,167
Alexander pursues Darius roughly
25 miles after the battle
749
00:47:44,333 --> 00:47:46,250
with Darius throwing off insignia,
750
00:47:46,417 --> 00:47:49,667
throwing off signs of
his royal status as he goes,
751
00:47:50,708 --> 00:47:53,542
looking to disappear into the countryside,
752
00:47:53,708 --> 00:47:56,708
become simply another soldier
running from the battlefield.
753
00:47:57,667 --> 00:47:58,708
He's defeated.
754
00:48:02,167 --> 00:48:04,708
-The empire is yours.
-No.
755
00:48:07,208 --> 00:48:09,708
Not while he's still alive.
756
00:48:10,708 --> 00:48:12,833
And now that he's seen what we can do,
757
00:48:13,042 --> 00:48:14,583
he'll be better prepared next time.
758
00:48:16,042 --> 00:48:17,333
More dangerous.
759
00:48:27,375 --> 00:48:32,500
♪
760
00:48:32,708 --> 00:48:35,250
By the end of 333 BC...
761
00:48:36,750 --> 00:48:39,792
Alexander's army has traveled
1,000 miles from home.
762
00:48:42,542 --> 00:48:44,542
Victory at Issus means he now controls
763
00:48:44,708 --> 00:48:47,333
the entire western part
of the Persian Empire.
764
00:48:48,208 --> 00:48:50,125
Hiding in the servant's quarters.
765
00:48:50,583 --> 00:48:53,042
When Alexander captures
the camp of Darius,
766
00:48:53,208 --> 00:48:56,667
he finds there the wife
and the daughter of Darius.
767
00:48:57,458 --> 00:49:01,833
Having been told that Alexander,
as a foreign barbarian king,
768
00:49:02,000 --> 00:49:03,708
will have them executed,
769
00:49:03,875 --> 00:49:06,750
and now they find themselves
completely at his mercy.
770
00:49:11,083 --> 00:49:12,833
You need not mourn for your husband.
771
00:49:13,333 --> 00:49:14,792
He's alive and free.
772
00:49:15,333 --> 00:49:16,917
You're coming with us.
773
00:49:17,042 --> 00:49:20,250
You have my word as guests, not slaves.
774
00:49:21,250 --> 00:49:22,500
Make sure they understand.
775
00:49:23,250 --> 00:49:24,625
You want us to treat them as equals?
776
00:49:25,833 --> 00:49:26,917
Yes, Ptolemy.
777
00:49:28,750 --> 00:49:31,875
Alexander's officers,
particularly the old guard,
778
00:49:32,083 --> 00:49:34,333
would feel betrayed by this.
779
00:49:34,500 --> 00:49:36,250
They're there for vengeance.
780
00:49:37,292 --> 00:49:40,125
But he makes a very deliberate decision
781
00:49:40,250 --> 00:49:41,792
to treat them well,
782
00:49:41,958 --> 00:49:45,833
and he does this in order
to show the Persian world
783
00:49:46,042 --> 00:49:49,833
that he will treat them well
if they will only yield to him.
784
00:49:51,417 --> 00:49:53,958
It's part of his innate compassion.
785
00:49:54,542 --> 00:49:56,167
It's also a part of his leadership,
786
00:49:56,333 --> 00:49:58,500
because Alexander
is now a political leader
787
00:49:58,667 --> 00:50:00,500
as well as a military figure.
788
00:50:01,042 --> 00:50:03,833
And he's got to rule politically.
789
00:50:08,125 --> 00:50:09,458
News of Alexander's victory
790
00:50:09,583 --> 00:50:11,208
at Issus spreads rapidly.
791
00:50:12,042 --> 00:50:13,833
Soon after the Battle of Issus,
792
00:50:14,042 --> 00:50:15,833
Alexander works his way
down the Mediterranean coast
793
00:50:16,042 --> 00:50:18,750
in order to capture the cities
under Persian control.
794
00:50:20,125 --> 00:50:23,083
Nearly all of the coastal cities in Persia
795
00:50:23,250 --> 00:50:24,833
surrender without a fight.
796
00:50:24,958 --> 00:50:26,208
However,
797
00:50:26,917 --> 00:50:29,167
when Alexander reaches Tyre,
798
00:50:29,333 --> 00:50:31,375
his progress is halted.
799
00:50:31,542 --> 00:50:36,583
♪
800
00:50:42,875 --> 00:50:45,000
Founded over 2,000 years earlier,
801
00:50:46,625 --> 00:50:49,750
Tyre is one of the oldest
fortified island cities
802
00:50:49,917 --> 00:50:50,917
in the world.
803
00:50:52,333 --> 00:50:54,583
It was immensely powerful, immensely rich.
804
00:50:54,750 --> 00:50:58,167
It was also the most important naval base
805
00:50:58,375 --> 00:51:00,417
for the Persians in the Mediterranean.
806
00:51:00,583 --> 00:51:03,333
And if he didn't take it,
it could become a source
807
00:51:03,458 --> 00:51:05,833
of counter offensives
against his invasion.
808
00:51:12,875 --> 00:51:15,042
Very often, Alexander would send envoys
809
00:51:15,208 --> 00:51:17,458
to fortresses and cities
810
00:51:17,625 --> 00:51:19,167
that would carry his message that,
811
00:51:19,333 --> 00:51:20,708
"You will be allowed to live
812
00:51:20,875 --> 00:51:22,792
"if you pay allegiance to Alexander."
813
00:51:25,042 --> 00:51:26,708
So, when Alexander comes to Tyre,
814
00:51:26,875 --> 00:51:29,167
he does the usual thing
and sends envoys in
815
00:51:29,375 --> 00:51:31,292
to some of the Tyrians to surrender.
816
00:51:37,750 --> 00:51:41,708
Help, help! Help!
817
00:51:44,042 --> 00:51:45,292
The Tryians murder them,
818
00:51:46,167 --> 00:51:48,083
violating all the rules
819
00:51:48,250 --> 00:51:50,708
of civilized behavior by any state.
820
00:51:54,042 --> 00:51:56,292
This is an absolute outrage.
821
00:51:57,708 --> 00:51:59,833
Alexander has learned from his father
822
00:52:00,000 --> 00:52:01,875
the value of diplomacy.
823
00:52:02,042 --> 00:52:03,458
At least start there,
824
00:52:03,583 --> 00:52:05,833
but if that doesn't work,
use shock and awe.
825
00:52:08,625 --> 00:52:10,542
So, for Alexander, this now becomes,
826
00:52:10,667 --> 00:52:12,625
you might say, almost a religious duty
827
00:52:12,708 --> 00:52:14,958
to avenge the killing
of these ambassadors.
828
00:52:15,167 --> 00:52:19,792
♪
829
00:52:23,083 --> 00:52:25,500
The city of Tyre is very well protected.
830
00:52:25,625 --> 00:52:28,333
It is at least half a mile off shore.
831
00:52:28,500 --> 00:52:30,583
There is no way to reach it
832
00:52:30,750 --> 00:52:34,792
and Alexander has no real navy
and no way to attack it.
833
00:52:34,958 --> 00:52:37,542
And so, the citizens there
believed they were safe.
834
00:52:37,708 --> 00:52:39,417
Scouting the area,
835
00:52:39,625 --> 00:52:41,750
Alexander discovers a natural sand bridge
836
00:52:41,875 --> 00:52:43,750
that connects Tyre to the mainland.
837
00:52:45,917 --> 00:52:47,875
It's around six feet under water.
838
00:52:49,083 --> 00:52:51,167
It's not enough for him
to get his army across,
839
00:52:51,375 --> 00:52:54,708
but he could build
a causeway on top of it.
840
00:52:54,875 --> 00:52:57,375
We can use the stones
from the old city ruins.
841
00:52:57,542 --> 00:52:59,375
This forest has plenty of timber.
842
00:53:00,250 --> 00:53:01,750
Here the sea is shallowest.
843
00:53:03,625 --> 00:53:05,167
-So--
-A bridge?
844
00:53:05,667 --> 00:53:07,375
It will take months to build.
845
00:53:09,000 --> 00:53:10,917
Water will not hand us our first defeat.
846
00:53:13,292 --> 00:53:14,917
Alexander, it won't be easy.
847
00:53:17,667 --> 00:53:19,375
The gods have assured us of victory.
848
00:53:21,458 --> 00:53:22,875
Leave me.
849
00:53:28,750 --> 00:53:30,500
What he does at Tyre shows
850
00:53:30,625 --> 00:53:33,750
a strategic ability
to see the big picture.
851
00:53:36,625 --> 00:53:37,917
So, no matter how much effort
852
00:53:38,125 --> 00:53:41,458
that this was going
to take to capture Tyre,
853
00:53:41,542 --> 00:53:44,000
in the long run, this was
going to make it possible
854
00:53:44,125 --> 00:53:46,500
to deliver the death stroke
to the Persian Empire.
855
00:53:49,333 --> 00:53:50,750
They bring in rocks,
856
00:53:50,917 --> 00:53:53,500
they bring in rubble
to form a solid surface
857
00:53:53,667 --> 00:53:56,667
stretching from the mainland
to the island of Tyre.
858
00:53:59,375 --> 00:54:01,208
There are attempts to kill the workers,
859
00:54:01,375 --> 00:54:03,083
to kill the engineers,
860
00:54:03,250 --> 00:54:05,792
but Alexander remains determined.
861
00:54:07,750 --> 00:54:11,500
And even when sections of
the land bridge are destroyed,
862
00:54:11,667 --> 00:54:14,542
Alexander's forces simply keep building.
863
00:54:14,708 --> 00:54:18,542
♪
864
00:54:18,708 --> 00:54:21,542
After seven grueling months,
865
00:54:21,708 --> 00:54:24,500
Alexander and his troops finally reached
866
00:54:24,708 --> 00:54:26,583
the city walls of Tyre,
867
00:54:26,750 --> 00:54:30,042
and this time, he sends no messengers.
868
00:54:32,042 --> 00:54:35,583
He is going to destroy this city.
869
00:55:08,458 --> 00:55:10,417
Alexander slaughters
870
00:55:10,583 --> 00:55:14,250
the civilian population for defying him
871
00:55:14,375 --> 00:55:16,667
and he does so in a humiliating fashion.
872
00:55:16,875 --> 00:55:19,917
Alexander wants to send a message
873
00:55:20,042 --> 00:55:22,875
to the entire world at the city of Tyre.
874
00:55:26,708 --> 00:55:29,042
30,000 women sold into slavery.
875
00:55:31,750 --> 00:55:33,708
8,000 men killed.
876
00:55:35,167 --> 00:55:36,875
2,000 executed.
877
00:55:37,958 --> 00:55:41,583
Modern historians
sometimes call this a genocide.
878
00:55:46,042 --> 00:55:49,667
Alexander wants his new subjects
to understand...
879
00:55:51,708 --> 00:55:55,000
defiance will not be tolerated.
880
00:56:04,125 --> 00:56:06,667
When Darius hears about the fall of Tyre,
881
00:56:06,875 --> 00:56:09,375
he decides to cut a deal with Alexander.
882
00:56:09,583 --> 00:56:12,042
-A message from Darius.
-What?
883
00:56:17,417 --> 00:56:20,833
He will give up all claims
to land west of the Euphrates.
884
00:56:21,042 --> 00:56:23,750
This is about half of the Persian Empire.
885
00:56:23,917 --> 00:56:26,333
In addition, Darius will offer gold
886
00:56:26,500 --> 00:56:30,917
roughly equivalent to about
$10 billion in modern currency.
887
00:56:31,083 --> 00:56:33,708
What's it say?
888
00:56:33,917 --> 00:56:36,250
It is good news, my friends.
889
00:56:43,042 --> 00:56:44,833
Tell the messenger I do not accept.
890
00:56:45,042 --> 00:56:46,083
What?
891
00:56:46,208 --> 00:56:47,833
Alexander...
892
00:56:48,042 --> 00:56:50,667
...he's offering us
more than we ever wanted.
893
00:56:50,875 --> 00:56:52,375
-Yeah.
-What's left to fight for?
894
00:56:53,208 --> 00:56:54,917
Everything, Parmenion.
895
00:56:55,625 --> 00:56:57,625
Parmenion gets to speak
896
00:56:57,792 --> 00:57:00,250
sort of as the conventional wisdom.
897
00:57:00,458 --> 00:57:01,750
And we are starting to see
898
00:57:01,917 --> 00:57:03,667
as Alexander is more and more successful,
899
00:57:03,833 --> 00:57:05,500
he wants to do it his way.
900
00:57:05,625 --> 00:57:06,917
And so, you do start to see
901
00:57:07,125 --> 00:57:08,958
a little bit of tension growing here
902
00:57:09,167 --> 00:57:12,500
with this old guard that
he had inherited from Philip,
903
00:57:12,708 --> 00:57:14,375
headed, more or less, by Parmenion.
904
00:57:19,375 --> 00:57:20,667
Alexander is compelling because
905
00:57:20,875 --> 00:57:22,583
of the scope and scale
at which he operates
906
00:57:22,750 --> 00:57:25,000
at a time when nobody operates
at that scope and scale.
907
00:57:25,208 --> 00:57:29,333
♪
908
00:57:29,500 --> 00:57:31,250
And so, nothing is left for him
909
00:57:31,417 --> 00:57:34,500
except for the jewel in
the crown of the Persian Empire.
910
00:57:35,042 --> 00:57:37,667
That is the vassal state of Egypt
911
00:57:37,792 --> 00:57:39,833
and that's where he sets his sights next.
912
00:57:39,917 --> 00:57:46,475
♪♪
913
00:57:56,792 --> 00:57:59,333
By the time Alexander had reached Egypt
914
00:57:59,458 --> 00:58:00,917
in November of 332,
915
00:58:01,042 --> 00:58:04,333
he had been on the road,
campaigning in Asia
916
00:58:04,458 --> 00:58:06,250
for about two and a half years.
917
00:58:06,375 --> 00:58:08,958
He had covered 1,800 miles.
918
00:58:10,083 --> 00:58:13,167
Egypt is one of
the most developed territories
919
00:58:13,292 --> 00:58:14,750
in the Mediterranean.
920
00:58:14,917 --> 00:58:17,833
And so, Egypt is absolutely a vital prize
921
00:58:18,000 --> 00:58:20,375
for Alexander to capture
as part of his conflict.
922
00:58:20,542 --> 00:58:25,708
♪
923
00:58:27,708 --> 00:58:30,667
It's been over 3,000 years
924
00:58:30,792 --> 00:58:32,875
since the great pharaohs
built the pyramids.
925
00:58:34,083 --> 00:58:35,958
And since then, Egypt's seen
926
00:58:36,167 --> 00:58:38,875
30 dynasties of pharaohs coming through.
927
00:58:40,375 --> 00:58:43,667
But in the more recent history,
Egypt's power has waned
928
00:58:43,875 --> 00:58:45,417
and it's been controlled by the Persians
929
00:58:45,542 --> 00:58:47,083
since the sixth century.
930
00:58:48,875 --> 00:58:52,125
The Egyptians had never
accepted Persian rule.
931
00:58:52,250 --> 00:58:56,333
Just about every single
generation had tried to rebel,
932
00:58:56,542 --> 00:58:58,208
tried to throw the Persians out.
933
00:58:58,375 --> 00:59:00,667
So, with Alexander having defeated
934
00:59:00,833 --> 00:59:02,833
the Persian king himself at Issus,
935
00:59:03,000 --> 00:59:06,875
he is already a celebrity
upon arriving in Egypt.
936
00:59:07,750 --> 00:59:09,167
Our envoy returns.
937
00:59:10,000 --> 00:59:12,292
Still alive? Good sign.
938
00:59:14,542 --> 00:59:15,458
What do they say?
939
00:59:17,583 --> 00:59:18,917
They will welcome you.
940
00:59:20,125 --> 00:59:21,167
And?
941
00:59:22,250 --> 00:59:23,792
They want to crown you pharaoh.
942
00:59:28,958 --> 00:59:30,042
A god on earth.
943
00:59:30,208 --> 00:59:35,292
♪
944
00:59:38,083 --> 00:59:40,542
In January, 331 BC,
945
00:59:41,792 --> 00:59:43,958
Alexander becomes pharaoh of Egypt.
946
00:59:47,167 --> 00:59:48,917
It's the fulfillment of a supposed destiny
947
00:59:49,083 --> 00:59:50,375
as a divine being.
948
00:59:50,542 --> 00:59:55,500
♪
949
01:00:03,250 --> 01:00:05,333
Now, a pharaoh is a king, of course,
950
01:00:05,542 --> 01:00:08,708
but the pharaoh is actually
equated with the god, Osiris.
951
01:00:08,875 --> 01:00:11,250
Alexander is in effect
being acclaimed as a god.
952
01:00:15,208 --> 01:00:18,000
So, all of this seems
to be playing together,
953
01:00:18,167 --> 01:00:20,625
the stories that his mother has told him,
954
01:00:20,792 --> 01:00:22,833
that he has this divine background,
955
01:00:22,958 --> 01:00:25,000
this divine ancestry.
956
01:00:28,917 --> 01:00:31,000
And, of course, he believed, increasingly,
957
01:00:31,167 --> 01:00:35,167
his own propaganda, his own myth
that presented him as divine
958
01:00:35,333 --> 01:00:37,875
and as unstoppable, as invincible.
959
01:00:38,042 --> 01:00:39,833
And once you believe that about yourself,
960
01:00:40,042 --> 01:00:41,833
there are no boundaries.
961
01:00:47,208 --> 01:00:50,208
Before resuming
his campaign against Darius,
962
01:00:50,333 --> 01:00:52,417
Alexander demonstrates his power
963
01:00:52,542 --> 01:00:55,083
by building a new capital city for Egypt.
964
01:00:55,958 --> 01:00:58,417
Alexander decides that he wants to build
965
01:00:58,625 --> 01:01:01,958
a permanent Greek colony
on the Egyptian coast.
966
01:01:02,083 --> 01:01:05,250
He's going to name
this city after himself:
967
01:01:05,375 --> 01:01:06,542
Alexandria.
968
01:01:10,292 --> 01:01:14,042
Alexandria will someday become
a center for science
969
01:01:14,208 --> 01:01:16,750
and learning, the trade capital
970
01:01:16,875 --> 01:01:19,250
of the entirety of the Mediterranean Sea.
971
01:01:20,375 --> 01:01:21,792
A place where all sorts of
972
01:01:21,958 --> 01:01:23,333
different people can come together.
973
01:01:23,458 --> 01:01:25,667
Egyptians, Greeks, Jews, everybody.
974
01:01:25,875 --> 01:01:27,250
It will be home to two
975
01:01:27,417 --> 01:01:28,917
of the seven wonders of the world...
976
01:01:30,792 --> 01:01:32,167
the Lighthouse at Pharos...
977
01:01:33,583 --> 01:01:35,458
and the Library of Alexandria.
978
01:01:37,250 --> 01:01:40,167
Alexander only stays
in Egypt for a few months,
979
01:01:40,375 --> 01:01:45,000
but his effect will be felt
over the next few centuries
980
01:01:45,167 --> 01:01:49,375
as Egypt becomes
a true cosmopolitan nation
981
01:01:49,583 --> 01:01:51,125
because of its introduction
982
01:01:51,292 --> 01:01:54,083
to the greater empire
that Alexander will found.
983
01:02:00,542 --> 01:02:03,667
It's now the summer of the year 331 BC
984
01:02:03,833 --> 01:02:07,667
and Alexander is heading east,
deeper and deeper into Persia.
985
01:02:08,583 --> 01:02:10,542
In just over three years,
986
01:02:10,708 --> 01:02:12,208
he has conquered an area
987
01:02:12,375 --> 01:02:14,375
over 10 times the size of Greece,
988
01:02:16,042 --> 01:02:19,417
and his army will soon have
15,000 new soldiers.
989
01:02:20,292 --> 01:02:22,417
He's heading for the city of Babylon,
990
01:02:22,583 --> 01:02:24,833
this ancient wealthy city
991
01:02:25,042 --> 01:02:27,167
which has existed for thousands of years.
992
01:02:27,375 --> 01:02:29,833
Babylon is the perfect place
for Alexander,
993
01:02:30,000 --> 01:02:32,000
who has already
declared himself king of Persia,
994
01:02:32,208 --> 01:02:33,958
to establish his rule.
995
01:02:38,542 --> 01:02:39,875
Alexander's route takes him
996
01:02:40,042 --> 01:02:41,667
by the town of Gaugamela,
997
01:02:41,792 --> 01:02:43,667
in modern-day Iraq.
998
01:02:47,667 --> 01:02:50,125
Here, his scouts spot the Persian army
999
01:02:50,292 --> 01:02:52,000
is blocking the path forward.
1000
01:02:53,417 --> 01:02:57,542
The enemy has returned,
this time better prepared.
1001
01:03:00,375 --> 01:03:03,000
I have never seen so many men in my life.
1002
01:03:04,625 --> 01:03:07,542
Darius has assembled a large army.
1003
01:03:07,750 --> 01:03:09,292
The ancient sources give us
1004
01:03:09,500 --> 01:03:12,167
wildly large numbers of a million.
1005
01:03:12,333 --> 01:03:13,958
It probably is somewhere in the order
1006
01:03:14,125 --> 01:03:16,667
of 200 to 250,000.
1007
01:03:16,750 --> 01:03:20,625
It's at least five times larger
than Alexander's army.
1008
01:03:22,167 --> 01:03:24,500
Darius chooses the place of Gaugamela
1009
01:03:24,667 --> 01:03:26,333
very carefully.
1010
01:03:26,542 --> 01:03:30,417
It is utterly flat and stretches
for miles in every direction
1011
01:03:30,542 --> 01:03:32,667
so he can line up all of his men,
1012
01:03:32,792 --> 01:03:34,333
he can line them up deep,
1013
01:03:34,417 --> 01:03:36,333
and he can strike against Alexander
1014
01:03:36,500 --> 01:03:40,167
without worrying about
being constricted on the sides.
1015
01:03:40,667 --> 01:03:44,667
Darius is determined to use
his numbers to an advantage.
1016
01:03:46,542 --> 01:03:49,167
Alexander's cavalry
is his strongest asset,
1017
01:03:49,333 --> 01:03:52,083
but his 7,000 horsemen are outnumbered,
1018
01:03:52,250 --> 01:03:55,625
possibly two, maybe even five to one.
1019
01:03:55,792 --> 01:03:58,000
These are unthinkable odds,
1020
01:03:58,167 --> 01:03:59,708
so Alexander is going to have to come up
1021
01:03:59,875 --> 01:04:01,583
with a really good strategy.
1022
01:04:04,208 --> 01:04:06,542
He has fought the Persians
on multiple occasions.
1023
01:04:06,708 --> 01:04:09,250
He has observed
their cavalry and infantry.
1024
01:04:09,417 --> 01:04:12,208
He has seen their strengths
and their weaknesses.
1025
01:04:13,708 --> 01:04:15,333
These are all patterns that are now
1026
01:04:15,500 --> 01:04:17,458
part of his decision-making matrix.
1027
01:04:18,042 --> 01:04:20,750
He has vast patterns that he can draw upon
1028
01:04:20,958 --> 01:04:23,208
to decide how to best employ his army.
1029
01:04:26,375 --> 01:04:29,708
Alexander believed
that the center of gravity
1030
01:04:29,875 --> 01:04:32,000
at Gaugamela was Darius himself,
1031
01:04:32,125 --> 01:04:33,667
and he felt that if he could kill,
1032
01:04:33,792 --> 01:04:37,208
or capture Darius,
that the army would fragment.
1033
01:04:37,375 --> 01:04:39,125
There's simply no other way to do it.
1034
01:04:39,292 --> 01:04:42,208
And so, he has to find a way
through the lines
1035
01:04:42,375 --> 01:04:43,792
to the great king.
1036
01:04:46,708 --> 01:04:47,625
Just in time.
1037
01:04:49,208 --> 01:04:51,375
Come, take a look.
1038
01:04:52,500 --> 01:04:53,833
You will hold the left flank--
1039
01:04:54,042 --> 01:04:56,250
Alexander, a request.
1040
01:04:57,250 --> 01:04:58,458
For the sake of the men,
1041
01:04:58,583 --> 01:05:00,542
think what you are asking of them.
1042
01:05:02,000 --> 01:05:03,375
The same as I always ask.
1043
01:05:03,875 --> 01:05:05,083
Everything.
1044
01:05:05,208 --> 01:05:07,083
The same as I ask of myself.
1045
01:05:07,250 --> 01:05:10,000
Yes, but we have never faced
numbers like this before.
1046
01:05:10,833 --> 01:05:13,667
At least at night, we might surprise them.
1047
01:05:17,042 --> 01:05:19,250
I will not steal victory like that.
1048
01:05:23,083 --> 01:05:24,417
Come take a look at the plan.
1049
01:05:25,500 --> 01:05:27,708
You will hold the left flank and the line
1050
01:05:27,875 --> 01:05:29,417
The phalanx is strong...
1051
01:05:29,542 --> 01:05:31,917
And so, everything
was staked on this battle.
1052
01:05:38,833 --> 01:05:42,167
If Alexander wins,
the Persian capitals are his,
1053
01:05:42,375 --> 01:05:45,833
and with it, the legitimacy
to claim the Persian throne.
1054
01:05:52,083 --> 01:05:54,500
If Persia wins, it is likely
1055
01:05:54,708 --> 01:05:57,000
Alexander and his army
will be annihilated.
1056
01:05:57,167 --> 01:06:02,167
♪
1057
01:06:23,875 --> 01:06:26,125
In the final moments before the battle,
1058
01:06:26,250 --> 01:06:28,250
Alexander gives one of the most inspiring
1059
01:06:28,375 --> 01:06:29,875
speeches of all time.
1060
01:06:32,083 --> 01:06:33,000
I won't lie to you.
1061
01:06:34,042 --> 01:06:36,750
They are strong and they are many,
1062
01:06:36,875 --> 01:06:38,875
and we fight on the ground
of their choosing.
1063
01:06:40,542 --> 01:06:43,458
But I would not lead us to battle
1064
01:06:43,583 --> 01:06:45,292
if the gods were not with us!
1065
01:06:47,292 --> 01:06:50,375
Today, we not only defeat an enemy,
1066
01:06:50,542 --> 01:06:52,333
but we conquer an empire!
1067
01:06:54,792 --> 01:06:56,333
For Greece!
1068
01:06:56,458 --> 01:06:59,250
For glory!
1069
01:06:59,375 --> 01:07:03,167
The Macedonian king,
young Alexander, is launching
1070
01:07:03,375 --> 01:07:05,667
a battle that's gonna decide
not only their lives,
1071
01:07:05,875 --> 01:07:09,042
their reigns, their destinies,
their dynasties,
1072
01:07:09,208 --> 01:07:12,333
but also the greatest empire in the world.
1073
01:07:12,458 --> 01:07:14,000
That's the promise.
1074
01:07:14,083 --> 01:07:19,250
♪♪
1075
01:07:29,708 --> 01:07:32,417
In October, 331 BC...
1076
01:07:35,208 --> 01:07:37,250
though vastly outnumbered,
1077
01:07:37,417 --> 01:07:39,958
Alexander enacts his battle plan.
1078
01:07:49,625 --> 01:07:51,000
Now!
1079
01:07:51,167 --> 01:07:54,208
♪
1080
01:07:54,375 --> 01:07:56,333
At the start of the battle,
1081
01:07:56,542 --> 01:07:59,875
Alexander does something
that Darius and the Persians
1082
01:08:00,042 --> 01:08:02,083
did not expect at all.
1083
01:08:02,250 --> 01:08:04,792
He himself leads his cavalry
1084
01:08:04,917 --> 01:08:09,625
and he begins to lead them
to the right of his own lines.
1085
01:08:09,792 --> 01:08:11,958
He is trying to create
a window of opportunity.
1086
01:08:12,125 --> 01:08:14,833
By riding to the right,
I force them to maneuver.
1087
01:08:15,042 --> 01:08:17,542
They have to make decisions,
they have to start to move.
1088
01:08:17,708 --> 01:08:20,167
Alexander predicts the Persian cavalry
1089
01:08:20,375 --> 01:08:23,208
will take up the chase and follow him,
1090
01:08:23,375 --> 01:08:25,708
stretching their own
defensive line too thin.
1091
01:08:27,583 --> 01:08:31,708
And if the line breaks,
it will leave Darius exposed.
1092
01:08:37,833 --> 01:08:42,167
Alexander keeps going much
farther than anyone would expect
1093
01:08:42,292 --> 01:08:45,042
in order that the Persians
would follow him.
1094
01:08:45,917 --> 01:08:48,833
The success of Alexander's daring strategy
1095
01:08:49,042 --> 01:08:51,667
depends upon the actions
of his most trusted general.
1096
01:08:57,042 --> 01:08:59,958
Parmenion is the commander
on Alexander's left.
1097
01:09:00,125 --> 01:09:02,750
His job is to hold.
1098
01:09:02,917 --> 01:09:05,875
We need Parmenion
to hold his own on the left.
1099
01:09:09,375 --> 01:09:11,167
Alexander's movement to the right
1100
01:09:11,333 --> 01:09:13,375
means that Parmenion on the left flank
1101
01:09:13,542 --> 01:09:15,500
is left entirely on his own.
1102
01:09:15,667 --> 01:09:17,958
Hold the line!
1103
01:09:24,375 --> 01:09:26,417
He has no support.
1104
01:09:26,625 --> 01:09:29,542
He has no reserves.
He is entirely isolated.
1105
01:09:31,500 --> 01:09:34,375
If he doesn't hold, the plan doesn't work.
1106
01:09:34,542 --> 01:09:37,125
Darius sees an opportunity
1107
01:09:37,333 --> 01:09:38,917
to further weaken Parmenion.
1108
01:09:40,542 --> 01:09:43,542
Darius unleashes his terror.
1109
01:09:46,458 --> 01:09:48,583
Side chariots.
1110
01:09:48,750 --> 01:09:54,250
Chariots with long spiked blades
coming out of the wheels
1111
01:09:54,375 --> 01:09:56,500
designed to chop up
1112
01:09:56,667 --> 01:09:59,667
the Macedonian soldiers
that might get in his way.
1113
01:10:01,500 --> 01:10:04,167
They're a powerful shock weapon
1114
01:10:04,250 --> 01:10:06,333
and Darius has not just a couple--
1115
01:10:06,542 --> 01:10:07,958
he's got 200 of them.
1116
01:10:13,542 --> 01:10:16,042
The phalanx has seen this trick before.
1117
01:10:16,208 --> 01:10:18,500
As the chariots thunder in,
1118
01:10:18,625 --> 01:10:20,833
the phalanx parts
1119
01:10:21,000 --> 01:10:24,208
and the chariots roar through the gap.
1120
01:10:32,833 --> 01:10:35,333
At the same time, Alexander weighs up
1121
01:10:35,500 --> 01:10:37,125
his enemy's positions.
1122
01:10:43,042 --> 01:10:44,958
As he draws them out, he's watching,
1123
01:10:45,125 --> 01:10:46,208
he's waiting for the moment.
1124
01:10:46,375 --> 01:10:51,625
♪
1125
01:11:03,458 --> 01:11:07,583
It's a 30-second opening
and, like a snake,
1126
01:11:07,750 --> 01:11:10,250
he pivots that cavalry and he's gone.
1127
01:11:17,000 --> 01:11:21,667
Alexander's plan is
to now outrun the Persian ranks
1128
01:11:21,833 --> 01:11:23,917
to cut them off entirely...
1129
01:11:26,167 --> 01:11:29,042
and beat them back to the Persian king.
1130
01:11:30,083 --> 01:11:31,625
For glory!
1131
01:11:34,000 --> 01:11:36,792
Once that cavalry is on the charge,
1132
01:11:36,958 --> 01:11:40,083
Darius realizes, "I am in trouble."
1133
01:11:41,042 --> 01:11:44,208
Darius' options are to fight or flee.
1134
01:11:45,042 --> 01:11:46,792
He makes a last ditch attempt
1135
01:11:46,917 --> 01:11:48,708
to wipe out the outnumbered Greek army.
1136
01:11:49,292 --> 01:11:52,792
Darius launches
some of his best cavalry forces
1137
01:11:53,000 --> 01:11:56,667
against Parmenion, and that left wing
1138
01:11:56,875 --> 01:11:58,333
is in the fight of its life.
1139
01:12:02,208 --> 01:12:03,833
These Greeks are far from home.
1140
01:12:04,583 --> 01:12:06,292
They know there's no surrender,
1141
01:12:06,458 --> 01:12:10,542
this is victory or death,
and that's the way they fight.
1142
01:12:11,500 --> 01:12:14,958
Hold the line! Hold the line!
1143
01:12:22,083 --> 01:12:25,667
As Alexander gets closer,
he can see the king.
1144
01:12:25,833 --> 01:12:28,083
He can end this war in just a moment.
1145
01:12:29,917 --> 01:12:33,708
Alexander, Parmenion's line.
It's been broken. He needs help!
1146
01:12:33,875 --> 01:12:36,167
In the midst of his decisive attack,
1147
01:12:36,375 --> 01:12:38,583
Alexander gets bad news.
1148
01:12:39,583 --> 01:12:41,750
Alexander..
1149
01:12:41,917 --> 01:12:44,833
If we don't stop now,
we'll lose the entire army.
1150
01:12:45,875 --> 01:12:48,125
Parmenion says, "Don't leave me, boss.
1151
01:12:49,375 --> 01:12:52,167
"These cavalry have surrounded me.
1152
01:12:52,375 --> 01:12:54,000
"You gotta come save us."
1153
01:12:58,667 --> 01:13:00,667
If Alexander chases after Darius,
1154
01:13:00,875 --> 01:13:04,458
which is what he wants to do,
he might lose half of his men.
1155
01:13:04,583 --> 01:13:06,792
But if he goes back to Parmenion,
1156
01:13:06,917 --> 01:13:08,292
then Darius will get away.
1157
01:13:10,125 --> 01:13:11,917
And Alexander makes a critical decision
1158
01:13:12,125 --> 01:13:16,625
to save his army rather
than kill and capture the king.
1159
01:13:17,875 --> 01:13:20,167
The Persian king, having fled the battle,
1160
01:13:20,375 --> 01:13:22,292
many in his army flee as well.
1161
01:13:24,083 --> 01:13:25,833
After defeating the Persians,
1162
01:13:26,000 --> 01:13:29,500
Alexander achieves his mission,
but it's not enough.
1163
01:13:29,708 --> 01:13:32,042
I had him. By the Gods, I--
1164
01:13:32,208 --> 01:13:34,625
I had him in my sight and I let him go.
1165
01:13:35,208 --> 01:13:37,208
We routed his army.
1166
01:13:37,375 --> 01:13:38,833
The empire is yours--
1167
01:13:39,000 --> 01:13:40,833
So long as Darius draws breath,
1168
01:13:41,000 --> 01:13:42,750
he will rally men against me.
1169
01:13:42,917 --> 01:13:44,208
We have won nothing.
1170
01:13:44,417 --> 01:13:45,792
His army has nothing left.
1171
01:13:49,250 --> 01:13:51,667
What will ever be enough?
1172
01:13:58,417 --> 01:14:01,542
Alexander has all of Persia
within his grasp,
1173
01:14:01,708 --> 01:14:04,083
but not the one thing
that he wants most of all:
1174
01:14:04,208 --> 01:14:05,333
Darius.
1175
01:14:12,708 --> 01:14:14,792
♪
1176
01:14:16,208 --> 01:14:18,208
Alexander's victory at Gaugamela
1177
01:14:19,708 --> 01:14:21,167
puts Darius on the run.
1178
01:14:22,083 --> 01:14:24,625
Gaugamela wins the war for Alexander.
1179
01:14:24,792 --> 01:14:27,125
This completes the conquest of Persia.
1180
01:14:27,792 --> 01:14:30,667
But Alexander will not
give up the pursuit of Darius.
1181
01:14:31,208 --> 01:14:33,958
He pushes on into the heartland
of the empire.
1182
01:14:34,167 --> 01:14:36,292
He overruns the famous cities,
1183
01:14:36,458 --> 01:14:41,000
Babylon, Susa, Persepolis,
and he keeps on going.
1184
01:14:41,708 --> 01:14:44,125
But there's a changed mood in the army
1185
01:14:44,292 --> 01:14:47,500
because everyone can sense
that they've won.
1186
01:14:47,667 --> 01:14:48,875
So, they're starting to think,
1187
01:14:49,042 --> 01:14:50,542
"Well, why are we still fighting?
1188
01:14:50,708 --> 01:14:52,125
"Why are we still chasing?
1189
01:14:54,375 --> 01:14:56,000
"Can't we enjoy the glory,
1190
01:14:56,083 --> 01:14:58,083
"but also the rest, but also the spoils?"
1191
01:15:07,792 --> 01:15:09,875
By June, 330 BC...
1192
01:15:11,750 --> 01:15:13,500
after five years away,
1193
01:15:13,667 --> 01:15:16,000
there's dissent in Alexander's camp.
1194
01:15:18,583 --> 01:15:20,833
Cleitus, his foster brother,
1195
01:15:21,042 --> 01:15:24,333
and another childhood friend, Ptolemy,
1196
01:15:24,458 --> 01:15:28,292
do not like the change
that they see in Alexander.
1197
01:15:28,917 --> 01:15:31,667
Once he conquers Persia,
1198
01:15:31,875 --> 01:15:35,750
they feel Persia has conquered him.
1199
01:15:38,083 --> 01:15:41,292
Alexander learns of a possible conspiracy
1200
01:15:41,458 --> 01:15:42,750
brewing in the ranks.
1201
01:15:43,500 --> 01:15:45,167
Talk of assassination.
1202
01:15:57,667 --> 01:16:02,917
My king. I must warn you.
There is talk among the troops.
1203
01:16:04,417 --> 01:16:05,458
Go on.
1204
01:16:06,958 --> 01:16:09,792
They complain that--
1205
01:16:10,958 --> 01:16:13,375
They complain? Of what?
1206
01:16:14,125 --> 01:16:15,833
The details are quite murky,
1207
01:16:16,042 --> 01:16:18,875
but what we do know
is that there was a connection
1208
01:16:19,042 --> 01:16:20,875
between talk of conspiracy
1209
01:16:21,042 --> 01:16:23,958
and Philotas, Parmenion's son.
1210
01:16:32,542 --> 01:16:33,833
Get me more wine.
1211
01:16:40,000 --> 01:16:42,250
Alexander takes the rumors
1212
01:16:42,417 --> 01:16:45,583
as a chance
to move against Parmenion's son,
1213
01:16:45,750 --> 01:16:48,750
to have him tried before the entire army,
1214
01:16:48,958 --> 01:16:51,500
and to have him executed for treason.
1215
01:16:52,708 --> 01:16:55,167
It's not clear whether Parmenion ever had
1216
01:16:55,292 --> 01:16:58,000
any part of this plot,
or knew about it at all,
1217
01:16:58,208 --> 01:17:00,417
but what is clear is that after Alexander
1218
01:17:00,583 --> 01:17:01,833
has his son put to death,
1219
01:17:02,042 --> 01:17:03,292
any chance of the two of them
1220
01:17:03,458 --> 01:17:05,667
being friends and allies after that
1221
01:17:05,833 --> 01:17:07,583
is pretty much gone forever.
1222
01:17:08,958 --> 01:17:10,958
Alexander acts to prevent retaliation
1223
01:17:11,125 --> 01:17:13,083
from a grieving Parmenion.
1224
01:17:14,333 --> 01:17:16,208
He sends him on a scouting mission.
1225
01:17:16,917 --> 01:17:18,042
Send a message when you arrive.
1226
01:17:18,250 --> 01:17:19,250
Let me know what you've learned.
1227
01:17:19,417 --> 01:17:24,417
♪
1228
01:17:40,375 --> 01:17:41,667
Travel safe.
1229
01:17:45,750 --> 01:17:47,167
You as well, Alexander.
1230
01:17:49,042 --> 01:17:50,167
You as well.
1231
01:17:51,792 --> 01:17:54,875
After fighting in battle
after battle with Philip first
1232
01:17:55,042 --> 01:17:56,667
and then with Alexander...
1233
01:17:58,208 --> 01:18:00,875
Parmenion's fate is to be stabbed to death
1234
01:18:01,042 --> 01:18:04,292
by one of Alexander's soldiers
on Alexander's orders.
1235
01:18:05,875 --> 01:18:07,208
Onward.
1236
01:18:07,375 --> 01:18:09,500
This is a very sad ending for Parmenion.
1237
01:18:10,042 --> 01:18:12,208
Parmenion had been a very loyal retainer.
1238
01:18:12,375 --> 01:18:14,167
He had been a very effective general.
1239
01:18:15,542 --> 01:18:16,958
We understand, on the other hand,
1240
01:18:17,083 --> 01:18:18,875
Alexander's point of view.
1241
01:18:19,042 --> 01:18:20,208
Once he had killed his son,
1242
01:18:20,375 --> 01:18:22,167
he really didn't have much of a choice
1243
01:18:22,375 --> 01:18:24,292
except to kill the father.
1244
01:18:28,208 --> 01:18:33,458
♪
1245
01:18:45,417 --> 01:18:47,167
In the aftermath
of the Battle of Gaugamela,
1246
01:18:47,375 --> 01:18:50,833
Alexander becomes
more lonely, more isolated,
1247
01:18:51,042 --> 01:18:52,500
more paranoid, ever more obsessed
1248
01:18:52,625 --> 01:18:54,917
with challenges to his power,
to his crown.
1249
01:18:55,542 --> 01:18:58,708
Alexander is trying to build himself up
1250
01:18:58,875 --> 01:19:02,000
into what he thinks he needs to be
1251
01:19:02,167 --> 01:19:04,167
to rule over this vast empire,
1252
01:19:04,375 --> 01:19:08,625
but he is increasingly finding
that he is losing his friends,
1253
01:19:08,750 --> 01:19:11,000
that he is losing what it is
1254
01:19:11,208 --> 01:19:13,250
that made him great in the first place.
1255
01:19:14,542 --> 01:19:16,125
It is getting more and more tense,
1256
01:19:16,333 --> 01:19:17,958
more and more difficult.
1257
01:19:18,125 --> 01:19:20,375
And Alexander's solution
is to keep campaigning.
1258
01:19:22,375 --> 01:19:25,750
Alexander doubles
down on his singular obsession:
1259
01:19:25,917 --> 01:19:27,542
capturing Darius.
1260
01:19:28,583 --> 01:19:31,042
Alexander learns
that Darius has been sighted
1261
01:19:31,208 --> 01:19:32,375
in Northern Iran.
1262
01:19:34,167 --> 01:19:36,333
Heading into the regions
1263
01:19:36,500 --> 01:19:39,833
of Bactria and Sogdiana
in modern-day Afghanistan.
1264
01:19:40,042 --> 01:19:41,125
So, to catch up with him,
1265
01:19:41,208 --> 01:19:43,625
Alexander drives his men 450 miles
1266
01:19:43,833 --> 01:19:45,333
over a three-week march,
1267
01:19:45,458 --> 01:19:47,917
including a brutal 200-mile stretch
1268
01:19:48,042 --> 01:19:49,667
in just 11 days.
1269
01:19:51,792 --> 01:19:53,458
Alexander doesn't rest.
1270
01:19:53,625 --> 01:19:56,667
He keeps pushing his men
farther and farther
1271
01:19:56,875 --> 01:19:58,417
beyond their physical limits.
1272
01:20:01,375 --> 01:20:03,792
Again and again, he demands more from them
1273
01:20:03,958 --> 01:20:05,375
than could reasonably be expected.
1274
01:20:05,542 --> 01:20:07,583
And again and again, they deliver.
1275
01:20:07,708 --> 01:20:12,583
♪
1276
01:20:15,083 --> 01:20:17,042
-We found something.
-What?
1277
01:20:17,208 --> 01:20:18,458
Come and see for yourself.
1278
01:20:19,042 --> 01:20:20,292
Come on.
1279
01:20:21,708 --> 01:20:26,500
Alexander and his men
have traveled 5,000 miles
1280
01:20:26,708 --> 01:20:30,542
and haven't set foot in Greece
for four years
1281
01:20:30,750 --> 01:20:33,458
when they finally find Darius.
1282
01:20:38,708 --> 01:20:40,583
-Where are they?
-Fled.
1283
01:20:41,042 --> 01:20:42,208
And Darius?
1284
01:20:45,792 --> 01:20:48,583
Pursued by Alexander's troops
with no respite,
1285
01:20:48,708 --> 01:20:51,167
Darius' nobles make the terrible decision
1286
01:20:51,375 --> 01:20:53,083
to essentially betray him.
1287
01:20:59,458 --> 01:21:01,500
They stab Darius and leave him bleeding
1288
01:21:01,667 --> 01:21:02,625
by the side of the road.
1289
01:21:08,167 --> 01:21:10,750
For Alexander, the death
of Darius means he's won.
1290
01:21:11,333 --> 01:21:15,000
He has avenged
the Persian invasions of Greece.
1291
01:21:15,083 --> 01:21:18,167
His whole reason
for having begun this invasion
1292
01:21:18,333 --> 01:21:20,500
in the first place has been achieved.
1293
01:21:28,042 --> 01:21:29,833
You are now truly the Lord of Persia.
1294
01:21:30,000 --> 01:21:32,625
-The king of kings.
-He'll have a king's burial.
1295
01:21:33,250 --> 01:21:35,000
Take him back to rest
alongside his ancestors.
1296
01:21:35,458 --> 01:21:36,792
Leave him where he fell, surely--
1297
01:21:36,958 --> 01:21:38,125
We shall do as he said.
1298
01:21:40,125 --> 01:21:43,000
Alexander was very sad at Darius' fate.
1299
01:21:43,208 --> 01:21:44,625
He was outraged, in fact.
1300
01:21:45,333 --> 01:21:47,250
Alexander, by all accounts, treats Darius
1301
01:21:47,417 --> 01:21:49,333
as his legitimate predecessor
1302
01:21:49,500 --> 01:21:51,625
and indeed tries to defend his memory
1303
01:21:51,792 --> 01:21:55,125
by chasing and killing
the assassins of Darius.
1304
01:21:58,208 --> 01:22:01,625
The Macedonian soldiers
begin to discuss going home,
1305
01:22:01,750 --> 01:22:03,625
returning to their families,
and what it is
1306
01:22:03,708 --> 01:22:05,500
they're going to do once they get back.
1307
01:22:07,000 --> 01:22:08,167
To the Lord of Asia.
1308
01:22:09,875 --> 01:22:10,917
To the fallen.
1309
01:22:15,875 --> 01:22:16,833
Look here.
1310
01:22:17,542 --> 01:22:19,167
We need to go north and east.
1311
01:22:19,375 --> 01:22:21,167
That is where Darius' men are hiding.
1312
01:22:24,917 --> 01:22:27,167
The men are celebrating,
Alexander, let's join them.
1313
01:22:33,125 --> 01:22:35,583
Ask Cleitus when
the men will be ready to travel.
1314
01:22:42,250 --> 01:22:45,833
Ask Cleitus when the men
will be ready to travel!
1315
01:22:48,667 --> 01:22:51,708
Alexander's goal all along
1316
01:22:51,875 --> 01:22:54,208
was to conquer Persia,
1317
01:22:54,375 --> 01:22:57,708
to bring Greek culture into Persia.
1318
01:22:57,875 --> 01:22:59,458
He does that.
1319
01:23:01,500 --> 01:23:02,458
Stop?
1320
01:23:05,292 --> 01:23:06,667
He can't stop.
1321
01:23:07,375 --> 01:23:13,125
This has now become almost a primal urge,
1322
01:23:13,250 --> 01:23:16,208
to go as far as he can go.
1323
01:23:19,833 --> 01:23:23,333
Alexander is both a conqueror
and an explorer.
1324
01:23:23,542 --> 01:23:25,458
For him, there never is an end.
1325
01:23:25,625 --> 01:23:28,000
There's always another land to conquer,
1326
01:23:28,167 --> 01:23:30,250
another feat of glory to achieve.
1327
01:23:36,542 --> 01:23:40,625
♪
1328
01:23:46,292 --> 01:23:49,458
In March, 327 BC,
1329
01:23:49,625 --> 01:23:53,333
three years after the death
of his old enemy, Darius,
1330
01:23:53,542 --> 01:23:55,750
Alexander and his men
are still on the move.
1331
01:23:57,208 --> 01:24:00,542
His army cuts through
Afghanistan, Pakistan,
1332
01:24:00,708 --> 01:24:04,500
Uzbekistan, the Western Himalayas,
1333
01:24:04,625 --> 01:24:06,583
and even a part of the Hindu Kush.
1334
01:24:06,750 --> 01:24:10,417
I mean, this is undiscovered
territory for a Greek.
1335
01:24:10,583 --> 01:24:12,292
These areas rebel very quickly.
1336
01:24:12,500 --> 01:24:14,458
They've been difficult
for the Persians to control
1337
01:24:14,625 --> 01:24:16,333
because the people
there are fiercely independent.
1338
01:24:16,542 --> 01:24:19,625
So, Alexander fights some
of the most vicious campaigns
1339
01:24:19,792 --> 01:24:22,542
without the dramatic battles,
without the Gaugamelas,
1340
01:24:22,708 --> 01:24:25,667
without the Issus
or Granicus in these years.
1341
01:24:27,292 --> 01:24:29,083
He realizes he's got to manage,
1342
01:24:29,208 --> 01:24:32,000
not just lead in war.
1343
01:24:32,208 --> 01:24:35,208
He's not an instrument of chaos.
1344
01:24:35,375 --> 01:24:37,333
He's a foreign element
1345
01:24:37,542 --> 01:24:40,417
injected into an existing civilization,
1346
01:24:40,625 --> 01:24:42,250
and he takes from that civilization
1347
01:24:42,375 --> 01:24:44,083
and learns from it and gives to it.
1348
01:24:45,292 --> 01:24:47,542
Through his travel, Alexander retains
1349
01:24:47,708 --> 01:24:49,583
his relationship with his former tutor
1350
01:24:49,750 --> 01:24:51,708
and great philosopher, Aristotle.
1351
01:24:51,875 --> 01:24:54,875
Alexander writes regularly to Aristotle,
1352
01:24:55,000 --> 01:24:56,500
sends him samples of plants
1353
01:24:56,667 --> 01:24:58,917
and animals, clothing and artifacts.
1354
01:24:59,750 --> 01:25:02,333
And it is likely
that many of these subjects
1355
01:25:02,542 --> 01:25:05,042
and insights made it into what we now know
1356
01:25:05,250 --> 01:25:06,917
as the founding moment of biology,
1357
01:25:07,083 --> 01:25:10,000
the idea of classifying
nature systematically
1358
01:25:10,167 --> 01:25:11,750
and thinking about it scientifically.
1359
01:25:13,542 --> 01:25:17,000
There's this word that
got attached to him, pothos.
1360
01:25:17,542 --> 01:25:20,625
It's like a longing to see something new.
1361
01:25:21,417 --> 01:25:22,667
He was fascinated
1362
01:25:22,792 --> 01:25:24,875
by other cultures, other peoples.
1363
01:25:30,083 --> 01:25:31,333
That range there.
1364
01:25:32,125 --> 01:25:33,750
How long do you think
it would take to cross?
1365
01:25:33,917 --> 01:25:36,833
Alexander, what are we still doing here?
1366
01:25:37,583 --> 01:25:39,250
There's nothing left except rocks.
1367
01:25:39,375 --> 01:25:41,292
You are a Macedonian king,
1368
01:25:41,458 --> 01:25:43,625
and a Macedonian king
must return to Greece.
1369
01:25:45,208 --> 01:25:48,500
We have come further
than any Macedonians before us.
1370
01:25:49,042 --> 01:25:50,042
Look at these people.
1371
01:25:52,167 --> 01:25:53,375
These people need us.
1372
01:25:58,667 --> 01:26:02,333
Now deep within the mountainous
region of modern-day Uzbekistan,
1373
01:26:02,500 --> 01:26:04,875
Alexander has taken a mighty fortress
1374
01:26:05,042 --> 01:26:06,750
known as Sogdian Rock.
1375
01:26:09,417 --> 01:26:10,750
Alexander welcomes those
1376
01:26:10,875 --> 01:26:12,542
who surrendered to him without a fight.
1377
01:26:19,042 --> 01:26:19,917
What's your name?
1378
01:26:28,458 --> 01:26:29,792
Well, that's very impressive.
1379
01:26:30,625 --> 01:26:31,792
What's your name?
1380
01:26:36,333 --> 01:26:37,708
Because out of all of you here,
1381
01:26:37,917 --> 01:26:39,542
you're the only one
who's not afraid of me.
1382
01:26:41,208 --> 01:26:42,417
I'm Alexander.
1383
01:26:46,000 --> 01:26:48,833
Roxanne is a woman of unparalleled beauty,
1384
01:26:48,958 --> 01:26:50,708
but she's also potentially the source
1385
01:26:50,875 --> 01:26:53,667
of what Alexander needs
more than anything, an heir.
1386
01:26:53,833 --> 01:26:56,250
And he thinks that having
an heir with Persian blood
1387
01:26:56,417 --> 01:26:58,417
will really solidify the connections
1388
01:26:58,583 --> 01:27:00,167
between the two kingdoms.
1389
01:27:00,292 --> 01:27:03,667
Alexander's decision to marry Roxanne
1390
01:27:03,792 --> 01:27:08,250
was not out of some romantic urging.
1391
01:27:08,417 --> 01:27:10,125
It's pure policy.
1392
01:27:12,500 --> 01:27:14,583
His advisors, particularly some
1393
01:27:14,750 --> 01:27:16,250
of the older guard, are like,
1394
01:27:16,417 --> 01:27:17,917
"No, what do you think you're doing?"
1395
01:27:18,583 --> 01:27:20,542
But Alexander understands he's doing
1396
01:27:20,708 --> 01:27:24,292
what Philip, his father,
had done before him seven times.
1397
01:27:24,458 --> 01:27:26,042
Marry your way to peace.
1398
01:27:26,208 --> 01:27:30,167
But that decision reveals
1399
01:27:30,333 --> 01:27:33,667
that he didn't necessarily understand
1400
01:27:33,833 --> 01:27:36,333
the strength of feeling
1401
01:27:36,542 --> 01:27:39,500
that men in his inner circle had
1402
01:27:39,708 --> 01:27:44,833
in terms of their own
ethnic values and beliefs.
1403
01:27:44,958 --> 01:27:49,375
In particular, Cleitus,
who gets very upset.
1404
01:27:49,500 --> 01:27:54,625
♪♪
1405
01:28:06,917 --> 01:28:08,375
His relationship with his general
1406
01:28:08,542 --> 01:28:11,583
goes from one of the first amongst equals,
1407
01:28:11,792 --> 01:28:14,333
essentially a group of men
deciding the future together,
1408
01:28:14,500 --> 01:28:16,583
to a more tyrannical model of rule,
1409
01:28:16,750 --> 01:28:18,750
where Alexander
is ever more the great king.
1410
01:28:18,917 --> 01:28:23,667
♪
1411
01:28:29,083 --> 01:28:30,417
By this point in time,
1412
01:28:30,583 --> 01:28:33,417
Alexander is drinking a huge amount.
1413
01:28:33,542 --> 01:28:36,542
The Macedonians already have
an established drinking culture,
1414
01:28:36,708 --> 01:28:40,542
but Alexander's so-called
insatiable fondness for wine
1415
01:28:40,708 --> 01:28:42,667
really seems to go to a different level.
1416
01:28:42,875 --> 01:28:45,500
And his patience begins to thin.
1417
01:28:45,708 --> 01:28:50,333
His allowance of people
questioning his authority
1418
01:28:50,500 --> 01:28:52,667
begins to get a little bit tight.
1419
01:28:52,875 --> 01:28:57,833
♪
1420
01:29:04,167 --> 01:29:07,667
We don't exactly know
what happened at this feast
1421
01:29:07,792 --> 01:29:09,458
and it's not really surprising,
1422
01:29:09,625 --> 01:29:11,792
given the general level of intoxication.
1423
01:29:11,917 --> 01:29:14,667
What we do know is that Cleitus,
1424
01:29:14,833 --> 01:29:17,708
always hot tempered, was stirred up,
1425
01:29:17,875 --> 01:29:19,667
probably because of all of the Persians
1426
01:29:19,833 --> 01:29:21,250
that were at this feast.
1427
01:29:22,250 --> 01:29:25,708
I must ask you, Alexander...
1428
01:29:27,500 --> 01:29:30,583
are you a Greek or a Persian?
1429
01:29:32,375 --> 01:29:34,208
Are you a man...
1430
01:29:36,042 --> 01:29:37,083
or a god?
1431
01:29:37,583 --> 01:29:39,125
Why don't you find out, Cleitus?
1432
01:29:42,458 --> 01:29:43,583
You're not a god.
1433
01:29:45,375 --> 01:29:48,583
You're not even
half the man your father was.
1434
01:29:50,042 --> 01:29:54,167
♪
1435
01:29:54,333 --> 01:29:59,000
You dare to strike me?
Your dare to fight me?
1436
01:29:59,167 --> 01:30:01,583
-Come on.
-Leave it!
1437
01:30:01,750 --> 01:30:03,333
You are nothing.
1438
01:30:03,458 --> 01:30:05,458
-Cleitus, leave!
-You are no king!
1439
01:30:05,625 --> 01:30:08,125
You are--
1440
01:30:14,042 --> 01:30:19,042
♪
1441
01:30:31,708 --> 01:30:33,333
Killing Cleitus is all the more tragic
1442
01:30:33,542 --> 01:30:34,958
because Cleitus hasn't just been loyal,
1443
01:30:35,083 --> 01:30:38,167
Cleitus has been fighting
literally side by side
1444
01:30:38,333 --> 01:30:40,833
with Alexander and has
saved his life several times,
1445
01:30:41,042 --> 01:30:42,917
including at the Battle of the Granicus.
1446
01:30:45,958 --> 01:30:48,500
He's broken the sacred bonds of trust
1447
01:30:48,708 --> 01:30:50,333
that built the army together.
1448
01:30:53,417 --> 01:30:55,000
Still-- still, he's Alexander.
1449
01:30:55,125 --> 01:30:57,333
He's unvanquished. He's the leader.
1450
01:30:57,542 --> 01:31:00,583
You can't abandon him,
but he's not the same person.
1451
01:31:00,750 --> 01:31:02,667
He's wearing these Persian robes,
1452
01:31:02,875 --> 01:31:04,500
he's not our man anymore.
1453
01:31:04,708 --> 01:31:05,833
Who is he?
1454
01:31:06,000 --> 01:31:13,558
♪
1455
01:31:18,042 --> 01:31:20,458
By the fall of 327 BC,
1456
01:31:21,375 --> 01:31:24,083
Alexander has traveled
more than 6,000 miles.
1457
01:31:25,000 --> 01:31:26,292
You are no king!
1458
01:31:28,792 --> 01:31:31,167
His campaign is taking its toll.
1459
01:31:31,333 --> 01:31:34,250
You're not even
half the man your father was.
1460
01:31:36,125 --> 01:31:38,917
After Alexander kills Cleitus,
1461
01:31:39,042 --> 01:31:41,417
there is a change in his behavior.
1462
01:31:42,000 --> 01:31:44,583
There's a depression,
I guess you could say,
1463
01:31:44,750 --> 01:31:47,875
that just doesn't leave
Alexander at this point.
1464
01:31:50,292 --> 01:31:51,333
How are the men?
1465
01:31:52,250 --> 01:31:53,250
In mourning.
1466
01:31:55,292 --> 01:31:56,250
They want to go home.
1467
01:31:58,042 --> 01:31:59,125
And you?
1468
01:32:05,083 --> 01:32:07,083
Wherever Alexander is, that's my home.
1469
01:32:08,583 --> 01:32:11,833
Alexander seems to start
changing, psychologically.
1470
01:32:12,042 --> 01:32:15,500
He hides from everyone for days on end.
1471
01:32:15,667 --> 01:32:17,167
And at this point, seems to suffer
1472
01:32:17,333 --> 01:32:19,792
ever more the tragedy
of his distance from Greece,
1473
01:32:19,958 --> 01:32:22,833
the original world
that is slipping from his hands.
1474
01:32:28,042 --> 01:32:31,167
Still, Alexander's desire for conquest
1475
01:32:31,375 --> 01:32:32,792
drives him on.
1476
01:32:33,500 --> 01:32:34,875
Alexander heads South,
1477
01:32:35,042 --> 01:32:37,000
following the Hindu Kush mountain range,
1478
01:32:37,208 --> 01:32:39,625
going through the Khyber Pass,
1479
01:32:39,708 --> 01:32:41,833
and ultimately into the Indus River valley
1480
01:32:42,042 --> 01:32:43,417
in modern-day Pakistan.
1481
01:32:44,417 --> 01:32:47,333
Upon entering India,
1482
01:32:47,458 --> 01:32:52,167
Alexander has officially
gone off the Greek map,
1483
01:32:52,292 --> 01:32:56,667
but Alexander believes
that there is an end point,
1484
01:32:56,875 --> 01:32:59,917
there is a point where the world stops.
1485
01:33:04,167 --> 01:33:06,458
Alexander finds that what lies next
1486
01:33:06,583 --> 01:33:08,875
is not the end of the world
at all, but is, in fact,
1487
01:33:09,042 --> 01:33:10,917
the Nanda Empire, an empire that has
1488
01:33:11,042 --> 01:33:14,500
a massive standing army of 200,000 strong,
1489
01:33:14,708 --> 01:33:18,500
4,000 war elephants, 6,000 chariots,
1490
01:33:18,625 --> 01:33:23,000
40,000 cavalry, all of which
are highly trained
1491
01:33:23,208 --> 01:33:26,542
and mobilized and ready
for Alexander's forces.
1492
01:33:30,917 --> 01:33:32,958
He learns that the world is so much bigger
1493
01:33:33,125 --> 01:33:36,375
than he ever thought it was
and it makes him determined
1494
01:33:36,542 --> 01:33:39,375
to keep pressing on
in order to conquer the world.
1495
01:33:44,708 --> 01:33:46,792
In 326 BC,
1496
01:33:46,958 --> 01:33:51,000
Alexander has marched
his army 11,000 miles,
1497
01:33:51,125 --> 01:33:53,833
nearly half the circumference of Earth.
1498
01:33:54,375 --> 01:33:57,167
By the time they arrive
at the Hyphasis River in India,
1499
01:33:57,375 --> 01:34:00,708
the morale of Alexander's men
is borderline mutinous.
1500
01:34:01,583 --> 01:34:03,458
They don't know when they're going to stop
1501
01:34:03,583 --> 01:34:05,250
and they're essentially
waiting for geography
1502
01:34:05,417 --> 01:34:06,500
to stop Alexander.
1503
01:34:06,625 --> 01:34:08,125
If the world does not end,
1504
01:34:08,250 --> 01:34:10,208
then they might be fighting forever.
1505
01:34:17,333 --> 01:34:18,333
My king...
1506
01:34:20,792 --> 01:34:22,125
we cannot continue.
1507
01:34:30,708 --> 01:34:34,000
This is the line in the sand for his men.
1508
01:34:34,125 --> 01:34:36,625
He cannot push them any further.
1509
01:34:52,792 --> 01:34:56,333
Alexander's troops demand
to turn around and go home.
1510
01:34:57,333 --> 01:34:59,167
He tries to get a handle on the situation,
1511
01:34:59,333 --> 01:35:01,167
but this is too big for him.
1512
01:35:01,292 --> 01:35:03,292
His charisma that had driven his army
1513
01:35:03,417 --> 01:35:05,750
for 10 years across all of the known world
1514
01:35:05,875 --> 01:35:07,542
had essentially run out at this point.
1515
01:35:08,500 --> 01:35:09,542
Stand!
1516
01:35:10,875 --> 01:35:12,083
Take it.
1517
01:35:13,750 --> 01:35:14,917
Take it!
1518
01:35:16,500 --> 01:35:17,458
Coward.
1519
01:35:19,333 --> 01:35:22,042
He hasn't been defeated in India,
1520
01:35:22,250 --> 01:35:24,875
he's been defeated
only by his own soldiers
1521
01:35:25,042 --> 01:35:26,792
that insist that he turns around.
1522
01:35:26,917 --> 01:35:29,042
Alexander relents,
1523
01:35:29,250 --> 01:35:33,333
and in August, 326 BC,
begins to lead his army home.
1524
01:35:34,542 --> 01:35:37,375
But he does not intend to take
his men back the way he came.
1525
01:35:38,250 --> 01:35:40,250
He seeks a new route.
1526
01:35:41,000 --> 01:35:42,708
Alexander discovers that the Indus River
1527
01:35:42,917 --> 01:35:44,458
connects with the Persian Gulf.
1528
01:35:44,625 --> 01:35:47,917
It holds the possibility
of a quicker route to Persia.
1529
01:35:48,375 --> 01:35:50,917
He splits his army into separate units.
1530
01:35:51,542 --> 01:35:53,167
One that would return by sea,
1531
01:35:53,333 --> 01:35:55,208
and the other half, led by himself,
1532
01:35:55,417 --> 01:35:56,792
that would cross the Makran Desert.
1533
01:35:56,917 --> 01:36:02,333
♪
1534
01:36:12,333 --> 01:36:14,333
The route that Alexander takes
1535
01:36:14,458 --> 01:36:18,625
is one of the most
inhospitable places on Earth.
1536
01:36:21,000 --> 01:36:24,167
It was a horrific desert with no features,
1537
01:36:24,333 --> 01:36:27,125
unmapped and unknown
at the time, with no cities,
1538
01:36:27,292 --> 01:36:28,792
oases, or stopping points.
1539
01:36:33,375 --> 01:36:34,833
But because he suffers all the dangers
1540
01:36:35,042 --> 01:36:37,167
and deprivations from his troops,
1541
01:36:37,333 --> 01:36:39,333
he marches when they march,
he's hungry when they're hungry,
1542
01:36:39,500 --> 01:36:41,167
he's thirsty when they're thirsty,
1543
01:36:41,375 --> 01:36:43,125
he makes them feel like
they are part of things
1544
01:36:43,333 --> 01:36:44,542
bigger than themselves.
1545
01:36:45,208 --> 01:36:46,750
This is all there is, my king.
1546
01:36:52,708 --> 01:36:53,708
A brave warrior...
1547
01:36:55,000 --> 01:36:56,167
has handed me a helmet...
1548
01:36:57,583 --> 01:36:58,708
half filled with water.
1549
01:37:00,333 --> 01:37:01,792
All that he could find.
1550
01:37:05,333 --> 01:37:07,042
But the king drinks...
1551
01:37:08,625 --> 01:37:09,708
when his men drink.
1552
01:37:10,667 --> 01:37:11,708
If his men don't drink...
1553
01:37:17,042 --> 01:37:18,458
no one drinks.
1554
01:37:19,958 --> 01:37:23,750
This one simple gesture inspires the men.
1555
01:37:25,042 --> 01:37:27,167
Whatever thoughts
they had about Alexander,
1556
01:37:27,375 --> 01:37:31,583
whatever doubts, disappear
in this moment of sacrifice.
1557
01:37:31,750 --> 01:37:38,016
♪
1558
01:37:48,375 --> 01:37:49,958
It takes Alexander's armies
1559
01:37:50,083 --> 01:37:52,167
the best part of six months
1560
01:37:52,292 --> 01:37:54,458
to travel back to Persia's heartlands.
1561
01:37:55,333 --> 01:37:57,500
They arrive in the city of Susa
1562
01:37:57,708 --> 01:38:00,167
in the spring of 324 BC.
1563
01:38:00,292 --> 01:38:03,250
It becomes clear that Alexander
has no intention
1564
01:38:03,458 --> 01:38:05,167
of ever returning to Macedon,
1565
01:38:05,375 --> 01:38:07,417
that he will be sending his soldiers home,
1566
01:38:07,583 --> 01:38:09,333
he will be sending veterans home,
1567
01:38:09,500 --> 01:38:13,000
but Alexander himself will be staying
1568
01:38:13,208 --> 01:38:15,500
in the new domains that he has conquered.
1569
01:38:17,583 --> 01:38:19,417
He's now spent about 10 years there.
1570
01:38:19,542 --> 01:38:21,542
That's nearly a third of his life.
1571
01:38:21,708 --> 01:38:25,208
He's adopted Persian customs,
he's adopted Persian dress.
1572
01:38:25,333 --> 01:38:26,917
And why not stay in Persia?
1573
01:38:27,083 --> 01:38:28,583
It's the center of the world.
1574
01:38:29,708 --> 01:38:32,833
For Alexander,
it's time to consolidate power.
1575
01:38:34,000 --> 01:38:36,583
If you're going to administrate,
well, you have to stay put
1576
01:38:36,750 --> 01:38:38,792
and figure out
how to make this empire work.
1577
01:38:39,708 --> 01:38:42,667
He ends up picking somebody
to do that for him,
1578
01:38:42,833 --> 01:38:44,625
and that's Hephaestion's role.
1579
01:38:46,333 --> 01:38:48,208
Then Alexander arranges the marriages
1580
01:38:48,375 --> 01:38:52,167
of his Macedonian generals
to Persian princesses.
1581
01:38:54,208 --> 01:38:55,958
Alexander is trying to fuse together
1582
01:38:56,125 --> 01:38:59,208
the elites of Macedonia
and the Persian Empire
1583
01:38:59,375 --> 01:39:02,000
by creating them into married networks
1584
01:39:02,208 --> 01:39:03,583
that would owe loyalty to one another,
1585
01:39:03,750 --> 01:39:06,583
that this is not so much
a change of identity
1586
01:39:06,792 --> 01:39:09,167
as much as a change
in political commitment.
1587
01:39:09,333 --> 01:39:11,667
Alexander is moving from King of Macedon
1588
01:39:11,875 --> 01:39:13,458
to King of the World.
1589
01:39:14,250 --> 01:39:15,458
Ptolemy...
1590
01:39:17,042 --> 01:39:18,167
this one's for you.
1591
01:39:19,917 --> 01:39:21,333
The only way to truly rule Persia
1592
01:39:21,542 --> 01:39:23,583
is to establish Macedonian blood.
1593
01:39:24,125 --> 01:39:25,792
Enjoy it.
1594
01:39:25,875 --> 01:39:27,750
Alexander takes
two more wives for himself,
1595
01:39:27,875 --> 01:39:30,833
the youngest daughter
of one of the Persian generals,
1596
01:39:31,000 --> 01:39:34,542
and also, he marries
the oldest daughter of Darius,
1597
01:39:34,708 --> 01:39:37,167
so he's going to become
a polygamist like his father.
1598
01:39:37,333 --> 01:39:38,583
Hephaestion...
1599
01:39:40,333 --> 01:39:41,708
meet your new wife.
1600
01:39:43,375 --> 01:39:45,125
For his best friend
and loyal retainer, Hephaestion,
1601
01:39:45,292 --> 01:39:47,083
Alexander arranges a marriage
1602
01:39:47,250 --> 01:39:50,000
with the best bride available in Persia,
1603
01:39:50,167 --> 01:39:52,250
one of Darius' other daughters.
1604
01:39:52,375 --> 01:39:54,167
This makes Hephaestion essentially
1605
01:39:54,292 --> 01:39:55,875
Alexander's brother-in-law.
1606
01:39:56,917 --> 01:39:57,917
This is for us.
1607
01:39:58,667 --> 01:40:00,500
Our children will grow up together...
1608
01:40:01,708 --> 01:40:02,750
like we did.
1609
01:40:04,042 --> 01:40:05,333
They will share the same blood.
1610
01:40:06,042 --> 01:40:08,542
It is possible that Alexander hoped
1611
01:40:08,708 --> 01:40:12,417
and planned to grow old
with Hephaestion in Persia,
1612
01:40:12,583 --> 01:40:16,500
to raise their children together
as Hellenic Persians,
1613
01:40:16,625 --> 01:40:19,500
essentially to establish
himself, Hephaestion,
1614
01:40:19,625 --> 01:40:21,917
their families, for the future.
1615
01:40:25,208 --> 01:40:27,167
Just seven months later
1616
01:40:27,375 --> 01:40:29,333
in the fall of 324 BC,
1617
01:40:30,375 --> 01:40:32,000
Alexander's plans are derailed.
1618
01:40:32,208 --> 01:40:37,250
♪
1619
01:40:41,667 --> 01:40:43,667
He receives devastating news.
1620
01:40:44,833 --> 01:40:47,167
The culture of drinking
in Alexander's army
1621
01:40:47,333 --> 01:40:49,167
seems to get even stronger.
1622
01:40:49,875 --> 01:40:53,167
Lots of parties, lots of celebrations.
1623
01:40:53,333 --> 01:40:55,042
And Hephaestion becomes ill
1624
01:40:55,208 --> 01:40:56,792
after one of these drinking bouts.
1625
01:41:02,417 --> 01:41:05,000
Alexander, hearing that the health
1626
01:41:05,208 --> 01:41:07,958
of his closest friend is declining,
1627
01:41:08,167 --> 01:41:11,292
makes his way to Hephaestion's side,
1628
01:41:11,417 --> 01:41:12,708
but doesn't arrive in time.
1629
01:41:13,333 --> 01:41:14,542
Sleep well.
1630
01:41:20,667 --> 01:41:24,917
Hephaestion is really
his emotional touchstone.
1631
01:41:26,167 --> 01:41:28,292
His bedrock is gone.
1632
01:41:28,458 --> 01:41:30,292
The man who he had hoped would help
1633
01:41:30,500 --> 01:41:32,542
administrate his empire is gone.
1634
01:41:33,125 --> 01:41:34,000
What is he going to do?
1635
01:41:34,167 --> 01:41:38,833
♪
1636
01:41:43,875 --> 01:41:46,875
When Hephaestion dies,
Alexander loses his mind.
1637
01:41:49,083 --> 01:41:52,292
Alexander is so distraught
that he blames the doctors
1638
01:41:52,458 --> 01:41:54,500
that failed to save Hephaestion's life
1639
01:41:54,667 --> 01:41:56,333
and has them all crucified.
1640
01:42:00,458 --> 01:42:04,458
He withdraws in agonizing pain
and mourning and sadness.
1641
01:42:08,417 --> 01:42:11,083
In the spring of 323 BC,
1642
01:42:11,250 --> 01:42:13,208
Alexander emerges from mourning
1643
01:42:13,375 --> 01:42:15,458
with a new vision for his future.
1644
01:42:17,625 --> 01:42:20,167
Alexander decides
it's time for another conquest.
1645
01:42:20,333 --> 01:42:22,542
This time, he sets his sights on Arabia,
1646
01:42:22,708 --> 01:42:25,167
another land
that's associated with opulence,
1647
01:42:25,333 --> 01:42:27,750
riches, and exoticism.
1648
01:42:30,417 --> 01:42:32,417
Alexander knows what he's good at.
1649
01:42:32,583 --> 01:42:35,333
I think he fears that if he stops,
1650
01:42:35,500 --> 01:42:36,792
the music will stop.
1651
01:42:39,292 --> 01:42:40,500
And so, he sends out some troops
1652
01:42:40,708 --> 01:42:42,583
on a kind of exploratory mission.
1653
01:42:43,542 --> 01:42:46,500
But he himself will never make that trip.
1654
01:42:52,000 --> 01:42:55,000
♪
1655
01:43:04,292 --> 01:43:06,000
In 323 BC,
1656
01:43:06,958 --> 01:43:10,792
Alexander arrives in the Persian
ceremonial capital of Babylon.
1657
01:43:12,208 --> 01:43:13,875
His health declines rapidly.
1658
01:43:16,917 --> 01:43:19,792
He is struck with severe stomach problems.
1659
01:43:20,000 --> 01:43:22,042
He begins passing blood.
1660
01:43:25,292 --> 01:43:26,708
His fevers begin to spike
1661
01:43:26,875 --> 01:43:28,750
and he passes in and out of consciousness.
1662
01:43:28,917 --> 01:43:31,083
Was it a poisoning, which was very common
1663
01:43:31,208 --> 01:43:32,333
in the Macedonian circles?
1664
01:43:32,542 --> 01:43:33,833
Was it an illness?
1665
01:43:33,958 --> 01:43:35,000
It could be malaria,
1666
01:43:35,167 --> 01:43:36,750
it could be typhus,
1667
01:43:36,875 --> 01:43:39,500
it could simply be all
of the accumulated injuries
1668
01:43:39,708 --> 01:43:41,125
of his long campaign.
1669
01:43:43,500 --> 01:43:46,958
What we do know is this is a man
that lived hard.
1670
01:43:49,000 --> 01:43:52,542
The mood of his inner circle is desperate.
1671
01:43:52,708 --> 01:43:55,458
They're very concerned.
1672
01:43:55,542 --> 01:43:59,875
What is going to happen
to Alexander's vast empire?
1673
01:44:05,500 --> 01:44:07,125
There must be provisions for the future.
1674
01:44:09,208 --> 01:44:10,208
Name a successor.
1675
01:44:11,375 --> 01:44:12,667
-Go.
-An heir.
1676
01:44:13,417 --> 01:44:14,958
-That's all I ask of you.
-Go.
1677
01:44:16,250 --> 01:44:18,458
-Stop.
-I will rule.
1678
01:44:19,000 --> 01:44:20,125
I will rule!
1679
01:44:21,000 --> 01:44:22,083
Think of Greece.
1680
01:44:22,917 --> 01:44:24,583
Think of all we have fought for.
1681
01:44:28,708 --> 01:44:31,833
To the strongest, to the best.
1682
01:44:44,417 --> 01:44:48,125
He says, "To the strongest, to the best."
1683
01:44:51,458 --> 01:44:53,625
In June of 323 BC...
1684
01:44:55,125 --> 01:44:56,750
Alexander dies.
1685
01:44:58,208 --> 01:45:00,500
He is just 32,
1686
01:45:00,667 --> 01:45:03,667
and his refusal to acknowledge
any of his companions
1687
01:45:03,833 --> 01:45:06,042
as a worthy successor is a disaster,
1688
01:45:07,042 --> 01:45:09,750
seeding the collapse of his entire empire.
1689
01:45:12,000 --> 01:45:14,708
Alexander dies too soon, too young.
1690
01:45:15,500 --> 01:45:18,583
He leaves an empire that's conquered
1691
01:45:18,750 --> 01:45:20,583
and just about established,
1692
01:45:20,750 --> 01:45:24,125
but hasn't yet settled
into a system of government,
1693
01:45:24,250 --> 01:45:26,083
so everything is to play for.
1694
01:45:28,417 --> 01:45:30,792
His wife, Roxanne, is pregnant,
1695
01:45:30,958 --> 01:45:33,833
and the child in the womb
is proclaimed king
1696
01:45:34,000 --> 01:45:36,333
if it turns out to be a boy,
as, in fact, it does.
1697
01:45:36,542 --> 01:45:38,833
But this young child, of course,
1698
01:45:38,958 --> 01:45:41,083
is in no position to rule the kingdom.
1699
01:45:44,667 --> 01:45:45,792
By the time of Alexander's death,
1700
01:45:45,958 --> 01:45:48,000
his empire stretches from Greece
1701
01:45:48,208 --> 01:45:52,167
to modern-day Pakistan
and down into Egypt.
1702
01:45:52,792 --> 01:45:54,708
It's around two million square miles
1703
01:45:54,875 --> 01:45:56,708
in terms of territory, which is bigger
1704
01:45:56,875 --> 01:45:58,750
than the Roman Empire will ever become.
1705
01:45:58,958 --> 01:46:00,500
As for the rest of the empire,
1706
01:46:00,708 --> 01:46:04,292
various generals begin a war for supremacy
1707
01:46:04,417 --> 01:46:06,083
and control over the entire thing.
1708
01:46:06,667 --> 01:46:08,583
Alexander's vast empire
1709
01:46:08,708 --> 01:46:10,833
breaks up into several different kingdoms,
1710
01:46:11,042 --> 01:46:13,042
never to be united again.
1711
01:46:18,958 --> 01:46:20,875
Ptolemy takes the biggest gamble.
1712
01:46:21,458 --> 01:46:23,750
He claims Egypt,
1713
01:46:23,875 --> 01:46:26,125
the jewel in the crown
of the Persian Empire.
1714
01:46:28,833 --> 01:46:30,667
Ptolemy is actually able to carve out
1715
01:46:30,875 --> 01:46:33,292
a stable and successful kingdom in Egypt.
1716
01:46:33,708 --> 01:46:36,833
More than 200 years later,
his direct descendant,
1717
01:46:37,042 --> 01:46:39,375
Cleopatra, comes to the throne.
1718
01:46:41,208 --> 01:46:44,000
Histories look back
on Alexander traditionally
1719
01:46:44,167 --> 01:46:47,375
as a romantic figure
of immense glamor and success.
1720
01:46:48,458 --> 01:46:50,500
In battle, he proved capable
1721
01:46:50,708 --> 01:46:53,542
of original and bold tactics,
1722
01:46:53,708 --> 01:46:58,833
incredible personal courage,
quick decision-making,
1723
01:46:59,000 --> 01:47:00,583
and limitless ambition.
1724
01:47:01,042 --> 01:47:03,042
And, of course, success breeds success.
1725
01:47:03,208 --> 01:47:04,667
We are Greeks!
1726
01:47:07,375 --> 01:47:10,500
Alexander's story shapes
the centuries that follow
1727
01:47:10,708 --> 01:47:12,833
because he becomes a model
1728
01:47:13,000 --> 01:47:16,208
for every ruler, every potential general,
1729
01:47:16,375 --> 01:47:20,292
every want-to-be-king
for centuries thereafter.
1730
01:47:21,083 --> 01:47:26,083
There are few, if any,
human beings in history...
1731
01:47:27,417 --> 01:47:31,458
that have as great
an impact as Alexander does.
129467
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