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In this lecture we're gonna be talking about something called for shortening.
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So what is for shortening.
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Well let's have a look at a few photograph examples.
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So for short it is basically perspective when it comes to the human form or any type of form early but
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for shortening is basically when things get larger as you get closer to the viewer or smaller as you
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get further away from the viewer.
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So in the case of this hand for example reaching out for the camera you can see that the hand is it's
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much bigger than it would look if it was down to her side.
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It's actually bigger than her face when you're looking at it in terms of 2D.
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And so this is for shortening another aspect for shortening is that things become shorter.
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So for example her arm here her arm would be considered kind of a cylinder so if we're to kind of draw
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that out like that you can see that that cylinder is kind of shrunken and squashed down.
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If we saw this arm from the side the cylinder probably much longer and looks something like this right.
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And so those are two aspects for shortening is one that things get squashed when they're kind of moving
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directly towards you and the other part is that they get larger as they get closer to the viewer and
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smaller as you get further away.
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So let's have a look at another example.
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So here's a photograph of some runners and there's a few examples of for shortening going on here.
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We can see an example here in this girl's arm you can see that even though there's not a lot of scale
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difference going on so this hand doesn't look at that much bigger because it's you're not close enough
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as the viewer to her hand for it to be that much larger but you will notice that her forearm is being
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foreshortened and to kind of a stub your looking cylinder even though it's not really it just appears
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to be because you can see right here it's very short it's about that distance right there.
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But on this arm up here.
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Let me switch to a red maybe easier for you guys to see it.
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Her forearm is really about that long when you're looking on it straight on but over here it's a lot
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more foreshortened.
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Same thing applies to their leg.
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So for example this girl's leg right here.
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This has a little bit of foreshortened going on
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so if we're looking at this from the side her front knee would be coming out like this towards the viewer
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and then her calf would be going back like this away from the viewer and so what's happening is the
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knee is the closest part to the viewer so right there and this leg right here is gonna be foreshortened
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so rather than being completely extended downwards so we can see the complete length of it.
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It gets squashed just a little bit.
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Now an even more extreme example of this is right here you can see that this is basic the her leg is
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doing basically the same thing but it's being foreshortened so it's been a lot more squashed than that
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because it's angling away even more from the view if we looked at her leg from the side probably looks
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something like this
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right.
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So much more angled away from the viewer.
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All right.
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So let's go ahead and let's talk about what kind of exercise we can we do to have a good understanding
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of foreshortened.
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So right here I've drawn a torso and the head and stuff of a male.
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So you can do the same thing it doesn't have to be as detailed in fact it could just kind of be some
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very simple rectangles and stuff.
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But basically we're going to take the torso and we're going to draw an exercise that helps us understand
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the for shortening of the arm.
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So if we had the arm extended directly straight out.
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So what I'll do is I'm going to go ahead and I'm going to just kind of sketch out
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an ARM
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AND I'LL JUST KEEP THE FORMS nice and simple so for the handle just kind of do a form like that.
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It's would be kind of a cylinder.
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This will also be kind of a cylinder
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All right.
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So there's our arm.
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So what we're gonna do is we're gonna make kind of a pivot point right here at the end of his arm on
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the inside.
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So from that pivot point if we're kind of looking at a down shot a little bit what we would get is we
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could kind of draw a big sort of circle and perspective like this around it and we probably want the
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other end of the circle to be.
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We wanted to be about the same distance as his arm.
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So we wanted to kind of go out to their
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it's just something like that.
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And from this what we can do is we can kind of pivot the arm around this.
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So for example I can draw another one of these I mean add a new layer bring down the pass through a
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little bit so we can see a little bit better and so you'll see that I can for Shorten an arm I can make
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the arm facing straight out from this point by having it follow the circle because as the arm rotates
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around the body I would kind of stay within that circle.
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So what I can do is I can start by drawing the cylinder for
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the biceps and I'll move this in a little bit actually so somewhere right about there.
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So is a cylinder for the biceps and we want this kind of be moving outward.
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So because of perspective it's gonna be going off to a vanishing point so we can kind of follow some
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guidelines like that.
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So this is the bicep cylinder so this one right here but we're seeing it in more of a front view and
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it's been foreshortened next is going to be the four arm for an arm tapers and so because we have to
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angle these lines outwards what's going to happen is it's going to kind of counterbalance.
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So it's actually almost just going to look like it's straight line coming out because as it tapers it
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actually gets larger.
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But at the same time it's getting smaller because it's tapering next let's go ahead and draw the hand
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in so just kind of draw this form in like this
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then the shoulder could kind of be drawn right there.
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All right great.
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So you can see that there's this extended out arm one that's extending out towards the viewer.
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What if we wanted to go ahead and draw one that was extending out about halfway or the 45 degree angle.
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So what we can do is we can just start by drawing in the cylinder for the biceps and again because of
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this angle it's going to be foreshortened just a little bit and what you can do is you can actually
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draw another ring circle inside of this just to kind of give you an idea of where the end of that bicep
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is and so should each one should kind of follow that circle.
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Same with the fore arm if you wanted to do that.
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It's getting a little messy looking so don't worry about that right now but you can see that it can
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go ahead and draw out the fore arm which kind of gets squashed a little bit as well because of for shortening
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and then it can draw
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the form for the hand.
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Just kind of a rectangular shape like that and the shoulder.
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All right great.
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So there's kind of three versions of the foreshortened arm.
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And so that's just kind of a good exercise to help you give an understanding of how for shortening works
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and how to think about especially on the human body because the main things that are gonna be for shortening
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are the arms and the legs more than anything.
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Now let's go ahead and let's try one more thing.
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Let's try it with the leg.
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So what I'm gonna do is I'm just gonna draw a quick sort of character just kind of sitting on the ground
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and we'll just do a simple kind of shape like this just to represent his torso
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an arm there aren't there
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all right.
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And so one kind of leg socket is gonna be right there.
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The other one will be right about here
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right.
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So there's just a nice simple little sketch.
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So coming off this what we're gonna do and maybe I'll actually move these leg sockets over a little
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bit so many race that come put one right here put another one right over here.
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All right.
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So we're gonna try drawing the legs in two different angles with like two different forms of force shortening.
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So what we can do is we can go ahead and we can kind of draw another one of these sort of helicopter
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ovals like that and then is just kind of a circle and perspective.
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Just to give you an idea if we're drawing prospective lines the circles kind of laying on a plane that's
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in perspective like that.
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And so what we can do is with this we can draw all kinds of different leg so we can have a leg coming
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out like this right where we can have it coming straight forward.
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We're just using that circle to kind of tell us how long it should be based off of where it's angled
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and you're going to want to do the same thing for the other leg.
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So another thing is when we're drawing we can kind of try this coiling effect where you kind of just
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draw circles like this out and they kind of get smaller as you taper down to the bottom of the foot
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that and they kind of work as construction lines so it kind of gives you a good feel for what the form
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of the leg is and also kind of how it's moving out towards the viewer.
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So then we can go and draw kind of a foot in there and as you can see because of for shortening our
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foot is a bit larger than it's larger than our head if we were to take this distance from top to bottom
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put up by the head it'll be bigger than the hat which generally isn't real.
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But with for shortening it appears that things that are closer to us are larger.
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All right then so from this we can go ahead and kind of sketch in the calf sketch in a kneecap in the
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shin and thigh that we can do the other thing for the other leg so for the other leg let's have the
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leg kind of extending out this way.
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We're not gonna use a circle.
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We can carnies as a guide but because it's the other leg it should kind of be shifted out the circle
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should come out here.
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So we'll kind of keep that in mind as we're drawing.
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So again we can kind of do the same thing we can just kind of use these coils but since we're looking
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at the coils from this side now you can see that kind of changes that form
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just something like that.
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So then we can use those as a guide and it's OK if you don't follow exactly what the coils.
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Because maybe your coils didn't maybe you didn't draw them exactly like the form of leg.
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You just want to get them kind of close
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right.
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So there's his legs
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all right great.
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And honestly this foot right here this could actually be a little bit larger.
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So just using Photoshop tool just go ahead enlarge that a little bit
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like that so there you go.
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There's kind of another exercise you can do to learn for shortening.
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So a lot of the times for shortening is just kind of intuitive it's not necessarily a science or there's
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not really necessarily proportions you can follow.
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You can kind of go into the real nitty gritty details of drawing actual perspective with a vanishing
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point.
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But typically when you're drawing characters you just wanted to be quick and fast.
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And so it really just comes down to drawing a lot of reference that has for shortening going on in it
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so that you can gain an understanding kind of just build that into your muscle memory and your visual
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library so you can just kind of draw it whenever you want.
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But these are two techniques that kind of help you along as by either one thinking of the four shortening
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as a bunch of forms so cylinders coming towards you for example and then maybe the forearms right here
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right.
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So you can think of for Shorten in that way.
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And you can also think of for Shorten as kind of these coils.
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So if something's coming out towards you
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and the coils just kind of get bigger.
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And then what you get is you kind of get this warm like form that's kind of moving out towards your
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viewer but it's incorporating for shortening.
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So I think that those are the two easiest and best ways to work with for shortening.
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That brings us to the end of this lecture.
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If you have any questions about for shortening make sure you post them to the Q and A section of the
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course.
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And if there's a drawing that you're drawing and it involves for shortening especially exaggerated for
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shortening like we have right here with his foot then definitely post that and see if you can get any
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critiques because for shortening is kind of one of the hardest things I think for a lot of artists to
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get good at.
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And so it's something you really want to practice and it's something you want people to constantly be
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giving you feedback on so that you can get really good at it.
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Thanks for watching this lecture and I'll see you in the next one.
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