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[ RINGING ]
2
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[ STEAM HISSING ]
3
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[ WHISTLE BLOWS ]
4
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I SEE OVER MY OWN CONTINENT
5
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THE PACIFIC RAILROAD SURMOUNTING EVERY BARRIER.
6
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I SEE CONTINUAL TRAINS OF CARS WINDING ALONG THE PLATTE,
7
00:00:44,295 --> 00:00:47,412
CARRYING FREIGHT AND PASSENGERS.
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I HEAR THE LOCOMOTIVES RUSHING AND ROARING,
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AND THE SHRILL STEAM WHISTLE.
10
00:00:57,657 --> 00:01:00,092
I HEAR THE ECHOES REVERBERATE
11
00:01:00,160 --> 00:01:03,561
THROUGH THE GRANDEST SCENERY IN THE WORLD.
12
00:01:03,630 --> 00:01:09,551
LO SOUL, SEEST THOU NOT GOD'S PURPOSE FROM THE FIRST?
13
00:01:09,620 --> 00:01:15,007
THE EARTH TO BE SPANNED, CONNECTED BY NETWORKS.
14
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THE LANDS TO BE WELDED TOGETHER --
15
00:01:19,312 --> 00:01:21,163
WALT WHITMAN.
16
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[ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ]
17
00:01:40,100 --> 00:01:44,169
[ EAGLE CRIES ]
18
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[ DRUM BEATS,
CHANTING CONTINUES ]
19
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[ MORE VOICES ADDED
TO CHANTING ]
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Narrator: IT HAD TAKEN
THE BLOODSHED AND SACRIFICE
21
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OF THE CIVIL WAR TO REUNITE
THE NATION, NORTH AND SOUTH.
22
00:02:30,367 --> 00:02:32,467
BUT WHEN THE WAR WAS OVER,
23
00:02:32,536 --> 00:02:35,921
AMERICANS SET OUT
WITH EQUAL DETERMINATION
24
00:02:36,006 --> 00:02:39,324
TO UNITE THE NATION,
EAST AND WEST.
25
00:02:39,393 --> 00:02:42,794
TO DO IT, THEY WOULD
BUILD A RAILROAD.
26
00:02:42,863 --> 00:02:46,447
ITS COMPLETION WOULD BE
ONE OF THE GREATEST
27
00:02:46,516 --> 00:02:50,285
TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENTS
OF THE AGE --
28
00:02:50,353 --> 00:02:54,239
SIGNALLING AT LAST,
AS NOTHING ELSE EVER HAD,
29
00:02:54,307 --> 00:02:59,127
THAT THE UNITED STATES WAS
NOT ONLY A CONTINENTAL NATION,
30
00:02:59,195 --> 00:03:03,048
BUT ON ITS WAY TO BECOMING
A WORLD POWER.
31
00:03:07,187 --> 00:03:10,171
AND WHEN THE RAILROAD WAS
FINALLY BUILT,
32
00:03:10,240 --> 00:03:12,224
THE PACE OF CHANGE WOULD SHIFT
33
00:03:12,309 --> 00:03:15,110
FROM THE STEADY GAIT
OF A TEAM OF OXEN
34
00:03:15,178 --> 00:03:18,763
TO THE POWERFUL SURGE
OF A STEAM LOCOMOTIVE.
35
00:03:18,849 --> 00:03:22,567
THE WEST WOULD BE TRANSFORMED.
36
00:03:24,054 --> 00:03:29,758
OVERNIGHT, THE RAILROAD WOULD
TURN BARREN SPOTS OF EARTH
37
00:03:29,826 --> 00:03:35,447
INTO RAUCOUS BOOM TOWNS --
NORTH PLATTE AND JULESBURG,
38
00:03:35,515 --> 00:03:42,153
ABILENE, BEAR RIVER, WICHITA
AND DODGE.
39
00:03:42,222 --> 00:03:45,707
THE RAILROAD WOULD ALLOW
CIVIL WAR VETERANS,
40
00:03:45,776 --> 00:03:50,462
POOR FARMERS FROM THE EAST AND
LANDLESS PEASANTS FROM EUROPE
41
00:03:50,530 --> 00:03:54,082
TO HAVE A FARM THEY COULD
CALL THEIR OWN.
42
00:03:54,151 --> 00:03:58,386
THERE THEY PLANTED
FOREIGN STRAINS OF WHEAT
43
00:03:58,455 --> 00:04:01,173
IN RICH, MATTED PRAIRIE SOIL
44
00:04:01,241 --> 00:04:06,144
THAT HAD NEVER KNOWN ANYTHING
BUT GRASS.
45
00:04:06,213 --> 00:04:11,216
RAILROADS WOULD CARRY
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS
46
00:04:11,285 --> 00:04:16,271
OF WESTERN LONGHORNS
TO EASTERN MARKETS,
47
00:04:16,339 --> 00:04:20,608
AND TURN THE DUSTY,
SADDLE-SORE MEN WHO HERDED THEM
48
00:04:20,677 --> 00:04:24,463
INTO THE IDOLS
OF EVERY EASTERN SCHOOLBOY.
49
00:04:26,599 --> 00:04:29,000
[ HORSE NEIGHS ]
50
00:04:41,181 --> 00:04:44,850
AND RAILROADS WOULD BRING
ONTO THE GREAT PLAINS
51
00:04:44,918 --> 00:04:46,668
THE BUFFALO HUNTERS --
52
00:04:46,737 --> 00:04:51,322
WHO WOULD DRIVE A MAGNIFICENT
ANIMAL THAT SYMBOLIZED THE WEST
53
00:04:51,391 --> 00:04:53,558
TO THE BRINK OF EXTINCTION,
54
00:04:53,627 --> 00:04:55,977
AND WITH IT A WAY OF LIFE
55
00:04:56,046 --> 00:05:00,681
WITH ROOTS REACHING BACK
BEFORE RECORDED HISTORY.
56
00:05:00,750 --> 00:05:05,304
THE RAILROAD WOULD DO
ALL OF THAT,
57
00:05:05,372 --> 00:05:10,992
BUT FIRST,
SOMEONE WOULD HAVE TO BUILD IT.
58
00:05:23,407 --> 00:05:27,125
[ DOG BARKS ]
59
00:05:27,194 --> 00:05:30,345
THE GREAT PACIFIC RAILWAY IS COMMENCED.
60
00:05:30,414 --> 00:05:33,898
IMMIGRATION WILL SOON POUR INTO THESE VALLEYS,
61
00:05:33,967 --> 00:05:38,136
TEN MILLION EMIGRANTS WILL SETTLE IN THIS GOLDEN LAND
62
00:05:38,205 --> 00:05:39,554
IN TWENTY YEARS.
63
00:05:39,622 --> 00:05:43,057
THIS IS THE GRANDEST ENTERPRISE UNDER GOD --
64
00:05:43,126 --> 00:05:45,009
GEORGE FRANCIS TRAIN.
65
00:05:47,197 --> 00:05:52,767
Narrator: RAILROADS HAD ALREADY
TRANSFORMED LIFE IN THE EAST,
66
00:05:52,836 --> 00:05:55,653
BUT AT THE END OF THE CIVIL WAR,
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THEY STILL STOPPED
AT THE MISSOURI RIVER.
68
00:06:00,160 --> 00:06:02,060
FOR A QUARTER OF A CENTURY,
69
00:06:02,129 --> 00:06:06,014
MEN HAD DREAMED OF BUILDING
A LINE FROM COAST TO COAST.
70
00:06:06,083 --> 00:06:08,150
NOW THEY WOULD ATTEMPT IT --
71
00:06:08,218 --> 00:06:15,707
1,775 MILES OF TRACK
FROM OMAHA TO SACRAMENTO.
72
00:06:15,775 --> 00:06:18,009
IT WOULD HAVE TO BE
CUT THROUGH MOUNTAINS
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00:06:18,078 --> 00:06:21,162
HIGHER THAN ANY RAILROAD BUILDER
HAD EVER FACED,
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00:06:21,231 --> 00:06:24,916
SPAN DESERTS WHERE THERE WAS
NO WATER ANYWHERE,
75
00:06:24,985 --> 00:06:26,901
AND CROSS TREELESS PRAIRIES
76
00:06:26,970 --> 00:06:29,688
WHERE ANXIOUS
AND DEFIANT INDIANS
77
00:06:29,757 --> 00:06:32,123
WOULD RESIST THEIR PASSAGE.
78
00:06:32,192 --> 00:06:35,543
THEY KNEW FROM THE START
THAT IF IT COULD BE COMPLETED,
79
00:06:35,611 --> 00:06:38,296
AMERICANS WOULD HAVE
ACCOMPLISHED SOMETHING
80
00:06:38,365 --> 00:06:41,066
NO OTHER PEOPLE HAD EVER
EVEN ATTEMPTED.
81
00:06:43,920 --> 00:06:46,371
IN THE RIPENESS OF TIME
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00:06:46,439 --> 00:06:49,791
THE HOPE OF HUMANITY IS REALIZED.
83
00:06:49,859 --> 00:06:54,162
THIS CONTINENTAL RAILWAY WILL BIND THE TWO SEABOARDS
84
00:06:54,231 --> 00:06:59,584
TO THIS ONE CONTINENTAL UNION, LIKE EARS TO THE HUMAN HEAD,
85
00:06:59,653 --> 00:07:03,004
TO PLANT THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE UNION SO BROAD AND DEEP
86
00:07:03,073 --> 00:07:07,892
THAT NO POSSIBLE FORCE OR STRATAGEM
87
00:07:07,961 --> 00:07:10,495
CAN SHAKE ITS PERMANENCE --
88
00:07:10,580 --> 00:07:13,565
WILLIAM GILPIN.
89
00:07:17,453 --> 00:07:21,189
Narrator: THE WEST COULDN'T
BE SETTLED WITHOUT RAILROADS,
90
00:07:21,257 --> 00:07:23,958
AND A RAILROAD ACROSS THE WEST
91
00:07:24,027 --> 00:07:27,462
COULDN'T BE BUILT
WITHOUT THE GOVERNMENT.
92
00:07:27,531 --> 00:07:31,732
THE DISTANCES WERE TOO GREAT,
THE COSTS TOO STAGGERING,
93
00:07:31,801 --> 00:07:35,520
THE RISKS TOO HIGH
FOR ANY GROUP OF BUSINESSMEN.
94
00:07:35,589 --> 00:07:37,822
IT WAS ONLY THROUGH
THE GOVERNMENT'S HELP
95
00:07:37,890 --> 00:07:41,009
THAT ANYTHING OF THIS GARGANTUAN
SIZE COULD BE ACCOMPLISHED,
96
00:07:41,078 --> 00:07:42,660
MUCH AS LANDING ON THE MOON.
97
00:07:42,729 --> 00:07:47,199
IT WAS NOT RUGGED INDIVIDUALISTS
WHO BUILT THE RAILROAD,
98
00:07:47,267 --> 00:07:49,066
IT WAS RUGGED CORPORATIONS
99
00:07:49,135 --> 00:07:52,420
WHO FORMED AND FINANCED
THEMSELVES AS ENTITIES.
100
00:07:52,489 --> 00:07:55,874
IT WAS THE RUGGED
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
101
00:07:55,942 --> 00:07:59,060
THAT CAME UP WITH THE FEDERAL
LOANS AND THE LAND GRANTS
102
00:07:59,129 --> 00:08:01,229
THAT ENABLED IT TO BE BUILT.
103
00:08:01,298 --> 00:08:04,615
AMID ALL THE ROMANCE
OF THE BUILDING OF THE RAILROAD,
104
00:08:04,684 --> 00:08:06,351
WE TEND TO FORGET THAT IT WAS
105
00:08:06,419 --> 00:08:09,870
ONE OF THE MAJOR INDUSTRIAL
ENTERPRISES OF ITS AGE.
106
00:08:09,939 --> 00:08:13,808
Narrator: IN 1862,
CONGRESS GAVE CHARTERS
107
00:08:13,877 --> 00:08:16,578
TO TWO COMPANIES TO BUILD IT.
108
00:08:16,646 --> 00:08:20,614
THE CENTRAL PACIFIC WAS TO PUSH
EASTWARD FROM SACRAMENTO
109
00:08:20,683 --> 00:08:23,268
OVER THE SIERRA NEVADA
MOUNTAINS.
110
00:08:23,336 --> 00:08:27,255
THE UNION PACIFIC WAS TO START
FROM THE MISSOURI,
111
00:08:27,324 --> 00:08:31,459
CROSS THE GREAT PLAINS
AND CUT THROUGH THE ROCKIES.
112
00:08:31,527 --> 00:08:36,031
BOTH COMPANIES WERE TO RECEIVE
VAST LOANS FROM THE TREASURY
113
00:08:36,099 --> 00:08:37,832
AS THEY WENT ALONG --
114
00:08:37,900 --> 00:08:41,602
$16,000 PER MILE OF LEVEL TRACK,
115
00:08:41,671 --> 00:08:48,076
$32,000 IN THE PLATEAUS,
AND $48,000 IN THE MOUNTAINS.
116
00:08:48,145 --> 00:08:52,697
LOBBYISTS GOT THE RATES DOUBLED
WITHIN A YEAR.
117
00:08:52,766 --> 00:08:55,683
LELAND STANFORD,
GOVERNOR OF CALIFORNIA
118
00:08:55,752 --> 00:08:59,670
AND PRESIDENT OF THE
CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD,
119
00:08:59,739 --> 00:09:04,325
PERSUADED A MALLEABLE GEOLOGIST,
PROFESSOR JOSIAH WHITNEY,
120
00:09:04,394 --> 00:09:07,929
TO DECLARE THE GENTLY SLOPING
SACRAMENTO VALLEY
121
00:09:07,998 --> 00:09:09,864
A MOUNTAINOUS REGION,
122
00:09:09,933 --> 00:09:12,032
SO THAT THE CENTRAL PACIFIC
123
00:09:12,101 --> 00:09:15,253
COULD COLLECT
THE HIGHEST POSSIBLE RATE
124
00:09:15,322 --> 00:09:17,656
FOR LAYING TRACK ACROSS IT.
125
00:09:17,724 --> 00:09:20,808
A GRATEFUL CALIFORNIA
LEGISLATURE LATER NAMED
126
00:09:20,877 --> 00:09:25,045
ITS HIGHEST PEAK "MOUNT WHITNEY"
IN THE PROFESSOR'S HONOR.
127
00:09:27,834 --> 00:09:31,386
CONGRESS ALSO PROMISED
EACH COMPANY
128
00:09:31,455 --> 00:09:37,142
6,400 ACRES OF FEDERAL LAND
FOR EVERY MILE OF TRACK IT LAID.
129
00:09:37,210 --> 00:09:39,643
Man: THE RAILROADS GOT
THE RIGHT OF WAY
130
00:09:39,712 --> 00:09:41,278
AND ALONG THE RIGHT OF WAY
131
00:09:41,347 --> 00:09:44,699
MILES AND MILES OF WHAT WAS THEN
THE GOVERNMENT'S LAND.
132
00:09:44,768 --> 00:09:49,704
WHEN YOU ADDED IT ALL TOGETHER
IT WAS A GIFT OF ROUGHLY
133
00:09:49,773 --> 00:09:53,424
THE SIZE OF CALIFORNIA
PLUS MOST OF MONTANA.
134
00:09:53,493 --> 00:09:55,160
IT WAS INCREDIBLE.
135
00:09:55,228 --> 00:09:59,030
Narrator: THE UNION PACIFIC
AND CENTRAL PACIFIC
136
00:09:59,099 --> 00:10:01,232
WERE SOON LOCKED IN A RACE
137
00:10:01,300 --> 00:10:04,486
TO SEE WHO COULD
LAY THE MOST TRACK --
138
00:10:04,554 --> 00:10:08,273
AND THEREFORE GET THE MOST
LAND AND MONEY.
139
00:10:08,341 --> 00:10:12,543
SOMEWHERE IN THE WEST --
NO ONE KNEW EXACTLY WHERE --
140
00:10:12,612 --> 00:10:15,797
THE TWO LINES
WERE SUPPOSED TO MEET.
141
00:10:35,635 --> 00:10:37,585
IT IS A GRAND ANVIL CHORUS
142
00:10:37,654 --> 00:10:41,138
THAT THESE STURDY SLEDGES ARE PLAYING ACROSS THE PLAINS.
143
00:10:41,207 --> 00:10:45,243
IT IS IN TRIPLE TIME, THREE STROKES TO A SPIKE.
144
00:10:45,312 --> 00:10:47,945
TWENTY-ONE MILLION TIMES ARE THEY TO COME DOWN
145
00:10:48,014 --> 00:10:50,932
WITH THEIR SHARP PUNCTUATION
146
00:10:51,001 --> 00:10:53,233
BEFORE THE GREAT WORK OF MODERN AMERICA IS COMPLETE --
147
00:10:53,302 --> 00:10:56,437
DR. WILLIAM A. BELL.
148
00:10:56,506 --> 00:11:00,908
Narrator: IN NEBRASKA,
SOME 10,000 MEN WERE AT WORK
149
00:11:00,977 --> 00:11:04,412
ON THE UNION PACIFIC
HEADING WEST.
150
00:11:04,480 --> 00:11:06,981
MOST WERE IMMIGRANTS
FROM IRELAND,
151
00:11:07,049 --> 00:11:10,117
BUT THERE WERE ALSO
MEXICANS AND GERMANS,
152
00:11:10,186 --> 00:11:14,389
ENGLISHMEN, EX-SOLDIERS
AND FORMER SLAVES --
153
00:11:14,457 --> 00:11:18,109
AN ARMY OF WORKMEN
MOVING ACROSS THE PLAINS
154
00:11:18,178 --> 00:11:20,244
WITH MILITARY PRECISION.
155
00:11:20,313 --> 00:11:23,114
THERE WAS NO TIME FOR REST.
156
00:11:23,199 --> 00:11:29,286
A 20-CAR WORK TRAIN HOUSED AND
FED THE MEN WHO ROSE AT DAWN.
157
00:11:29,355 --> 00:11:34,808
A SUPPLY TRAIN CARRIED
EVERYTHING NEEDED THAT DAY --
158
00:11:34,877 --> 00:11:38,062
RAILS, TIES, SPIKES, RODS --
159
00:11:38,131 --> 00:11:41,415
ALL OF WHICH HAD TO BE LOADED
ONTO FLATCARS
160
00:11:41,484 --> 00:11:43,684
AND RUN UP TO THE RAILHEAD
161
00:11:43,753 --> 00:11:47,021
WHERE THE "IRON MEN"
WERE ALREADY WAITING.
162
00:11:47,090 --> 00:11:49,991
EACH RAIL WEIGHED 700 POUNDS.
163
00:11:50,060 --> 00:11:53,595
IT TOOK FIVE MEN
TO LIFT IT INTO PLACE.
164
00:11:53,663 --> 00:11:55,996
TWO OR THREE MILES A DAY.
165
00:11:56,065 --> 00:12:01,085
EVERY DAY.
SIX DAYS A WEEK.
166
00:12:01,154 --> 00:12:03,671
WEEK IN AND WEEK OUT.
167
00:12:03,739 --> 00:12:05,940
AS THE UNION PACIFIC CREWS
168
00:12:06,009 --> 00:12:09,894
WORKED THEIR WAY WESTWARD
ACROSS THE PRAIRIE,
169
00:12:09,963 --> 00:12:14,265
HUNDREDS OF PROSTITUTES, PIMPS,
GAMBLERS, SALOONKEEPERS,
170
00:12:14,351 --> 00:12:16,818
GUNMEN FOLLOWED RIGHT BEHIND --
171
00:12:16,887 --> 00:12:20,188
"A CARNIVOROUS HORDE,"
ONE MAN RECALLED,
172
00:12:20,256 --> 00:12:23,057
"HUNGRIER THAN THE NATIVE
GRASSHOPPERS,"
173
00:12:23,126 --> 00:12:26,911
AND EAGER TO DEVOUR
THE MEN'S WEEKLY PAY.
174
00:12:26,980 --> 00:12:32,299
JULESBURG, AUGUST 23, 1867 --
175
00:12:32,368 --> 00:12:36,737
GAMBLING WAS CARRIED ON EXTENSIVELY,
176
00:12:36,806 --> 00:12:38,406
AND THE SALOONS WERE FULL.
177
00:12:38,474 --> 00:12:41,692
MOSTLY EVERY ONE SEEMED BENT ON DEBAUCHERY AND DISSIPATION.
178
00:12:41,761 --> 00:12:46,130
THERE APPEARS TO BE PLENTY OF MONEY HERE,
179
00:12:46,199 --> 00:12:48,299
AND PLENTY OF FOOLS TO SQUANDER IT.
180
00:12:48,368 --> 00:12:52,386
I VERILY BELIEVE THAT THERE ARE MEN HERE WHO WOULD
181
00:12:52,455 --> 00:12:55,272
MURDER A FELLOW CREATURE FOR FIVE DOLLARS --
182
00:12:55,341 --> 00:12:57,608
HENRY MORTON STANLEY.
183
00:12:57,677 --> 00:13:01,679
Narrator: THE SUCCESSION OF BASE
CAMPS THE UNION PACIFIC BUILT,
184
00:13:01,748 --> 00:13:03,615
ROUGHLY 70 MILES APART,
185
00:13:03,683 --> 00:13:05,566
ALL HAD DIFFERENT NAMES --
186
00:13:05,635 --> 00:13:09,120
ELK HORN, FREMONT, OGLALLA,
187
00:13:09,188 --> 00:13:13,875
LARAMIE, GREEN RIVER,
AND CHEYENNE.
188
00:13:18,097 --> 00:13:19,763
Watkins: SAY YOU'RE IN WYOMING,
189
00:13:19,832 --> 00:13:23,184
SAY YOU'RE AT CITADEL ROCK
ON THE GREEN RIVER IN WYOMING
190
00:13:23,253 --> 00:13:27,488
AND YOU'RE LOOKING INTO THE
DISTANCE AND THERE'S NOTHING,
191
00:13:27,556 --> 00:13:30,941
AND BEHIND YOU THERE IS TRACK
GOING ALL THE WAY TO OMAHA.
192
00:13:31,010 --> 00:13:32,777
THE DONKEY ENGINES COMING IN
AND GETTING OUT,
193
00:13:32,845 --> 00:13:35,813
HAULING IN MATERIALS,
THE CLATTER AND THE BUSTLE
194
00:13:35,882 --> 00:13:38,016
AND THE WORK AROUND YOU
AT ALL TIMES,
195
00:13:38,101 --> 00:13:40,935
THE CLANGING OF THE
SLEDGEHAMMERS ON THE RAILS
196
00:13:41,004 --> 00:13:42,353
ECHOING IN THE WILDERNESS
197
00:13:42,439 --> 00:13:45,606
THAT HAD NEVER KNOWN
ANYTHING LIKE THIS, EVER.
198
00:13:45,675 --> 00:13:49,977
THE SOUNDS OF THE LOCOMOTIVES
BELCHING SMOKE
199
00:13:50,046 --> 00:13:52,680
INTO A PREVIOUSLY PRISTINE SKY.
200
00:13:52,732 --> 00:13:57,702
THERE HAD NEVER BEEN A SOUND
LIKE THIS EVER BEFORE.
201
00:14:02,225 --> 00:14:04,225
[ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ]
202
00:14:13,820 --> 00:14:20,107
EVERYTHING THE KIOWAS HAD CAME FROM THE BUFFALO.
203
00:14:20,276 --> 00:14:23,461
THEIR TEPEES WERE MADE OF BUFFALO HIDES,
204
00:14:23,530 --> 00:14:26,881
SO WERE THEIR CLOTHES AND MOCASSINS.
205
00:14:26,950 --> 00:14:29,450
THEY ATE BUFFALO MEAT.
206
00:14:29,518 --> 00:14:31,803
THEIR CONTAINERS WERE MADE OF HIDE,
207
00:14:31,871 --> 00:14:34,439
OR OF BLADDERS OR STOMACHS.
208
00:14:34,524 --> 00:14:41,162
MOST OF ALL, THE BUFFALO WAS PART OF THE KIOWA RELIGION.
209
00:14:41,231 --> 00:14:46,083
THE BUFFALO WERE THE LIFE OF THE KIOWAS --
210
00:14:46,152 --> 00:14:47,968
OLD LADY HORSE.
211
00:14:48,037 --> 00:14:51,155
[ CHANTING CONTINUES ]
212
00:14:51,324 --> 00:14:54,092
Narrator: OF ALL THE WEST'S
NATURAL WONDERS,
213
00:14:54,160 --> 00:14:56,794
NONE SURPASSED THE HUGE HERDS
OF BUFFALO
214
00:14:56,863 --> 00:14:59,797
THAT BLANKETED THE PLAINS --
215
00:14:59,866 --> 00:15:04,469
PERHAPS ONCE AS MANY
AS 30 MILLION OF THEM.
216
00:15:04,537 --> 00:15:09,824
THEY HAD FRIGHTENED CORONADO'S
HORSES BY THEIR SMELL,
217
00:15:09,893 --> 00:15:14,361
AND ASTONISHED LEWIS AND CLARK
BY THEIR SHEER NUMBERS.
218
00:15:14,430 --> 00:15:18,899
ONE WAGON TRAIN OF PIONEERS
WAS BLOCKED FOR HOURS
219
00:15:18,968 --> 00:15:22,820
BY A HERD THREE MILES WIDE
AND TEN MILES LONG.
220
00:15:22,889 --> 00:15:29,160
BUT FOR THE NATIVE PEOPLES
OF THE PLAINS,
221
00:15:29,229 --> 00:15:31,912
THEY REPRESENTED
EXISTENCE ITSELF.
222
00:15:31,981 --> 00:15:34,949
Man: THE BUFFALO, WHICH WAS
223
00:15:35,001 --> 00:15:37,535
THE ANIMAL REPRESENTATION
OF THE SUN,
224
00:15:37,603 --> 00:15:41,872
WAS THE SACRIFICIAL VICTIM
OF THE SUN DANCE.
225
00:15:41,941 --> 00:15:45,710
THE SUN DANCE WAS
A GREAT CELEBRATION,
226
00:15:45,778 --> 00:15:47,161
A GREAT SOCIAL OCCASION,
227
00:15:47,230 --> 00:15:51,632
AND THE SUN DANCERS WERE
EXPRESSING THEIR SPIRIT
228
00:15:51,701 --> 00:15:54,235
IN ORDER TO GAIN CERTAIN POWER.
229
00:15:54,303 --> 00:15:57,287
THEY WANTED TO BE
VICTORIOUS IN WAR.
230
00:15:57,356 --> 00:16:01,492
THEY WANTED TO GIVE THANKS
FOR SOMETHING GOOD
231
00:16:01,561 --> 00:16:03,344
THAT HAD COME TO THEM.
232
00:16:03,412 --> 00:16:09,033
A BUFFALO BULL IS SACRIFICED,
AND ITS HEAD IS IMPALED
233
00:16:09,102 --> 00:16:14,839
IN THE SUN DANCE LODGE
OR NEAR IT.
234
00:16:14,908 --> 00:16:16,324
AND IT'S PART OF THE RITUAL --
235
00:16:16,392 --> 00:16:21,912
YOU CAN'T HAVE A SUN DANCE
WITHOUT THE BUFFALO.
236
00:16:21,981 --> 00:16:24,932
Narrator: BY THE LATE 1860s,
237
00:16:25,001 --> 00:16:26,501
THEIR NUMBERS HAD
ALREADY DECLINED ---
238
00:16:26,569 --> 00:16:29,520
REDUCED BY DISEASE,
COMPETITION FROM HORSE HERDS,
239
00:16:29,589 --> 00:16:32,506
AND BY THE BUFFALO ROBE TRADE
240
00:16:32,575 --> 00:16:34,441
THAT ENCOURAGED
SOME INDIAN BANDS
241
00:16:34,510 --> 00:16:38,963
TO KILL MORE THAN THEY NEEDED.
242
00:16:39,032 --> 00:16:42,867
AND NOW THE UNION PACIFIC
HIRED MEN TO HUNT BUFFALO
243
00:16:42,952 --> 00:16:46,086
TO FEED THE HUNGRY
RAILROAD CREWS
244
00:16:46,155 --> 00:16:51,926
AS THEY BUILT THEIR IRON ROAD
ACROSS INDIAN LANDS.
245
00:16:51,995 --> 00:16:54,095
WE SAW THE FIRST TRAIN OF CARS
246
00:16:54,164 --> 00:16:56,163
THAT ANY OF US HAD SEEN.
247
00:16:56,231 --> 00:16:58,999
WE LOOKED AT IT FROM A HIGH RIDGE.
248
00:16:59,068 --> 00:17:01,135
FAR OFF IT WAS VERY SMALL,
249
00:17:01,204 --> 00:17:05,306
BUT IT KEPT COMING AND GROWING LARGER ALL THE TIME,
250
00:17:05,375 --> 00:17:07,574
PUFFING OUT SMOKE AND STEAM.
251
00:17:07,643 --> 00:17:11,745
AND AS IT CAME ON, WE SAID TO EACH OTHER THAT IT
252
00:17:11,814 --> 00:17:15,716
LOOKED LIKE A WHITE MAN'S PIPE WHEN HE WAS SMOKING --
253
00:17:15,785 --> 00:17:17,134
PORCUPINE.
254
00:17:17,203 --> 00:17:20,021
[ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ]
255
00:17:23,076 --> 00:17:26,177
Narrator: THE CHEYENNE
AND ARAPAHO AND LAKOTA
256
00:17:26,246 --> 00:17:29,063
RESENTED THE RAILROAD'S
INTRUSION.
257
00:17:33,102 --> 00:17:37,705
THEY DE-RAILED TRAINS,
RANSACKED FREIGHT CARS,
258
00:17:37,773 --> 00:17:41,575
FIRED ON SURVEYING CREWS.
259
00:17:41,644 --> 00:17:44,512
THE UNION PACIFIC
FELL BEHIND SCHEDULE.
260
00:17:44,581 --> 00:17:47,932
ON JUNE 26, 1867,
261
00:17:48,017 --> 00:17:53,504
AN ARMY DETAIL WAS OVERTAKEN
BY A WAR PARTY.
262
00:17:53,572 --> 00:17:57,090
ONE OF THOSE KILLED WAS
FREDERICK WYLLYAMS
263
00:17:57,159 --> 00:18:03,113
WHO HAD COME ALL THE WAY FROM
ENGLAND IN SEARCH OF ADVENTURE.
264
00:18:03,182 --> 00:18:07,384
ANOTHER ENGLISHMAN,
AN AMATEUR ETHNOLOGIST,
265
00:18:07,453 --> 00:18:10,504
PHOTOGRAPHED
HIS COUNTRYMAN'S CORPSE.
266
00:18:10,573 --> 00:18:14,391
THE MUSCLES OF THE RIGHT ARM, HACKED TO THE BONE,
267
00:18:14,460 --> 00:18:17,411
SPEAK OF THE CHEYENNES, OR "CUT ARMS."
268
00:18:17,480 --> 00:18:20,064
THE NOSE SLIT DENOTED THE "SMELLER TRIBE," OR ARAPAHO,
269
00:18:20,132 --> 00:18:23,317
AND THE THROAT CUT BEARS WITNESS
270
00:18:23,385 --> 00:18:26,604
THAT THE SIOUX WERE ALSO PRESENT.
271
00:18:28,907 --> 00:18:33,177
IT WAS EVIDENT, FROM THE NUMBER OF DIFFERENT DEVICES,
272
00:18:33,245 --> 00:18:35,846
THAT WARRIORS FROM SEVERAL TRIBES
273
00:18:35,915 --> 00:18:40,350
HAD EACH PURPOSELY LEFT ONE IN THE DEAD MAN'S BODY --
274
00:18:40,419 --> 00:18:42,319
DR. WILLIAM A. BELL.
275
00:18:42,388 --> 00:18:47,057
Narrator: FINALLY, 5,000 TROOPS
WERE SENT WEST
276
00:18:47,126 --> 00:18:52,079
TO PROVIDE THE RAILROAD WORKERS
WITH PROTECTION.
277
00:18:52,148 --> 00:18:55,199
THE CREWS WENT BACK TO WORK.
278
00:18:59,689 --> 00:19:03,424
[ GUNSHOT ]
279
00:19:09,548 --> 00:19:13,985
WHILE THE UNION PACIFIC
MOVED WEST AGAIN
280
00:19:14,053 --> 00:19:15,486
ACROSS THE GREAT PLAINS,
281
00:19:15,555 --> 00:19:19,690
IN CALIFORNIA THE CENTRAL
PACIFIC, AFTER A FAST START,
282
00:19:19,758 --> 00:19:22,376
HAD GOTTEN STUCK
IN THE SIERRA NEVADAS.
283
00:19:22,445 --> 00:19:26,814
THE MOUNTAINS SEEMED
IMPENETRABLE,
284
00:19:26,883 --> 00:19:28,482
AND TO MAKE MATTERS WORSE,
285
00:19:28,551 --> 00:19:33,771
CHARLES CROCKER, WHOSE JOB
IT WAS TO BREAK THROUGH THEM,
286
00:19:33,840 --> 00:19:36,440
COULD NOT SEEM TO HOLD ON
TO HIS WORKERS.
287
00:19:36,508 --> 00:19:38,675
THREE OUT OF FIVE STUCK WITH HIM
JUST LONG ENOUGH
288
00:19:38,744 --> 00:19:41,562
TO GET A FREE RIDE
TO THE RAILHEAD,
289
00:19:41,631 --> 00:19:45,082
THEN SET OUT ON THEIR OWN
FOR THE NEVADA GOLD FIELDS.
290
00:19:45,151 --> 00:19:51,955
HIS PLANS CALLED
FOR A WORK FORCE OF 5,000.
291
00:19:52,024 --> 00:19:54,908
HE HAD FEWER THAN 600.
292
00:19:54,977 --> 00:19:59,313
DESPERATE, HE SUGGESTED TO HIS
SUPERINTENDENT OF CONSTRUCTION,
293
00:19:59,381 --> 00:20:02,432
JAMES STROBRIDGE,
THAT HE TRY THE CHINESE
294
00:20:02,501 --> 00:20:04,401
WHO WERE EKING OUT A LIVING
295
00:20:04,470 --> 00:20:08,639
WORKING THE GOLD AND SILVER
TAILINGS ABANDONED BY OTHERS.
296
00:20:08,708 --> 00:20:10,707
STROBRIDGE WAS AGAINST IT --
297
00:20:10,776 --> 00:20:14,444
HE THOUGHT THE CHINESE
WERE TOO SMALL, TOO FRAIL.
298
00:20:14,513 --> 00:20:18,065
THEY HAD NO EXPERIENCE
BUILDING RAILROADS.
299
00:20:18,134 --> 00:20:22,470
CROCKER TOLD STROBRIDGE
TO GIVE THE CHINESE A CHANCE.
300
00:20:22,538 --> 00:20:28,075
"AFTER ALL," HE SAID, "THEY HAD
BUILT THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA."
301
00:20:32,682 --> 00:20:36,716
THE FIRST CHINESE BEGAN TURNING
UP IN EARLY 1865,
302
00:20:36,785 --> 00:20:38,402
EAGER TO WORK.
303
00:20:38,471 --> 00:20:42,105
THEY WERE ALREADY ORGANIZED
INTO WORK GANGS,
304
00:20:42,174 --> 00:20:44,341
EACH WITH ITS OWN HEADMAN.
305
00:20:44,410 --> 00:20:50,464
Man: CROCKER EXPECTED THAT THESE
FELLOWS WOULD COME UP THERE
306
00:20:50,532 --> 00:20:52,833
IN ONES AND TWOS
LIKE THE OTHER NATIONALITIES,
307
00:20:52,902 --> 00:20:56,053
AND HE FOUND THAT THE CHINESE
SORT OF MARCHED UP THERE
308
00:20:56,122 --> 00:20:59,006
AS ONE GROUP
AND ALL HE HAD TO DO
309
00:20:59,074 --> 00:21:03,344
WAS TO DEAL WITH
THE FOREMAN OF THAT GROUP.
310
00:21:03,412 --> 00:21:07,514
OF COURSE, HE WOULD BE
THE CLAN LEADER.
311
00:21:07,583 --> 00:21:12,336
Narrator: BEFORE LONG,
11,000 CHINESE WERE AT WORK
312
00:21:12,404 --> 00:21:14,471
ON THE CENTRAL PACIFIC,
313
00:21:14,540 --> 00:21:19,259
AND CROCKER WAS ADVERTISING
FOR MORE IN CHINA.
314
00:21:19,328 --> 00:21:20,678
[ EXPLOSION ]
315
00:21:20,747 --> 00:21:25,649
BUT HARD WORK ALONE WAS NO MATCH
FOR THE SIERRA NEVADAS.
316
00:21:25,718 --> 00:21:29,303
STROBRIDGE WORRIED
THAT HIS CENTRAL PACIFIC
317
00:21:29,372 --> 00:21:31,572
WAS FALLING EVEN FURTHER BEHIND
318
00:21:31,624 --> 00:21:34,658
IN THEIR RACE
WITH THE UNION PACIFIC,
319
00:21:34,727 --> 00:21:38,229
AND SOON ARMED THE CHINESE
WITH BLACK POWDER
320
00:21:38,297 --> 00:21:40,564
TO BLAST THEIR WAY THROUGH.
321
00:21:40,633 --> 00:21:44,818
[ EXPLOSION ]
322
00:21:44,886 --> 00:21:49,456
IT TOOK 500 KEGS OF IT A DAY,
WEEK AFTER WEEK,
323
00:21:49,509 --> 00:21:53,494
TO CARVE CUTS
THROUGH THE FOOTHILLS.
324
00:21:59,052 --> 00:22:02,853
AND THEN THEY CAME UP AGAINST
A FACE THEY CALLED CAPE HORN --
325
00:22:02,921 --> 00:22:04,688
SOLID ROCK,
NEARLY STRAIGHT UP AND DOWN,
326
00:22:04,757 --> 00:22:07,325
2,000 FEET ABOVE A RAGING RIVER.
327
00:22:07,393 --> 00:22:10,293
THERE WERE NO FOOTHOLDS,
328
00:22:10,362 --> 00:22:15,015
BUT THE CHINESE WERE TOLD
TO MAKE A LEDGE IN THE CLIFF
329
00:22:15,083 --> 00:22:16,567
WIDE ENOUGH FOR A TRAIN.
330
00:22:16,636 --> 00:22:21,071
Woman: MY GRANDFATHER
WAS ONE OF THE PEOPLE
331
00:22:21,139 --> 00:22:25,242
THAT THEY PUT IN THE BASKETS
BECAUSE HE WAS SMALL AND LIGHT,
332
00:22:25,311 --> 00:22:26,526
AND WHAT THEY DID WAS --
333
00:22:26,595 --> 00:22:29,547
THEY WOULD BE LOWERED
OVER CLIFFS
334
00:22:29,615 --> 00:22:31,682
AND THEY WOULD DRILL HOLES,
335
00:22:31,751 --> 00:22:34,451
AND THEN THEY'D SET
THE DYNAMITE IN THEM.
336
00:22:34,520 --> 00:22:36,887
AND THEN THEY'D LIGHT
THE DYNAMITE,
337
00:22:36,956 --> 00:22:40,624
AND THEN THEY'D PULL THEM UP
BY THESE, UH, BY THE BASKETS.
338
00:22:40,693 --> 00:22:43,193
AND THEN THEY HAD TO GET
OUT OF THERE
339
00:22:43,262 --> 00:22:45,329
BEFORE THE DYNAMITE EXPLODED.
340
00:22:45,397 --> 00:22:50,034
[ EXPLOSION ]
341
00:22:50,103 --> 00:22:52,469
Man: HUGE MASSES OF ROCK AND DEBRIS
342
00:22:52,537 --> 00:22:55,322
WERE RENT AND HEAVED UP IN THE COMMOTION.
343
00:22:55,391 --> 00:22:57,991
THEN CAME THE THUNDERS OF THE EXPLOSION
344
00:22:58,060 --> 00:22:59,793
LIKE A LIGHTNING STROKE,
345
00:22:59,862 --> 00:23:03,414
REVERBERATING ALONG THE HILLS AND CANYONS,
346
00:23:03,483 --> 00:23:08,869
AS IF THE WHOLE ARTILLERY OF HEAVEN WAS IN PLAY.
347
00:23:08,937 --> 00:23:10,303
[ EXPLOSION ]
348
00:23:10,372 --> 00:23:13,340
Narrator:
BEFORE THE CENTRAL PACIFIC
349
00:23:13,393 --> 00:23:14,842
COULD GET THROUGH THE SIERRAS,
350
00:23:14,910 --> 00:23:17,611
THE CREWS HAD TO GOUGE OUT
15 TUNNELS.
351
00:23:17,680 --> 00:23:20,146
[ EXPLOSION ]
352
00:23:20,215 --> 00:23:22,600
THEY WORKED IN SHIFTS
AROUND THE CLOCK,
353
00:23:22,668 --> 00:23:25,769
BUT AVERAGED
JUST EIGHT INCHES A DAY,
354
00:23:25,838 --> 00:23:31,825
AND THEY HAD TO KEEP AT IT
IN EVERY KIND OF WEATHER.
355
00:23:31,893 --> 00:23:38,265
SNOW STORMS, 44 IN NUMBER, VARIED IN LENGTH
356
00:23:38,334 --> 00:23:42,736
FROM A SHORT SNOW SQUALL TO A TWO-WEEK GALE.
357
00:23:42,805 --> 00:23:45,639
THE HEAVIEST STORM OF THE WINTER,
358
00:23:45,708 --> 00:23:48,258
BEGAN FEBRUARY 18th, AT 2 P.M.,
359
00:23:48,327 --> 00:23:54,247
AND SNOWED STEADILY UNTIL 10 P.M. OF THE 22nd,
360
00:23:54,316 --> 00:23:58,803
DURING WHICH TIME SIX FEET FELL --
361
00:23:58,871 --> 00:24:01,371
JOHN R. GILLS.
362
00:24:09,364 --> 00:24:13,200
Man: CHARLES CROCKER HAD
TO PUNCH THE LINE
363
00:24:13,269 --> 00:24:18,455
THROUGH THE SIERRAS THAT WINTER,
THE WINTER OF '66,
364
00:24:18,524 --> 00:24:22,892
AND THE CHINESE THEN HAD
TO BUILD THE RAILROAD,
365
00:24:22,961 --> 00:24:24,628
LAY THE TRACKS.
366
00:24:24,696 --> 00:24:27,998
SO THEY BUILT THESE TUNNELS
UNDER THE SNOW
367
00:24:28,067 --> 00:24:31,451
TO KEEP ADVANCING THE LINE.
368
00:24:31,520 --> 00:24:33,603
AND SOMETIMES THERE WOULD BE
SNOW SLIDES
369
00:24:33,672 --> 00:24:37,524
AND ENTIRE CREWS OF CHINESE
WOULD BE TRAPPED
370
00:24:37,593 --> 00:24:38,709
UNDER TONS OF SNOW,
371
00:24:38,778 --> 00:24:42,378
AND THEIR BODIES WOULD BE
LEFT THERE
372
00:24:42,447 --> 00:24:45,499
AND FOUND THE FOLLOWING SPRING.
373
00:24:45,568 --> 00:24:50,187
SOMETIMES THE BODIES WERE FOUND
374
00:24:50,272 --> 00:24:54,708
WITH THE PICKS AND THE SHOVELS
STILL IN THEIR HANDS.
375
00:24:54,777 --> 00:24:58,412
Narrator: NO ONE KEPT
A PRECISE COUNT,
376
00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:03,083
BUT MORE THAN 1,200 CHINESE
DIED DIGGING AND BLASTING
377
00:25:03,152 --> 00:25:07,320
FOR CHARLES CROCKER
AND THE CENTRAL PACIFIC.
378
00:25:07,389 --> 00:25:09,106
Chen: WHEN SOMEBODY DIED,
379
00:25:09,175 --> 00:25:11,625
YOU JUST DIDN'T DIG
A GRAVE FOR HIM
380
00:25:11,693 --> 00:25:13,594
AND PUT HIM DOWN IN THE GRAVE.
381
00:25:13,662 --> 00:25:16,530
YOU WENT TO A LOT OF TROUBLE
382
00:25:16,599 --> 00:25:20,400
TO GET HIS REMAINS BACK
TO THE VILLAGE THAT HE CAME FROM
383
00:25:20,469 --> 00:25:23,387
BECAUSE A CHINESE DOESN'T WANT
TO BE BURIED ANYWHERE.
384
00:25:23,456 --> 00:25:26,023
HE WANTS TO BE BURIED
WHERE HIS ANCESTORS WERE BURIED
385
00:25:26,091 --> 00:25:28,425
BECAUSE HE WANTS
TO STICK TOGETHER.
386
00:25:32,164 --> 00:25:34,231
Narrator: FINALLY, IN 1868,
387
00:25:34,300 --> 00:25:39,436
AFTER THREE LONG YEARS OF
BACK-BREAKING, DANGEROUS LABOR,
388
00:25:39,504 --> 00:25:42,089
THE CENTRAL PACIFIC CREWS
DID WHAT FEW HAD BELIEVED
389
00:25:42,158 --> 00:25:45,409
ANYONE COULD DO --
390
00:25:45,477 --> 00:25:49,713
THEY BROKE OUT
OF THE HIGH SIERRAS.
391
00:25:49,782 --> 00:25:53,667
Man: JOHN CHINAMAN, WITH HIS PATIENT TOIL,
392
00:25:53,719 --> 00:25:59,806
DIRECTED BY AMERICAN ENERGYAND BACKED BY AMERICAN CAPITAL,
393
00:25:59,875 --> 00:26:02,242
HAS BROKEN DOWN THE GREAT BARRIER AT LAST,
394
00:26:02,311 --> 00:26:06,212
AND OPENED OVER IT THE GREATEST HIGHWAY YET CREATED
395
00:26:06,281 --> 00:26:09,983
FOR THE MARCH OF COMMERCE AND CIVILIZATION
396
00:26:10,052 --> 00:26:10,984
AROUND THE GLOBE --
397
00:26:11,037 --> 00:26:14,054
"THE TERRITORIAL ENTERPRISE."
398
00:26:14,122 --> 00:26:16,757
Narrator: THE HARDEST PART
WAS BEHIND THEM.
399
00:26:16,825 --> 00:26:19,943
THE CENTRAL PACIFIC
WAS BACK IN THE RACE.
400
00:26:24,466 --> 00:26:30,220
[ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ]
401
00:26:30,289 --> 00:26:33,824
Old Lady Horse: WE HIDATSAS BELIEVE THAT "ONLY MAN"
402
00:26:33,892 --> 00:26:38,661
AND "FIRST CREATOR" SPLIT UP THE JOB OF CREATION.
403
00:26:38,730 --> 00:26:43,817
THEY MADE THE RIVER AND THE PLAINS AND THE BADLANDS.
404
00:26:43,886 --> 00:26:49,473
TO POPULATE THEM, "FIRST CREATOR" MADE THE BUFFALO.
405
00:26:49,541 --> 00:26:52,959
BUT "ONLY MAN" CREATED A WHITE MAN
406
00:26:53,028 --> 00:26:57,614
AND THE SPOTTED COWS THE WHITE MAN RAISED.
407
00:26:57,683 --> 00:27:02,486
WHEN "FIRST CREATOR" SAW WHAT "ONLY MAN" HAD DONE
408
00:27:02,555 --> 00:27:07,174
HE SAID, "YOU ARE FOOLISH TO MAKE THESE THINGS.
409
00:27:07,242 --> 00:27:11,211
"THE WHITE MEN ARE A QUEER KIND OF MEN,
410
00:27:11,280 --> 00:27:14,431
AND THEY WILL ALWAYS BE GREEDY."
411
00:27:14,500 --> 00:27:18,168
"THAT IS SO," SAID ONLY MAN,
412
00:27:18,237 --> 00:27:20,987
AND SO HE OPENED A HOLE IN THE EARTH
413
00:27:21,056 --> 00:27:26,093
AND SENT ALL THE SPOTTED COWS DOWN UNDERGROUND.
414
00:27:31,050 --> 00:27:35,318
"BUT WHEN THE BUFFALO ARE ALL GONE," HE SAID,
415
00:27:35,387 --> 00:27:40,323
"THE SPOTTED COWS WILL COME AGAIN
416
00:27:40,392 --> 00:27:43,776
AND COVER THIS EARTH AS THE BUFFALOES DID."
417
00:27:46,365 --> 00:27:50,050
[ CATTLE MOOING ]
418
00:28:01,947 --> 00:28:06,282
ABOVE ALL THINGS, THE PLAINSMAN HAD TO HAVE A SENSE,
419
00:28:06,351 --> 00:28:08,418
AN INSTINCT FOR DIRECTION.
420
00:28:08,487 --> 00:28:11,188
FEW MEN HAVE THIS INSTINCT.
421
00:28:11,257 --> 00:28:15,142
YET IN THE FEW, IT IS TO BE TRUSTED
422
00:28:15,210 --> 00:28:20,464
AS ABSOLUTELY AS THE HOMING INSTINCT OF A WILD GOOSE.
423
00:28:20,532 --> 00:28:24,701
I NEVER HAD A COMPASS IN MY LIFE.
424
00:28:24,770 --> 00:28:26,336
I WAS NEVER LOST --
425
00:28:26,405 --> 00:28:28,504
CHARLES GOODNIGHT.
426
00:28:28,573 --> 00:28:34,661
Narrator: CHARLES GOODNIGHT
WAS USED TO TOUGH TIMES.
427
00:28:34,714 --> 00:28:37,080
A DIRT FARMER'S SON,
HE HAD RIDDEN BAREBACK
428
00:28:37,148 --> 00:28:43,453
ALL THE WAY FROM ILLINOIS
TO TEXAS AT THE AGE OF NINE,
429
00:28:43,522 --> 00:28:47,858
AND HAD BEEN WORKING FULL TIME
TO SUPPORT HIS WIDOWED MOTHER
430
00:28:47,927 --> 00:28:49,226
SINCE HE WAS 11.
431
00:28:49,311 --> 00:28:53,813
AT 19, HE AND HIS BROTHER
WENT INTO THE CATTLE BUSINESS.
432
00:28:53,882 --> 00:28:56,550
STILL TOO POOR
TO BUY THEIR OWN HERD,
433
00:28:56,618 --> 00:29:01,220
THEY AGREED TO WATCH OVER
SOMEONE ELSE'S --
434
00:29:01,273 --> 00:29:03,573
RECEIVING EVERY FOURTH CALF
AS PAY.
435
00:29:03,642 --> 00:29:07,494
GOODNIGHT HAD MANAGED TO COLLECT
180 HEAD OF HIS OWN
436
00:29:07,563 --> 00:29:10,263
BY THE TIME THE CIVIL WAR
BROKE OUT,
437
00:29:10,332 --> 00:29:13,867
BUT HE LEFT HIS CATTLE
TO JOIN THE TEXAS RANGERS
438
00:29:13,935 --> 00:29:16,203
AND FIGHT FOR THE CONFEDERACY.
439
00:29:16,271 --> 00:29:19,556
WHEN HE RETURNED TO HIS RANCH
AT THE END OF THE WAR,
440
00:29:19,625 --> 00:29:22,259
HE FOUND THE CATTLE BUSINESS
IN RUINS.
441
00:29:22,328 --> 00:29:25,479
TEXAS HERDS
HAD MULTIPLIED WILDLY --
442
00:29:25,548 --> 00:29:29,482
FROM THREE-AND-A-HALF MILLION
TO SIX MILLION --
443
00:29:29,551 --> 00:29:33,820
SO MANY THAT BEEF PRICES
FELL TO NEARLY NOTHING.
444
00:29:37,075 --> 00:29:39,509
Goodnight: IT LOOKED LIKE
445
00:29:39,578 --> 00:29:42,345
EVERYTHING WORTH LIVING FOR WAS GONE.
446
00:29:42,414 --> 00:29:45,315
THE ENTIRE COUNTRY WAS DEPRESSED.
447
00:29:45,383 --> 00:29:46,884
THERE WAS NO HOPE.
448
00:29:47,052 --> 00:29:51,288
Narrator: THE ONLY WAY
TO SURVIVE AS A CATTLEMAN,
449
00:29:51,357 --> 00:29:53,006
GOODNIGHT DECIDED,
450
00:29:53,075 --> 00:29:56,910
WAS TO TAKE HIS HERDS NORTH
TO BETTER MARKETS --
451
00:29:56,979 --> 00:30:01,280
THE INDIAN RESERVATIONS,
COLORADO MINING CAMPS,
452
00:30:01,349 --> 00:30:06,086
AND THE UNION PACIFIC
RAILROAD CREWS
453
00:30:06,154 --> 00:30:09,022
NOW WORKING THEIR WAY
ACROSS WYOMING.
454
00:30:09,091 --> 00:30:14,561
TO REACH THEM, HE AND
HIS PARTNER OLIVER LOVING,
455
00:30:14,629 --> 00:30:17,497
WITH 18 COWBOYS
AND 2,000 CATTLE,
456
00:30:17,566 --> 00:30:20,783
BLAZED A NEW TRAIL IN 1866.
457
00:30:20,852 --> 00:30:24,788
AND WHENHE LONG DRIVE
WAS DONE,
458
00:30:24,873 --> 00:30:29,442
THE PARTNERS CLEARED $24,000,
459
00:30:29,511 --> 00:30:34,230
MORE THAN THEY HAD
EVER DREAMED OF GETTING.
460
00:30:34,299 --> 00:30:36,750
THEY HURRIED BACK TO TEXAS
TO BUY MORE CATTLE,
461
00:30:36,819 --> 00:30:38,401
THEN HEADED RIGHT BACK UP
462
00:30:38,470 --> 00:30:41,654
THE NEWLY NAMED
GOODNIGHT-LOVING TRAIL,
463
00:30:41,723 --> 00:30:46,426
BEFORE ANYONE ELSE
COULD BEAT THEM TO IT.
464
00:30:46,478 --> 00:30:51,080
Goodnight: LOVING WAS A MAN OF RELIGIOUS INSTINCTS
465
00:30:51,149 --> 00:30:54,017
AND ONE OF THE COOLEST AND BRAVEST MEN I HAVE EVER KNOWN,
466
00:30:54,102 --> 00:30:56,302
BUT DEVOID OF CAUTION.
467
00:30:56,371 --> 00:30:59,655
Narrator: LOVING PUSHED ON AHEAD
468
00:30:59,724 --> 00:31:04,227
TO GET IN THE PARTNERS' BID
FOR NEW GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS.
469
00:31:04,296 --> 00:31:09,482
BUT COMANCHES CAUGHT HIM
ON THE OPEN PLAIN,
470
00:31:09,551 --> 00:31:13,136
SHOT HIM IN THE WRIST AND SIDE,
AND CHASED HIM TO A RIVERBANK,
471
00:31:13,205 --> 00:31:16,089
WHERE HE HELD THEM OFF
FOR SEVERAL DAYS
472
00:31:16,158 --> 00:31:20,360
BEFORE HE CRAWLED TO SAFETY
IN THE NIGHT.
473
00:31:20,428 --> 00:31:23,229
HE WAS PICKED UP
BY A PASSING WAGON
474
00:31:23,298 --> 00:31:27,917
AND TAKEN TO AN ARMY HOSPITAL,
BUT IT WAS TOO LATE TO SAVE HIM.
475
00:31:30,205 --> 00:31:31,521
THE NIGHT LOVING DIED,
476
00:31:31,590 --> 00:31:36,509
HE CALLED HIS PARTNER
TO HIS SIDE.
477
00:31:36,578 --> 00:31:40,914
Goodnight: HIS MIND TURNED BACK TO TEXAS,
478
00:31:40,983 --> 00:31:43,116
AND AT LAST HE SAID, "I REGRET TO HAVE TO BE
479
00:31:43,185 --> 00:31:44,500
LAID AWAY IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY."
480
00:31:44,569 --> 00:31:48,171
I ASSURED HIM THAT HE NEED HAVE NO FEARS --
481
00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:50,974
THAT I WOULD SEE THAT HIS REMAINS WERE LAID
482
00:31:51,043 --> 00:31:53,460
IN THE CEMETERY AT HOME.
483
00:31:53,528 --> 00:31:56,096
HE FELT THIS WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE,
484
00:31:56,165 --> 00:31:58,948
BUT I TOLD HIM IT WOULD BE DONE.
485
00:32:01,820 --> 00:32:04,771
Narrator:
GOODNIGHT ORDERED HIS MEN
486
00:32:04,840 --> 00:32:08,224
TO FASHION A TIN CASKET
OUT OF FLATTENED CANS.
487
00:32:08,293 --> 00:32:11,244
THEY PUT LOVING'S
WOODEN COFFIN INSIDE,
488
00:32:11,313 --> 00:32:14,631
COVERED IT WITH CHARCOAL,
SEALED THE TOP,
489
00:32:14,700 --> 00:32:16,867
AND PLACED IT IN A WAGON.
490
00:32:16,935 --> 00:32:19,269
FLANKED BY A COWBOY ESCORT,
491
00:32:19,338 --> 00:32:25,174
GOODNIGHT STARTED BACK SOUTH
FOR TEXAS.
492
00:32:25,243 --> 00:32:30,480
WORD OF THEIR PROFITS HAD SPREAD
THROUGHOUT CATTLE COUNTRY,
493
00:32:30,548 --> 00:32:34,884
AND OTHER OUTFITS
WERE ALREADY STREAMING NORTH --
494
00:32:34,953 --> 00:32:37,770
HEADED NOW
FOR THE NEAREST RAILHEADS
495
00:32:37,839 --> 00:32:41,591
FROM WHICH THEY COULD SHIP
THEIR STEERS EAST.
496
00:32:41,677 --> 00:32:44,777
A NEW INDUSTRY HAD BEEN BORN.
497
00:32:44,846 --> 00:32:49,215
BUT IN FEBRUARY OF 1868,
CHARLES GOODNIGHT,
498
00:32:49,267 --> 00:32:51,768
THE MAN WHO HAD HELPED
START IT ALL,
499
00:32:51,836 --> 00:32:56,072
WAS HEADED
IN THE OTHER DIRECTION.
500
00:32:56,141 --> 00:33:00,643
KEEPING HIS PROMISE
TO HIS DEAD PARTNER,
501
00:33:00,712 --> 00:33:04,714
HE WAS TAKING
OLIVER LOVING HOME.
502
00:33:17,262 --> 00:33:18,728
[ WHISTLE BLOWS ]
503
00:33:18,797 --> 00:33:23,717
RAILWAYS, MULTIPLIED AND SPANNING THE CONTINENT,
504
00:33:23,785 --> 00:33:27,470
ARE ESSENTIAL DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONS --
505
00:33:27,539 --> 00:33:31,007
MORE POWERFUL AND MORE PERMANENT THAN LAW,
506
00:33:31,076 --> 00:33:34,327
OR POPULAR CONSENT, OR POLITICAL CONSTITUTIONS,
507
00:33:34,396 --> 00:33:38,081
TO THOROUGHLY COMPLETE THE GRAND SYSTEM
508
00:33:38,150 --> 00:33:41,534
WHICH FRATERNIZES US INTO ONE PEOPLE --
509
00:33:41,603 --> 00:33:44,554
WILLIAM GILPIN.
510
00:33:45,474 --> 00:33:47,324
Narrator: BY THE SPRING OF 1869,
511
00:33:47,392 --> 00:33:50,810
THE COMPETITION BETWEEN
THE CENTRAL PACIFIC
512
00:33:50,879 --> 00:33:55,348
AND THE UNION PACIFIC
WAS CONVERGING ON NORTHERN UTAH.
513
00:33:55,416 --> 00:34:00,803
RIVAL ARMIES OF RAILROAD MEN
VIED TO COVER THE MOST GROUND
514
00:34:00,872 --> 00:34:03,523
AND EARN THE MOST MONEY
FOR THEIR EMPLOYERS
515
00:34:03,592 --> 00:34:08,061
BEFORE THE TWO LINES
FINALLY MET.
516
00:34:08,129 --> 00:34:11,447
THEY TRIED TO OUTDO ONE ANOTHER,
517
00:34:11,533 --> 00:34:13,700
FIRST LAYING FIVE MILES OF TRACK
IN A SINGLE DAY --
518
00:34:13,769 --> 00:34:18,355
THEN SIX, THEN SEVEN,
AND THEN TEN MILES --
519
00:34:18,423 --> 00:34:22,625
A PACE OF RAILROAD-BUILDING SUCH
AS THE WORLD HAD NEVER SEEN.
520
00:34:25,464 --> 00:34:30,032
NO FIXED RENDEZVOUS POINT
HAD EVER BEEN ESTABLISHED.
521
00:34:30,101 --> 00:34:32,552
GRADING CREWS
FOR THE TWO COMPANIES,
522
00:34:32,620 --> 00:34:35,121
WORKING FAR AHEAD
OF THE TRACK LAYERS,
523
00:34:35,190 --> 00:34:37,824
PASSED EACH OTHER
IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS
524
00:34:37,876 --> 00:34:40,510
AND PUSHED ON
FOR HUNDREDS OF MILES --
525
00:34:40,595 --> 00:34:45,031
SOMETIMES WORKING SO CLOSE
TO ONE ANOTHER
526
00:34:45,100 --> 00:34:49,569
THAT EXPLOSIONS SET OFF
BY ONE WORK GANG
527
00:34:49,637 --> 00:34:52,956
SPATTERED ITS RIVALS WITH DIRT.
528
00:34:53,041 --> 00:34:56,425
FINALLY, THE GOVERNMENT
INTERVENED
529
00:34:56,494 --> 00:35:00,379
AND PICKED PROMONTORY SUMMIT,
56 MILES WEST OF OGDEN,
530
00:35:00,448 --> 00:35:04,250
AS THE PLACE WHERE
THE TWO LINES WOULD MEET.
531
00:35:04,319 --> 00:35:11,491
THE RACE ACROSS THE WEST
WAS COMING TO A CLOSE AT LAST.
532
00:35:11,560 --> 00:35:17,480
ON MAY 10, 1869,
EVERYTHING WAS READY.
533
00:35:17,548 --> 00:35:22,335
A TELEGRAPHER STOOD BY
TO SIGNAL TO BOTH COASTS
534
00:35:22,404 --> 00:35:27,857
AND ALL POINTS IN BETWEEN
THE DRIVING OF THE FINAL SPIKE.
535
00:35:27,926 --> 00:35:32,028
[ MORSE CODE ]
536
00:35:32,096 --> 00:35:34,430
Telegrapher: TO EVERYBODY, KEEP QUIET.
537
00:35:34,499 --> 00:35:37,850
WHEN THE LAST SPIKE IS DRIVEN AT PROMONTORY POINT,
538
00:35:37,919 --> 00:35:38,601
WE WILL SAY "DONE!"
539
00:35:38,670 --> 00:35:40,386
DON'T BREAK THE CIRCUIT,
540
00:35:40,455 --> 00:35:42,222
BUT WATCH FOR THE SIGNALS OF THE BLOWS OF THE HAMMER.
541
00:35:42,290 --> 00:35:47,627
Man: WE UNDERSTAND. ALL ARE READY IN THE EAST.
542
00:35:47,696 --> 00:35:50,263
Narrator: FOUR SPIKES --
TWO GOLD, ONE SILVER
543
00:35:50,315 --> 00:35:53,900
AND THE FOURTH A BLEND
OF GOLD, SILVER AND IRON --
544
00:35:53,969 --> 00:35:58,137
WERE TO BE TAPPED GENTLY
INTO POSITION WITH A SILVER MAUL
545
00:35:58,206 --> 00:35:59,823
TO MARK THE OCCASION.
546
00:35:59,892 --> 00:36:01,791
AND THEN A FINAL SPIKE --
547
00:36:01,860 --> 00:36:05,962
AN ORDINARY ONE BUT WIRED
TO THE TELEGRAPHER'S KEY --
548
00:36:06,031 --> 00:36:09,232
WAS TO BE HAMMERED
INTO THE GROUND.
549
00:36:09,301 --> 00:36:11,334
Telegrapher: ALMOST READY.
550
00:36:11,403 --> 00:36:14,187
HATS OFF -- PRAYER IS BEING OFFERED.
551
00:36:14,255 --> 00:36:18,892
Preacher: WE DESIRE TO ACKNOWLEDGE THY HANDIWORK...
552
00:36:18,960 --> 00:36:21,761
Telegrapher: THE SPIKE WILL SOON BE DRIVEN.
553
00:36:21,830 --> 00:36:26,132
Preacher: ...THAT MIGHTY ENTERPRISE MAY BE UNTO US
554
00:36:26,201 --> 00:36:28,034
AS THE ATLANTIC OF THY STRENGTH,
555
00:36:28,103 --> 00:36:31,521
AND THE PACIFIC OF THY LOVE,
556
00:36:31,590 --> 00:36:34,207
THROUGH JESUS THE REDEEMER, AMEN.
557
00:36:34,276 --> 00:36:35,658
Telegrapher: WE HAVE GOT DONE PRAYING.
558
00:36:35,727 --> 00:36:38,911
THE SPIKE IS ABOUT TO BE PRESENTED.
559
00:36:38,980 --> 00:36:43,383
Narrator: THE FINAL SPIKE
WAS SLID INTO PLACE.
560
00:36:43,451 --> 00:36:46,419
LELAND STANFORD
OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC
561
00:36:46,488 --> 00:36:50,122
WAS TO HAVE THE HONOR
OF DRIVING IT HOME.
562
00:36:50,191 --> 00:36:52,892
Telegrapher: THE SIGNAL WILL BE THREE DOTS
563
00:36:52,961 --> 00:36:55,712
FOR THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE BLOWS.
564
00:36:55,780 --> 00:36:58,147
Narrator: STANFORD SWUNG
THE HAMMER HIGH ABOVE HIS HEAD,
565
00:36:58,216 --> 00:37:00,149
BROUGHT IT DOWN -- AND MISSED.
566
00:37:00,218 --> 00:37:03,302
THE TELEGRAPHER
CLOSED THE CIRCUIT, ANYWAY.
567
00:37:03,371 --> 00:37:05,204
[ THREE DOTS ]
Telegrapher: DONE!
568
00:37:05,273 --> 00:37:10,927
[ CHEERING ]
569
00:37:10,996 --> 00:37:13,496
Narrator: IN WASHINGTON,
A GREAT CHEER WENT UP
570
00:37:13,565 --> 00:37:15,114
FROM THE BIG CROWD IN FRONT
OF THE TELEGRAPH OFFICE,
571
00:37:15,183 --> 00:37:19,219
AND AN ILLUMINATED BALL DROPPED
FROM THE DOME OF THE CAPITOL.
572
00:37:19,287 --> 00:37:21,954
AT INDEPENDENCE HALL
IN PHILADELPHIA,
573
00:37:22,023 --> 00:37:23,890
THE LIBERTY BELL WAS RUNG --
574
00:37:23,959 --> 00:37:27,093
GINGERLY, SO THAT ITS CRACK
WOULD NOT WORSEN.
575
00:37:27,161 --> 00:37:29,596
AND IN SAN FRANCISCO,
576
00:37:29,664 --> 00:37:32,415
A HUGE BANNER WAS UNFURLED
THAT PROCLAIMED --
577
00:37:32,484 --> 00:37:35,901
"CALIFORNIA ANNEXES
THE UNITED STATES."
578
00:37:38,556 --> 00:37:42,959
THE VAST DISTANCES OF THE WEST
HAD AT LAST BEEN CONQUERED.
579
00:37:43,027 --> 00:37:47,263
A JOURNEY THAT HAD ONCE
TAKEN MONTHS
580
00:37:47,332 --> 00:37:50,183
COULD NOW BE ACCOMPLISHED
IN A MATTER OF DAYS.
581
00:37:52,821 --> 00:37:56,472
Watkins: ONCE THE RAILS
WERE JOINED AT PROMONTORY,
582
00:37:56,541 --> 00:38:01,410
I THINK YOU CAN SAY THAT WE
BEGAN FOR THE FIRST TIME, TRULY,
583
00:38:01,479 --> 00:38:06,049
TO THINK OF OURSELVES
AS A CONTINENTAL NATION.
584
00:38:06,118 --> 00:38:13,056
IT WAS A KIND OF A REACH
OF THE NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS
585
00:38:13,124 --> 00:38:18,978
INTO A PLACE THAT HAD ONCE
ONLY BEEN OCCUPIED BY DREAMS,
586
00:38:19,047 --> 00:38:21,347
AND MYTHS AND IMAGINATION,
AND HERE WAS
587
00:38:21,416 --> 00:38:25,718
THE GREAT TECHNOLOGICAL MARVEL
OF ITS TIME,
588
00:38:25,786 --> 00:38:28,220
CRASHING THROUGH
THOSE MYTHIC BARRIERS
589
00:38:28,273 --> 00:38:29,239
AND GOING INTO
A VERY REAL PLACE.
590
00:38:35,313 --> 00:38:39,449
Momaday: THAT MOMENT,
AT PROMONTORY POINT
591
00:38:39,518 --> 00:38:41,851
IS A MOMENT OF TREMENDOUS
SIGNIFICANCE,
592
00:38:41,919 --> 00:38:45,105
BECAUSE ON EITHER SIDE
OF THAT MOMENT
593
00:38:45,173 --> 00:38:49,608
WERE VASTLY DIFFERENT WORLDS,
RADICALLY DIFFERENT WORLDS.
594
00:38:49,677 --> 00:38:53,246
IT FORETOLD THE WHOLE STORY
OF TECHNOLOGY --
595
00:38:53,314 --> 00:38:55,615
THE COMING OF THE MACHINE --
596
00:38:55,684 --> 00:38:58,484
AND WHAT COULD BE MORE SYMBOLIC
OF THAT NEW AGE
597
00:38:58,537 --> 00:39:00,970
THAN THE COMPLETION
OF THE RAILROAD
598
00:39:01,039 --> 00:39:03,439
AND THE DRIVING
OF THE GOLDEN SPIKE.
599
00:39:06,528 --> 00:39:10,046
NOTHING WOULD EVER BE THE SAME
IN THE WEST.
600
00:39:18,322 --> 00:39:24,661
♪ OUR CAMP IS UNITED
WE ALL LABOR HARD ♪
601
00:39:24,729 --> 00:39:29,298
♪ AND IF WE ARE FAITHFUL
WE'LL GAIN OUR REWARD ♪
602
00:39:29,367 --> 00:39:33,870
♪ OUR LEADER IS WISE
AND A GREAT LEADER, TOO ♪
603
00:39:33,938 --> 00:39:37,941
♪ AND ALL THINGS HE TELLS US
WE'RE RIGHT GLAD TO DO ♪
604
00:39:38,009 --> 00:39:42,678
♪ HURRAY, HURRAH,
THE RAILROAD'S BEGUN ♪
605
00:39:42,747 --> 00:39:44,847
♪ THREE CHEERS
FOR OUR CONTRACTOR ♪
606
00:39:44,916 --> 00:39:46,231
♪ HIS NAME'S BRIGHAM YOUNG ♪
607
00:39:46,284 --> 00:39:51,904
♪ HURRAY, HURRAH,
WE'RE LIGHTHEARTED AND GAY ♪
608
00:39:51,973 --> 00:39:56,692
♪ JUST THE RIGHT KIND OF BOYS
TO BUILD A RAILWAY ♪♪
609
00:39:56,761 --> 00:40:02,098
Narrator: BRIGHAM YOUNG HAD
BROUGHT HIS MORMON PEOPLE WEST
610
00:40:02,166 --> 00:40:05,117
IN SEARCH OF SANCTUARY FROM
THE REST OF THE UNITED STATES,
611
00:40:05,186 --> 00:40:08,120
BUT THE NEW
TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD
612
00:40:08,189 --> 00:40:10,323
NOW RAN RIGHT THROUGH UTAH.
613
00:40:10,391 --> 00:40:14,277
AND IT BEGAN BRINGING THOUSANDS
OF NEW SETTLERS
614
00:40:14,345 --> 00:40:16,245
INTO YOUNG'S KINGDOM --
615
00:40:16,314 --> 00:40:19,732
NON-BELIEVERS WHO THREATENED
HIS AUTHORITY
616
00:40:19,801 --> 00:40:25,221
AND DEPLORED THE MORMON PRACTICE
OF PLURAL MARRIAGE -- POLYGAMY.
617
00:40:25,289 --> 00:40:28,173
Watkins: THE MORMONS MUST HAVE
VIEWED THE COMPLETION
618
00:40:28,242 --> 00:40:31,594
OF THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD
WITH AN INCREDIBLE AMBIGUITY.
619
00:40:31,663 --> 00:40:35,464
ON THE ONE HAND, THEY WERE
A VERY COMMERCIAL PEOPLE.
620
00:40:35,533 --> 00:40:38,350
THEY UNDERSTOOD PRECISELY
HOW IMPORTANT THE RAILROAD
621
00:40:38,419 --> 00:40:42,588
WAS GOING TO BE TO THE GROWTH OF
BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY IN UTAH.
622
00:40:42,657 --> 00:40:48,544
ON THE OTHER HAND, BEING ABLE
TO SUSTAIN THEIR WAY OF LIFE
623
00:40:48,613 --> 00:40:52,198
DEPENDED ALMOST ABSOLUTELY ON
A POWERFUL DEGREE OF ISOLATION.
624
00:40:52,266 --> 00:40:55,318
THE RAILROAD DESTROYED THAT,
625
00:40:55,386 --> 00:40:57,620
THE RAILROAD
OPENED UP THE GATES.
626
00:40:57,688 --> 00:40:58,805
THE RAILROAD LET THE WORLD IN --
627
00:40:58,873 --> 00:41:03,442
AND SOMETIMES
LET THE MORMONS OUT --
628
00:41:03,495 --> 00:41:06,162
AND IT HAD TO HAVE BEEN
A TERRIBLE BLOW
629
00:41:06,231 --> 00:41:08,564
TO THE BASE OF THE SOCIETY'S
CONFIDENCE IN ITSELF.
630
00:41:08,632 --> 00:41:09,916
[ GAVEL BANGING ]
631
00:41:09,984 --> 00:41:13,169
Narrator: IN 1870,
SOME 5,000 MORMON WOMEN
632
00:41:13,255 --> 00:41:18,057
HELD AN "INDIGNATION MEETING"
IN THE SALT LAKE TABERNACLE.
633
00:41:18,126 --> 00:41:21,677
THEY WERE PROTESTING
AGAINST THOSE NON-BELIEVERS
634
00:41:21,746 --> 00:41:24,731
WHO HAD DARED CRITICIZE
PLURAL MARRIAGE.
635
00:41:24,799 --> 00:41:29,719
THE WORLD SAYS POLYGAMY MAKES WOMEN INFERIOR TO MEN --
636
00:41:29,787 --> 00:41:31,788
WE THINK DIFFERENTLY.
637
00:41:31,856 --> 00:41:35,441
POLYGAMY GIVES WOMEN MORE TIME
638
00:41:35,510 --> 00:41:37,210
FOR THOUGHT, FOR MENTAL CULTURE,
639
00:41:37,278 --> 00:41:41,480
MORE FREEDOM OF ACTION, A BROADER FIELD OF LABOR,
640
00:41:41,549 --> 00:41:44,967
AND LEADS WOMEN MORE DIRECTLY TO GOD
641
00:41:45,036 --> 00:41:47,237
THE FOUNTAIN OF ALL TRUTH --
642
00:41:47,305 --> 00:41:49,138
EMMELINE WELLS.
643
00:41:49,206 --> 00:41:52,891
Narrator: ONE OF THE KEYNOTE
SPEAKERS AT THE RALLY
644
00:41:52,960 --> 00:41:56,895
WAS A DETERMINED, HARD-WORKING
WOMAN NAMED EMMELINE WELLS.
645
00:41:56,964 --> 00:41:58,898
BORN IN MASSACHUSETTS
646
00:41:58,966 --> 00:42:02,117
AND GRADUATED
FROM A SELECT GIRLS' SCHOOL,
647
00:42:02,186 --> 00:42:06,956
WELLS HAD CONVERTED TO MORMONISM
AND MOVED TO NAUVOO, ILLINOIS
648
00:42:07,025 --> 00:42:09,358
WHERE SHE LOST HER FIRST CHILD
649
00:42:09,427 --> 00:42:12,478
AND WAS ABANDONED
BY HER HUSBAND --
650
00:42:12,547 --> 00:42:14,881
ALL BEFORE THE AGE OF SIXTEEN.
651
00:42:14,949 --> 00:42:16,916
A SECOND HUSBAND DIED.
652
00:42:16,985 --> 00:42:22,138
THEN SHE BECAME THE SEVENTH WIFE
OF DANIEL WELLS,
653
00:42:22,207 --> 00:42:23,906
THE MAYOR OF SALT LAKE CITY.
654
00:42:23,975 --> 00:42:26,575
NOW, SHE LIVED
IN HER OWN SMALL HOUSE,
655
00:42:26,644 --> 00:42:29,696
AND HELPED TO SUPPORT HERSELF
AND HER FAMILY
656
00:42:29,764 --> 00:42:31,831
WHEN WELLSFINANCES SUFFERED.
657
00:42:31,899 --> 00:42:34,750
"I HAVE NO STRONG ARM
TO LEAN UPON,
658
00:42:34,819 --> 00:42:38,037
NO PROTECTION OR COMFORT
IN MY HUSBAND,"
659
00:42:38,105 --> 00:42:40,840
SHE WROTE PRIVATELY
IN HER DIARY.
660
00:42:40,909 --> 00:42:47,413
AND YET, HER COMMITMENT TO
PLURAL MARRIAGE WAS UNSHAKEABLE.
661
00:42:47,481 --> 00:42:51,117
Woman: I ACTUALLY THINK
THAT SOME OF THE GREAT FEMINISTS
662
00:42:51,186 --> 00:42:52,701
WERE WOMEN IN POLYGAMY.
663
00:42:52,770 --> 00:42:55,654
MY GREAT-GREAT-GRANDMOTHER
IS AMONG THEM.
664
00:42:55,723 --> 00:42:58,390
IF THERE WAS A WOMAN
WHO EXCELLED IN TEACHING,
665
00:42:58,443 --> 00:43:00,126
SHE HAD HER OWN LIFE.
666
00:43:00,194 --> 00:43:03,646
IF THERE WAS ANOTHER WOMAN WHO
EXCELLED IN COOKING OR FARMING,
667
00:43:03,714 --> 00:43:04,764
SHE HAD HER LIFE.
668
00:43:04,833 --> 00:43:07,450
AND EVERYONE HAD
KIND OF THEIR OWN FOCUS.
669
00:43:07,518 --> 00:43:10,419
THERE WAS A TREMENDOUS SENSE
OF SISTERHOOD.
670
00:43:10,488 --> 00:43:13,405
AND IN MANY WAYS
THE MEN WERE IMMATERIAL.
671
00:43:13,474 --> 00:43:16,409
Narrator:
THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES,
672
00:43:16,477 --> 00:43:19,344
WOMEN WERE DENIED
THE RIGHT TO VOTE,
673
00:43:19,413 --> 00:43:22,131
AND WELLS,
AS THE OUTSPOKEN EDITOR
674
00:43:22,200 --> 00:43:25,017
OF A POPULAR MORMON NEWSPAPER
FOR WOMEN,
675
00:43:25,086 --> 00:43:26,935
WANTED TO CHANGE THAT.
676
00:43:27,004 --> 00:43:30,706
Wells: "THE WOMAN'S EXPONENT," VOLUME 1, NUMBER 1.
677
00:43:30,775 --> 00:43:35,011
MILLIONS OF INTELLIGENT WOMEN ARE DEPRIVED OF THE VOTE
678
00:43:35,079 --> 00:43:39,048
SIMPLY BECAUSE NATURE QUALIFIED THEM TO BECOME MOTHERS
679
00:43:39,117 --> 00:43:41,033
AND NOT FATHERS OF MEN.
680
00:43:41,102 --> 00:43:43,485
THEY MAY OWN PROPERTY, PAY TAXES,
681
00:43:43,554 --> 00:43:46,088
ASSIST IN SUPPORTING THE GOVERNMENT,
682
00:43:46,157 --> 00:43:49,208
REND THEIR HEARTSTRINGS IN GIVING FOR ITS AID
683
00:43:49,277 --> 00:43:51,710
THE CHILDREN OF THEIR AFFECTIONS,
684
00:43:51,779 --> 00:43:54,329
BUT THEY ARE DENIED ALL RIGHT TO SAY
685
00:43:54,398 --> 00:43:56,398
WHO SHALL DISBURSE THOSE TAXES,
686
00:43:56,467 --> 00:43:59,201
HOW THAT GOVERNMENT SHALL BE CONDUCTED,
687
00:43:59,270 --> 00:44:02,822
OR WHO SHALL DECIDE ON A QUESTION OF PEACE OR WAR
688
00:44:02,890 --> 00:44:05,524
WHICH MAY INVOLVE THE LIVES
689
00:44:05,593 --> 00:44:10,262
OF THEIR SONS, BROTHERS, FATHERS AND HUSBANDS.
690
00:44:10,331 --> 00:44:13,916
Narrator: IN HER PUSH
FOR THE VOTE IN UTAH,
691
00:44:13,985 --> 00:44:17,069
WELLS FOUND
A MOST UNLIKELY ALLY --
692
00:44:17,137 --> 00:44:21,006
THE MORMON PATRIARCH HIMSELF,
BRIGHAM YOUNG.
693
00:44:21,075 --> 00:44:23,910
HE WAS CERTAIN
THAT ADDING MORMON WOMEN
694
00:44:23,978 --> 00:44:28,413
TO THE VOTERS' ROLLS WOULD ONLY
STRENGTHEN HIS HOLD ON UTAH.
695
00:44:28,482 --> 00:44:33,285
ON FEBRUARY 12, 1870,
WITH YOUNG'S BACKING,
696
00:44:33,354 --> 00:44:40,092
THE UTAH TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE
GRANTED WOMEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE.
697
00:44:40,161 --> 00:44:43,880
TWO DAYS LATER,
THEY EXERCISED IT.
698
00:44:43,965 --> 00:44:46,632
YOUNG'S NIECE VOTED FIRST,
699
00:44:46,701 --> 00:44:50,503
FOLLOWED BY ONE
OF HIS DAUGHTERS.
700
00:44:50,572 --> 00:44:54,290
EVENTUALLY, EMMELINE WELLS
JOINED THE LEADERSHIP
701
00:44:54,359 --> 00:44:57,276
OF THE NATIONAL
SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT,
702
00:44:57,345 --> 00:45:00,696
DETERMINED TO WIN
FOR ALL AMERICAN WOMEN
703
00:45:00,765 --> 00:45:03,065
THE RIGHT NOW ENJOYED IN UTAH.
704
00:45:03,134 --> 00:45:07,136
BUT SHE NEVER STOPPED
LOBBYING FOR ANOTHER CAUSE,
705
00:45:07,205 --> 00:45:09,171
JUST AS PRECIOUS TO HER --
706
00:45:09,240 --> 00:45:12,558
THE RIGHT TO REMAIN
A PLURAL WIFE.
707
00:45:17,147 --> 00:45:20,533
ALL HONOR AND REVERENCE TO GOOD MEN,
708
00:45:20,602 --> 00:45:22,668
BUT THEY AND THEIR ATTENTIONS
709
00:45:22,737 --> 00:45:26,572
ARE NOT THE ONLY SOURCE OF HAPPINESS ON THE EARTH
710
00:45:26,640 --> 00:45:30,125
AND NEED NOT FILL UP EVERY THOUGHT OF WOMAN.
711
00:45:30,194 --> 00:45:32,394
AND WHEN MEN SEE THAT WOMEN CAN EXIST
712
00:45:32,463 --> 00:45:34,697
WITHOUT THEIR BEING CONSTANTLY AT HAND,
713
00:45:34,765 --> 00:45:37,315
IT WILL PERHAPS TAKE A LITTLE OF THE CONCEIT
714
00:45:37,384 --> 00:45:40,336
OUT OF SOME OF THEM --
715
00:45:40,405 --> 00:45:43,889
EMMELINE WELLS.
716
00:45:53,317 --> 00:45:54,783
Narrator: FOLLOWING THE LEAD
717
00:45:54,852 --> 00:45:57,570
OF THE UNION PACIFIC
AND CENTRAL PACIFIC,
718
00:45:57,639 --> 00:46:02,775
OTHER RAIL LINES SOON SPREAD
THROUGHOUT THE WEST --
719
00:46:02,843 --> 00:46:05,811
THE KANSAS PACIFIC,
NORTHERN PACIFIC,
720
00:46:05,879 --> 00:46:07,279
AND DENVER PACIFIC,
721
00:46:07,348 --> 00:46:11,016
THE TEXAS AND PACIFIC,
THE DENVER AND RIO GRANDE,
722
00:46:11,085 --> 00:46:13,736
THE ATCHISON, TOPEKA
AND SANTA FE.
723
00:46:13,804 --> 00:46:17,489
AND AS THE RAILROADS MOVED
ONTO THE GREAT PLAINS,
724
00:46:17,558 --> 00:46:21,694
THEY BROUGHT WITH THEM PEOPLE
WHO HAD NEVER SEEN THE WEST,
725
00:46:21,762 --> 00:46:25,347
OR ITS MOST MAGNIFICENT ANIMAL,
THE BUFFALO.
726
00:46:25,416 --> 00:46:28,633
AT FIRST, THEY SHOT THE BUFFALO
FOR SPORT --
727
00:46:28,702 --> 00:46:30,802
BANGING AWAY AT THE HUGE HERDS
728
00:46:30,871 --> 00:46:33,739
FROM THE WINDOWS
OF PASSENGER CARS.
729
00:46:33,808 --> 00:46:36,392
ONE CHURCH GROUP
FROM LAWRENCE, KANSAS,
730
00:46:36,478 --> 00:46:39,044
ORGANIZED A TWO-DAY
HUNTING EXCURSION
731
00:46:39,113 --> 00:46:41,780
TO RAISE MONEY
FOR THE CONGREGATION --
732
00:46:41,849 --> 00:46:45,067
300 PEOPLE SIGNED UP.
733
00:46:46,187 --> 00:46:50,822
WHEN THE WHITE MEN WANTED TO BUILD RAILROADS,
734
00:46:50,891 --> 00:46:55,027
OR WHEN THEY WANTED TO FARM OR RAISE CATTLE,
735
00:46:55,096 --> 00:46:59,014
THE BUFFALO STILL PROTECTED THE KIOWAS.
736
00:46:59,083 --> 00:47:03,452
THEY TORE UP THE RAILROAD TRACKS AND THE GARDENS.
737
00:47:03,538 --> 00:47:07,089
THEY CHASED THE CATTLE OFF THE RANGES.
738
00:47:07,158 --> 00:47:10,125
THE BUFFALO LOVED THEIR PEOPLE
739
00:47:10,194 --> 00:47:13,713
AS MUCH AS THE KIOWAS LOVED THEM.
740
00:47:13,781 --> 00:47:17,166
THEN THE WHITE MEN HIRED HUNTERS
741
00:47:17,235 --> 00:47:21,204
TO DO NOTHING BUT KILL THE BUFFALO --
742
00:47:21,272 --> 00:47:22,955
OLD LADY HORSE.
743
00:47:23,007 --> 00:47:27,409
[ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING,
DRUM BEATING ]
744
00:47:29,063 --> 00:47:30,546
[ GUNSHOT ]
745
00:47:30,631 --> 00:47:33,098
THE BUFFALO DIDN'T BELONG TO ANYBODY.
746
00:47:33,167 --> 00:47:36,818
IF YOU COULD KILL THEM, WHAT THEY BROUGHT WAS YOURS.
747
00:47:36,887 --> 00:47:41,023
THEY WERE WALKING GOLD PIECES --
748
00:47:41,092 --> 00:47:43,492
FRANK H. MAYER.
749
00:47:43,561 --> 00:47:46,612
Narrator: FRANK MAYER WAS
HANGING AROUND
750
00:47:46,680 --> 00:47:50,532
DODGE CITY, KANSAS,
IN THE HEART OF BUFFALO COUNTRY,
751
00:47:50,618 --> 00:47:53,786
LOOKING FOR WORK,
WHEN HE MET TWO HUNTERS
752
00:47:53,838 --> 00:47:56,605
WHO OFFERED TO SHOW HIM
THEIR BRAND-NEW TRADE.
753
00:47:56,674 --> 00:48:00,559
"I WAS YOUNG.
I NEEDED ADVENTURE,"
754
00:48:00,628 --> 00:48:04,113
HE REMEMBERED, "HERE WAS IT."
755
00:48:04,182 --> 00:48:08,251
THE NEW RAIL LINES MEANT THAT
BUFFALO ROBES AND BUFFALO MEAT
756
00:48:08,319 --> 00:48:10,786
COULD BE TAKEN
TO EASTERN MARKETS
757
00:48:10,854 --> 00:48:13,572
IN GREATER NUMBERS,
AT LOWER COSTS.
758
00:48:13,641 --> 00:48:17,259
AND MANUFACTURERS
HAD PERFECTED TECHNIQUES
759
00:48:17,328 --> 00:48:21,830
FOR TURNING STIFF BUFFALO HIDES
INTO SOFT LEATHER --
760
00:48:21,899 --> 00:48:25,734
IDEAL FOR SHOES, CUSHIONS,
CARRIAGE TOPS,
761
00:48:25,803 --> 00:48:30,889
AND THE BELTS THAT TURNED
MACHINERY IN EASTERN FACTORIES.
762
00:48:30,958 --> 00:48:34,543
FRANK MAYER WAS DETERMINED
TO BE AMONG THE FIRST
763
00:48:34,612 --> 00:48:36,979
TO PROFIT FROM THE BUFFALO BOOM.
764
00:48:37,048 --> 00:48:41,417
HE SANK EVERYTHING HE OWNED
INTO A HUNTING OUTFIT --
765
00:48:41,485 --> 00:48:45,354
WAGONS, MULES, CAMP EQUIPMENT,
AND FIREARMS.
766
00:48:45,422 --> 00:48:51,427
THEN HE HEADED OUT
ONTO THE PLAINS.
767
00:48:51,495 --> 00:48:55,698
WHEN I WENT INTO THE BUSINESS, I SAT DOWN AND FIGURED
768
00:48:55,767 --> 00:49:00,419
THAT I WAS INDEED ONE OF FORTUNE'S CHILDREN.
769
00:49:00,488 --> 00:49:04,173
JUST THINK -- THERE WERE 20 MILLION BUFFALO,
770
00:49:04,241 --> 00:49:07,659
EACH WORTH AT LEAST $3 -- $60 MILLION.
771
00:49:07,728 --> 00:49:12,280
AT THE VERY OUTSIDE, CARTRIDGES COST 25 CENTS EACH,
772
00:49:12,349 --> 00:49:14,549
SO EVERY TIME I FIRED ONE,
773
00:49:14,618 --> 00:49:18,336
I GOT MY INVESTMENT BACK 12 TIMES OVER.
774
00:49:18,405 --> 00:49:20,922
I COULD KILL A HUNDRED A DAY.
775
00:49:20,991 --> 00:49:28,046
THAT WOULD BE $6,000 A MONTH -- OR THREE TIMES WHAT WAS PAID,
776
00:49:28,115 --> 00:49:31,667
IT SEEMS TO ME, THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
777
00:49:31,736 --> 00:49:34,954
WAS I NOT LUCKY THAT I DISCOVERED
778
00:49:35,022 --> 00:49:38,507
THIS QUICK AND EASY WAY TO FORTUNE?
779
00:49:38,576 --> 00:49:40,442
I THOUGHT I WAS --
780
00:49:40,511 --> 00:49:42,311
FRANK H. MAYER.
781
00:49:42,380 --> 00:49:44,863
[ GUNSHOT ]
782
00:49:44,932 --> 00:49:45,631
[ GUNSHOT ]
783
00:49:45,700 --> 00:49:47,149
[ GUNSHOT ]
784
00:49:56,576 --> 00:49:59,428
Man: WE HAD A MOTLEY ARRAY OF NEIGHBORS.
785
00:49:59,496 --> 00:50:03,081
ON ONE SIDE A GERMAN,WHO COULD SCARCE SPEAK ENGLISH,
786
00:50:03,150 --> 00:50:04,683
MARRIED TO A BOHEMIAN,
787
00:50:04,752 --> 00:50:08,303
WHO COULD SPEAK LITTLE ENGLISH AND NO GERMAN.
788
00:50:08,372 --> 00:50:11,457
ON ANOTHER SIDE, A FAMILY OF SWEDES
789
00:50:11,526 --> 00:50:13,859
FRESH FROM THE OLD COUNTRY.
790
00:50:13,927 --> 00:50:18,430
ON AN ADJOINING FARM, A SCOTSMAN WITH A MISSOURI WIFE.
791
00:50:18,499 --> 00:50:20,666
NEARBY A FAMILY FROM IOWA.
792
00:50:20,735 --> 00:50:23,118
ANOTHER FAMILY FROM ILLINOIS.
793
00:50:23,187 --> 00:50:28,023
SOME OLD, SOME YOUNG, SOMEILLITERATE, SOME WELL-EDUCATED.
794
00:50:28,092 --> 00:50:31,927
YET, ALL ENGAGED IN THE SAME ENTERPRISE.
795
00:50:31,996 --> 00:50:34,663
Narrator: AS MORE AND MORE
RAILROADS
796
00:50:34,732 --> 00:50:36,432
EXPANDED INTO THE WEST,
797
00:50:36,500 --> 00:50:41,036
AN INTENSE COMPETITION
BETWEEN THEM BEGAN.
798
00:50:41,104 --> 00:50:44,956
SETTLERS WERE SOUGHT WHO WOULD
PROVIDE BUSINESS
799
00:50:45,025 --> 00:50:46,541
FOR THEIR FREIGHT TRAINS,
800
00:50:46,610 --> 00:50:49,795
AND BUY THE LAND THE RAILROADS
HAD BEEN GIVEN
801
00:50:49,864 --> 00:50:51,664
AS GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES.
802
00:50:51,733 --> 00:50:55,084
"YOU CAN LAY TRACK
TO THE GARDEN OF EDEN,"
803
00:50:55,152 --> 00:50:58,337
SAID THE HEAD
OF THE NORTHERN PACIFIC,
804
00:50:58,405 --> 00:51:02,374
"BUT WHAT GOOD IS IT IF THE ONLY
INHABITANTS ARE ADAM AND EVE?"
805
00:51:02,442 --> 00:51:06,245
WESTERN STATES ALSO
CONTENDED WITH ONE ANOTHER
806
00:51:06,314 --> 00:51:07,980
FOR NEW RESIDENTS.
807
00:51:08,049 --> 00:51:12,067
THE HOMESTEAD ACT PROMISED
160 ACRES OF PUBLIC LAND
808
00:51:12,136 --> 00:51:16,372
TO ANY PERSON WHO FILED A CLAIM,
PAID A $10 FEE,
809
00:51:16,441 --> 00:51:20,542
AND AGREED TO WORK THE PROPERTY
FOR FIVE YEARS.
810
00:51:20,611 --> 00:51:26,514
IN THE 1870s, KANSAS GREW BY
MORE THAN HALF A MILLION PEOPLE.
811
00:51:26,583 --> 00:51:30,952
NEBRASKA'S POPULATION
QUADRUPLED.
812
00:51:31,021 --> 00:51:33,055
200 SCOTTISH FAMILIES
813
00:51:33,124 --> 00:51:36,241
SETTLED ON THE
KANSAS-NEBRASKA BORDER.
814
00:51:36,310 --> 00:51:41,880
THE HEBREW IMMIGRANT AID SOCIETY
LURED JEWS FROM EASTERN EUROPE
815
00:51:41,949 --> 00:51:45,684
TO OREGON, COLORADO, KANSAS,
THE DAKOTAS.
816
00:51:45,753 --> 00:51:50,222
GERMAN-RUSSIAN MENNONITES,
SWEDISH, DUTCH, FRENCH,
817
00:51:50,291 --> 00:51:53,842
BOHEMIAN, IRISH,
AND NORWEGIAN FAMILIES
818
00:51:53,928 --> 00:51:57,513
WERE SOON SCATTERED
ACROSS THE PLAINS.
819
00:52:01,986 --> 00:52:04,553
Man: IN THE VILLAGES OF EUROPE
YOU MIGHT BE
820
00:52:04,621 --> 00:52:07,172
ONLY A FEW STEPS AWAY
FROM YOUR NEIGHBORS,
821
00:52:07,241 --> 00:52:09,340
CERTAINLY
WITHIN HEARING DISTANCE.
822
00:52:09,409 --> 00:52:12,310
YOU COULD HEAR THE VILLAGE'S
CHURCH BELLS RINGING
823
00:52:12,363 --> 00:52:13,845
ON A SUNDAY MORNING.
824
00:52:13,915 --> 00:52:15,915
SUDDENLY, HERE THEY WERE
ISOLATED
825
00:52:15,983 --> 00:52:18,550
MANY MILES FROM NEIGHBORS
AND FROM VILLAGES
826
00:52:18,619 --> 00:52:22,054
WITH LONG PERIODS OF TIME
BETWEEN ANY KIND OF INTERACTION.
827
00:52:22,122 --> 00:52:24,890
THEY HAD "WIND SICKNESS,"
THEY CALLED IT,
828
00:52:24,959 --> 00:52:27,909
FROM THE CONSTANT BLOWING
OF THE WIND.
829
00:52:27,995 --> 00:52:30,513
THEY PLANTED TREES
AROUND THEIR HOUSES
830
00:52:30,581 --> 00:52:33,565
NOT SIMPLY FOR THE SHADE
OR FOR THE BEAUTY,
831
00:52:33,634 --> 00:52:37,403
BUT TO PROTECT THEM FROM THE
IMMENSITY OF THE LANDSCAPE.
832
00:52:40,240 --> 00:52:42,274
Narrator: THEY STARTED TOWNS
833
00:52:42,342 --> 00:52:44,810
LIKE LINDSBORG AND
HOFFNUNGSTHAL,
834
00:52:44,879 --> 00:52:47,662
NEW ALEXANDERWOHL
AND DANNEBROG --
835
00:52:47,731 --> 00:52:52,501
SOME WITH THE SAME STREET PLANS
AS THEIR OLD VILLAGES IN EUROPE.
836
00:52:52,570 --> 00:52:55,688
AND THEY PLANTED WHEAT
THEY HAD BROUGHT ALONG
837
00:52:55,756 --> 00:52:57,606
FROM AS FAR AWAY AS RUSSIA.
838
00:52:57,675 --> 00:53:01,343
IT FLOURISHED AS NO OTHER
DOMESTIC CROP EVER HAD BEFORE
839
00:53:01,412 --> 00:53:03,179
ON THE SEMI-ARID PLAINS,
840
00:53:03,247 --> 00:53:07,649
AND WOULD ONE DAY HELP MAKE
THE UNITED STATES
841
00:53:07,718 --> 00:53:11,436
THE AGRICULTURAL WONDER
OF THE WORLD.
842
00:53:11,505 --> 00:53:13,505
Welsch: THE MEN HAD FARMED,
843
00:53:13,574 --> 00:53:16,358
IN MANY CASES,
MOST OF THEIR LIVES.
844
00:53:16,427 --> 00:53:19,711
THEY HAD TO STRUGGLE
AGAINST ROOTS AND ROCKS
845
00:53:19,780 --> 00:53:23,632
AND ALL THESE THINGS
THAT MADE FARMING DIFFICULT.
846
00:53:23,701 --> 00:53:26,601
THEY LOOKED AROUND THEM HERE,
AND THERE WERE THOUSANDS,
847
00:53:26,670 --> 00:53:29,588
TENS OF THOUSANDS,
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF ACRES
848
00:53:29,657 --> 00:53:30,906
WITHOUT A ROOT OR A ROCK.
849
00:53:30,974 --> 00:53:33,375
THEY COULD PUT THEIR PLOW
IN THE GROUND
850
00:53:33,444 --> 00:53:35,611
AND GO MILES AND MILES
STRAIGHT AHEAD
851
00:53:35,696 --> 00:53:37,513
WITHOUT WORRYING ABOUT A HILL.
852
00:53:37,581 --> 00:53:41,716
THIS WAS GRASS, GROUND, EARTH
THAT HAD NEVER BEEN TURNED
853
00:53:41,785 --> 00:53:45,603
IN ALL OF HISTORY EXCEPT
MAYBE BY A BUFFALO'S HORN.
854
00:53:45,672 --> 00:53:49,941
THEY SAID THE FIRST TIME
A PLOW WENT THROUGH THAT GROUND,
855
00:53:50,010 --> 00:53:53,361
IT SOUNDED LIKE THE OPENING
OF A GIANT ZIPPER
856
00:53:53,430 --> 00:53:57,917
FROM THE GRASS ROOTS TEARING
AS THE PLOW WENT THROUGH IT.
857
00:53:57,985 --> 00:54:02,254
TO THEM, THIS WAS
A DREAM COME TRUE.
858
00:54:06,109 --> 00:54:09,128
[ WIND BLOWING ]
859
00:54:16,036 --> 00:54:23,225
Woman: WE SELDOM STOP TO THINK
HOW DESPERATELY LONELY IT WAS.
860
00:54:23,293 --> 00:54:24,343
ONE OF THE TALES I LIKE THE BEST
861
00:54:24,412 --> 00:54:28,130
WAS ABOUT A WOMAN
WHO LIVED OUT WEST TEXAS.
862
00:54:28,199 --> 00:54:31,866
SHE SELDOM SAW ANYBODY
UP IN THE PANHANDLE.
863
00:54:31,935 --> 00:54:35,821
A COWBOY CAME THROUGH ONE TIME
AND BROUGHT HER A SACK
864
00:54:35,873 --> 00:54:38,373
THAT HAD THREE CHICKENS IN IT.
865
00:54:38,442 --> 00:54:42,511
AND SHE COULD NOT BRING HERSELF
TO KILL THOSE CHICKENS.
866
00:54:42,580 --> 00:54:47,082
SHE SAID, "YOU WILL NEVER KNOW
WHAT GOOD COMPANY THEY WERE."
867
00:54:47,150 --> 00:54:50,936
THERE WAS SOME CORE
OF THAT WOMAN
868
00:54:51,005 --> 00:54:54,256
THAT EMBRACED THIS RAW COUNTRY,
869
00:54:54,324 --> 00:54:57,176
BUT YOU SEE IT WAS HER LOT.
870
00:54:57,244 --> 00:55:02,080
HER HUSBAND GOES OFF
TO ROUND UP THE CATTLE,
871
00:55:02,149 --> 00:55:07,269
ON WHATEVER ADVENTURE
THAT HE MIGHT HAVE BEEN ON
872
00:55:07,337 --> 00:55:11,940
AND IT WAS HER LOT
TO KEEP THE HOMESTEAD,
873
00:55:12,009 --> 00:55:16,761
TO RUN THE RANCH,
TO CARE FOR HIS FAMILY.
874
00:55:16,830 --> 00:55:21,433
AND SO I THINK OF THAT WOMAN
OFTEN WITH THOSE THREE CHICKENS.
875
00:55:21,501 --> 00:55:24,403
AND I BET THEY WERE
GOOD COMPANY.
876
00:55:28,342 --> 00:55:31,560
SURELY THE HAND OF PROVIDENCE MUST BE IN THIS,
877
00:55:31,628 --> 00:55:33,428
AS IT SEEMS THIS "DESERT" --
878
00:55:33,496 --> 00:55:36,131
AS IT HAS BEEN TERMED SO LONG --
879
00:55:36,199 --> 00:55:39,735
HAS BEEN SPECIALLY RESERVED FOR THE POOR OF OUR LAND
880
00:55:39,803 --> 00:55:43,555
WHERE THEY CAN FIND A HOME FOR THEMSELVES AND FAMILIES.
881
00:55:43,624 --> 00:55:45,290
AND WHERE THEY CAN ENJOY
882
00:55:45,359 --> 00:55:48,160
THE COMPANIONSHIP OF THEIR LOVED ONES,
883
00:55:48,229 --> 00:55:51,729
UNDISTURBED BY THOSE THAT HAVE HERETOFORE HELD THEM
884
00:55:51,798 --> 00:55:54,399
UNDER THE MOST EXCLUSIVE CONTROL --
885
00:55:54,468 --> 00:55:58,270
URIAH OBLINGER.
886
00:55:58,338 --> 00:56:00,555
Narrator: IN THE SUMMER OF 1872,
887
00:56:00,624 --> 00:56:03,775
A UNION VETERAN NAMED
URIAH WESLEY OBLINGER
888
00:56:03,844 --> 00:56:06,795
LEFT HIS RENTED FARM
IN ONWARD, INDIANA,
889
00:56:06,863 --> 00:56:10,648
AND SET OUT WITH HIS BROTHER
AND TWO BROTHERS-IN-LAW
890
00:56:10,717 --> 00:56:13,402
FOR NEBRASKA,
TO CLAIM THE HOMESTEAD
891
00:56:13,470 --> 00:56:16,888
TO WHICH HIS MILITARY SERVICE
ENTITLED HIM.
892
00:56:16,957 --> 00:56:20,642
HIS WIFE, MATTIE,
AND INFANT DAUGHTER, ELLA,
893
00:56:20,711 --> 00:56:24,663
WERE TO WAIT AT HOME
UNTIL HE SENT FOR THEM.
894
00:56:24,731 --> 00:56:28,834
Oblinger: OCTOBER 6, 1872 DEAR WIFE AND BABY --
895
00:56:28,903 --> 00:56:33,571
WELL I SUPPOSE THE FIRST QUESTION YOU WOULD ASK ME NOW
896
00:56:33,640 --> 00:56:37,109
WOULD BE, "HOW DO YOU LIKE NEBRASKA?"
897
00:56:37,177 --> 00:56:41,713
WIFE, YOU CAN SEE JUST AS FAR AS YOU PLEASE HERE,
898
00:56:41,782 --> 00:56:47,418
AND ALMOST EVERY FOOT IN SIGHT CAN BE PLOWED.
899
00:56:47,487 --> 00:56:49,721
THE LONGER I STAY HERE, THE BETTER I LIKE IT.
900
00:56:49,789 --> 00:56:51,656
THERE ARE MOSTLY YOUNG FAMILIES,
901
00:56:51,725 --> 00:56:54,392
JUST STARTING IN LIFE THE SAME AS WE ARE,
902
00:56:55,662 --> 00:56:59,214
AND I FIND THEM VERY GENEROUS, INDEED.
903
00:56:59,283 --> 00:57:02,534
WE WILL ALL BE POOR HERE TOGETHER.
904
00:57:02,603 --> 00:57:06,622
I AM HUNTING A HOME FOR US WHERE WE CAN ENJOY OURSELVES
905
00:57:06,690 --> 00:57:10,442
WITHOUT BEING BOTHERED DOING AS OTHER PEOPLE SAY.
906
00:57:10,511 --> 00:57:14,078
I CAN GET ALONG WELL ENOUGH THROUGH THE WEEK,
907
00:57:14,147 --> 00:57:18,700
BUT WHEN SUNDAY COMES, I FEEL A LITTLE LONESOME WITHOUT YOU.
908
00:57:18,768 --> 00:57:21,987
GIVE BABY A KISS -- YES, TWO OF THEM --
909
00:57:22,056 --> 00:57:25,624
AND TAKE ONE YOURSELF.
910
00:57:25,692 --> 00:57:29,394
[ TRAIN WHISTLE BLOWS ]
911
00:57:29,463 --> 00:57:32,848
Narrator: AFTER MORE THAN A YEAR
OF SEPARATION,
912
00:57:32,916 --> 00:57:35,633
URIAH OBLINGER'S
LONG WAIT ENDED.
913
00:57:35,702 --> 00:57:38,403
HIS WIFE MATTIE
AND DAUGHTER ELLA,
914
00:57:38,472 --> 00:57:42,240
ALONG WITH A CRATE CONTAINING
ALL THEIR WORLDLY GOODS
915
00:57:42,309 --> 00:57:45,309
AND ANOTHER
FILLED WITH LIVE CHICKENS,
916
00:57:45,362 --> 00:57:48,430
FINALLY ARRIVED
ABOARD THE MORNING TRAIN.
917
00:57:48,499 --> 00:57:51,383
URIAH TOOK THEM
TO THEIR NEW HOME,
918
00:57:51,451 --> 00:57:56,054
BUILT FROM PRAIRIE SOD
WITH HIS OWN HANDS,
919
00:57:56,123 --> 00:57:56,638
TO BEGIN THEIR NEW LIFE.
920
00:58:02,329 --> 00:58:05,546
DEAR MOTHER AND FATHER --
921
00:58:05,615 --> 00:58:08,016
AT HOME IN OUR HOUSE AND A SOD AT THAT!
922
00:58:08,085 --> 00:58:09,818
WE MOVED IN LAST WEDNESDAY -- URIAH'S BIRTHDAY.
923
00:58:09,886 --> 00:58:13,104
IT IS NOT QUITE SO CONVENIENT AS A NICE FRAME,
924
00:58:13,173 --> 00:58:17,375
BUT I WOULD AS SOON LIVE IN IT AS THE CABINS I HAVE LIVED IN.
925
00:58:17,444 --> 00:58:19,911
I RIPPED OUR WAGON SHEET IN TWO,
926
00:58:19,980 --> 00:58:24,782
HAVE IT AROUND THE SIDES AND HAVE SEVERAL PAPERS UP.
927
00:58:24,851 --> 00:58:26,584
IT LOOKS REAL SWELL.
928
00:58:26,653 --> 00:58:31,389
THE ONLY OBJECTION I HAVE IS THAT WE HAVE NO FLOOR YET --
929
00:58:31,441 --> 00:58:33,058
MATTIE OBLINGER.
930
00:58:33,127 --> 00:58:37,245
Uriah: WHAT A PLEASUREIT IS TO WORK ON ONE'S OWN FARM
931
00:58:37,331 --> 00:58:41,700
FOR YOU CAN FEEL THAT IT'SYOURS AND NOT FOR SOMEONE ELSE.
932
00:58:41,769 --> 00:58:44,736
I WOULD RATHER LIVE AS WE DO THAN HAVE TO RENT
933
00:58:44,804 --> 00:58:48,439
AND HAVE SOMEONE BOSSING US AND TELLING US WHEN TO MOVE...
934
00:58:48,508 --> 00:58:50,976
Mattie: WE HAVE JUST COME IN FROM THE TRUCK PATCH
935
00:58:51,044 --> 00:58:53,445
AND FOUND THE GOPHERS HAD ABOUT CLEANED THE PEAS
936
00:58:53,514 --> 00:58:54,913
OFF ALL THE VINES,
937
00:58:54,982 --> 00:58:56,498
BUT OUR SQUASH VINES ARE FULL OF BLOOM.
938
00:58:56,566 --> 00:58:57,966
WE BROUGHT IN BEETS JUST NOW
939
00:58:58,035 --> 00:59:00,051
THAT MEASURED ONE FOOT IN CIRCUMFERENCE
940
00:59:00,104 --> 00:59:02,838
AND POTATOES ALMOST AS LARGE AS A GOOSE EGG...
941
00:59:02,906 --> 00:59:05,907
Ella: DEAR GRANDPA -- I HAVE LEARNED MY LETTERS
942
00:59:05,976 --> 00:59:08,994
AND CAN SPELL "AX" AND "CAT" AND "DOG" AND "GIRL."
943
00:59:09,062 --> 00:59:13,114
I BOTHER MA AND PA CONSIDERABLE TO GET THEM TO LEARN ME.
944
00:59:13,183 --> 00:59:16,267
I AM LEARNING "TWINKLE, TWINKLE, LITTLE STAR."
945
00:59:16,336 --> 00:59:18,854
LOTS OF LOVE AND KISSES -- ELLA.
946
00:59:18,922 --> 00:59:21,689
Mattie: URIAH IS REPAIRING THE MINUTES
947
00:59:21,758 --> 00:59:23,725
OF THE LAST LITERARY SOCIETY
948
00:59:23,793 --> 00:59:26,561
WHICH WAS HELD LAST SATURDAY NIGHT.
949
00:59:26,630 --> 00:59:29,247
THEY HAVE SOME BIG TIMES DEBATING.
950
00:59:29,315 --> 00:59:32,367
I GO ONCE IN A WHILE TO HEAR THEM SPOUT.
951
00:59:32,436 --> 00:59:34,702
WE HAD RATHER A NICE TIME OVER THE HOLIDAYS.
952
00:59:34,771 --> 00:59:37,138
WE HAD A CHRISTMAS TREE AT THE SCHOOLHOUSE...
953
00:59:37,207 --> 00:59:40,958
Ella: WE ALL WENT TO ACHRISTMAS TREE ON CHRISTMAS EVE
954
00:59:41,011 --> 00:59:44,495
AND EACH OF US GIRLS GOT A NEW RED DRESS, AND A DOLL,
955
00:59:44,564 --> 00:59:47,782
AND A STRING WITH CANDY AND RAISINS ON IT.
956
00:59:47,851 --> 00:59:50,118
FROM YOUR GRANDCHILD -- ELLA.
957
00:59:50,187 --> 00:59:52,737
Mattie: I SUPPOSE YOU WOULD LIKE TO KNOW
958
00:59:52,806 --> 00:59:55,257
IF WE HAVE BEEN GRASSHOPPERED AGAIN.
959
00:59:55,325 --> 00:59:57,992
THEY WERE HERE SEVERAL DAYS PRETTY THICK
960
00:59:58,061 --> 01:00:00,428
AND INJURED THE CORN CONSIDERABLE.
961
01:00:00,514 --> 01:00:03,181
NEBRASKA WOULD HAVE HAD A SPLENDID CROP
962
01:00:03,249 --> 01:00:06,134
IF THE GRASSHOPPERS HAD STAYED AWAY A WHILE --
963
01:00:06,203 --> 01:00:10,772
MATTIE OBLINGER.
964
01:00:10,840 --> 01:00:15,560
Narrator: THE OBLINGERS HAD
TWO MORE DAUGHTERS,
965
01:00:15,629 --> 01:00:17,462
STELLA AND MAGGIE,
966
01:00:17,530 --> 01:00:21,249
BUT AFTER SIX YEARS
ON THE PRAIRIE,
967
01:00:21,317 --> 01:00:24,236
THINGS HAD NOT GOTTEN EASIER.
968
01:00:24,305 --> 01:00:28,372
AND BY 1879,
MATTIE WAS PREGNANT AGAIN.
969
01:00:28,441 --> 01:00:33,378
SHE WAS CONFINED TUESDAY EVENING ABOUT 4:00,
970
01:00:33,447 --> 01:00:37,215
AND ABOUT 8:00 SHE TOOK A FIT VERY SUDDEN
971
01:00:37,284 --> 01:00:40,769
AND NEVER SPOKE AFTER THE FIRST ONE.
972
01:00:40,837 --> 01:00:45,690
THE DOCTORS WERE COMPELLEDTO PERFORM A SURGICAL OPERATION
973
01:00:45,759 --> 01:00:48,460
BY RELIEVING HER OF THE CHILD.
974
01:00:48,529 --> 01:00:52,096
THE LORD CALLED FOR SISTER MATTIE
975
01:00:52,165 --> 01:00:55,033
THIS EVENING AT 4:15.
976
01:00:55,101 --> 01:01:00,121
AND SHE IS NOW RESTING WITH THE ANGELS IN HEAVEN.
977
01:01:00,190 --> 01:01:05,110
THE CHILD IS ALSO DEAD AND WILL BE BURIED WITH HER
978
01:01:05,178 --> 01:01:06,945
SOME TIME SUNDAY.
979
01:01:07,013 --> 01:01:11,249
URIAH SAID HE COULD NOT STAND TO WRITE NOW.
980
01:01:11,318 --> 01:01:14,753
I DON'T KNOW WHAT HE WILL DO YET.
981
01:01:14,821 --> 01:01:18,724
IT'S LEFT HIM AND HIS THREE LITTLE GIRLS
982
01:01:18,892 --> 01:01:22,894
IN A SAD CONDITION -- WITHOUT A MOTHER --
983
01:01:22,962 --> 01:01:27,098
GILES S. THOMAS.
984
01:01:27,100 --> 01:01:31,002
Uriah:
DEAR FATHER AND MOTHER --
985
01:01:31,071 --> 01:01:35,606
I TRY TO BEAR THE TROUBLE CHEERFULLY,
986
01:01:35,675 --> 01:01:39,744
THOUGH THE TASK IS HARD AT TIMES.
987
01:01:39,813 --> 01:01:44,883
I HARDLY KNOW HOW TO MANAGE.
988
01:01:44,951 --> 01:01:49,588
Narrator: URIAH EVENTUALLY TOOK
THE TRAIN BACK EAST TO MINNESOTA
989
01:01:49,656 --> 01:01:51,189
AND REMARRIED,
990
01:01:51,258 --> 01:01:54,175
BUT HE NEVER GAVE UP HIS DREAM.
991
01:01:54,244 --> 01:01:58,996
HE RETURNED TO THE PLAINS
TO START OVER --
992
01:01:59,049 --> 01:02:03,985
NEBRASKA, THEN KANSAS,
THEN NEBRASKA AGAIN.
993
01:02:04,053 --> 01:02:08,139
HE SPENT THE LAST FEW MONTHS
OF HIS LIFE BEING CARED FOR
994
01:02:08,192 --> 01:02:11,876
BY HIS DAUGHTER, ELLA --
THE SAME GIRL, NOW GROWN,
995
01:02:11,945 --> 01:02:15,781
HE HAD ONCE BEEN SO ANXIOUS
TO BRING OUT TO NEBRASKA,
996
01:02:15,849 --> 01:02:18,182
WITH HER MOTHER.
997
01:02:23,891 --> 01:02:28,225
[ COWS MOOING ]
998
01:02:28,294 --> 01:02:30,962
HERE WAS ALL THESE CHEAP LONG-HORNED STEERS
999
01:02:31,031 --> 01:02:32,764
OVERRUNNING TEXAS.
1000
01:02:32,833 --> 01:02:34,666
AND HERE WAS THE REST OF THE COUNTRY
1001
01:02:34,734 --> 01:02:36,451
CRYING OUT FOR BEEF --
1002
01:02:36,519 --> 01:02:39,104
AND NO RAILROADS TO GET THEM OUT.
1003
01:02:39,173 --> 01:02:41,238
SO THEY TRAILED THEM OUT,
1004
01:02:41,307 --> 01:02:45,343
ACROSS HUNDREDS OF MILES OF WILD COUNTRY --
1005
01:02:45,412 --> 01:02:47,295
TEDDY "BLUE" ABBOTT.
1006
01:02:47,363 --> 01:02:50,932
Narrator: FROM THE SOUTHERNMOST
TIP OF TEXAS,
1007
01:02:51,001 --> 01:02:53,451
CATTLE TRAILS POINTED NORTH --
1008
01:02:53,520 --> 01:02:58,390
THE SHAWNEE, THE CHISHOLM, THE
WESTERN, THE GOODNIGHT-LOVING.
1009
01:02:58,458 --> 01:03:00,758
THEY ALL LED TO RAILHEADS,
1010
01:03:00,827 --> 01:03:05,029
WHERE THE CATTLE WERE LOADED
INTO FREIGHT CARS
1011
01:03:05,098 --> 01:03:07,499
BOUND FOR EASTERN MARKETS.
1012
01:03:07,567 --> 01:03:09,334
IN LESS THAN TWO DECADES,
1013
01:03:09,402 --> 01:03:12,888
SIX MILLION STEERS AND COWS
WERE HERDED NORTH.
1014
01:03:12,956 --> 01:03:15,222
"SO MANY,"
ONE TRAIL DRIVER SAID,
1015
01:03:15,291 --> 01:03:19,394
"THAT IN PLACES THE DUST
WAS KNEE-DEEP TO THE CATTLE."
1016
01:03:19,462 --> 01:03:22,797
THE MEN WHO BROUGHT THEM
TO THE RAILROADS
1017
01:03:22,866 --> 01:03:26,117
WERE GIVEN A NEW NAME --
COWBOYS.
1018
01:03:26,186 --> 01:03:30,688
THEY WERE A MIXED GROUP --
FORMER CONFEDERATE CAVALRY MEN
1019
01:03:30,757 --> 01:03:34,942
AND IMMIGRANTS WHO HAD ONLY
RECENTLY LEARNED TO RIDE.
1020
01:03:35,028 --> 01:03:38,880
THERE WERE INDIAN COWBOYS
AND AFRICAN-AMERICANS,
1021
01:03:38,948 --> 01:03:42,000
AND MEXICAN VAQUEROS,
WHOSE ANCESTORS
1022
01:03:42,068 --> 01:03:46,504
HAD INTRODUCED CATTLE
TO THE WEST CENTURIES EARLIER.
1023
01:03:46,573 --> 01:03:49,457
"A COWBOY,"
ONE WESTERNER OBSERVED,
1024
01:03:49,525 --> 01:03:51,959
"IS JUST A PLAIN BOWLEGGED HUMAN
1025
01:03:52,028 --> 01:03:56,030
WHO SMELLED VERY HORSY
AT TIMES."
1026
01:03:58,435 --> 01:04:01,653
IN PERSON, THE COWBOYS WERE MOSTLY
1027
01:04:01,722 --> 01:04:04,372
MEDIUM-SIZED MEN, QUICK AND WIRY,
1028
01:04:04,441 --> 01:04:07,309
AND AS A RULE, VERY GOOD-NATURED.
1029
01:04:07,377 --> 01:04:11,096
IN FACT, IT DID NOT PAY TO BE ANYTHING ELSE.
1030
01:04:11,164 --> 01:04:15,033
IN CHARACTER, THEIR LIKE NEVER WAS OR WILL BE AGAIN --
1031
01:04:15,101 --> 01:04:16,834
TEDDY "BLUE" ABBOTT.
1032
01:04:16,903 --> 01:04:21,706
Narrator: EDWARD C. ABBOTT
WAS BORN IN CRANWICH, ENGLAND,
1033
01:04:21,775 --> 01:04:25,911
AND BROUGHT TO THE WEST
BY HIS PARENTS AS A BOY.
1034
01:04:25,979 --> 01:04:29,830
HOPING THE OPEN AIR WOULD
IMPROVE HIS FRAIL HEALTH,
1035
01:04:29,899 --> 01:04:33,418
HIS FATHER LET HIM HELP DRIVE
A HERD OF CATTLE
1036
01:04:33,470 --> 01:04:37,588
FROM TEXAS TO NEBRASKA
WHEN HE WAS JUST 10 YEARS OLD.
1037
01:04:37,657 --> 01:04:40,508
"THE EXPERIENCE,"
ABBOTT SAID LATER,
1038
01:04:40,576 --> 01:04:42,594
"MADE A COWBOY OUT OF ME.
1039
01:04:42,662 --> 01:04:46,164
NOTHING COULD HAVE CHANGED ME
AFTER THAT."
1040
01:04:46,233 --> 01:04:49,084
Abbott: MY FAMILY AND I WENT SEPARATE WAYS,
1041
01:04:49,152 --> 01:04:51,903
AND THEY STAYED SEPARATE FOREVER AFTER.
1042
01:04:51,972 --> 01:04:53,888
MY FATHER WAS ALL FOR FARMING,
1043
01:04:53,957 --> 01:04:57,308
AND ALL MY BROTHERS TURNED OUT FARMERS EXCEPT ONE,
1044
01:04:57,377 --> 01:05:00,161
AND HE ENDED UP THE WORST OF THE LOT --
1045
01:05:00,229 --> 01:05:04,499
A SHEEPMAN, AND A REPUBLICAN.
1046
01:05:04,567 --> 01:05:08,286
Narrator: THE COWBOYS'
AVERAGE AGE WAS 24.
1047
01:05:08,354 --> 01:05:12,657
THEY WERE PAID SO BADLY
AND WORKED SO HARD
1048
01:05:12,726 --> 01:05:17,679
THAT TWO-THIRDS OF THEM
MADE ONLY ONE TRAIL DRIVE
1049
01:05:17,747 --> 01:05:20,415
BEFORE FINDING
SOMETHING BETTER TO DO.
1050
01:05:20,484 --> 01:05:26,320
THEY OWNED THEIR SADDLE,
BUT NOT THE HORSE THEY RODE --
1051
01:05:26,389 --> 01:05:29,190
AND THEY RODE IT DAY AND NIGHT.
1052
01:05:29,258 --> 01:05:30,541
FOR A MAN TO BE STOVE UP AT 30
1053
01:05:30,610 --> 01:05:33,394
MAY SOUND STRANGE TO SOME PEOPLE,
1054
01:05:33,463 --> 01:05:36,280
BUT MANY A COWBOY HAS BEEN SO BUNGED UP
1055
01:05:36,349 --> 01:05:40,301
THAT HE'S HAD TO QUIT RIDING THAT EARLY IN LIFE.
1056
01:05:40,370 --> 01:05:45,589
MY ADVICE TO ANY YOUNG MAN OR BOY IS TO STAY AT HOME
1057
01:05:45,658 --> 01:05:50,845
AND NOT BE A RAMBLER,AS IT WON'T BUY YOU ANYTHING --
1058
01:05:50,913 --> 01:05:53,314
JAMES EMMIT McCAULEY.
1059
01:05:53,383 --> 01:05:56,000
[ THUNDER CRASHES ]
1060
01:05:56,069 --> 01:05:58,803
Abbott: IF A STORM COMEAND THE CATTLE STARTED RUNNING,
1061
01:05:58,872 --> 01:06:01,623
YOU'D HEAR THAT LOW RUMBLING NOISE ALONG THE GROUND.
1062
01:06:01,691 --> 01:06:04,759
THEN YOU'D JUMP FOR YOUR HORSE AND GET OUT THERE IN THE LEAD,
1063
01:06:04,828 --> 01:06:07,178
TRYING TO HEAD THEM AND GET THEM INTO A MILL
1064
01:06:07,247 --> 01:06:09,714
BEFORE THEY SCATTERED TO HELL AND GONE.
1065
01:06:09,783 --> 01:06:12,316
IT WAS RIDING AT A DEAD RUN IN THE DARK,
1066
01:06:12,385 --> 01:06:15,403
WITH CUT BANKS AND PRAIRIE DOG HOLES ALL AROUND YOU,
1067
01:06:15,472 --> 01:06:17,205
NOT KNOWING IF THE NEXT JUMP
1068
01:06:17,274 --> 01:06:19,807
WOULD LAND YOU IN A SHALLOW GRAVE.
1069
01:06:19,876 --> 01:06:26,380
♪ I RIDE AN OLD PAINT
AND I LEAD AN OLD DAN ♪
1070
01:06:26,449 --> 01:06:33,154
♪ I'M GOIN' TO MONTANA
TO THROW THE HOOLIHAN ♪
1071
01:06:33,223 --> 01:06:35,456
Abbott: THE SINGING WAS SUPPOSED TO SOOTHE THE CATTLE,
1072
01:06:35,525 --> 01:06:37,024
AND IT DID.
1073
01:06:37,093 --> 01:06:38,692
THE TWO MEN ON GUARD WOULD CIRCLE AROUND
1074
01:06:38,761 --> 01:06:41,312
WITH THEIR HORSES ON A WALK, IF IT WAS A CLEAR NIGHT
1075
01:06:41,380 --> 01:06:43,447
AND THE CATTLE WAS BEDDED DOWN AND QUIET,
1076
01:06:43,516 --> 01:06:45,382
AND ONE MAN WOULD SING A VERSE OF A SONG,
1077
01:06:45,451 --> 01:06:47,351
AND HIS PARTNER ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE HERD
1078
01:06:47,420 --> 01:06:48,870
WOULD SING ANOTHER VERSE.
1079
01:06:48,938 --> 01:06:51,105
AND YOU'D GO THROUGH A WHOLE SONG THAT WAY.
1080
01:06:51,174 --> 01:06:54,658
I HAD A CRACKERJACK OF A PARTNER IN '79.
1081
01:06:54,727 --> 01:06:56,560
I'D SING AND HE'D ANSWER,
1082
01:06:56,629 --> 01:07:00,648
AND WE'D KEEP IT UP LIKE THAT FOR TWO HOURS.
1083
01:07:00,716 --> 01:07:03,368
BUT HE WAS KILLED BY LIGHTNING.
1084
01:07:03,436 --> 01:07:07,538
Narrator: AFTER UP TO FOUR
STRAIGHT MONTHS IN THE SADDLE,
1085
01:07:07,607 --> 01:07:10,258
OFTEN IN THE SAME CLOTHES
EVERY DAY,
1086
01:07:10,327 --> 01:07:13,227
EATING EVERY MEAL
AT THE CHUCK WAGON,
1087
01:07:13,313 --> 01:07:16,246
DRINKING NOTHING
BUT COFFEE AND WATER,
1088
01:07:16,315 --> 01:07:19,067
THE COWBOY'S JOB
WAS FINALLY DONE --
1089
01:07:19,135 --> 01:07:23,171
HE WAS PAID FOR HIS WORK,
AND TURNED LOOSE IN TOWN.
1090
01:07:23,240 --> 01:07:25,456
♪ NOW COME ALONG BOYS
AND LISTEN TO MY TALE ♪
1091
01:07:25,525 --> 01:07:27,358
♪ AND I'LL TELL YOU
OF MY TROUBLES ♪
1092
01:07:27,426 --> 01:07:28,676
♪ ON THE CHISHOLM TRAIL ♪
1093
01:07:28,745 --> 01:07:31,262
♪ COME-A TI-YI-YIPPY
YIPPY-YI YIPPY-YAY ♪
1094
01:07:31,331 --> 01:07:33,497
♪ COME-A TI-YI-YIPPY
YIPPY-YAY ♪
1095
01:07:33,566 --> 01:07:36,417
♪ I STARTED UP THE TRAIL
OCTOBER 23rd ♪
1096
01:07:36,486 --> 01:07:38,986
♪ LEFT OLD TEXAS
WITH A TWO-MULE HERD ♪
1097
01:07:39,055 --> 01:07:41,538
♪ COME-A TI-YI-YIPPY
YIPPY-YI YIPPY-YAY ♪
1098
01:07:41,607 --> 01:07:43,875
♪ COME-A TI-YI-YIPPY
YIPPY-YAY ♪♪
1099
01:07:51,618 --> 01:07:52,283
[ FLASHBULB POPS ]
1100
01:07:52,352 --> 01:07:54,602
[ FLASHBULB POPS ]
1101
01:07:54,671 --> 01:07:55,920
[ FLASHBULB POPS ]
1102
01:07:55,989 --> 01:07:58,188
Abbott:
I BOUGHT SOME NEW CLOTHES
1103
01:07:58,257 --> 01:07:59,807
AND GOT MY PICTURE TAKEN.
1104
01:07:59,876 --> 01:08:02,860
I HAD A NEW, WHITE STETSON HAT THAT I PAID $10 FOR
1105
01:08:02,929 --> 01:08:06,614
AND NEW PANTS THAT COST $12 AND A GOOD SHIRT AND FANCY BOOTS.
1106
01:08:06,700 --> 01:08:09,300
LORD, I WAS PROUD OF THOSE CLOTHES!
1107
01:08:09,369 --> 01:08:11,669
WHEN MY SISTER SAW ME, SHE SAID,
1108
01:08:11,738 --> 01:08:15,640
"TAKE YOUR PANTS OUT OF YOUR BOOTS AND PUT YOUR COAT ON.
1109
01:08:15,709 --> 01:08:17,391
YOU LOOK LIKE AN OUTLAW."
1110
01:08:17,460 --> 01:08:19,093
I TOLD HER TO GO TO HELL,
1111
01:08:19,162 --> 01:08:22,046
AND I NEVER DID LIKE HER AFTER THAT.
1112
01:08:22,114 --> 01:08:25,316
Narrator:
COWBOYS WERE BIG SPENDERS,
1113
01:08:25,385 --> 01:08:27,886
BUT WHILE BUSINESSES PROFITED,
1114
01:08:27,954 --> 01:08:30,905
ALL THE COW TOWNS
SOON BECAME WILDER
1115
01:08:30,974 --> 01:08:34,558
THAN THEIR
PERMANENT RESIDENTS LIKED.
1116
01:08:34,627 --> 01:08:36,360
Man: "ABILENE CHRONICLE."
1117
01:08:36,429 --> 01:08:39,513
THE MARSHAL HAS POSTED UP PRINTED NOTICES,
1118
01:08:39,582 --> 01:08:42,433
INFORMING ALL PERSONS THAT THE ORDINANCE
1119
01:08:42,501 --> 01:08:46,187
AGAINST CARRYING FIREARMS OR OTHER WEAPONS IN ABILENE
1120
01:08:46,256 --> 01:08:49,106
WILL BE ENFORCED. THAT'S RIGHT.
1121
01:08:49,175 --> 01:08:52,076
THERE'S NO BRAVERY IN CARRYING REVOLVERS
1122
01:08:52,145 --> 01:08:54,145
IN A CIVILIZED COMMUNITY.
1123
01:08:54,214 --> 01:08:58,449
Narrator: GUN-CONTROL ORDINANCES
WERE COMMON.
1124
01:08:58,518 --> 01:09:03,538
COWBOYS WHO INSISTED ON CARRYING
THEIR SIX-SHOOTERS IN TOWN
1125
01:09:03,606 --> 01:09:06,557
RISKED FINES AND IMPRISONMENT.
1126
01:09:06,626 --> 01:09:08,926
TO MAKE SURE THE LAWS
WERE OBEYED,
1127
01:09:08,995 --> 01:09:12,897
SOME COW TOWNS RESORTED
TO HIRING NOTORIOUS GUNMEN --
1128
01:09:12,966 --> 01:09:16,851
WYATT EARP, BAT MASTERSON,
AND WILD BILL HICKOK --
1129
01:09:16,920 --> 01:09:18,519
TO KEEP THE PEACE.
1130
01:09:18,588 --> 01:09:22,739
Man: MORALLY, AS A CLASS, COWBOYS ARE FOULMOUTHED,
1131
01:09:22,808 --> 01:09:26,977
BLASPHEMOUS, DRUNKEN, LECHEROUS, UTTERLY CORRUPT.
1132
01:09:27,046 --> 01:09:30,497
USUALLY HARMLESS ON THE PLAINS WHEN SOBER,
1133
01:09:30,566 --> 01:09:33,134
THEY ARE DREADED IN THE TOWNS,
1134
01:09:33,202 --> 01:09:36,904
FOR THEN LIQUOR HAS AN ASCENDANCY OVER THEM --
1135
01:09:36,973 --> 01:09:39,440
"CHEYENNE DAILY LEADER."
1136
01:09:39,509 --> 01:09:41,675
Narrator:
ONE BY ONE, THE COW TOWNS
1137
01:09:41,744 --> 01:09:45,379
WOULD DECLARE THEMSELVES
OFF-LIMITS TO THE TEXAS HERDS
1138
01:09:45,448 --> 01:09:47,882
AND THE COWBOYS WHO CAME
WITH THEM.
1139
01:09:47,951 --> 01:09:48,866
[ GUNSHOT ]
1140
01:09:48,934 --> 01:09:50,701
Abbott: THEN I WENT HOME.
1141
01:09:50,770 --> 01:09:53,671
AFTER I GOT HOME MY FATHER SAID TO ME ONE NIGHT,
1142
01:09:53,740 --> 01:09:58,526
"YOU CAN TAKE OLD MORGAN AND PLOW THE WEST RIDGE TOMORROW."
1143
01:09:58,595 --> 01:10:01,329
LIKE HELL I'D PLOW THE WEST RIDGE.
1144
01:10:01,398 --> 01:10:05,666
AND WHEN MY FATHER WOKE UP NEXT MORNING, TEDDY WAS GONE.
1145
01:10:10,823 --> 01:10:16,644
[ TRAIN ENGINE PUFFING ]
1146
01:10:16,713 --> 01:10:19,781
I CROSS THE LARAMIE PLAINS.
1147
01:10:19,866 --> 01:10:23,100
I SEE IN GLIMPSES AFAR OR TOWERING IMMEDIATELY ABOVE ME
1148
01:10:23,152 --> 01:10:26,704
THE GREAT MOUNTAINS.
1149
01:10:26,773 --> 01:10:30,874
I SEE THE WIND RIVER AND THE WASATCH MOUNTAINS.
1150
01:10:30,943 --> 01:10:35,212
I SEE THE MONUMENT MOUNTAIN AND THE EAGLE'S NEST.
1151
01:10:35,281 --> 01:10:39,450
I PASS THE PROMONTORY. I ASCEND THE NEVADAS.
1152
01:10:39,519 --> 01:10:43,221
I SEE THE CLEAR WATERS OF LAKE TAHOE.
1153
01:10:43,289 --> 01:10:46,441
I SEE FORESTS OF MAJESTIC PINES.
1154
01:10:46,509 --> 01:10:50,161
MARCHING THROUGH THESE AND AFTER ALL
1155
01:10:50,230 --> 01:10:52,730
IN DUPLICATE SLENDER LINES,
1156
01:10:52,799 --> 01:10:57,668
BRIDGING THE THREE OR FOUR THOUSAND MILES OF LAND TRAVEL,
1157
01:10:57,737 --> 01:11:01,221
TYING THE EASTERN TO THE WESTERN SEA,
1158
01:11:01,290 --> 01:11:07,194
THE ROAD BETWEEN EUROPE AND ASIA --
1159
01:11:07,263 --> 01:11:09,764
WALT WHITMAN.
1160
01:11:09,833 --> 01:11:13,451
Narrator: FROM THE TIME
OF COLUMBUS,
1161
01:11:13,519 --> 01:11:17,721
EXPLORERS HAD SEARCHED IN VAIN
FOR A PASSAGE
1162
01:11:17,790 --> 01:11:22,426
THAT WOULD CONNECT THE ATLANTIC
WITH THE PACIFIC.
1163
01:11:22,495 --> 01:11:26,964
THE CENTURIES-OLD DREAM
HAD FINALLY COME TRUE.
1164
01:11:27,033 --> 01:11:32,353
NO SUCH PASSAGE EXISTED,
SO THE AMERICANS HAD BUILT ONE.
1165
01:11:32,422 --> 01:11:37,291
[ TRAIN ENGINE PUFFING ]
1166
01:11:37,377 --> 01:11:42,462
Watkins: IF YOU WERE LOOKING
FOR THE DEFINITIVE SYMBOL
1167
01:11:42,531 --> 01:11:47,568
OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN
THE CULTURES THAT HAD EXISTED
1168
01:11:47,653 --> 01:11:52,189
IN THE AMERICAN WEST
FOR AT LEAST 10,000 YEARS,
1169
01:11:52,258 --> 01:11:54,158
AND MAYBE LONGER,
1170
01:11:54,227 --> 01:11:57,027
AND THE CULTURE
THAT WAS JUST A-BUILDING
1171
01:11:57,096 --> 01:11:59,096
EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER,
1172
01:11:59,165 --> 01:12:01,983
THIS CULTURE OF TECHNOLOGY,
OF COMMERCE,
1173
01:12:02,052 --> 01:12:05,369
OF GRASPING AFTER TOMORROW
BEFORE IT ARRIVES,
1174
01:12:05,438 --> 01:12:10,641
YOU COULDN'T COME UP
WITH TWO MORE POWERFUL SYMBOLS
1175
01:12:10,710 --> 01:12:14,395
THAN THE RAILROAD
AND THE BUFFALO,
1176
01:12:14,464 --> 01:12:18,866
BECAUSE WHEN THE RAILROAD
MET THE BUFFALO,
1177
01:12:18,935 --> 01:12:22,153
THE IRON AGE MET THE STONE AGE.
1178
01:12:22,221 --> 01:12:26,674
THE MACHINE ARRIVED
IN THE GARDEN,
1179
01:12:26,742 --> 01:12:31,328
AND THE WEST
WAS CHANGED FOREVER.
1180
01:12:43,576 --> 01:12:47,711
Momaday: THERE WAS A MAN
WHO KILLED A BUFFALO BULL
1181
01:12:47,780 --> 01:12:52,149
TO NO PURPOSE, ONLY HE WANTED
ITS BLOOD ON HIS HANDS.
1182
01:12:52,218 --> 01:12:54,785
IT WAS A GREAT, OLD NOBLE BEAST,
1183
01:12:54,854 --> 01:12:58,856
AND IT WAS A LONG TIME
BLOWING ITS LIFE AWAY.
1184
01:12:58,925 --> 01:13:01,425
ON THE EDGE OF THE NIGHT,
1185
01:13:01,494 --> 01:13:04,828
THE PEOPLE
GATHERED THEMSELVES UP
1186
01:13:04,897 --> 01:13:07,298
IN THEIR GRIEF AND SHAME.
1187
01:13:07,367 --> 01:13:09,066
AWAY IN THE WEST,
1188
01:13:09,135 --> 01:13:13,938
THEY COULD SEE THE HUMP
AND SPINE OF THE HUGE BEAST
1189
01:13:14,107 --> 01:13:18,543
WHICH LAY DYING
ALONG THE EDGE OF THE WORLD.
1190
01:13:18,611 --> 01:13:22,013
THEY COULD SEE ITS BRIGHT BLOOD
RUN INTO THE SKY
1191
01:13:22,081 --> 01:13:25,666
WHERE IT DRIED, DARKENING,
AND WAS AT LAST FLECKED
1192
01:13:25,735 --> 01:13:28,519
WITH FLAKES OF LIGHT.
1193
01:13:31,524 --> 01:13:34,442
[ GUNSHOT ]
1194
01:13:34,510 --> 01:13:37,027
THE THING WE HAD TO HAVE,
1195
01:13:37,096 --> 01:13:40,547
WE BUSINESSMEN WITH RIFLES, WAS ONE SHOT KILLS.
1196
01:13:40,616 --> 01:13:42,133
WE BASED OUR SUCCESS
1197
01:13:42,202 --> 01:13:45,486
ON THE OVERWHELMING STUPIDITY OF THE BUFFALO,
1198
01:13:45,555 --> 01:13:49,624
UNQUESTIONABLY THE STUPIDEST GAME ANIMAL IN THE WORLD.
1199
01:13:49,692 --> 01:13:53,861
IF YOU WOUNDED THE LEADER, THE REST OF HER HERD,
1200
01:13:53,863 --> 01:13:56,430
WHETHER IT WAS THREE OR THIRTY,
1201
01:13:56,499 --> 01:13:59,166
WOULD GATHER AROUND HER AND STUPIDLY MILL.
1202
01:13:59,235 --> 01:14:02,603
[ GUNSHOT ]
1203
01:14:02,672 --> 01:14:07,175
ALL YOU HAD TO DO WAS PICK THEM OFF ONE BY ONE.
1204
01:14:07,343 --> 01:14:11,311
I ONCE TOOK 269 HIDES WITH 300 CARTRIDGES.
1205
01:14:11,380 --> 01:14:12,647
[ GUNSHOT ]
1206
01:14:12,715 --> 01:14:14,131
ADVENTUROUS?
1207
01:14:14,200 --> 01:14:18,919
NO MORE THAN SHOOTINGA BEEF CRITTER IN THE BARNYARD.
1208
01:14:18,988 --> 01:14:22,990
IT WAS A HARVEST. WE WERE THE HARVESTERS --
1209
01:14:23,059 --> 01:14:24,841
FRANK H. MAYER.
1210
01:14:24,910 --> 01:14:27,345
[ GUNSHOTS ]
1211
01:14:34,203 --> 01:14:37,087
Narrator: FRANK MAYER
AND THOUSANDS OF OTHER
1212
01:14:37,156 --> 01:14:40,941
BUFFALO HUNTERS
SWARMED ONTO THE PLAINS.
1213
01:14:41,010 --> 01:14:44,095
SOME STOPPED SHOOTING
JUST LONG ENOUGH
1214
01:14:44,163 --> 01:14:47,314
TO COOL THEIR OVER-HEATED
RIFLE BARRELS
1215
01:14:47,383 --> 01:14:49,317
WITH CANTEENS OF WATER.
1216
01:14:49,385 --> 01:14:51,352
WHEN THE WATER RAN OUT,
1217
01:14:51,421 --> 01:14:55,589
THEY URINATED DOWN THE BARREL
AND KEPT SHOOTING.
1218
01:14:55,658 --> 01:14:59,743
UP AND DOWN THE PLAINS THOSE MEN RANGED.
1219
01:14:59,812 --> 01:15:05,683
BEHIND THEM CAME THE SKINNERS WITH THEIR WAGONS.
1220
01:15:05,752 --> 01:15:08,418
THEY PILED THE HIDES AND BONES INTO THE WAGONS
1221
01:15:08,487 --> 01:15:11,906
UNTIL THEY WERE FULL,
1222
01:15:11,975 --> 01:15:15,259
AND THEN TOOK THEIR LOADS TO THE NEW RAILROAD STATIONS
1223
01:15:15,311 --> 01:15:17,578
TO BE SHIPPED EAST TO MARKET.
1224
01:15:17,646 --> 01:15:23,650
SOMETIMES THERE WOULD BE APILE OF BONES AS HIGH AS A MAN,
1225
01:15:23,719 --> 01:15:28,506
STRETCHING A MILE ALONG THE RAILROAD TRACK --
1226
01:15:28,574 --> 01:15:30,540
OLD LADY HORSE.
1227
01:15:30,609 --> 01:15:34,912
Narrator: THIRTY-TWO MILLION
POUNDS OF BUFFALO BONES
1228
01:15:34,981 --> 01:15:39,249
MADE THEIR WAY FROM THE PLAINS
TO EASTERN FACTORIES,
1229
01:15:39,318 --> 01:15:42,870
WHERE THEY WERE GROUND
INTO FERTILIZER.
1230
01:15:42,939 --> 01:15:49,476
BUFFALO HORNS WERE TURNED INTO
BUTTONS, COMBS, KNIFE HANDLES.
1231
01:15:49,545 --> 01:15:51,745
HOOVES BECAME GLUE.
1232
01:15:51,814 --> 01:15:56,117
ALL ACROSS WESTERN KANSAS,
THE SLAUGHTER WENT ON --
1233
01:15:56,185 --> 01:16:00,220
PERHAPS AS MANY
AS THREE MILLION BUFFALO KILLED
1234
01:16:00,289 --> 01:16:04,592
IN THE TWO YEARS SINCE
THE COMING OF THE RAILROAD.
1235
01:16:04,660 --> 01:16:09,580
WHERE THERE WERE MYRIADS OF BUFFALO THE YEAR BEFORE
1236
01:16:09,649 --> 01:16:13,434
THERE WERE NOW MYRIADS OF CARCASSES.
1237
01:16:13,502 --> 01:16:17,939
THE AIR WAS FOUL WITH A SICKENING STENCH,
1238
01:16:18,007 --> 01:16:19,773
AND THE VAST PLAIN,
1239
01:16:19,842 --> 01:16:23,810
WHICH ONLY A SHORT TWELVEMONTHBEFORE TEEMED WITH ANIMAL LIFE,
1240
01:16:23,879 --> 01:16:28,332
WAS A DEAD, SOLITARY, PUTRID DESERT --
1241
01:16:28,400 --> 01:16:32,403
COL. RICHARD IRVING DODGE.
1242
01:16:35,691 --> 01:16:39,577
Narrator: MANY AMERICANS
GREW ALARMED
1243
01:16:39,645 --> 01:16:41,045
AT THE EXTENT OF THE SLAUGHTER.
1244
01:16:41,113 --> 01:16:42,763
IN THE SPRING OF 1874,
1245
01:16:42,832 --> 01:16:46,567
CONGRESS PASSED A LAW
TO PROTECT THE BUFFALO,
1246
01:16:46,636 --> 01:16:50,820
BUT PRESIDENT ULYSSES S. GRANT
REFUSED TO SIGN IT,
1247
01:16:50,889 --> 01:16:53,123
AND THE KILLING CONTINUED.
1248
01:16:53,192 --> 01:16:56,743
HUNTERS HAD ALREADY
MOVED SOUTH OF KANSAS,
1249
01:16:56,812 --> 01:17:01,465
ONTO HUNTING GROUNDS RESERVED
BY TREATY FOR THE INDIANS.
1250
01:17:01,533 --> 01:17:04,601
THE GOVERNMENT DID NOTHING
TO STOP THEM,
1251
01:17:04,670 --> 01:17:08,605
AND EVEN PROVIDED THE HUNTERS
WITH FREE AMMUNITION.
1252
01:17:08,674 --> 01:17:13,160
[ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING,
DRUM BEATING ]
1253
01:17:13,245 --> 01:17:15,429
YOU WHITE PEOPLE MAKE A BIG TALK,
1254
01:17:15,498 --> 01:17:17,097
AND SOMETIMES WAR,
1255
01:17:17,166 --> 01:17:20,067
IF AN INDIAN KILLS A WHITE MAN'S OX
1256
01:17:20,135 --> 01:17:23,670
TO KEEP HIS WIFE AND CHILDREN FROM STARVING.
1257
01:17:23,739 --> 01:17:27,691
WHAT DO YOU THINK MY PEOPLE OUGHT TO SAY AND DO
1258
01:17:27,760 --> 01:17:32,295
WHEN THEY THEMSELVES SEE THEIR BUFFALO KILLED BY YOUR RACE
1259
01:17:32,364 --> 01:17:34,631
WHEN YOU ARE NOT HUNGRY?
1260
01:17:34,700 --> 01:17:36,033
LITTLE ROBE.
1261
01:17:36,101 --> 01:17:39,086
Mayer: THE INDIANS SENSED THAT WE WERE
1262
01:17:39,155 --> 01:17:41,422
TAKING AWAY THEIR BIRTHRIGHT,
1263
01:17:41,491 --> 01:17:44,875
AND THAT WITH EVERY BOOM OF A BUFFALO RIFLE
1264
01:17:44,927 --> 01:17:48,695
THEIR TENURE ON THEIR HOMELAND BECAME WEAKENED
1265
01:17:48,764 --> 01:17:50,530
AND THAT EVENTUALLY
1266
01:17:50,599 --> 01:17:54,601
THEY WOULD HAVE NO HOMELAND AND NO BUFFALO.
1267
01:17:54,670 --> 01:17:57,971
SO THEY DID WHAT YOU AND I WOULD DO
1268
01:17:58,040 --> 01:18:03,877
IF OUR EXISTENCE WERE JEOPARDIZED -- THEY FOUGHT.
1269
01:18:03,946 --> 01:18:06,463
Narrator: IN THE SUMMER OF 1874,
1270
01:18:06,532 --> 01:18:10,901
THE KIOWAS, COMANCHES,
ARAPAHOS AND SOUTHERN CHEYENNE
1271
01:18:10,970 --> 01:18:14,121
ROSE UP AND DROVE OUT
THE HUNTERS --
1272
01:18:14,190 --> 01:18:17,625
AND ANY OTHER WHITES
THEY CAME ACROSS.
1273
01:18:17,693 --> 01:18:22,012
GENERAL PHILIP SHERIDAN
ORDERED A MASSIVE CAMPAIGN,
1274
01:18:22,080 --> 01:18:24,698
DEPLOYING FIVE COLUMNS OF TROOPS
1275
01:18:24,767 --> 01:18:27,834
TO PURSUE THE INDIANS
RELENTLESSLY
1276
01:18:27,920 --> 01:18:30,187
DURING THE SUMMER AND FALL,
1277
01:18:30,256 --> 01:18:34,825
DEPRIVING THEM OF REST,
OR THE OPPORTUNITY TO HUNT.
1278
01:18:34,894 --> 01:18:38,812
[ BIRD CAWING ]
1279
01:18:43,285 --> 01:18:45,085
BY THE NEXT SPRING,
1280
01:18:45,154 --> 01:18:49,055
VIRTUALLY ALL OF THE RESISTING
BANDS ON THE SOUTHERN PLAINS --
1281
01:18:49,124 --> 01:18:51,158
DESPERATE NOW FOR FOOD --
1282
01:18:51,227 --> 01:18:55,062
HAD BEEN DRIVEN BACK
ONTO THE RESERVATIONS.
1283
01:18:55,131 --> 01:18:58,365
THE BUFFALO HUNTERS
WENT RIGHT BACK TO WORK.
1284
01:18:58,433 --> 01:19:01,434
[ GUNSHOTS ]
1285
01:19:05,775 --> 01:19:09,293
WITHIN A YEAR,
THE HERD ON THE SOUTHERN PLAINS
1286
01:19:09,361 --> 01:19:11,562
HAD VIRTUALLY DISAPPEARED.
1287
01:19:11,630 --> 01:19:17,000
ONE BY ONE, WE PUT UP OUR BUFFALO RIFLES,
1288
01:19:17,069 --> 01:19:19,403
AND LEFT THE RANGES.
1289
01:19:19,471 --> 01:19:24,157
AND THERE SETTLED OVER THEM A VAST QUIET.
1290
01:19:24,226 --> 01:19:26,660
THE BUFFALO WAS GONE.
1291
01:19:26,729 --> 01:19:33,300
MAYBE WE SERVED OUR PURPOSEIN HELPING ABOLISH THE BUFFALO.
1292
01:19:33,368 --> 01:19:36,587
MAYBE IT WAS OUR RUTHLESS HARVESTING OF HIM
1293
01:19:36,656 --> 01:19:39,940
WHICH TELESCOPED THE CONTROL OF THE INDIAN
1294
01:19:40,009 --> 01:19:41,976
BY A DECADE OR MAYBE MORE,
1295
01:19:42,044 --> 01:19:44,895
OR MAYBE I AM JUST RATIONALIZING.
1296
01:19:44,963 --> 01:19:49,016
MAYBE WE WERE JUST A GREEDY LOT WHO WANTED TO GET OURS,
1297
01:19:49,085 --> 01:19:53,320
AND TO HELL WITH POSTERITY, THE BUFFALO, OR ANYONE ELSE,
1298
01:19:53,388 --> 01:19:59,593
JUST SO WE KEPT OUR SCALPS ON AND OUR MONEY POUCHES FILLED.
1299
01:19:59,662 --> 01:20:03,731
I THINK MAYBE THAT IS THE WAY IT WAS --
1300
01:20:03,799 --> 01:20:06,300
FRANK H. MAYER.
1301
01:20:12,975 --> 01:20:18,262
Momaday: IT WOULD BE HARD
TO IMAGINE
1302
01:20:18,331 --> 01:20:20,630
ANYTHING MORE DEEPLY HURTFUL
1303
01:20:20,699 --> 01:20:26,020
THAN THE LOSS OF SOMETHING
INEFFABLY SACRED.
1304
01:20:26,088 --> 01:20:28,989
ONE CAN ONLY GUESS AND IMAGINE.
1305
01:20:29,058 --> 01:20:33,160
WE CAN'T, WE CAN'T KNOW WHAT
THAT IS NOW.
1306
01:20:33,229 --> 01:20:38,198
BUT CERTAINLY A CONFUSION,
FIRST OF ALL, I SUPPOSE.
1307
01:20:38,284 --> 01:20:40,483
"WHY IS THIS HAPPENING?
1308
01:20:40,552 --> 01:20:43,671
"WHY ARE YOU KILLING
THE BUFFALO?
1309
01:20:43,739 --> 01:20:45,522
"WE DO THAT, OF COURSE,
1310
01:20:45,591 --> 01:20:48,308
"BUT WE DO IT
IN ORDER TO SURVIVE,
1311
01:20:48,377 --> 01:20:51,044
AND WE DO IT
IN A SACRED MANNER."
1312
01:20:51,113 --> 01:20:54,615
BUT THIS WHOLESALE SLAUGHTER
MUST HAVE BEEN,
1313
01:20:54,683 --> 01:20:56,633
FIRST, CONFUSING
1314
01:20:56,686 --> 01:21:00,938
AND THEN, YOU KNOW,
A DEVASTATION --
1315
01:21:01,006 --> 01:21:06,977
A WOUND IN THE HEART
THAT WE CANNOT CONCEIVE OF NOW.
1316
01:21:07,045 --> 01:21:12,182
Old Lady Horse: THE BUFFALO SAW THAT THEIR DAY WAS OVER.
1317
01:21:12,251 --> 01:21:16,386
THEY COULD PROTECT THEIR PEOPLE NO LONGER.
1318
01:21:16,454 --> 01:21:20,490
SADLY, THE LAST REMNANT OF THE GREAT HERD
1319
01:21:20,559 --> 01:21:25,913
GATHERED IN COUNCIL,AND DECIDED WHAT THEY WOULD DO.
1320
01:21:25,981 --> 01:21:29,749
ONE YOUNG WOMAN GOT UP VERY EARLY
1321
01:21:29,818 --> 01:21:32,903
AND PEERING THROUGH THE HAZE,
1322
01:21:32,972 --> 01:21:39,043
SHE SAW THE LAST BUFFALO HERD APPEAR LIKE IN A SPIRIT DREAM.
1323
01:21:39,111 --> 01:21:44,414
STRAIGHT TO MOUNT SCOTT THE LEADER OF THE HERD WALKED.
1324
01:21:44,483 --> 01:21:48,886
BEHIND HIM CAME THE COWS AND THEIR CALVES,
1325
01:21:48,955 --> 01:21:53,323
AND THE FEW YOUNG MALES WHO HAD SURVIVED.
1326
01:21:53,392 --> 01:21:55,626
AS THE WOMAN WATCHED,
1327
01:21:55,694 --> 01:21:59,162
THE FACE OF THE MOUNTAIN OPENED.
1328
01:21:59,231 --> 01:22:04,034
INSIDE MOUNT SCOTT THE WORLD WAS GREEN AND FRESH,
1329
01:22:04,203 --> 01:22:08,539
AS IT HAD BEEN WHEN SHE WAS A SMALL GIRL.
1330
01:22:08,607 --> 01:22:13,009
THE RIVERS RAN CLEAR, NOT RED.
1331
01:22:13,078 --> 01:22:16,880
INTO THIS WORLD OF BEAUTY THE BUFFALO WALKED,
1332
01:22:16,949 --> 01:22:21,451
NEVER TO BE SEEN AGAIN.
1333
01:22:29,394 --> 01:22:33,163
-- CAPTIONS BY VITAC --
BURBANK, PITTSBURGH, WASHINGTON
1334
01:22:49,014 --> 01:22:52,148
♪ NOW COME ALONG BOYS
AND LISTEN TO MY TALE ♪
1335
01:22:52,217 --> 01:22:53,650
♪ AND I'LL TELL YOU
OF MY TROUBLES ♪
1336
01:22:53,719 --> 01:22:54,885
♪ ON THE CHISHOLM TRAIL ♪
1337
01:22:54,887 --> 01:22:57,454
♪ COME-A TI-YI-YIPPY
YIPPY-YI YIPPY-YAY ♪
1338
01:22:57,456 --> 01:22:59,723
♪ COME-A TI-YI-YIPPY
YIPPY-YAY ♪
1339
01:22:59,792 --> 01:23:02,375
♪ I STARTED UP THE TRAIL
OCTOBER 23rd ♪
1340
01:23:02,444 --> 01:23:05,012
♪ LEFT OLD TEXAS
WITH A TWO-MULE HERD ♪
1341
01:23:05,080 --> 01:23:07,680
♪ COME-A TI-YI-YIPPY
YIPPY-YI YIPPY-YAY ♪
1342
01:23:07,749 --> 01:23:09,916
♪ COME-A TI-YI-YIPPY
YIPPY-YAY ♪
1343
01:23:09,985 --> 01:23:12,186
♪ OH A $10 HORSE
AND A $40 SADDLE ♪
1344
01:23:12,254 --> 01:23:15,054
♪ I'M A-GONNA PUNCH
THEM LONG-HORN CATTLE ♪
1345
01:23:15,123 --> 01:23:17,991
♪ COME-A TI-YI-YIPPY
YIPPY-YI YIPPY-YAY ♪
1346
01:23:18,060 --> 01:23:20,160
♪ COME-A TI-YI-YIPPY
YIPPY-YAY ♪
1347
01:23:20,229 --> 01:23:22,462
♪ WOKE UP ONE MORNING
ON THE CHISHOLM TRAIL ♪
1348
01:23:22,530 --> 01:23:25,265
♪ WITH A ROPE IN MY HAND
AND A COW BY THE TAIL ♪
1349
01:23:25,334 --> 01:23:28,468
♪ COME-A TI-YI-YIPPY
YIPPY-YI YIPPY-YAY ♪
1350
01:23:28,537 --> 01:23:31,071
♪ COME-A TI-YI-YIPPY
YIPPY-YAY ♪
1351
01:23:39,982 --> 01:23:43,583
♪ WELL WE ROUNDED 'EM UP
AND WE PUT 'EM ON THE CARS ♪
1352
01:23:43,652 --> 01:23:46,020
♪ AND THAT WAS THE LAST
OF THE OLD TWO-BARS ♪
1353
01:23:46,088 --> 01:23:48,621
♪ COME-A TI-YI-YIPPY
YIPPY-YI YIPPY-YAY ♪
1354
01:23:48,690 --> 01:23:50,924
♪ COME-A TI-YI-YIPPY
YIPPY-YAY ♪
1355
01:23:50,993 --> 01:23:53,760
♪ THEN I WENT TO THE BOSS
FOR TO DRAW MY ROLL ♪
1356
01:23:53,829 --> 01:23:55,962
♪ HE HAD IT FIGURED
$9 IN THE HOLE ♪
1357
01:23:56,131 --> 01:23:58,498
♪ COME-A TI-YI-YIPPY
YIPPY-YI YIPPY-YAY ♪
1358
01:23:58,567 --> 01:24:00,567
♪ COME-A TI-YI-YIPPY
YIPPY-YAY ♪
1359
01:24:05,741 --> 01:24:08,375
♪ SO I SOLD OLD BOLLY
AND I HUNG UP MY SADDLE ♪
1360
01:24:08,444 --> 01:24:11,344
♪ AND I BID FAREWELL
TO THE LONG-HORN CATTLE ♪
1361
01:24:11,413 --> 01:24:13,947
♪ COME-A TI-YI-YIPPY
YIPPY-YI YIPPY-YAY ♪
1362
01:24:14,016 --> 01:24:16,433
♪ COME-A TI-YI-YIPPY
YIPPY-YAY ♪♪
1363
01:24:31,383 --> 01:24:32,916
FOR OVER A DECADE,
1364
01:24:32,918 --> 01:24:34,751
GENERAL MOTORS HAS BEEN THE SOLE CORPORATE SPONSOR
1365
01:24:34,820 --> 01:24:36,419
OF THE FILMS OF KEN BURNS.
1366
01:24:36,421 --> 01:24:40,223
WE'RE PROUD OF OUR ASSOCIATION WITH KEN BURNS AND PBS.
1367
01:24:40,392 --> 01:24:41,558
IT'S ALL PART OF GM's COMMITTMENT
1368
01:24:41,627 --> 01:24:43,193
TO SHARE THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE
1369
01:24:43,262 --> 01:24:44,695
THROUGH QUALITY TELEVISION PROGRAMMING.
1370
01:24:45,964 --> 01:24:48,331
THIS PROGRAM HAS BEEN MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT
1371
01:24:48,400 --> 01:24:50,334
FROM THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES.
1372
01:24:57,943 --> 01:25:00,643
BY THE CORPORTATION FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING
1373
01:25:00,712 --> 01:25:04,014
AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION
1374
01:25:04,083 --> 01:25:06,115
FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU.
134760
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