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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:01:31,301 --> 00:01:34,968 "PROMETHEUS STOLE FIRE FROM THE GODS AND GAVE IT TO MAN. 2 00:01:35,009 --> 00:01:39,801 "FOR THIS HE WAS CHAINED TO A ROCK AND TORTURED FOR ETERNITY." 3 00:01:48,383 --> 00:01:49,550 Dr. Oppenheimer. 4 00:01:51,464 --> 00:01:52,466 Dr. Oppenheimer. 5 00:01:54,091 --> 00:01:57,216 As we begin, I believe you have a statement to read into the record. 6 00:01:59,341 --> 00:02:00,424 Yes, your honor. 7 00:02:00,591 --> 00:02:03,633 We're not judges, Doctor. -No. 8 00:02:10,133 --> 00:02:11,883 Members of the security board, 9 00:02:13,133 --> 00:02:16,883 the so-called interrogatory information in your indictment of me 10 00:02:16,966 --> 00:02:19,758 cannot be fairly understood except in the context 11 00:02:19,841 --> 00:02:21,800 of my life, and my work. 12 00:02:22,633 --> 00:02:24,050 How long did he testify? 13 00:02:25,258 --> 00:02:26,716 Honestly, I forget. 14 00:02:28,550 --> 00:02:30,425 The whole hearing took a month. 15 00:02:30,633 --> 00:02:33,591 An ordeal. -Oh, I've only read the transcripts. 16 00:02:36,633 --> 00:02:38,966 Who'd want to justify their whole life? -You weren't there? 17 00:02:39,341 --> 00:02:40,758 As chairman, I wasn't allowed to be. 18 00:02:41,383 --> 00:02:43,133 Are they really going to ask about it? 19 00:02:44,008 --> 00:02:45,466 It was years ago. 20 00:02:45,508 --> 00:02:46,925 Four years ago. -Five. 21 00:02:48,175 --> 00:02:49,801 Oppenheimer still divides America. 22 00:02:49,824 --> 00:02:51,824 The committee's going to want to know where you stood. 23 00:02:52,966 --> 00:02:56,425 Senator Thurmond asked me to say not to feel that you're on trial. 24 00:02:56,591 --> 00:02:59,550 Oh, funny. I didn't, until you just said that. 25 00:02:59,883 --> 00:03:01,425 Really, Mr. Strauss... -It's Admiral. 26 00:03:01,591 --> 00:03:04,841 Admiral. Admiral Strauss, this is a formality. 27 00:03:04,883 --> 00:03:06,966 President Eisenhower has asked you to be in his cabinet. 28 00:03:07,175 --> 00:03:08,967 The Senate really has no choice but to confirm him. 29 00:03:08,990 --> 00:03:10,758 And if they bring up Oppenheimer? 30 00:03:11,383 --> 00:03:13,717 When they bring up Oppenheimer, you answer honestly, 31 00:03:13,740 --> 00:03:15,800 no senator can deny you did your duty. 32 00:03:16,091 --> 00:03:17,550 It'll be uncomfortable. 33 00:03:18,553 --> 00:03:20,091 Who'd want to justify their whole life? 34 00:03:25,883 --> 00:03:27,425 Why did you leave the United States? 35 00:03:30,133 --> 00:03:33,425 I... I wanted to study the new physics. 36 00:03:33,633 --> 00:03:34,883 Was there nowhere here? 37 00:03:35,800 --> 00:03:38,633 I thought Berkeley had the leading theoretical physics department. 38 00:03:39,466 --> 00:03:41,300 Yes, once I built it. 39 00:03:42,050 --> 00:03:43,301 But first I had to go to Europe. 40 00:03:43,324 --> 00:03:46,383 I went to Cambridge, to study under Patrick Blackett. 41 00:03:46,716 --> 00:03:48,466 Were you happier there than in America? 42 00:03:49,800 --> 00:03:51,133 Happier? -Yes. 43 00:03:55,591 --> 00:03:56,591 No. 44 00:03:57,050 --> 00:03:58,258 No, I, uh... 45 00:04:01,133 --> 00:04:03,133 I was homesick and... 46 00:04:04,049 --> 00:04:05,716 emotionally immature... 47 00:04:07,050 --> 00:04:09,425 Troubled by visions of a... 48 00:04:10,175 --> 00:04:12,466 hidden universe. 49 00:04:24,050 --> 00:04:25,133 Useless in the lab. 50 00:04:30,133 --> 00:04:31,591 Christ, Oppenheimer. 51 00:04:32,795 --> 00:04:33,966 Have you had any sleep? 52 00:04:36,591 --> 00:04:37,592 Start again. 53 00:04:38,091 --> 00:04:39,383 I need to go to a lecture, sir. 54 00:04:40,425 --> 00:04:41,425 Why? 55 00:04:41,966 --> 00:04:42,966 It's Niels Bohr. 56 00:04:46,050 --> 00:04:47,216 I completely forgot. 57 00:04:48,341 --> 00:04:50,133 Alright! Let's go. 58 00:04:52,716 --> 00:04:54,091 Oh no, not you, Oppenheimer. 59 00:04:54,425 --> 00:04:55,758 You finish coating those plates. 60 00:05:36,216 --> 00:05:39,926 Quantum physics is not a step forward. 61 00:05:40,008 --> 00:05:43,758 It is a new way to understand reality. 62 00:05:43,865 --> 00:05:45,676 Einstein's opened the door. 63 00:05:45,699 --> 00:05:49,900 Now we are peering through, seeing a world inside our world, 64 00:05:50,091 --> 00:05:55,675 a world of energy and paradox that not everyone can accept. 65 00:06:39,175 --> 00:06:40,174 You alright? 66 00:06:41,175 --> 00:06:43,508 Nils, meet J. Robert Oppenheimer. 67 00:06:43,883 --> 00:06:45,383 What's the J stand for? 68 00:06:45,591 --> 00:06:46,926 Nothing, apparently. 69 00:06:46,949 --> 00:06:49,425 You were at my lecture. You asked the only good question. 70 00:06:49,633 --> 00:06:51,050 No one's denying his insight. 71 00:06:51,216 --> 00:06:53,591 It's his laboratory work that leaves a little to be desired. 72 00:06:54,925 --> 00:06:55,926 I heard you give the same answer... 73 00:06:55,949 --> 00:06:57,966 At Harvard, yes, and you asked the same question. 74 00:06:58,550 --> 00:06:59,633 Why ask again? 75 00:06:59,791 --> 00:07:01,050 I hadn't liked your answer. 76 00:07:02,693 --> 00:07:05,133 Did you like it better yesterday? -A lot. 77 00:07:05,436 --> 00:07:09,925 You can lift a stone without being ready for the snake that's revealed. 78 00:07:10,175 --> 00:07:11,633 Now it seems you're ready. 79 00:07:12,383 --> 00:07:13,800 But you don't enjoy the lab. 80 00:07:14,966 --> 00:07:17,551 So get out of Cambridge, with its beakers and potions. 81 00:07:17,574 --> 00:07:19,758 Go somewhere they'll let you think. 82 00:07:21,175 --> 00:07:22,175 Where? 83 00:07:23,800 --> 00:07:25,466 Göttingen. -Born. 84 00:07:25,550 --> 00:07:26,567 Born. 85 00:07:26,591 --> 00:07:30,633 Get to Germany, study under Max Born, learn the ways of theory. 86 00:07:31,425 --> 00:07:32,425 I'll send word. 87 00:07:33,383 --> 00:07:34,383 Worm hole. 88 00:07:36,841 --> 00:07:37,800 How's your mathematics? 89 00:07:37,841 --> 00:07:39,925 Not good enough for the physicist he wants to be. 90 00:07:40,050 --> 00:07:42,384 Algebra's like sheet music, 91 00:07:42,407 --> 00:07:46,008 the important thing isn't can you read music, it's can you hear it. 92 00:07:46,300 --> 00:07:48,383 Can you hear the music, Robert? 93 00:07:49,882 --> 00:07:50,885 Yes, I can. 94 00:09:27,200 --> 00:09:28,800 The senator from Wyoming. 95 00:09:29,742 --> 00:09:32,425 Admiral Strauss, I'm interested in your relationship 96 00:09:32,466 --> 00:09:34,133 with Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer. 97 00:09:34,344 --> 00:09:36,091 You met him in 1947. 98 00:09:37,026 --> 00:09:38,008 Correct. 99 00:09:38,466 --> 00:09:40,466 You were a commissioner of the Atomic Energy Commission. 100 00:09:41,050 --> 00:09:44,769 I was, but I actually met Robert in my capacity 101 00:09:44,816 --> 00:09:48,966 as board member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. It was... 102 00:09:49,592 --> 00:09:52,858 after the war, he was world-renowned as the great man of physics, 103 00:09:52,925 --> 00:09:57,175 and I was determined to get him to run the Institute. 104 00:10:06,841 --> 00:10:09,341 Dr. Oppenheimer. An honor. 105 00:10:09,633 --> 00:10:10,634 Mr. Strauss. 106 00:10:10,784 --> 00:10:11,800 It's pronounced "Strauss". 107 00:10:13,085 --> 00:10:14,426 "Oppenheimer", "Oppenheimer"... 108 00:10:14,467 --> 00:10:16,341 Either way you say it, they know I'm Jewish. 109 00:10:17,708 --> 00:10:20,341 I'm president of Temple Emanu-El in Manhattan. 110 00:10:20,633 --> 00:10:22,925 "Strauss" is just a Southern pronunciation. 111 00:10:23,392 --> 00:10:27,091 Anyway, welcome to the Institute. I think you'll be very happy here. 112 00:10:27,414 --> 00:10:28,675 Yes, well, you'll love the commute. 113 00:10:29,258 --> 00:10:31,425 The position comes with that house for you and your wife, 114 00:10:31,919 --> 00:10:33,675 and your... is it two children? 115 00:10:33,966 --> 00:10:34,841 Yes, two. 116 00:10:35,362 --> 00:10:37,425 I'm a great admirer of your work. 117 00:10:38,024 --> 00:10:40,425 You're a physicist by training, Mr. Strauss? 118 00:10:40,466 --> 00:10:42,551 I'm sorry, uh, common room, four o'clock tea. 119 00:10:42,574 --> 00:10:45,214 No, I'm not trained in physics or anything else. 120 00:10:45,258 --> 00:10:46,276 I'm a self-made man. 121 00:10:46,341 --> 00:10:47,841 Ah, I can relate to that. 122 00:10:48,550 --> 00:10:50,341 Really? -Yes, my father was one. 123 00:10:52,216 --> 00:10:54,466 And this would be your office. 124 00:11:04,216 --> 00:11:06,050 I'm told he's there in most afternoons. 125 00:11:06,591 --> 00:11:08,343 You know, I've always wondered 126 00:11:08,383 --> 00:11:11,300 why you didn't involve him in the Manhattan Project. 127 00:11:13,598 --> 00:11:15,258 Greatest scientific mind of our time. 128 00:11:15,919 --> 00:11:16,925 Of his time. 129 00:11:17,959 --> 00:11:20,050 Einstein published his Theory of Relativity 130 00:11:20,091 --> 00:11:22,633 more than 40 years ago now. 131 00:11:23,925 --> 00:11:25,925 Could never embrace the quantum world it revealed. 132 00:11:26,508 --> 00:11:27,758 "God doesn't play dice." 133 00:11:28,602 --> 00:11:29,592 Precisely. 134 00:11:30,091 --> 00:11:32,591 You never thought of studying physics formally, Mr. Strauss? 135 00:11:32,800 --> 00:11:35,883 I had offers, but... I chose to sell shoes. 136 00:11:35,966 --> 00:11:38,300 Lewis Strauss was once a lowly shoe salesman. 137 00:11:39,631 --> 00:11:40,925 No, just a shoe salesman. 138 00:11:45,175 --> 00:11:47,634 I'd love to introduce you. -No need. 139 00:11:48,883 --> 00:11:50,133 I've known him for years. 140 00:12:12,175 --> 00:12:13,177 Albert. 141 00:12:18,095 --> 00:12:21,883 What was that? What did you say to him? 142 00:12:24,133 --> 00:12:25,133 Oh, he's fine. 143 00:12:27,383 --> 00:12:31,883 Mr. Strauss, there are... things in my past you ought to be aware of. 144 00:12:32,107 --> 00:12:33,841 Well, as chairman of the AEC, 145 00:12:33,883 --> 00:12:36,515 I have access to your security file. I've read it. 146 00:12:36,528 --> 00:12:38,086 You're not worried? -No. 147 00:12:38,133 --> 00:12:40,425 Why would I be worried, after everything you've done for your country? 148 00:12:40,468 --> 00:12:42,550 Well, times change, Mr. Strauss. 149 00:12:42,716 --> 00:12:44,425 Well, the purpose of this institute 150 00:12:44,508 --> 00:12:46,633 is to provide a haven for independent minds. 151 00:12:47,851 --> 00:12:49,087 That's you. 152 00:12:49,131 --> 00:12:50,490 You are the man for the job. 153 00:12:51,508 --> 00:12:52,592 Well, then I'll consider it. 154 00:12:53,633 --> 00:12:55,300 I'll see you at the AEC meeting tomorrow. 155 00:13:00,520 --> 00:13:03,008 This is one of the most prestigious appointments in the country. 156 00:13:03,216 --> 00:13:04,883 Yes, and a great commute. 157 00:13:05,883 --> 00:13:07,216 That's why I'm considering it. 158 00:13:08,765 --> 00:13:12,405 So Dr. Oppenheimer brought your attention to his past associations 159 00:13:12,591 --> 00:13:13,924 before you appointed him? 160 00:13:14,050 --> 00:13:15,048 Yes. 161 00:13:15,550 --> 00:13:16,841 And they didn't concern you? 162 00:13:16,966 --> 00:13:19,883 Just then I was entirely consumed with what he must have said 163 00:13:19,968 --> 00:13:21,716 to Einstein to sour him on me. 164 00:13:25,791 --> 00:13:26,801 But later? 165 00:13:27,091 --> 00:13:28,633 Well, we all know what happened later. 166 00:13:29,466 --> 00:13:31,426 Doctor, your time in Europe, 167 00:13:31,466 --> 00:13:34,508 you seem to meet with a wide range of other countries' physicists. 168 00:13:34,689 --> 00:13:35,698 Yes, that's right. 169 00:13:35,910 --> 00:13:36,925 Any Russians? 170 00:13:39,011 --> 00:13:41,676 None that spring to mind. If you'll just allow me 171 00:13:41,716 --> 00:13:43,508 to continue with my statement... -Mr. Robb, 172 00:13:43,552 --> 00:13:45,925 you'll have ample opportunity to cross-examine. 173 00:13:49,050 --> 00:13:53,800 After Göttingen, I moved on to Leiden, in Holland, where I first met Isidor Rabi. 174 00:13:54,966 --> 00:13:55,966 Excuse me. 175 00:14:00,883 --> 00:14:03,258 A yank. Lecturing on the new physics. 176 00:14:03,425 --> 00:14:04,420 This I have to hear. 177 00:14:04,506 --> 00:14:06,133 I'm an American myself. 178 00:14:06,716 --> 00:14:07,841 How surprising. 179 00:14:08,998 --> 00:14:10,966 Let me know if you need any help with the English. 180 00:14:25,258 --> 00:14:26,466 Wait, what's he saying? 181 00:14:38,133 --> 00:14:39,132 No, thank you. 182 00:14:39,175 --> 00:14:40,425 It's a long way to Zurich. 183 00:14:41,091 --> 00:14:43,841 If you get any skinnier, we're gonna lose you between the seat cushions. 184 00:14:44,508 --> 00:14:46,595 I'm Rabi. -Oppenheimer. 185 00:14:46,639 --> 00:14:48,300 I caught your lecture on molecules. 186 00:14:49,061 --> 00:14:50,050 Caught some of it. 187 00:14:51,202 --> 00:14:53,258 We're a couple of New York Jews, how do you know Dutch? 188 00:14:53,844 --> 00:14:56,466 Well, I thought I'd better learn it when I got here this semester. 189 00:14:56,526 --> 00:14:59,758 You learned enough Dutch in six weeks to give a lecture on quantum mechanics? 190 00:15:00,010 --> 00:15:01,349 I like to challenge myself. 191 00:15:01,529 --> 00:15:03,675 Quantum physics wasn't challenging enough. 192 00:15:03,791 --> 00:15:05,341 Shvitzer. -Shvitzer? 193 00:15:05,512 --> 00:15:06,512 Show-off. 194 00:15:07,201 --> 00:15:09,133 Dutch in six weeks, but you never learned Yiddish. 195 00:15:09,216 --> 00:15:11,300 They don't speak it so much my side of the park. 196 00:15:11,362 --> 00:15:12,342 Screw you. 197 00:15:13,983 --> 00:15:16,008 You homesick? -Oh, you know it. 198 00:15:17,324 --> 00:15:19,883 Ever get the feeling our kind isn't entirely welcome here? 199 00:15:20,605 --> 00:15:21,592 Physicists? 200 00:15:22,186 --> 00:15:24,216 That's funny. -Not in the department. 201 00:15:25,187 --> 00:15:26,383 They're all Jewish, too. 202 00:15:28,966 --> 00:15:29,964 Eat. 203 00:15:32,425 --> 00:15:34,133 There's this German you have to seek out. 204 00:15:35,546 --> 00:15:36,800 Heisenberg. -Right. 205 00:15:47,050 --> 00:15:50,926 One might be led to the presumption that behind the quantum world 206 00:15:51,133 --> 00:15:54,592 there still hides a real world in which causality holds, 207 00:15:54,633 --> 00:15:59,008 but such speculations seem to us, to say it explicitly, fruitless. 208 00:15:59,550 --> 00:16:01,091 Thank you. Have a great day. 209 00:16:06,633 --> 00:16:07,841 Wonderful. -Thank you. 210 00:16:08,383 --> 00:16:11,258 Dr. Oppenheimer. -Oppenheimer, yes! 211 00:16:11,678 --> 00:16:13,355 I liked your paper on molecules. 212 00:16:13,399 --> 00:16:14,938 Probably because you inspired it. 213 00:16:14,966 --> 00:16:17,800 If I inspire anything else, let me know. We could publish together. 214 00:16:17,923 --> 00:16:20,050 I have to get back to America. -Why? 215 00:16:20,585 --> 00:16:23,300 There's no one there taking quantum mechanics seriously. 216 00:16:23,547 --> 00:16:24,675 That's exactly why. 217 00:16:25,229 --> 00:16:27,425 He's pining for the canyons of Manhattan. 218 00:16:27,951 --> 00:16:29,466 Canyons of New Mexico. 219 00:16:30,013 --> 00:16:31,790 You're from New Mexico? -No, New York. 220 00:16:31,834 --> 00:16:34,341 But my brother and I have a ranch outside Santa Fe. 221 00:16:35,520 --> 00:16:36,938 That's the America I miss right now. 222 00:16:37,300 --> 00:16:39,591 Then it's best you get home, cowboys. 223 00:16:40,662 --> 00:16:41,654 That's him. 224 00:16:41,782 --> 00:16:43,258 No, me and horses? 225 00:16:43,583 --> 00:16:44,587 I don't think so. 226 00:16:45,903 --> 00:16:46,883 Nice to meet you. 227 00:16:49,008 --> 00:16:50,883 Did you ever encounter Heisenberg again? 228 00:16:51,225 --> 00:16:53,425 Not in person, no, but... 229 00:16:55,425 --> 00:16:57,050 you might say our paths crossed. 230 00:16:59,133 --> 00:17:00,336 On returning to America, 231 00:17:00,360 --> 00:17:03,425 I accepted positions at both Caltech and up at Berkeley. 232 00:17:27,883 --> 00:17:29,425 Dr. Lawrence, I presume? 233 00:17:31,841 --> 00:17:32,883 You must be Oppenheimer. 234 00:17:33,102 --> 00:17:34,102 Yes. 235 00:17:34,282 --> 00:17:36,383 I hear you want to start a school of quantum theory. 236 00:17:36,863 --> 00:17:38,425 I am starting it, next door. 237 00:17:38,508 --> 00:17:40,591 They put you in there? -I asked for it. 238 00:17:40,716 --> 00:17:42,758 Wanted to be close to you experimentalists. 239 00:17:42,966 --> 00:17:44,591 Theory will get you only so far. 240 00:17:44,827 --> 00:17:46,758 We're building a machine to accelerate electrons. 241 00:17:47,028 --> 00:17:48,024 Magnificent. 242 00:17:48,068 --> 00:17:49,091 Would you like to help? 243 00:17:49,429 --> 00:17:52,166 Build it? Oh, no. No, no. 244 00:17:52,258 --> 00:17:54,800 But I am working on theories I'd like to test with it. 245 00:17:55,111 --> 00:17:56,118 When do you start teaching? 246 00:17:56,550 --> 00:17:57,800 I've got my first in an hour. 247 00:17:58,113 --> 00:17:59,800 Seminar? -Pupil. 248 00:18:00,554 --> 00:18:02,550 One student? That's it? 249 00:18:03,508 --> 00:18:05,676 I'm teaching something no one here has dreamt of. 250 00:18:05,966 --> 00:18:07,925 But once people start hearing what you can do with it... 251 00:18:07,966 --> 00:18:09,008 There's no going back. 252 00:18:11,883 --> 00:18:14,550 Oh, I must have missed the... -Mr. Lomanitz? 253 00:18:17,258 --> 00:18:19,008 Yeah. -Yes, this is it. 254 00:18:19,091 --> 00:18:20,841 Please, take a seat. 255 00:18:26,340 --> 00:18:27,758 What do you know about quantum mechanics? 256 00:18:29,021 --> 00:18:30,841 I have a grasp on the basics. 257 00:18:30,883 --> 00:18:31,925 Then you're doing it wrong. 258 00:18:33,006 --> 00:18:35,258 Is life made up of particles or waves? 259 00:18:35,758 --> 00:18:38,008 Quantum mechanics says it's both. How can it be both? 260 00:18:38,493 --> 00:18:39,633 It can't. -It can't. 261 00:18:40,355 --> 00:18:41,374 But it is. 262 00:18:41,425 --> 00:18:44,591 It's paradoxical, and yet, it works. 263 00:18:55,550 --> 00:18:56,551 Thank you. 264 00:18:57,151 --> 00:18:59,925 Mr. Lomanitz. You're gonna be okay. 265 00:19:00,258 --> 00:19:01,239 Mr. Snyder. 266 00:19:01,966 --> 00:19:03,508 Now, let's consider a star. 267 00:19:04,048 --> 00:19:07,259 A star, a vast furnace burning in outer space, 268 00:19:07,300 --> 00:19:10,716 fire pushing outwards against its own gravity, balanced. 269 00:19:12,433 --> 00:19:14,216 But if that furnace cools, 270 00:19:14,966 --> 00:19:17,383 and gravity starts winning, it contracts. 271 00:19:17,925 --> 00:19:20,175 Density increases. -Correct. 272 00:19:20,655 --> 00:19:23,050 Increasing gravity. -Increasing density. 273 00:19:23,300 --> 00:19:25,133 And? -It's a vicious cycle until... 274 00:19:25,716 --> 00:19:26,717 What's the limit here? 275 00:19:28,382 --> 00:19:30,467 I don't know. See where the math takes us. 276 00:19:30,508 --> 00:19:32,545 I guarantee it's somewhere no one's been before us. 277 00:19:32,591 --> 00:19:33,591 Me? 278 00:19:34,332 --> 00:19:36,175 Yes, you. Your math is better than mine. 279 00:19:38,175 --> 00:19:41,258 Dr. Oppenheimer's file contained details 280 00:19:41,300 --> 00:19:42,676 of his activities at Berkeley. 281 00:19:42,716 --> 00:19:46,300 Why would they have started a file on Dr. Oppenheimer before the war? 282 00:19:47,137 --> 00:19:49,383 Well, you'd have to ask Mr. Hoover. 283 00:19:49,645 --> 00:19:51,466 I'm asking you, Admiral Strauss. 284 00:19:52,008 --> 00:19:53,300 Uh, my assumption 285 00:19:53,800 --> 00:19:57,341 is that it was connected to his, uh, 286 00:19:57,651 --> 00:19:59,800 left-wing political activities. 287 00:20:01,633 --> 00:20:03,883 You shouldn't let them bring their politics in the classroom, Oppie. 288 00:20:05,214 --> 00:20:06,217 I wrote that. 289 00:20:06,633 --> 00:20:09,212 Lawrence, you embraced the revolution in physics. 290 00:20:09,258 --> 00:20:10,675 Can't you see it everywhere else? 291 00:20:11,383 --> 00:20:13,592 Picasso, Stravinsky, Freud, Marx. 292 00:20:13,633 --> 00:20:16,091 Well, this is America, Oppie. We had our revolution. 293 00:20:17,436 --> 00:20:20,008 Seriously, keep it out of the lab. 294 00:20:20,341 --> 00:20:22,175 Well, out of the lab, 295 00:20:22,383 --> 00:20:25,008 my landlady is having a discussion group tonight. 296 00:20:25,300 --> 00:20:26,217 Interested? 297 00:20:26,258 --> 00:20:28,176 I have sampled the Berkeley political scene. 298 00:20:28,216 --> 00:20:32,508 It's all just philosophy post-grads and communists talking integration. 299 00:20:32,633 --> 00:20:33,925 You don't care about integration? 300 00:20:34,175 --> 00:20:36,119 I want to vote for it, not talk about it. 301 00:20:36,216 --> 00:20:38,216 Especially on a Friday. Come on, let's eat. 302 00:20:38,683 --> 00:20:40,091 I'm meeting my brother there. 303 00:20:40,841 --> 00:20:44,425 And how would these activities have come to the attention of the FBI? 304 00:20:44,633 --> 00:20:46,591 Well, if I remember correctly, 305 00:20:46,633 --> 00:20:50,842 the FBI was taking license plates outside suspected communist gatherings, 306 00:20:50,885 --> 00:20:52,299 and his name popped up. 307 00:21:00,898 --> 00:21:02,591 Jesus Christ! -Sorry. 308 00:21:02,675 --> 00:21:03,675 Frank! 309 00:21:05,258 --> 00:21:07,550 Uh, you remember Jackie? -Evening. 310 00:21:14,229 --> 00:21:17,425 Robert! I want you to meet Chevalier. 311 00:21:17,653 --> 00:21:20,714 Dr. Haakon Chevalier, Dr. Robert Oppenheimer. 312 00:21:20,758 --> 00:21:21,425 Pleasure. -Pleasure. 313 00:21:21,456 --> 00:21:23,258 This is my little brother, Frank. 314 00:21:23,591 --> 00:21:25,378 And this is... -Still Jackie. 315 00:21:25,425 --> 00:21:26,550 Hello, Still Jackie. 316 00:21:26,682 --> 00:21:30,483 Chevalier, you're in languages? -And your reputation precedes you. 317 00:21:30,550 --> 00:21:31,551 What have you heard? 318 00:21:31,648 --> 00:21:33,828 That you're teaching a radical new approach to physics 319 00:21:33,841 --> 00:21:37,091 I have no chance of understanding, but I haven't heard you're a party member. 320 00:21:37,133 --> 00:21:38,871 Uh, I'm not. -Oh, not yet. 321 00:21:38,925 --> 00:21:40,384 Frank and I are thinking of joining. 322 00:21:40,425 --> 00:21:42,591 Just the other day I was saying... -I support a range of causes. 323 00:21:42,816 --> 00:21:43,816 Spanish Civil War? 324 00:21:44,050 --> 00:21:47,008 A democratic republic being overthrown by fascist thugs. 325 00:21:47,050 --> 00:21:48,341 Who wouldn't? -Our government. 326 00:21:48,420 --> 00:21:51,160 They think that socialism is a bigger threat than fascism. 327 00:21:51,175 --> 00:21:53,800 Not for long. Look at what the Nazis are doing to the Jews. 328 00:21:53,883 --> 00:21:56,466 I send funds to colleagues in Germany to emigrate. 329 00:21:56,508 --> 00:21:57,841 I have to do something. 330 00:21:59,168 --> 00:22:02,008 My own work is so... abstract. 331 00:22:02,050 --> 00:22:03,050 What are you working on? 332 00:22:03,091 --> 00:22:05,383 What happens to stars when they die? 333 00:22:05,591 --> 00:22:06,841 Do stars die? 334 00:22:08,013 --> 00:22:11,593 Well, if they do, they'd cool, then collapse. 335 00:22:11,633 --> 00:22:14,154 In fact, the bigger the star, 336 00:22:14,300 --> 00:22:16,216 the more violent its demise. 337 00:22:16,737 --> 00:22:20,050 Their gravity gets so concentrated, it swallows everything. 338 00:22:20,883 --> 00:22:21,925 Everything, even light. 339 00:22:22,508 --> 00:22:25,425 Can that really happen? -The math says it can. 340 00:22:25,522 --> 00:22:28,591 If we can get published, then perhaps one day an astronomer finds one. 341 00:22:28,633 --> 00:22:30,384 But right now, all I have is theory, 342 00:22:30,425 --> 00:22:32,466 which can't impact people's lives. 343 00:22:32,481 --> 00:22:34,675 Well, if you're going to send money to Spain, 344 00:22:34,716 --> 00:22:36,091 do it through the Communist Party. 345 00:22:36,203 --> 00:22:37,550 They can get it to the front lines. 346 00:22:37,591 --> 00:22:38,758 Mary sent me with these. 347 00:22:40,724 --> 00:22:43,091 I'm Jean. -Robert. 348 00:22:43,425 --> 00:22:46,133 Haakon Chevalier. That union meeting at Serber's last month. 349 00:22:46,646 --> 00:22:47,800 Right, right, yes. 350 00:22:48,258 --> 00:22:49,258 Oh, thank you. 351 00:22:49,847 --> 00:22:51,591 Robert here says he's not a communist. 352 00:22:51,868 --> 00:22:53,883 Well, then he doesn't know enough about it. 353 00:22:54,089 --> 00:22:56,675 Oh, I've read Das Kapital, all three volumes. 354 00:22:56,740 --> 00:22:57,759 Does that count? 355 00:22:57,780 --> 00:22:59,883 It would make you better-read than most party members. 356 00:22:59,982 --> 00:23:02,239 Turgid stuff. There's some thinking, um... 357 00:23:02,283 --> 00:23:03,591 "Ownership is theft." 358 00:23:03,884 --> 00:23:05,300 Property. -Property? 359 00:23:05,885 --> 00:23:07,091 Property, not ownership. 360 00:23:07,246 --> 00:23:09,341 I'm sorry, I read it in the original German. 361 00:23:12,929 --> 00:23:15,466 It's not about the book. It's about the ideas. 362 00:23:15,571 --> 00:23:17,216 And you sound uncommitted. 363 00:23:17,592 --> 00:23:20,633 I'm committed to thinking freely about how to improve our world. 364 00:23:21,534 --> 00:23:23,633 Why limit yourself to one dogma? 365 00:23:23,729 --> 00:23:25,883 You're a physicist. Do you pick and choose rules? 366 00:23:26,716 --> 00:23:30,425 Or do you use the discipline to channel your energies into progress? 367 00:23:30,925 --> 00:23:32,341 I like a little wiggle room. 368 00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:35,341 Do you always toe the party line? 369 00:23:37,477 --> 00:23:38,966 I like my wiggle room, too. 370 00:23:50,008 --> 00:23:51,010 What? 371 00:23:52,008 --> 00:23:53,010 Wait, wait, wait. 372 00:23:57,068 --> 00:23:58,091 Unexpected. 373 00:23:58,769 --> 00:23:59,758 What? 374 00:23:59,989 --> 00:24:01,087 For a physicist. 375 00:24:01,133 --> 00:24:03,466 You only have a shelf full of Freud? 376 00:24:03,716 --> 00:24:07,091 Well, actually, my background's more... -Jungian? 377 00:24:09,351 --> 00:24:10,591 You know analysis? 378 00:24:10,841 --> 00:24:14,050 When I was in post-grad at Cambridge, I had a little trouble. 379 00:24:15,353 --> 00:24:17,870 I'll bite. -I tried to poison my tutor. 380 00:24:17,914 --> 00:24:20,175 Did you hate him? -I liked him very much. 381 00:24:20,758 --> 00:24:22,091 You just needed to get laid. 382 00:24:22,300 --> 00:24:23,884 It took my analysts two years, 383 00:24:23,925 --> 00:24:26,133 and I don't think they ever put it that succinctly. 384 00:24:26,175 --> 00:24:29,841 You have everyone convinced you're more complicated than you actually are. 385 00:24:29,976 --> 00:24:32,216 We're all simple souls, I guess. 386 00:24:32,478 --> 00:24:33,468 I'm not. 387 00:24:36,181 --> 00:24:37,177 What's this? 388 00:24:37,322 --> 00:24:38,307 Sanskrit. 389 00:24:38,603 --> 00:24:39,633 You can read this? 390 00:24:40,383 --> 00:24:41,382 I'm learning. 391 00:24:46,966 --> 00:24:47,966 Read this. 392 00:24:49,452 --> 00:24:50,550 Well, in this part, 393 00:24:51,008 --> 00:24:53,966 Vishnu reveals his multi-armed self... -No. 394 00:24:55,508 --> 00:24:56,675 Read the words. 395 00:25:00,841 --> 00:25:02,675 "And now I am become Death... 396 00:25:09,175 --> 00:25:10,591 "destroyer of worlds." 397 00:25:41,383 --> 00:25:42,383 This'll do. 398 00:25:49,216 --> 00:25:50,300 It'll break before dawn. 399 00:25:50,921 --> 00:25:52,175 Air cools overnight. 400 00:25:52,675 --> 00:25:54,175 Just before dawn, it breaks. 401 00:26:04,970 --> 00:26:08,091 Well, so, I'm getting married. 402 00:26:08,300 --> 00:26:11,008 Frank! congratulations! -Thank you, thank you. 403 00:26:11,050 --> 00:26:13,133 To Jackie? -Yeah, to Jackie. 404 00:26:14,466 --> 00:26:17,550 The waitress? -Oppie, you're right. It's letting up. 405 00:26:17,656 --> 00:26:18,925 I'm gonna go see if there's any stars. 406 00:26:19,550 --> 00:26:23,675 All your talk about the common man, but Jackie's not good enough for you, hmm? 407 00:26:24,672 --> 00:26:26,910 We joined the party, and you can't hide your disappointment. 408 00:26:26,966 --> 00:26:28,905 Why? Is that because that's supposed to be your thing? 409 00:26:29,033 --> 00:26:30,341 I haven't joined the party, Frank. 410 00:26:30,713 --> 00:26:32,966 And I don't think she should have convinced you to either. 411 00:26:33,174 --> 00:26:35,800 Half of the faculty is communist. -Not that half. 412 00:26:37,495 --> 00:26:40,274 I'm your brother, Frank, and I want you to be cautious. 413 00:26:40,341 --> 00:26:41,550 And I want to wring your neck. 414 00:26:43,883 --> 00:26:46,966 I won't live my life afraid to make a mistake. 415 00:26:49,103 --> 00:26:52,091 You're happy... I'm happy. 416 00:26:52,425 --> 00:26:54,841 So then I'm happy you're happy that I'm happy. 417 00:27:00,133 --> 00:27:02,633 I feel like I can see one of those dark stars that you're working on. 418 00:27:03,466 --> 00:27:04,466 You can't. 419 00:27:04,966 --> 00:27:07,895 That's the whole point. Their gravity swallows light. 420 00:27:09,383 --> 00:27:11,633 It's like a kind of hole in space. 421 00:27:12,675 --> 00:27:13,675 Is Frank okay? 422 00:27:13,966 --> 00:27:16,216 Yes. He just has a shitty brother. 423 00:27:17,675 --> 00:27:18,800 It is special here. 424 00:27:21,550 --> 00:27:22,550 When I was a kid... 425 00:27:24,091 --> 00:27:25,591 I thought if I could find a way... 426 00:27:27,133 --> 00:27:30,675 to combine physics and New Mexico, 427 00:27:31,425 --> 00:27:32,800 my life would be perfect. 428 00:27:35,175 --> 00:27:36,925 Little remote for that. -Yes. 429 00:27:37,716 --> 00:27:38,841 Let's get some sleep. 430 00:27:40,216 --> 00:27:43,883 That mesa we saw today, one of my favorite places in the world. 431 00:27:44,883 --> 00:27:47,216 Tomorrow we'll climb it. -What's it called? 432 00:27:48,883 --> 00:27:50,008 Los Alamos. 433 00:27:54,118 --> 00:27:55,800 I didn't expect to see you today. 434 00:27:57,341 --> 00:27:58,758 Do I have to make an appointment? 435 00:28:03,107 --> 00:28:04,107 Alvarez? 436 00:28:10,175 --> 00:28:12,133 Oppie! Oppie! 437 00:28:12,883 --> 00:28:14,341 What? What is it? 438 00:28:14,966 --> 00:28:15,966 They've done it. 439 00:28:16,287 --> 00:28:17,883 They've done it. Hahn and Strassmann in Germany. 440 00:28:17,928 --> 00:28:19,175 They split the uranium nucleus. 441 00:28:21,290 --> 00:28:22,300 How? 442 00:28:23,758 --> 00:28:25,091 Bombard it with neutrons. 443 00:28:25,553 --> 00:28:26,758 It's a nuclear fission. 444 00:28:27,014 --> 00:28:28,466 They did it. They split the atom. 445 00:28:28,508 --> 00:28:29,508 That's not possible. 446 00:28:35,925 --> 00:28:37,258 I'm gonna try to reproduce it. 447 00:28:44,466 --> 00:28:46,175 See? Can't be done. 448 00:28:47,548 --> 00:28:48,550 Very elegant. 449 00:28:49,629 --> 00:28:50,633 Quite clear. 450 00:28:50,949 --> 00:28:51,966 There's just one problem. 451 00:28:52,150 --> 00:28:53,133 Where? 452 00:28:53,751 --> 00:28:54,758 Next door. 453 00:28:55,383 --> 00:28:56,424 Alvarez did it. 454 00:28:57,800 --> 00:28:58,797 And look. 455 00:28:59,694 --> 00:29:02,081 These fission pulses, they're massive. 456 00:29:02,758 --> 00:29:05,716 I've seen 30 of these in the past ten minutes. 457 00:29:06,782 --> 00:29:08,633 Theory will take you only so far. 458 00:29:10,645 --> 00:29:11,716 During the process... 459 00:29:13,300 --> 00:29:15,550 extra neutrons boil off, which could be used 460 00:29:15,591 --> 00:29:17,550 to split other uranium atoms. 461 00:29:17,850 --> 00:29:18,841 Chain reaction. 462 00:29:19,531 --> 00:29:20,746 You're thinking what I'm thinking. 463 00:29:20,832 --> 00:29:24,883 You, me, and every other physicist around the world who's seen the news. 464 00:29:25,716 --> 00:29:27,466 I just... what, what are we all thinking? 465 00:29:28,498 --> 00:29:31,008 A bomb, Alvarez. 466 00:29:32,425 --> 00:29:33,423 A bomb. 467 00:29:34,925 --> 00:29:37,175 I told you, Robert, no more fucking flowers. 468 00:29:39,258 --> 00:29:42,175 I don't understand what you want from me. -I don't want anything from you! 469 00:29:43,712 --> 00:29:47,216 Well, you say that, and then you call. -Well, don't answer. 470 00:29:48,508 --> 00:29:49,675 I'll always answer. 471 00:29:55,258 --> 00:29:56,258 Fine. 472 00:29:56,735 --> 00:29:58,008 Just no more flowers. 473 00:29:59,883 --> 00:30:00,880 You're not coming? 474 00:30:03,137 --> 00:30:05,050 You have to know when you're beaten, Robert. 475 00:30:07,466 --> 00:30:09,008 It's not that simple, Haak. 476 00:30:09,558 --> 00:30:12,841 Chevalier, good to see you. Barbara, good to see you. 477 00:30:12,883 --> 00:30:15,050 And the illustrious Dr. Oppenheimer. 478 00:30:15,466 --> 00:30:17,050 I'm Eltenton. -Oh, pleasure. 479 00:30:17,074 --> 00:30:18,091 Please, please. 480 00:30:18,133 --> 00:30:21,133 Why don't you say a word about organized labor on campuses? 481 00:30:21,466 --> 00:30:23,758 Yes? Coming through, coming through! 482 00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:24,800 I work at Shell. 483 00:30:24,841 --> 00:30:27,050 We've signed up chemists, we've signed up engineers. 484 00:30:27,341 --> 00:30:29,008 So why not sciences and academia? 485 00:30:29,383 --> 00:30:33,050 Oppie! Oppie! Oppie! Oppie! 486 00:30:43,341 --> 00:30:44,883 Teachers are unionized. 487 00:30:45,550 --> 00:30:46,675 Why not professors? 488 00:30:47,091 --> 00:30:48,175 Don't you have somewhere to be? 489 00:30:48,258 --> 00:30:50,591 Lawrence, academics have rights too. 490 00:30:50,883 --> 00:30:52,925 Look, it's not that. I've got a group coming. 491 00:30:53,202 --> 00:30:55,675 Oh. I'll sit in. -Not this one. 492 00:31:02,306 --> 00:31:04,216 Richard, Dr. Bush. 493 00:31:04,258 --> 00:31:05,591 What brings you two up north? 494 00:31:15,276 --> 00:31:18,175 Richard, you tell Ruth I'll be down in Pasadena Thursday. 495 00:31:28,216 --> 00:31:30,341 Paper on black holes, it's in! 496 00:31:32,240 --> 00:31:33,257 Where's Hartland? 497 00:31:33,883 --> 00:31:35,883 Get Hartland. Get Hartland. 498 00:31:36,008 --> 00:31:39,425 September 1st, 1939? The world's gonna remember this day. 499 00:31:41,175 --> 00:31:43,050 Oh, Hartland, our paper, it's in print. 500 00:31:43,216 --> 00:31:44,425 You've been upstaged. 501 00:31:48,815 --> 00:31:51,216 During the Battle of Britain, I found myself 502 00:31:51,800 --> 00:31:53,966 increasingly out of sympathy with the... 503 00:31:54,425 --> 00:31:57,425 policy of neutrality that communists advocated. 504 00:31:57,466 --> 00:31:59,966 But after Hitler invaded Russia and we became allies, 505 00:32:00,758 --> 00:32:02,800 these communist sympathies, do they return? 506 00:32:03,177 --> 00:32:04,177 No. 507 00:32:05,050 --> 00:32:09,050 I need to make clear that my changing views on Russia 508 00:32:09,091 --> 00:32:12,091 did not mean a sharp break from those who held different views. 509 00:32:12,591 --> 00:32:14,966 For a year or two during a previous marriage, 510 00:32:15,008 --> 00:32:17,925 my wife Kitty had been a Communist Party member. 511 00:32:23,091 --> 00:32:24,383 This is where I keep the good stuff. 512 00:32:24,425 --> 00:32:26,216 Well, I thought this was the Tolmans' house. 513 00:32:26,258 --> 00:32:28,341 I live with them while I'm at Caltech. 514 00:32:28,383 --> 00:32:29,758 Do you two need anything? 515 00:32:29,975 --> 00:32:31,050 We're good, Ruthie. 516 00:32:32,396 --> 00:32:35,175 So, you're a biologist. 517 00:32:35,758 --> 00:32:38,758 Well, somehow I have graduated to housewife. 518 00:32:39,133 --> 00:32:41,216 Can you explain quantum mechanics to me? 519 00:32:41,508 --> 00:32:44,216 Seems baffling. -Yes, it is. 520 00:32:45,591 --> 00:32:47,050 Well, this glass, 521 00:32:48,216 --> 00:32:51,216 this drink... this countertop... 522 00:32:52,612 --> 00:32:53,758 Our bodies. 523 00:32:55,655 --> 00:32:56,675 All of it. 524 00:32:57,841 --> 00:32:59,300 It's mostly empty space. 525 00:32:59,700 --> 00:33:03,008 Groupings of tiny energy waves bound together. 526 00:33:03,091 --> 00:33:04,175 By what? 527 00:33:04,216 --> 00:33:07,383 Forces of attraction strong enough to convince us 528 00:33:08,091 --> 00:33:10,091 that matter is solid. 529 00:33:10,341 --> 00:33:12,508 Stop my body passing through yours. 530 00:33:25,133 --> 00:33:26,883 You're married to Dr. Harrison. 531 00:33:27,383 --> 00:33:28,425 Not very. 532 00:33:30,327 --> 00:33:33,883 There is someone that I feel... 533 00:33:34,216 --> 00:33:35,425 Does she feel that way? 534 00:33:35,988 --> 00:33:37,175 Sometimes. 535 00:33:38,008 --> 00:33:39,007 Not enough. 536 00:33:40,716 --> 00:33:43,008 You know, I'm going to New Mexico. 537 00:33:43,736 --> 00:33:45,425 To my ranch, with friends. 538 00:33:45,675 --> 00:33:46,675 You should come. 539 00:33:47,883 --> 00:33:49,216 I meant, with your husband. 540 00:33:49,638 --> 00:33:50,633 Yes, you did. 541 00:33:50,966 --> 00:33:53,091 Because you know it won't make a bit of difference. 542 00:33:57,915 --> 00:33:59,050 Why did you marry him? 543 00:33:59,550 --> 00:34:02,841 I was lost, and... he was kind. 544 00:34:05,280 --> 00:34:06,300 Lost? 545 00:34:06,591 --> 00:34:08,883 Well, my previous husband had died, and... 546 00:34:09,550 --> 00:34:11,508 at 28, I wasn't really ready to be a widow. 547 00:34:12,133 --> 00:34:14,091 Who was your first husband? -Nobody. 548 00:34:14,386 --> 00:34:16,508 My second husband was Joe Dallet. 549 00:34:16,633 --> 00:34:18,975 He was from money, like me, 550 00:34:18,999 --> 00:34:22,425 but he was a union organizer in Youngstown, Ohio. 551 00:34:22,591 --> 00:34:23,591 I fell hard. 552 00:34:24,675 --> 00:34:26,758 How hard? -Hard enough to spend the next four years 553 00:34:26,800 --> 00:34:28,050 living off beans and pancakes, 554 00:34:28,091 --> 00:34:30,341 handing out the Daily Worker at factory gates. 555 00:34:31,633 --> 00:34:33,966 By '36, I just told Joe I couldn't take it anymore. 556 00:34:34,045 --> 00:34:35,050 Quit the party. 557 00:34:35,133 --> 00:34:36,591 A year later, I wanted him back. 558 00:34:36,633 --> 00:34:38,800 Him, not the Daily Worker. And... 559 00:34:39,300 --> 00:34:41,341 he said: "Swell, I'll meet you on my way to Spain." 560 00:34:41,468 --> 00:34:42,633 Went to fight for the Loyalists? 561 00:34:42,675 --> 00:34:44,466 And then he went to the brigades and I waited. 562 00:34:44,758 --> 00:34:45,758 And... 563 00:34:47,633 --> 00:34:50,258 Joe got himself killed first time he popped his head out of the trench. 564 00:34:52,031 --> 00:34:54,300 Ideology got Joe killed, for nothing. 565 00:34:54,341 --> 00:34:56,133 The Spanish Republic isn't nothing. 566 00:34:56,235 --> 00:34:59,175 My husband offered both our futures to stop one fascist bullet 567 00:34:59,216 --> 00:35:01,216 from embedding itself in a mud bank. 568 00:35:02,361 --> 00:35:04,383 That's the definition of nothing. 569 00:35:04,716 --> 00:35:06,675 Seems a little reductive. -Pragmatic. 570 00:35:08,727 --> 00:35:09,716 Now here I am. 571 00:35:12,550 --> 00:35:13,883 Wherever the hell this is. 572 00:35:21,591 --> 00:35:23,841 I didn't want you to hear it from anyone else. 573 00:35:26,883 --> 00:35:28,633 At least you didn't bring me flowers. 574 00:35:36,341 --> 00:35:38,716 We both know I'm not what you want, Jean. 575 00:35:39,966 --> 00:35:41,966 Yeah, but it's a door closing. 576 00:35:42,758 --> 00:35:43,758 No. 577 00:35:45,704 --> 00:35:47,425 Not as far as I'm concerned, no. 578 00:35:49,351 --> 00:35:51,508 You knocked her up. Fast work. 579 00:35:51,752 --> 00:35:53,175 Can't keep a good man down. 580 00:35:54,383 --> 00:35:55,508 I meant her. 581 00:35:56,552 --> 00:35:57,550 She knew what she wanted. 582 00:35:58,213 --> 00:35:59,383 What about the husband? 583 00:36:00,013 --> 00:36:01,008 We talked. 584 00:36:01,313 --> 00:36:02,675 They're getting a divorce, 585 00:36:02,716 --> 00:36:06,466 so we can get married before she starts showing. 586 00:36:06,716 --> 00:36:08,091 How civilized. 587 00:36:10,341 --> 00:36:11,341 You idiot. 588 00:36:11,675 --> 00:36:13,050 This is your community. 589 00:36:14,050 --> 00:36:16,216 You think the rules don't apply to the golden boy? 590 00:36:17,300 --> 00:36:19,008 Brilliance makes up for a lot. 591 00:36:19,675 --> 00:36:23,091 Don't alienate the only people in the world that understand what you do. 592 00:36:24,966 --> 00:36:26,383 One day you might need them. 593 00:36:26,633 --> 00:36:28,966 F-A-E-C-T! 594 00:36:29,133 --> 00:36:33,258 Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and Technicians. 595 00:36:40,423 --> 00:36:42,258 Lomanitz, what do you get paid a month? 596 00:36:42,624 --> 00:36:43,758 That's not the point, Lawrence. 597 00:36:43,805 --> 00:36:48,341 What do any of you have in common with farm laborers and dock workers? 598 00:36:48,758 --> 00:36:49,761 Plenty. 599 00:36:51,467 --> 00:36:53,384 Everybody out. Now! 600 00:36:58,051 --> 00:36:59,051 Not you. 601 00:37:05,342 --> 00:37:06,344 What are you doing? 602 00:37:07,134 --> 00:37:08,134 It's a trade union. 603 00:37:08,717 --> 00:37:11,914 Filled with communists. -So? I haven't joined the party. 604 00:37:11,958 --> 00:37:14,940 They won't let me bring you onto the project because of this shit. 605 00:37:15,607 --> 00:37:17,440 They won't even let me tell you what the project is. 606 00:37:17,482 --> 00:37:19,607 Oh, I know what the project is. 607 00:37:19,649 --> 00:37:20,732 Oh, really? 608 00:37:20,774 --> 00:37:23,556 We've all heard about Einstein and Szilard's letter to Roosevelt 609 00:37:23,580 --> 00:37:25,024 warning him the Germans could make a bomb, 610 00:37:25,065 --> 00:37:28,274 and I know what it means for the Nazis to have a bomb. 611 00:37:28,482 --> 00:37:29,482 And I don't? 612 00:37:29,969 --> 00:37:32,107 It's not your people they're herding into camps. 613 00:37:32,931 --> 00:37:33,941 It's mine. 614 00:37:34,982 --> 00:37:37,315 You think that I tell them about your politics? 615 00:37:39,399 --> 00:37:41,232 The next time you're coming home from a meeting, 616 00:37:41,357 --> 00:37:43,232 why don't you take a look in the rearview mirror, 617 00:37:43,565 --> 00:37:48,232 listen to the sounds on your phone line, and stop being so goddamn naive? 618 00:37:49,815 --> 00:37:51,065 Why would they care what I do? 619 00:37:51,347 --> 00:37:54,982 Because you're not just self-important, you're actually important. 620 00:37:58,690 --> 00:37:59,691 Okay. 621 00:38:01,190 --> 00:38:02,190 I get it. 622 00:38:02,215 --> 00:38:03,973 If you could just be a little more... 623 00:38:03,997 --> 00:38:06,955 Pragmatic. I'll talk to Lomanitz, I'll talk to the others. 624 00:38:06,999 --> 00:38:08,315 You don't have to worry, it's done. 625 00:38:09,107 --> 00:38:10,108 Lawrence. 626 00:38:15,232 --> 00:38:16,357 Then welcome to the war. 627 00:38:17,357 --> 00:38:20,732 I filled out my first security questionnaire and was informed 628 00:38:20,774 --> 00:38:23,429 that my involvement with left-wing groups would 629 00:38:23,899 --> 00:38:26,940 not prove a bar to my working on the atomic program. 630 00:38:26,970 --> 00:38:29,690 Why were his communist associations 631 00:38:29,732 --> 00:38:32,649 not seen as a security risk during the war? 632 00:38:32,693 --> 00:38:34,443 Senator, I can't possibly answer 633 00:38:34,467 --> 00:38:37,771 for security clearance granted years before I ever met the man. 634 00:38:37,815 --> 00:38:39,024 Fine. What about after? 635 00:38:39,815 --> 00:38:42,296 After the war, Dr. Oppenheimer was 636 00:38:42,320 --> 00:38:45,482 the most respected scientific voice in the world. 637 00:38:45,690 --> 00:38:47,822 That's why I asked him to run the Institute. 638 00:38:47,866 --> 00:38:50,690 That's why he advised the Atomic Energy Commission. 639 00:38:50,940 --> 00:38:51,940 Simple as that. 640 00:38:52,440 --> 00:38:53,815 What are they accusing me of? 641 00:38:54,690 --> 00:38:58,000 I think they just want to know what happened between 1947 and 1954 642 00:38:58,024 --> 00:39:00,565 to change your mind on Oppenheimer's security clearance. 643 00:39:00,815 --> 00:39:01,815 I didn't. 644 00:39:01,940 --> 00:39:04,732 I was chair of the AEC, but it wasn't me 645 00:39:05,274 --> 00:39:07,999 that brought the charges against Robert. -Who did? 646 00:39:08,065 --> 00:39:10,565 Some former staff member of the Joint Congressional Committee. 647 00:39:10,607 --> 00:39:13,065 He was a rabid anti-communist named Borden. 648 00:39:13,469 --> 00:39:15,929 He wrote to the FBI demanding they take action. 649 00:39:16,065 --> 00:39:18,524 The FBI? Why not go to the AEC direct? 650 00:39:18,690 --> 00:39:20,774 You'd get caught holding the knife yourself. 651 00:39:21,515 --> 00:39:23,065 What did Borden have against Oppenheimer? 652 00:39:23,315 --> 00:39:24,524 This is the McCarthy era. 653 00:39:25,648 --> 00:39:29,524 People hounded out of jobs for any hint of red, and... 654 00:39:30,435 --> 00:39:33,565 Reading Oppenheimer's security file, his communist brother, 655 00:39:33,607 --> 00:39:36,357 sister-in-law, fiancée, best friend, wife. 656 00:39:36,649 --> 00:39:39,096 That's before we even get to the Chevalier incident. 657 00:39:39,149 --> 00:39:42,065 But how would Borden have access to Oppenheimer's security file? 658 00:39:42,519 --> 00:39:43,940 Because somebody gave it to him. 659 00:39:45,524 --> 00:39:47,732 Somebody who wanted Robert silenced. 660 00:39:48,440 --> 00:39:49,982 Who? -Who knows? 661 00:39:50,062 --> 00:39:53,940 Robert didn't take care not to upset the power brokers in Washington. 662 00:39:54,904 --> 00:39:57,232 His opinions on the atom became definitive, 663 00:39:57,649 --> 00:40:00,107 and he wasn't always patient with us mere mortals. 664 00:40:03,899 --> 00:40:06,232 I came in for plenty of harsh treatment. 665 00:40:06,274 --> 00:40:09,190 There was an AEC vote 666 00:40:09,690 --> 00:40:12,024 on the export of isotopes to Norway, 667 00:40:12,065 --> 00:40:14,815 and they drafted in Robert to make me look like a fool. 668 00:40:14,865 --> 00:40:18,067 But Dr. Oppenheimer, we've already heard from Admiral Strauss 669 00:40:18,091 --> 00:40:21,190 that these isotopes could be useful to our enemies 670 00:40:21,232 --> 00:40:22,690 in the production of atomic weapons. 671 00:40:22,768 --> 00:40:26,065 Congressman, you could use a shovel in making atomic weapons. 672 00:40:26,190 --> 00:40:27,126 In fact, you do. 673 00:40:27,170 --> 00:40:30,167 You could use a bottle of beer in making atomic weapons. 674 00:40:30,211 --> 00:40:32,857 In fact, you do. I'd say isotopes are 675 00:40:32,899 --> 00:40:34,982 less useful than electronic components, 676 00:40:35,024 --> 00:40:36,649 but more useful than a sandwich. 677 00:40:40,899 --> 00:40:42,399 Genius is no guarantee of wisdom. 678 00:40:43,482 --> 00:40:46,024 How could this man who saw so much be so blind? 679 00:40:55,857 --> 00:40:56,857 Kitty? 680 00:41:01,982 --> 00:41:02,982 Kitty? 681 00:41:04,524 --> 00:41:05,524 Kitty. 682 00:41:05,899 --> 00:41:06,899 The project. 683 00:41:07,857 --> 00:41:08,857 I'm in. 684 00:41:09,940 --> 00:41:12,065 I'm in! -Let's celebrate. 685 00:41:18,190 --> 00:41:19,399 Shouldn't you go to him? 686 00:41:24,482 --> 00:41:27,565 I have been going to him all fucking day. 687 00:41:53,399 --> 00:41:55,024 I don't know how to say this. 688 00:41:56,568 --> 00:41:57,690 I'm ashamed to ask. 689 00:41:58,440 --> 00:41:59,440 Anything. 690 00:42:00,350 --> 00:42:02,065 Take Peter. -Sure. 691 00:42:02,232 --> 00:42:04,232 No, for a while, Haak. 692 00:42:04,982 --> 00:42:05,981 A while. 693 00:42:08,232 --> 00:42:11,274 Does Kitty know you're here? -Yes, of course she knows. 694 00:42:12,399 --> 00:42:13,524 Of course she knows. 695 00:42:14,648 --> 00:42:16,967 We're awful people. Selfish, awful people. 696 00:42:19,565 --> 00:42:20,566 Forget I asked. 697 00:42:20,610 --> 00:42:22,626 Selfish, awful people, 698 00:42:22,670 --> 00:42:25,232 they don't know they're selfish and awful. 699 00:42:25,831 --> 00:42:27,065 Sit, sit, sit. 700 00:42:28,649 --> 00:42:32,565 Robert, you see beyond the world we live in. 701 00:42:34,353 --> 00:42:36,274 There is a price to be paid for that. 702 00:42:36,940 --> 00:42:38,107 Of course we'll help you. 703 00:42:49,482 --> 00:42:51,232 Everything's changing, Robert. 704 00:42:51,940 --> 00:42:53,649 Having a child was always going to change... 705 00:42:53,690 --> 00:42:57,190 No, the world is pivoting in some new direction. 706 00:42:58,357 --> 00:42:59,440 Reforming. 707 00:43:01,982 --> 00:43:03,065 This is your moment. 708 00:43:04,985 --> 00:43:08,024 We're putting together a group to study... -We shouldn't be doing anything. 709 00:43:08,367 --> 00:43:09,356 You should. 710 00:43:10,169 --> 00:43:11,815 Lawrence won't get this done. 711 00:43:12,399 --> 00:43:14,232 Or Tolman or Rabi. You will. 712 00:43:23,774 --> 00:43:24,899 Who are the uniforms? 713 00:43:26,274 --> 00:43:27,274 I thought you might know. 714 00:43:29,914 --> 00:43:30,898 Dr. Oppenheimer. 715 00:43:32,357 --> 00:43:35,649 I'm Colonel Groves. This is Lieutenant Colonel Nichols. 716 00:43:35,899 --> 00:43:36,897 Have that dry cleaned. 717 00:43:42,778 --> 00:43:45,232 Well, if that's how you treat a lieutenant colonel, 718 00:43:45,274 --> 00:43:48,649 I'd hate to see how you treat a... humble physicist. 719 00:43:48,690 --> 00:43:50,565 If I ever meet one, I'll let you know. 720 00:43:51,565 --> 00:43:54,149 Ouch. -Theaters of combat all over the world, 721 00:43:54,190 --> 00:43:55,774 but I have to stay in Washington. 722 00:43:56,565 --> 00:43:58,684 Why? -I built the Pentagon. 723 00:43:58,728 --> 00:43:59,940 The brass likes it so much, 724 00:43:59,982 --> 00:44:03,149 they made me take over the Manhattan Engineer District. 725 00:44:03,971 --> 00:44:06,690 Which is? -Don't be a smartass. 726 00:44:06,940 --> 00:44:08,050 You know damn well what it is. 727 00:44:08,094 --> 00:44:10,611 You and half of every physics department across the country. 728 00:44:10,655 --> 00:44:11,899 That's problem number one. 729 00:44:12,690 --> 00:44:15,649 I thought problem number one would be securing enough uranium ore. 730 00:44:15,982 --> 00:44:19,274 1,200 tons, bought the day I took charge. -Processing? 731 00:44:19,565 --> 00:44:21,524 Just broke ground at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 732 00:44:22,887 --> 00:44:24,524 Now I'm looking for a project director. 733 00:44:25,440 --> 00:44:26,524 And my name came up? 734 00:44:27,024 --> 00:44:28,024 Nope. 735 00:44:28,857 --> 00:44:32,357 Even though you brought quantum physics to America, which made me curious. 736 00:44:33,065 --> 00:44:34,149 What have you found out? 737 00:44:35,518 --> 00:44:39,274 You're a dilettante, a womanizer, a suspected communist. 738 00:44:39,315 --> 00:44:41,940 I'm a New Deal Democrat. -I said "suspected". 739 00:44:42,440 --> 00:44:46,547 Unstable, theatrical, egotistical, neurotic. 740 00:44:46,591 --> 00:44:47,608 Nothing good, no? 741 00:44:47,652 --> 00:44:49,558 Not even "he's brilliant, but..." 742 00:44:49,582 --> 00:44:52,190 Well, brilliance is taken for granted in your circle, so no. 743 00:44:52,940 --> 00:44:55,815 No, the only person who had anything good to say was Richard Tolman. 744 00:44:56,690 --> 00:44:58,399 Tolman thinks you have integrity, 745 00:44:58,649 --> 00:45:03,065 but he also strikes me as a guy who knows more about science than people. 746 00:45:03,565 --> 00:45:04,566 Yet here you are. 747 00:45:05,604 --> 00:45:07,065 You don't take much on trust. 748 00:45:07,274 --> 00:45:08,732 I don't take anything on trust. 749 00:45:12,900 --> 00:45:14,232 Why don't you have a Nobel Prize? 750 00:45:14,581 --> 00:45:16,740 Why aren't you a general? -They're making me one for this. 751 00:45:16,815 --> 00:45:18,220 Perhaps I'll have the same luck. 752 00:45:18,222 --> 00:45:19,759 The Nobel Prize for making a bomb? 753 00:45:19,803 --> 00:45:21,649 Alfred Nobel invented dynamite. 754 00:45:24,705 --> 00:45:25,774 So how would you proceed? 755 00:45:27,877 --> 00:45:32,359 You're talking about turning theory into a practical weapon system 756 00:45:32,607 --> 00:45:35,649 faster than the Nazis. -Who have a 12-month head start. 757 00:45:35,815 --> 00:45:37,815 18. -How could you possibly know that? 758 00:45:38,107 --> 00:45:40,302 Our fast neutron research took six months. 759 00:45:40,346 --> 00:45:43,304 The man they've undoubtedly put in charge will have made that leap instantly. 760 00:45:43,348 --> 00:45:45,488 Who do you think they put in charge? -Werner Heisenberg. 761 00:45:45,690 --> 00:45:49,815 He has the most intuitive understanding of atomic structure I have ever seen. 762 00:45:49,993 --> 00:45:51,524 You know his work? -I know him, 763 00:45:51,815 --> 00:45:54,152 just like I know Walther Bothe, von Weizsäcker, Diebner. 764 00:45:54,196 --> 00:45:55,732 In a straight race, the Germans win. 765 00:45:56,578 --> 00:45:58,232 We've got one hope. -Which is? 766 00:45:59,690 --> 00:46:00,691 Antisemitism. 767 00:46:02,774 --> 00:46:03,732 What? 768 00:46:03,760 --> 00:46:06,399 Hitler called quantum physics "Jewish science". 769 00:46:06,440 --> 00:46:07,774 Said it right to Einstein's face. 770 00:46:07,815 --> 00:46:11,315 Our one hope is that Hitler is so blinded by hate 771 00:46:11,357 --> 00:46:13,399 that he's denied Heisenberg proper resources, 772 00:46:13,440 --> 00:46:15,190 because it'll take vast resources. 773 00:46:15,315 --> 00:46:18,024 Our nation's best scientists working together. Right now, they're scattered. 774 00:46:18,123 --> 00:46:19,774 Which gives us compartmentalization. 775 00:46:20,065 --> 00:46:23,040 All minds have to see the whole task to contribute efficiently. 776 00:46:23,084 --> 00:46:25,315 Poor security may cost us the race. 777 00:46:25,357 --> 00:46:26,524 Inefficiency will. 778 00:46:27,433 --> 00:46:28,899 The Germans know more than us anyway. 779 00:46:29,375 --> 00:46:30,524 The Russians don't. 780 00:46:32,257 --> 00:46:35,107 Remind me, who are we at war with? 781 00:46:35,690 --> 00:46:38,524 Somebody with your past doesn't want to be seen downplaying 782 00:46:38,565 --> 00:46:41,899 the importance of security from our communist allies. 783 00:46:42,982 --> 00:46:45,107 Point taken, but... no. 784 00:46:45,528 --> 00:46:46,857 You don't get to say no to me. 785 00:46:47,024 --> 00:46:49,107 It's my job to say no to you when you're wrong. 786 00:46:50,024 --> 00:46:51,399 So you have the job now? 787 00:46:51,482 --> 00:46:52,982 Uh, I'm considering it. 788 00:46:56,313 --> 00:46:58,315 I'm starting to see where you got your reputation. 789 00:46:59,982 --> 00:47:01,190 My favorite response: 790 00:47:02,315 --> 00:47:04,440 "Oppenheimer couldn't run a hamburger stand." 791 00:47:06,399 --> 00:47:07,399 I couldn't. 792 00:47:09,565 --> 00:47:11,399 But I can run the Manhattan Project. 793 00:47:12,930 --> 00:47:14,524 There's a way to balance these things. 794 00:47:15,571 --> 00:47:18,565 Keep the Rad Lab here at Berkeley, under Lawrence. 795 00:47:19,024 --> 00:47:21,065 Met Lab in Chicago, under Szilard. 796 00:47:21,274 --> 00:47:23,232 Large-scale refining, where did you say, Tennessee? 797 00:47:23,649 --> 00:47:25,024 And Hanford. -And Hanford. 798 00:47:25,357 --> 00:47:28,774 All America's industrial-minded scientific innovation, 799 00:47:29,107 --> 00:47:32,274 connected by rail, focused on one goal, 800 00:47:32,524 --> 00:47:33,982 one point in space and time. 801 00:47:34,232 --> 00:47:36,838 And it comes together here, a secret laboratory. 802 00:47:36,882 --> 00:47:39,179 In the middle of nowhere, secure, self-sufficient. 803 00:47:39,223 --> 00:47:40,649 Equipment, housing, the works. 804 00:47:40,764 --> 00:47:42,065 Keep everyone there until it's done. 805 00:47:43,073 --> 00:47:45,774 We'll need a school, stores, a church. -Why? 806 00:47:46,065 --> 00:47:48,857 If we don't let scientists bring their families, we'll never get the best. 807 00:47:49,095 --> 00:47:51,732 You want security, build a town. Build it fast. 808 00:47:52,076 --> 00:47:53,065 Where? 809 00:47:57,065 --> 00:47:58,399 Welcome to Los Alamos. 810 00:47:59,099 --> 00:48:01,190 There's a boys' school we'll have to commandeer, 811 00:48:01,232 --> 00:48:03,190 and the local Indians come up here for burial rites, 812 00:48:03,232 --> 00:48:04,997 but apart from that, nothing. 813 00:48:05,041 --> 00:48:06,524 40 miles. Any direction. 814 00:48:06,774 --> 00:48:08,107 We'll have to find the perfect spot. 815 00:48:08,862 --> 00:48:10,649 For? -Success. 816 00:48:16,375 --> 00:48:18,232 Build him a town. Fast. 817 00:48:20,149 --> 00:48:21,565 Let's go recruit some scientists. 818 00:48:22,607 --> 00:48:23,982 Why would I leave my family? 819 00:48:24,024 --> 00:48:25,774 I told you, you can bring your family. 820 00:48:25,857 --> 00:48:27,982 I'm not a soldier, Oppie. -A soldier? 821 00:48:28,565 --> 00:48:30,857 He's a general. I've got all the soldier I need. 822 00:48:31,498 --> 00:48:32,523 What can I tell them? 823 00:48:33,258 --> 00:48:36,524 Heisenberg, Diebner, Bothe and Bohr. What do these men have in common? 824 00:48:36,690 --> 00:48:39,399 Uh, the greatest minds on atomic theory. -Yes, and? 825 00:48:40,565 --> 00:48:41,566 As much as you like. 826 00:48:43,274 --> 00:48:44,774 Until you feel my boot on your balls. 827 00:48:46,100 --> 00:48:49,607 You know isotopes, and you know explosives better than anyone in the world. 828 00:48:49,922 --> 00:48:51,190 But you can't tell us what you're doing. 829 00:48:55,399 --> 00:48:56,940 I don't know. -The Nazis have them. 830 00:48:57,563 --> 00:48:58,622 Niels Bohr's in Copenhagen. 831 00:48:58,649 --> 00:49:01,649 Under Nazi occupation. Did they stop printing newspapers in Princeton? 832 00:49:01,907 --> 00:49:05,482 Why would we go to the middle of nowhere for who knows how long? 833 00:49:05,524 --> 00:49:07,190 For a year or two. Or three. 834 00:49:08,815 --> 00:49:11,732 General, could you... give us a moment? 835 00:49:13,172 --> 00:49:15,524 It's about unleashing a strong force. 836 00:49:17,279 --> 00:49:18,565 Before the Nazis do. 837 00:49:19,482 --> 00:49:20,482 Oh my god. 838 00:49:20,982 --> 00:49:22,940 Niels won't work for the Nazis. -No, never. 839 00:49:23,065 --> 00:49:24,940 But while they have him, we don't. 840 00:49:25,440 --> 00:49:26,482 That's why I need you. 841 00:49:26,857 --> 00:49:28,440 Why would you think I'd do that? 842 00:49:28,732 --> 00:49:30,107 Why? Why? 843 00:49:30,831 --> 00:49:32,940 How about because this is the most important fucking thing 844 00:49:32,982 --> 00:49:34,857 to ever happen in the history of the world? 845 00:49:35,065 --> 00:49:36,067 How about that? 846 00:49:36,982 --> 00:49:37,983 Fuck. 847 00:49:42,901 --> 00:49:44,774 They're not gonna let me onto this project. 848 00:49:45,980 --> 00:49:46,982 And failing a security check 849 00:49:47,024 --> 00:49:49,440 is not going to be good for a career even after the war. 850 00:49:49,607 --> 00:49:51,899 So you're a fellow traveler. So what? 851 00:49:52,226 --> 00:49:53,925 This is a national emergency. 852 00:49:53,982 --> 00:49:56,399 I've got some skeletons. They put me in charge. 853 00:49:56,982 --> 00:49:57,981 They need us. 854 00:49:58,440 --> 00:49:59,440 Until they don't. 855 00:50:03,815 --> 00:50:05,857 Is there any chance of getting Bohr out of Denmark? 856 00:50:05,978 --> 00:50:08,690 Yeah, no dice. I checked with the British. 857 00:50:09,361 --> 00:50:12,315 Until we get Allied boots back onto the continent, there's just no way. 858 00:50:14,413 --> 00:50:15,524 Is he that important? 859 00:50:15,565 --> 00:50:18,482 How many people do you know who proved Einstein wrong? 860 00:50:20,038 --> 00:50:22,107 You know, it really would be quicker to take a plane. 861 00:50:22,190 --> 00:50:23,232 A plane's too risky. 862 00:50:23,815 --> 00:50:24,815 The country needs us. 863 00:50:28,482 --> 00:50:29,482 What happened, guys? 864 00:50:29,526 --> 00:50:31,690 They say the building's too small for this cyclotron. 865 00:50:34,524 --> 00:50:35,940 Get them together with the architects. 866 00:50:39,694 --> 00:50:41,107 When's this place supposed to open? 867 00:50:44,436 --> 00:50:45,442 Two months. 868 00:50:46,732 --> 00:50:49,899 Robert, you're the great improviser, but this... 869 00:50:50,982 --> 00:50:52,315 you can't do in your head. 870 00:50:53,774 --> 00:50:54,815 Four divisions. 871 00:50:56,190 --> 00:50:59,774 Experimental, theoretical, metallurgical. 872 00:50:59,887 --> 00:51:01,149 Who's running theoretical? 873 00:51:01,190 --> 00:51:02,191 I am. 874 00:51:02,368 --> 00:51:04,982 That's what I was afraid of. You're spread too thin. 875 00:51:06,524 --> 00:51:07,774 So you take theoretical. 876 00:51:10,940 --> 00:51:13,441 I'm not coming here, Robert. 877 00:51:19,732 --> 00:51:20,734 Why not? 878 00:51:27,482 --> 00:51:30,940 You drop a bomb and it falls on the just and the unjust. 879 00:51:32,565 --> 00:51:35,190 I don't wish the culmination of three centuries of physics 880 00:51:35,232 --> 00:51:36,857 to be a weapon of mass destruction. 881 00:51:46,982 --> 00:51:47,983 Izzy... 882 00:51:48,940 --> 00:51:53,065 I don't know if we can be trusted with such a weapon. 883 00:51:54,899 --> 00:51:57,690 But I know the Nazis can't. 884 00:52:01,899 --> 00:52:02,940 We have no choice. 885 00:52:05,899 --> 00:52:06,900 Then... 886 00:52:08,774 --> 00:52:09,982 The second thing you have to do 887 00:52:10,024 --> 00:52:13,107 is appoint Hans Bethe to run the theoretical division. 888 00:52:15,567 --> 00:52:17,357 Wait, what was the first? 889 00:52:17,649 --> 00:52:19,565 Take off that ridiculous uniform. 890 00:52:20,028 --> 00:52:21,149 You're a scientist. 891 00:52:21,429 --> 00:52:22,899 Groves is insisting we join. 892 00:52:23,229 --> 00:52:24,940 Tell Groves to go shit in his hat. 893 00:52:25,523 --> 00:52:26,857 They need us for who we are. 894 00:52:27,185 --> 00:52:28,191 So be yourself. 895 00:52:29,190 --> 00:52:30,192 Only better. 896 00:53:10,315 --> 00:53:11,399 This is the only key. 897 00:53:11,982 --> 00:53:13,899 And Teller's already here. 898 00:53:14,232 --> 00:53:16,595 Shall I just show him in? -No, let's wait for the others. 899 00:53:24,815 --> 00:53:25,816 Let's get started. 900 00:53:26,482 --> 00:53:28,940 Hello, Edward. -Yes. 901 00:53:29,107 --> 00:53:31,422 Gentlemen, so, we will work here 902 00:53:31,446 --> 00:53:34,524 until the T Section at Los Alamos is finished. 903 00:53:34,565 --> 00:53:36,315 Edward, can I...? -This is more important. 904 00:53:38,815 --> 00:53:42,649 When I calculated the chain reaction, I found a rather troubling possibility. 905 00:53:43,940 --> 00:53:46,524 No, this can't be right. 906 00:53:47,440 --> 00:53:48,899 Show me how you did your calculations. 907 00:53:49,199 --> 00:53:50,192 Yes. 908 00:53:53,899 --> 00:53:56,982 Exponential. -No, no, no. No. 909 00:54:00,440 --> 00:54:01,482 This is fantasy. 910 00:54:02,232 --> 00:54:03,690 Teller's calculations can't be right. 911 00:54:04,690 --> 00:54:06,565 Do them yourself while I go to Princeton. 912 00:54:07,008 --> 00:54:08,985 What for? -To talk to Einstein. 913 00:54:09,029 --> 00:54:11,149 Well, there's not much common ground between the two. 914 00:54:11,357 --> 00:54:12,732 That's why I should get his view. 915 00:54:18,190 --> 00:54:19,357 Albert. -Hmm? 916 00:54:19,940 --> 00:54:22,107 Ah, Dr. Oppenheimer. 917 00:54:22,649 --> 00:54:24,024 Have you met Dr. Gödel? 918 00:54:24,398 --> 00:54:25,982 We walk here most days. 919 00:54:26,315 --> 00:54:29,982 Trees have the most inspiring structures. 920 00:54:30,649 --> 00:54:32,440 Albert, might I have a word? 921 00:54:32,982 --> 00:54:34,732 Of course. Excuse me, Kurt. 922 00:54:36,774 --> 00:54:39,315 Some days Kurt refuses to eat. 923 00:54:39,732 --> 00:54:44,107 Even in Princeton, he's convinced that the Nazis can poison his food. 924 00:54:55,592 --> 00:54:58,107 Whose, whose work is this? 925 00:54:58,524 --> 00:54:59,525 Teller's. 926 00:55:00,803 --> 00:55:02,440 What do you take it to mean? 927 00:55:03,304 --> 00:55:05,107 Neutrons smash into the nucleus, 928 00:55:05,149 --> 00:55:08,399 releasing neutrons to smash into other nuclei. 929 00:55:09,315 --> 00:55:10,317 Criticality. 930 00:55:10,505 --> 00:55:12,857 Point of no return. Massive explosive force. 931 00:55:13,165 --> 00:55:15,524 But this time, the chain reaction doesn't stop. 932 00:55:16,482 --> 00:55:18,565 It would ignite the atmosphere. 933 00:55:20,690 --> 00:55:24,649 When we detonate an atomic device, we might start a chain reaction that... 934 00:55:25,815 --> 00:55:26,942 destroys the world. 935 00:55:28,315 --> 00:55:29,607 So here we are, hmm? 936 00:55:30,065 --> 00:55:33,940 Lost in your quantum world of probabilities, 937 00:55:34,399 --> 00:55:35,940 and needing certainty. 938 00:55:36,815 --> 00:55:38,690 Can you run the calculations yourself? 939 00:55:39,732 --> 00:55:42,065 About the only thing you and I have in common 940 00:55:42,107 --> 00:55:44,149 is a disdain for mathematics. 941 00:55:44,315 --> 00:55:46,440 Who's working on this in Berkeley? 942 00:55:46,526 --> 00:55:47,524 Hans Bethe. 943 00:55:47,565 --> 00:55:49,399 Well, he'll get to the truth. 944 00:55:51,440 --> 00:55:53,274 And if the truth is catastrophic? 945 00:55:54,232 --> 00:55:58,399 Then you stop, and you share your findings with the Nazis. 946 00:55:59,393 --> 00:56:01,607 So neither side destroys the world. 947 00:56:05,565 --> 00:56:06,572 Robert. 948 00:56:08,150 --> 00:56:10,107 This is yours, not mine. 949 00:56:24,190 --> 00:56:25,190 Teller's wrong. 950 00:56:25,885 --> 00:56:26,900 He's wrong. 951 00:56:36,729 --> 00:56:40,565 When you know Teller's critical assumptions, the real picture emerges. 952 00:56:40,670 --> 00:56:41,690 Bottom line? 953 00:56:42,565 --> 00:56:45,399 The chances of an out-of-control nuclear reaction are near-zero. 954 00:56:45,632 --> 00:56:46,732 Near-zero. 955 00:56:48,357 --> 00:56:49,732 Oppie, this is good news. 956 00:56:49,815 --> 00:56:50,818 Mm-hmm. 957 00:56:51,995 --> 00:56:52,983 Can you run them again? 958 00:56:53,063 --> 00:56:54,399 Oh, you'll get the same answer. 959 00:56:54,964 --> 00:56:56,607 Until they actually detonate one of these things, 960 00:56:56,649 --> 00:56:58,357 the best assurance you're going to get is this. 961 00:56:59,190 --> 00:57:00,190 Near-zero. 962 00:57:03,707 --> 00:57:05,482 Theory will take you only so far. 963 00:57:06,232 --> 00:57:08,024 Hello! -Hi. 964 00:57:08,188 --> 00:57:09,191 We missed him. 965 00:57:09,569 --> 00:57:10,567 You want to adopt? 966 00:57:10,789 --> 00:57:11,775 She's kidding. 967 00:57:11,830 --> 00:57:13,607 We wanted to see you before we left. 968 00:57:14,230 --> 00:57:16,565 For parts unknown. 969 00:57:17,772 --> 00:57:19,440 You know who I ran into the other day? 970 00:57:20,024 --> 00:57:21,025 Eltenton. 971 00:57:22,940 --> 00:57:25,190 That chemist from Shell? The union guy? 972 00:57:25,374 --> 00:57:27,899 Yeah, the FAECT guy. 973 00:57:29,295 --> 00:57:31,357 He was moaning about how we're handling the war. 974 00:57:32,537 --> 00:57:33,525 How so? 975 00:57:34,217 --> 00:57:36,440 Lack of cooperation with our allies. 976 00:57:37,065 --> 00:57:40,982 Apparently, our government's not sharing any research with the Russians. 977 00:57:41,690 --> 00:57:45,190 He said most scientists think the policy is stupid. 978 00:57:48,565 --> 00:57:50,274 Oh, yeah? -Yeah. 979 00:57:51,080 --> 00:57:54,815 He mentioned that if anyone had anything they wanted to pass on, 980 00:57:55,940 --> 00:57:59,274 going around official channels, that he could help. 981 00:58:08,107 --> 00:58:09,274 That would be treason. 982 00:58:10,614 --> 00:58:11,690 Yes, of course. 983 00:58:12,815 --> 00:58:14,024 I just thought you should know. 984 00:58:17,018 --> 00:58:18,607 The brat is down. 985 00:58:19,179 --> 00:58:20,192 Where are the martinis? 986 00:58:25,649 --> 00:58:26,650 Coming right up. 987 00:58:27,190 --> 00:58:28,899 The conversation ended there. 988 00:58:29,190 --> 00:58:32,190 Nothing in our long-standing friendship would have led me to believe 989 00:58:32,232 --> 00:58:35,149 that Chevalier was actually seeking information, 990 00:58:35,275 --> 00:58:39,524 and I am certain that he had no idea of the work in which I was engaged. 991 00:58:44,607 --> 00:58:48,940 It has long been clear to me that I should have reported this incident at once. 992 00:58:49,425 --> 00:58:52,025 The Oppenheimer situation highlights the tension 993 00:58:52,067 --> 00:58:55,275 between scientists and the security apparatus. 994 00:58:55,568 --> 00:58:57,942 In hopes of learning how the nominee handled such issues 995 00:58:57,984 --> 00:58:59,734 during his time at the AEC, 996 00:59:00,092 --> 00:59:02,692 we'll have a scientist appearing before the committee. 997 00:59:04,014 --> 00:59:05,067 Who are they bringing in? 998 00:59:05,315 --> 00:59:06,318 They hadn't said. 999 00:59:06,555 --> 00:59:10,442 Mr. Chairman, if I may, I'm nominated for Commerce Secretary. 1000 00:59:10,558 --> 00:59:12,775 Why seek the opinion of scientists? 1001 00:59:13,220 --> 00:59:14,984 This is a cabinet post, Admiral. 1002 00:59:15,021 --> 00:59:17,859 We seek a wide range of opinion. 1003 00:59:17,900 --> 00:59:20,150 I'd like to know the name of the scientist testifying. 1004 00:59:20,192 --> 00:59:21,775 I'd like the chance to cross-examine. 1005 00:59:22,275 --> 00:59:23,467 This is not a court. 1006 00:59:25,275 --> 00:59:26,276 Formality, huh? 1007 00:59:26,317 --> 00:59:30,359 No presidential cabinet nominee has failed to be confirmed since 1925. 1008 00:59:30,525 --> 00:59:32,275 This is just how the game is played. 1009 00:59:32,317 --> 00:59:34,609 It's in the bag, Lewis. So play nice. 1010 00:59:35,192 --> 00:59:36,692 They bring in a scientist, so what? 1011 00:59:37,150 --> 00:59:39,275 You don't know scientists like I do, Counselor. 1012 00:59:39,317 --> 00:59:41,484 They resent anyone who questions their judgment, 1013 00:59:41,525 --> 00:59:42,985 especially if you're not one of them. 1014 00:59:43,275 --> 00:59:44,609 I was chair of the AEC. 1015 00:59:44,817 --> 00:59:46,900 I'm easy to blame for what happened to Robert. 1016 00:59:46,942 --> 00:59:48,234 We can't have the Senate thinking 1017 00:59:48,275 --> 00:59:50,650 the scientific community doesn't support you, sir. 1018 00:59:51,942 --> 00:59:53,025 Or should we pivot? 1019 00:59:53,650 --> 00:59:55,025 To what? -And embrace it. 1020 00:59:56,067 --> 00:59:58,067 "I fought Oppenheimer, and the US won." 1021 00:59:58,359 --> 00:59:59,900 I don't think we need to go there. 1022 00:59:59,942 --> 01:00:02,275 Isn't there someone we can call who knows what really happened? 1023 01:00:02,317 --> 01:00:03,900 Teller. -He'll make an impression. 1024 01:00:04,025 --> 01:00:05,817 Can you get the name of the scientist they've called? 1025 01:00:05,900 --> 01:00:08,317 Probably. -Find out if he was based in Chicago 1026 01:00:08,567 --> 01:00:09,984 or Los Alamos during the war. 1027 01:00:10,192 --> 01:00:11,025 Why does that matter? 1028 01:00:11,109 --> 01:00:13,775 Well, if he was based in Chicago, they worked under Szilard and Fermi, 1029 01:00:13,817 --> 01:00:15,775 not the cult to Bobby in Los Alamos. 1030 01:00:16,252 --> 01:00:19,275 Robert built that damn place. He was founder, mayor, sheriff. 1031 01:00:20,109 --> 01:00:21,312 All rolled into one. 1032 01:00:34,025 --> 01:00:35,734 Now all it needs is a saloon. 1033 01:01:05,525 --> 01:01:06,566 There's no kitchen. 1034 01:01:08,027 --> 01:01:10,150 Really? We'll fix that. 1035 01:01:17,275 --> 01:01:19,442 Barbed wire? Guns? 1036 01:01:20,525 --> 01:01:22,900 Oppie... -We're at war, Hans. 1037 01:01:25,770 --> 01:01:26,770 Halifax. 1038 01:01:27,234 --> 01:01:28,317 1917. 1039 01:01:28,442 --> 01:01:31,150 A cargo ship carrying munitions explodes in the harbor. 1040 01:01:33,775 --> 01:01:36,525 A vast and sudden chemical reaction. 1041 01:01:40,317 --> 01:01:42,859 The biggest man-made explosion in history. 1042 01:01:43,763 --> 01:01:46,525 Now, let's calculate how much more destructive it would have been 1043 01:01:46,567 --> 01:01:49,562 if it were a nuclear and not a chemical reaction, 1044 01:01:50,150 --> 01:01:52,817 expressing power in terms of tons of TNT. 1045 01:01:53,288 --> 01:01:54,650 But it will be thousands. 1046 01:01:55,150 --> 01:01:57,900 Well, then, kilotons. 1047 01:02:01,817 --> 01:02:04,234 Using U-235, 1048 01:02:05,109 --> 01:02:06,525 the bomb will need a... -Uh... 1049 01:02:07,478 --> 01:02:10,734 Sorry. Gadget will need a 33-pound sphere 1050 01:02:10,944 --> 01:02:12,192 about this size, 1051 01:02:12,353 --> 01:02:15,692 or using plutonium, a ten-pound sphere. 1052 01:02:17,612 --> 01:02:21,567 Here's the amount of uranium Oak Ridge refined all of last month. 1053 01:02:25,609 --> 01:02:28,312 And the Hanford plant made this much plutonium. 1054 01:02:30,634 --> 01:02:34,442 Now, if we can enrich these amounts, we need a way to detonate them. 1055 01:02:35,567 --> 01:02:36,775 Are we boring you, Edward? 1056 01:02:37,853 --> 01:02:38,984 A little bit, yes. 1057 01:02:39,317 --> 01:02:40,484 May I ask why? 1058 01:02:40,734 --> 01:02:43,984 We all entered this room knowing a fission bomb was possible. 1059 01:02:44,804 --> 01:02:46,525 How about we leave it with something new? 1060 01:02:46,865 --> 01:02:47,860 Such as? 1061 01:02:48,150 --> 01:02:51,692 Instead of uranium or plutonium, we use hydrogen. 1062 01:02:52,829 --> 01:02:55,442 Heavy hydrogen. Deuterium. 1063 01:02:56,507 --> 01:02:58,859 You see, we compact the atoms together 1064 01:02:58,900 --> 01:03:02,067 under great pressure to induce a fusion reaction. 1065 01:03:03,317 --> 01:03:07,192 Then we'll get not kilotons, but megatons. 1066 01:03:08,150 --> 01:03:09,567 Okay, hang on, hang on. 1067 01:03:10,103 --> 01:03:13,942 So how do you generate enough force to fuse hydrogen atoms? 1068 01:03:15,150 --> 01:03:16,317 A small fission bomb. 1069 01:03:17,234 --> 01:03:18,360 There we are! 1070 01:03:20,474 --> 01:03:22,275 Well, since we're going to need one anyway, 1071 01:03:22,317 --> 01:03:23,817 can we get back to the business at hand? 1072 01:03:24,067 --> 01:03:27,275 The isotopes issue wasn't your most important 1073 01:03:27,609 --> 01:03:30,400 policy disagreement with Dr. Oppenheimer. 1074 01:03:30,454 --> 01:03:32,873 It was the hydrogen bomb, wasn't it? 1075 01:03:33,025 --> 01:03:37,775 As colleagues, we agreed to disagree on a great many things, uh... 1076 01:03:38,150 --> 01:03:41,859 And one of them was the need for an H-bomb program, yes. 1077 01:03:55,525 --> 01:03:58,103 Thanks for convening on short notice. 1078 01:03:58,353 --> 01:03:59,395 I can't believe it. 1079 01:04:00,775 --> 01:04:04,025 But here we are. Catch me up. What do we know? 1080 01:04:04,234 --> 01:04:08,234 One of our B-29s over the North Pacific has detected radiation. 1081 01:04:08,648 --> 01:04:11,192 Do we have the filter papers? -There's no doubt what this is. 1082 01:04:11,681 --> 01:04:14,567 White House says there's a doubt. -Wishful thinking, I'm afraid. 1083 01:04:14,609 --> 01:04:17,442 Are those the long-range detection filter papers? 1084 01:04:18,259 --> 01:04:19,567 It's an atomic test. 1085 01:04:23,234 --> 01:04:24,484 The Russians have a bomb. 1086 01:04:25,025 --> 01:04:27,650 We're supposed to be years ahead of them, but this... 1087 01:04:28,442 --> 01:04:31,690 What were you guys doing in Los Alamos? Wasn't security tight? 1088 01:04:31,776 --> 01:04:34,400 Of course it was. You weren't there. -Forgive me, Doctor. 1089 01:04:36,692 --> 01:04:37,693 But I was there. 1090 01:04:39,025 --> 01:04:42,234 We can now consider the actual mechanics of detonation. 1091 01:04:42,567 --> 01:04:45,150 Any ideas? -I call this shooting. 1092 01:04:45,192 --> 01:04:49,067 We fire a chunk of fissionable material into a larger sphere 1093 01:04:49,109 --> 01:04:51,150 with enough force to achieve criticality. 1094 01:04:52,067 --> 01:04:54,783 What do we think? Anyone? -I've been thinking about implosion. 1095 01:04:55,192 --> 01:04:58,275 Explosives around the sphere blast inwards, crushing the material. 1096 01:04:59,317 --> 01:05:02,234 I'd like to investigate that idea. -I'll talk to ordnance. 1097 01:05:02,317 --> 01:05:03,400 Get you blowing things up. 1098 01:05:04,650 --> 01:05:06,478 Progress? -Nice to see you too. 1099 01:05:07,484 --> 01:05:08,775 Meet the British contingent. 1100 01:05:09,109 --> 01:05:11,150 Dr. Oppenheimer. Klaus Fuchs. 1101 01:05:11,484 --> 01:05:14,317 How long have you been British? -Since Hitler told me I wasn't German. 1102 01:05:14,609 --> 01:05:17,317 Ah. Come, welcome to Los Alamos. 1103 01:05:18,359 --> 01:05:19,484 The school's up and running. 1104 01:05:19,890 --> 01:05:21,984 The bar. -Always running. 1105 01:05:23,109 --> 01:05:25,150 And I thought of a way to reduce support staff. 1106 01:05:26,734 --> 01:05:28,442 Is that...? -Mrs. Serber, yes. 1107 01:05:28,612 --> 01:05:31,900 I've offered jobs to all the wives, admin, librarians, computation. 1108 01:05:32,025 --> 01:05:33,984 We cut down on staff, keep families together. 1109 01:05:34,234 --> 01:05:36,150 Are these women qualified? -Don't be absurd. 1110 01:05:36,192 --> 01:05:38,359 These are some of the brightest minds in our community. 1111 01:05:38,400 --> 01:05:39,817 And they're already security cleared. 1112 01:05:40,609 --> 01:05:42,688 I've informed General Groves you've been holding cross-divisional 1113 01:05:42,712 --> 01:05:45,275 open discussions on a nightly basis. -Shut them down. 1114 01:05:45,692 --> 01:05:47,317 Compartmentalization is the key 1115 01:05:47,525 --> 01:05:49,150 to maintaining security... -Only the top men. 1116 01:05:49,192 --> 01:05:51,150 Who presumably communicate with subordinates. 1117 01:05:51,199 --> 01:05:53,034 These men aren't stupid. They can be discreet. 1118 01:05:53,317 --> 01:05:55,025 I don't like it. -You don't like anything enough 1119 01:05:55,067 --> 01:05:56,400 for that to be a fair test. 1120 01:06:02,775 --> 01:06:04,900 Once a week. Top men only. 1121 01:06:05,483 --> 01:06:07,234 I'd like to bring my brother here. -No. 1122 01:06:09,359 --> 01:06:10,358 Nichols? 1123 01:06:11,984 --> 01:06:14,525 I still haven't heard that my security clearance has been approved. 1124 01:06:14,609 --> 01:06:16,484 It hasn't. -I'm going to Chicago tomorrow. 1125 01:06:16,775 --> 01:06:17,776 Well, you should wait. 1126 01:06:18,442 --> 01:06:20,775 You are aware that the Nazis have a two-year head start? 1127 01:06:21,020 --> 01:06:22,900 Dr. Oppenheimer, the fact that your security clearance 1128 01:06:22,942 --> 01:06:24,995 is proving difficult to obtain is not my fault. 1129 01:06:25,317 --> 01:06:26,299 It's yours. 1130 01:06:26,359 --> 01:06:29,123 It may not be your fault, but it's your problem. Because I'm going. 1131 01:06:30,025 --> 01:06:32,025 And how many people were in these, uh... 1132 01:06:32,817 --> 01:06:34,817 open discussions? 1133 01:06:34,900 --> 01:06:37,273 Too many. Compartmentalization was supposed to be the protocol. 1134 01:06:37,312 --> 01:06:38,734 We were in a race against the Nazis. 1135 01:06:38,775 --> 01:06:41,109 And now the race is against the Soviets. 1136 01:06:41,150 --> 01:06:45,692 Not unless we start it. -Robert, they just fired the starting gun. 1137 01:06:46,359 --> 01:06:48,203 What's the nature of the device they detonated? 1138 01:06:48,734 --> 01:06:52,234 Data indicates it may have been a plutonium implosion device. 1139 01:06:52,275 --> 01:06:54,773 Like the one you built at Los Alamos. 1140 01:06:55,400 --> 01:06:56,462 The Russians have a bomb. 1141 01:06:57,109 --> 01:07:00,359 Truman needs to know what's next. -What's next? Arms talks. 1142 01:07:00,609 --> 01:07:01,734 Arms talks? -Obviously. 1143 01:07:03,150 --> 01:07:05,900 What about the Super? Does Truman even know about it? 1144 01:07:05,942 --> 01:07:07,309 Did we brief him on that? 1145 01:07:07,900 --> 01:07:08,950 Not specifically. 1146 01:07:09,234 --> 01:07:12,036 We still don't know if a hydrogen bomb is technically feasible. 1147 01:07:12,109 --> 01:07:14,442 Right, my understanding is that Teller proposed it. 1148 01:07:14,484 --> 01:07:15,609 Yes. -At Los Alamos? 1149 01:07:15,650 --> 01:07:17,942 Teller's designs have always been wildly impractical. 1150 01:07:17,984 --> 01:07:20,984 You'd have to deliver by oxcart, not airplane. 1151 01:07:21,317 --> 01:07:23,025 Oppie! -I'm sorry, Dr. Lawrence, 1152 01:07:23,067 --> 01:07:24,359 do you want to comment? 1153 01:07:26,192 --> 01:07:27,194 No. 1154 01:07:29,192 --> 01:07:31,234 Because if it can put us ahead again, 1155 01:07:31,797 --> 01:07:36,275 the President of the United States needs to know about it. 1156 01:07:38,359 --> 01:07:41,150 And if the Russians know about it already from a spy, 1157 01:07:41,352 --> 01:07:44,344 at Los Alamos, then we've got to get going. 1158 01:07:44,390 --> 01:07:46,969 There's no proof there was a spy at Los Alamos. 1159 01:07:47,317 --> 01:07:48,317 Robert. 1160 01:07:53,359 --> 01:07:54,734 They put it under the football stadium? 1161 01:07:55,150 --> 01:07:56,442 The field's not in use anymore. 1162 01:07:57,067 --> 01:07:58,113 Just as well. 1163 01:08:01,150 --> 01:08:02,900 Oppie! -Dr. Fermi. 1164 01:08:05,900 --> 01:08:08,609 I hear you've got a little town. -Yes, come and see. 1165 01:08:10,025 --> 01:08:13,067 Who could think straight in a place like that, huh? 1166 01:08:14,275 --> 01:08:15,775 Everybody will go crazy. 1167 01:08:17,067 --> 01:08:19,109 Thank you the vote of confidence, Szilard. 1168 01:08:20,567 --> 01:08:23,067 Do we really... do we really need that in the notes? 1169 01:08:24,210 --> 01:08:25,570 Are you gonna try it out? 1170 01:08:26,234 --> 01:08:27,234 We did. 1171 01:08:27,775 --> 01:08:30,817 The first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. 1172 01:08:31,817 --> 01:08:32,859 Didn't Groves tell you? 1173 01:08:33,942 --> 01:08:34,952 No. 1174 01:08:42,580 --> 01:08:43,734 Dr. Oppenheimer? 1175 01:08:44,859 --> 01:08:46,067 I tried personnel. 1176 01:08:46,234 --> 01:08:48,817 They asked if I could type. -Can you? 1177 01:08:48,942 --> 01:08:51,650 Harvard forgot to teach that on the graduate chemistry course. 1178 01:08:53,692 --> 01:08:56,109 Condon, put Mrs. Hornig here on the plutonium team. 1179 01:09:02,025 --> 01:09:03,817 What the hell were you doing in Chicago? 1180 01:09:04,234 --> 01:09:05,692 Visiting the met. -Why? 1181 01:09:05,734 --> 01:09:06,900 You can't... -Why? 1182 01:09:06,942 --> 01:09:08,275 Because we, we have every right... 1183 01:09:08,317 --> 01:09:12,317 You have just the rights that I give you. No more, no less. 1184 01:09:12,817 --> 01:09:15,775 We are adults trying to run a project here. This is ridiculous. 1185 01:09:16,567 --> 01:09:17,569 Tell him! 1186 01:09:18,995 --> 01:09:21,525 Compartmentalization is the protocol we agreed to. 1187 01:09:22,942 --> 01:09:26,192 Enough of this madhouse. Nobody can work under these conditions. 1188 01:09:26,234 --> 01:09:29,859 You know what? Generalissimo, I quit! 1189 01:09:30,734 --> 01:09:31,734 Thanks for nothing. 1190 01:09:34,317 --> 01:09:35,317 Better off without him. 1191 01:09:36,984 --> 01:09:39,734 Aren't you more concerned about his discretion out there? 1192 01:09:41,025 --> 01:09:42,026 We'll have him killed. 1193 01:09:44,275 --> 01:09:45,276 I'm just kidding. 1194 01:09:46,400 --> 01:09:48,067 No, he hates me, not America. 1195 01:09:48,734 --> 01:09:51,317 You know, General, not everyone has levers to pull like mine. 1196 01:09:52,234 --> 01:09:53,234 I don't think I understand. 1197 01:09:53,817 --> 01:09:57,352 You didn't hire me despite my left-wing past. You hired me because of it. 1198 01:09:58,525 --> 01:09:59,984 So you could control me. 1199 01:10:00,734 --> 01:10:04,203 No, I'm not that subtle. I'm just a humble soldier. 1200 01:10:04,942 --> 01:10:08,442 You're neither humble, nor just a soldier. You studied engineering at MIT. 1201 01:10:08,650 --> 01:10:10,817 Guilty as charged. -Well, now we understand each other, 1202 01:10:10,859 --> 01:10:12,692 perhaps you can get me my security clearance, 1203 01:10:12,734 --> 01:10:14,609 so I can perform this miracle for you. 1204 01:10:20,859 --> 01:10:22,025 General Groves, were you aware 1205 01:10:22,067 --> 01:10:25,442 of Dr. Oppenheimer's left-wing associations when you appointed him? 1206 01:10:25,609 --> 01:10:27,734 I was aware that there were suspicions about him. 1207 01:10:27,775 --> 01:10:30,775 I was aware he had a very extreme liberal background. 1208 01:10:31,026 --> 01:10:34,204 In your opinion, would he ever consciously commit a disloyal act? 1209 01:10:34,298 --> 01:10:35,900 I would be amazed if he did. 1210 01:10:36,048 --> 01:10:38,594 So you had complete confidence in his integrity? 1211 01:10:38,813 --> 01:10:41,567 At Los Alamos, yes. Which is where I really knew him. 1212 01:10:41,775 --> 01:10:44,243 Do you know that your security officers on the project 1213 01:10:44,298 --> 01:10:46,609 advised you against the clearance of Dr. Oppenheimer? 1214 01:10:46,650 --> 01:10:50,525 They could not, and would not, clear him until I insisted. 1215 01:10:50,692 --> 01:10:52,567 And it's safe to say that you had pretty good knowledge 1216 01:10:52,609 --> 01:10:54,900 of Dr. Oppenheimer's security file. -I did. 1217 01:10:56,150 --> 01:10:58,567 Well, then there's only really one question I need answered here today. 1218 01:10:58,650 --> 01:11:02,900 In light of the current AEC guidelines, would you clear Dr. Oppenheimer today? 1219 01:11:03,488 --> 01:11:04,609 Do you have the guidelines? 1220 01:11:12,484 --> 01:11:14,734 Under current AEC guidelines, 1221 01:11:14,880 --> 01:11:17,900 would you clear Dr. Oppenheimer today? 1222 01:11:30,192 --> 01:11:31,609 Physics and New Mexico, huh? 1223 01:11:33,154 --> 01:11:35,400 My god. What a trek. 1224 01:11:36,317 --> 01:11:38,775 That's why you need a liaison. -I'm appointing Lomanitz. 1225 01:11:40,359 --> 01:11:42,234 You're gonna be okay. This way, gentlemen. 1226 01:11:52,734 --> 01:11:54,387 Dr. Lawrence. -Leslie. 1227 01:11:55,150 --> 01:11:57,109 I'd like to remind you what we talked about at Berkeley. 1228 01:11:57,275 --> 01:11:59,067 Compartmentalization, I understand completely. 1229 01:12:14,442 --> 01:12:15,734 Greetings from Berkeley. 1230 01:12:15,900 --> 01:12:18,817 I am here to update you on our progress and solicit your input. 1231 01:12:19,278 --> 01:12:21,649 To do so, I am going to have to share a few things that 1232 01:12:21,692 --> 01:12:23,400 General Groves told me not to. 1233 01:12:24,192 --> 01:12:26,942 Sorry General, I said I understood, not that I agreed. 1234 01:12:27,359 --> 01:12:30,317 Okay. Gentlemen, to business! 1235 01:12:30,817 --> 01:12:32,734 There were rumors of espionage 1236 01:12:32,775 --> 01:12:34,775 at Los Alamos. -Unsubstantiated. 1237 01:12:34,817 --> 01:12:37,150 I'm told that there were communists 1238 01:12:37,192 --> 01:12:38,734 on the project. -We didn't knowingly employ... 1239 01:12:38,775 --> 01:12:40,900 I just want to know, were any of them involved 1240 01:12:40,942 --> 01:12:42,359 in discussions of the Super? 1241 01:12:42,734 --> 01:12:45,275 I seem to remember you demanding your brother come to Los Alamos. 1242 01:12:45,317 --> 01:12:48,039 My brother had left the party by then. -What about Lomanitz? 1243 01:12:48,234 --> 01:12:51,234 Lomanitz was never employed at Los Alamos. He was a liaison. 1244 01:12:51,525 --> 01:12:54,025 Our security was tight, as former Colonel Nichols well knows. 1245 01:12:54,067 --> 01:12:56,741 Our security was as tight as it could be given the personalities involved, 1246 01:12:56,765 --> 01:12:57,834 but attempts were made. 1247 01:12:58,234 --> 01:13:00,817 What is that supposed to mean? -We've all read his file here. 1248 01:13:02,150 --> 01:13:03,734 Do we need to talk about Jean Tatlock? 1249 01:13:05,442 --> 01:13:06,942 Or the Chevalier incident? 1250 01:13:11,567 --> 01:13:12,569 Excuse me. 1251 01:13:15,234 --> 01:13:17,109 Lomanitz, line one! 1252 01:13:24,067 --> 01:13:26,025 Hello, Rossi. What? 1253 01:13:27,067 --> 01:13:28,067 Okay, just calm down. 1254 01:13:29,359 --> 01:13:30,442 There's been another screwup. 1255 01:13:30,650 --> 01:13:33,817 Lomanitz just got drafted. -We are at war, Doctor. 1256 01:13:33,942 --> 01:13:37,025 Don't be an asshole, Nichols. We need this kid. Fix it, will you? 1257 01:13:37,567 --> 01:13:38,514 It wasn't a mistake. 1258 01:13:38,538 --> 01:13:41,403 Your friend Lomanitz has been trying to unionize the radiation lab. 1259 01:13:41,692 --> 01:13:44,442 He promised to quit all that. -Well, he hasn't. 1260 01:13:45,400 --> 01:13:48,321 The security officer at Berkeley is concerned about communist infiltration 1261 01:13:48,408 --> 01:13:51,567 through that union, the FA... -FAECT. 1262 01:13:54,775 --> 01:13:58,025 While I'm there next week, I'll... drop in to see him. 1263 01:14:00,400 --> 01:14:01,871 Your Q clearance came through. 1264 01:14:05,650 --> 01:14:08,902 It's important you not maintain or renew any questionable associations. 1265 01:14:14,359 --> 01:14:16,275 Doctor, did you think social contacts 1266 01:14:16,317 --> 01:14:20,567 between a person engaged on secret war work and communists was dangerous? 1267 01:14:20,609 --> 01:14:23,359 My awareness of the danger would be greater today. 1268 01:14:24,525 --> 01:14:26,900 I mean, it's fair to say that during the war years, 1269 01:14:27,442 --> 01:14:30,234 you felt that such contacts were potentially dangerous. 1270 01:14:36,942 --> 01:14:38,859 Were conceivably dangerous, yes. 1271 01:14:39,900 --> 01:14:40,901 I mean, really! 1272 01:14:42,067 --> 01:14:43,150 Known communists. 1273 01:14:46,359 --> 01:14:47,367 Look... 1274 01:14:48,692 --> 01:14:52,484 I've had a lot of secrets in my head for a long time. 1275 01:14:53,902 --> 01:14:58,108 Doesn't matter who I associate with, I don't talk about those secrets. 1276 01:15:05,859 --> 01:15:06,984 You said in your statement 1277 01:15:08,484 --> 01:15:12,859 that you had to see Jean Tatlock in 1943. 1278 01:15:14,817 --> 01:15:15,826 You left. 1279 01:15:17,650 --> 01:15:18,653 Not a word. 1280 01:15:19,484 --> 01:15:21,067 What did you think that would do to me? 1281 01:15:22,734 --> 01:15:23,734 I wrote. 1282 01:15:24,109 --> 01:15:25,234 Pages of nothing. 1283 01:15:28,692 --> 01:15:29,692 Where did you go? 1284 01:15:31,817 --> 01:15:33,317 I can't tell you. -Why not? 1285 01:15:33,400 --> 01:15:34,692 Because you're a communist. 1286 01:15:37,942 --> 01:15:39,359 Why did you have to see her? 1287 01:15:39,859 --> 01:15:44,192 She had indicated a great desire to see me before we left. 1288 01:15:44,317 --> 01:15:48,317 At that time I couldn't, but I felt that she had to see me. 1289 01:15:49,317 --> 01:15:53,353 She was undergoing psychiatric treatment. She was extremely unhappy. 1290 01:15:53,715 --> 01:15:55,984 Did you find out why she had to see you? 1291 01:16:01,359 --> 01:16:02,692 Because she was still in love with me. 1292 01:16:10,775 --> 01:16:12,234 You spent the night together, didn't you? 1293 01:16:20,484 --> 01:16:21,482 Yes. 1294 01:16:27,900 --> 01:16:32,734 You drop in and out of my life, and you don't have to tell me why. 1295 01:16:33,859 --> 01:16:36,555 And that's power. -Not that I enjoy. 1296 01:16:37,817 --> 01:16:40,192 I'd rather be here for you as you need. 1297 01:16:40,692 --> 01:16:42,650 But you have other priorities now. 1298 01:16:43,543 --> 01:16:45,234 I have a wife and child. 1299 01:16:46,609 --> 01:16:48,859 That's not what either of us is talking about. 1300 01:16:52,775 --> 01:16:55,817 Jean... you asked me to come. 1301 01:16:57,359 --> 01:16:58,567 And I'm glad I did. 1302 01:17:00,025 --> 01:17:01,359 But I can't see you again. 1303 01:17:04,900 --> 01:17:06,192 But what if I need you? 1304 01:17:10,484 --> 01:17:12,400 You said you would always answer. 1305 01:17:15,650 --> 01:17:16,651 Not a word? 1306 01:17:18,150 --> 01:17:20,109 Did you think that consistent with good security? 1307 01:17:20,317 --> 01:17:21,484 As a matter of fact, it was. 1308 01:17:22,400 --> 01:17:23,402 Not a word. 1309 01:17:24,567 --> 01:17:25,900 When did you see her after that? 1310 01:17:34,734 --> 01:17:35,859 I never saw her again. 1311 01:17:42,859 --> 01:17:44,861 I can make the last train back to Princeton. 1312 01:17:45,900 --> 01:17:48,567 Kitty, I didn't say anything that I hadn't already told you. 1313 01:17:48,609 --> 01:17:50,567 Today you said it to history, didn't you? 1314 01:17:50,609 --> 01:17:51,817 This is a closed hearing. 1315 01:17:54,067 --> 01:17:56,525 If they don't release the transcript, I'm sure you will. 1316 01:17:56,567 --> 01:17:58,942 I was under oath. -Well, you were under an oath to me 1317 01:17:58,984 --> 01:18:00,109 when you went to see Jean. 1318 01:18:01,734 --> 01:18:02,735 You know, you... 1319 01:18:03,942 --> 01:18:06,567 You sit there, day after day, 1320 01:18:07,525 --> 01:18:09,484 letting them pick our lives to pieces. 1321 01:18:12,400 --> 01:18:13,484 Why won't you fight? 1322 01:18:17,275 --> 01:18:19,692 Robert, I'm not putting her up there. 1323 01:18:25,817 --> 01:18:28,400 Dr. Oppenheimer! This is an honor. Please, take a seat. 1324 01:18:28,650 --> 01:18:31,532 No need. I just wanted to check whether I should... 1325 01:18:32,025 --> 01:18:34,445 talk to Lomanitz while I'm here, given your concerns. 1326 01:18:34,602 --> 01:18:37,368 I'd say that's really up to you, Professor, but I'd be cautious. 1327 01:18:37,859 --> 01:18:38,859 Understood. 1328 01:18:39,067 --> 01:18:41,484 Oh, and, um, as regards to the union, 1329 01:18:41,525 --> 01:18:44,859 I wanted to give you a heads up on a man named Eltenton. 1330 01:18:45,109 --> 01:18:46,108 A heads up? 1331 01:18:46,150 --> 01:18:49,525 Yes, just that he might bear watching, is all. 1332 01:18:51,150 --> 01:18:52,484 I'd love to get more details. 1333 01:18:53,609 --> 01:18:55,942 I have an appointment now, and I leave early tomorrow. 1334 01:18:56,056 --> 01:18:57,442 Well, come back as early as you like. 1335 01:18:58,234 --> 01:18:59,275 Since you haven't time now. 1336 01:19:00,692 --> 01:19:04,025 You went back the next morning. -I did. I had to, really. 1337 01:19:05,484 --> 01:19:06,650 This time there was another man. 1338 01:19:08,859 --> 01:19:12,757 He said his name was Pash. -Pash. You met Colonel Pash? 1339 01:19:12,900 --> 01:19:17,775 Colonel Pash, could you please read from your memo dated June 29, 1943? 1340 01:19:20,025 --> 01:19:22,442 "Results of surveillance conducted on subject 1341 01:19:22,484 --> 01:19:25,192 "indicate further possible Communist Party connections." 1342 01:19:25,376 --> 01:19:28,942 "Subject met with and spent considerable time with one Jean Tatlock, 1343 01:19:28,984 --> 01:19:31,192 "a communist, the record of whom is attached." 1344 01:19:31,234 --> 01:19:33,692 The subject being Dr. Oppenheimer? -Yes. 1345 01:19:33,942 --> 01:19:36,900 Whom you had not met? -Not then, but soon after. 1346 01:19:37,074 --> 01:19:39,484 He's the head of security for the project. Shouldn't I know him? 1347 01:19:39,614 --> 01:19:41,067 No, he should know you. 1348 01:19:41,900 --> 01:19:43,650 I would never put you in a room with Pash. 1349 01:19:43,692 --> 01:19:44,709 Why not? 1350 01:19:44,817 --> 01:19:46,484 When Pash first heard about Lomanitz, 1351 01:19:46,817 --> 01:19:49,419 he told the FBI he was going to kidnap him, 1352 01:19:49,859 --> 01:19:50,984 take him out on a boat, 1353 01:19:51,525 --> 01:19:53,817 and interrogate him in the Russian manner. 1354 01:19:57,109 --> 01:19:59,275 General Groves has placed in me a certain responsibility, 1355 01:19:59,317 --> 01:20:03,734 and it's like having a child who I can't see, by remote control. 1356 01:20:05,109 --> 01:20:06,442 So to actually meet you is... 1357 01:20:08,442 --> 01:20:10,184 I won't take up too much of your time. -Oh, no. 1358 01:20:10,285 --> 01:20:11,984 Not at all. Whatever time you choose. 1359 01:20:13,317 --> 01:20:15,535 Mr. Johnson told me of the conversation you had yesterday, 1360 01:20:15,629 --> 01:20:18,192 which I'm very interested in. It's had me worried all day. 1361 01:20:19,150 --> 01:20:22,525 Yes, well, I didn't want to talk to Lomanitz without authorization. 1362 01:20:22,817 --> 01:20:24,650 That's not the particular interest that I have. 1363 01:20:24,692 --> 01:20:25,984 It's something a little bit more... 1364 01:20:27,817 --> 01:20:29,234 In my opinion, more serious. 1365 01:20:29,309 --> 01:20:30,650 And then when the FBI pointed out 1366 01:20:30,692 --> 01:20:33,525 that such information wouldn't be admissible in court, 1367 01:20:33,567 --> 01:20:35,275 Pash made it clear he had no intention 1368 01:20:35,317 --> 01:20:37,504 of leaving any witness left to prosecute. 1369 01:20:37,859 --> 01:20:40,946 Now, the FBI talked him down, but that's the man you're dancing with. 1370 01:20:41,234 --> 01:20:43,650 I gather you've heard there are other parties 1371 01:20:43,692 --> 01:20:45,525 interested in the work of the radiation lab? 1372 01:20:46,817 --> 01:20:50,942 A man attached to the Soviet consul indicated, 1373 01:20:51,484 --> 01:20:54,984 through intermediate people, to people on this project, 1374 01:20:55,067 --> 01:20:58,234 that he was in a position to transmit information. 1375 01:20:58,442 --> 01:21:00,734 Well, why would anyone on the project want to do that? 1376 01:21:02,817 --> 01:21:06,275 Frankly, I can see that there might be an argument for the Commander-in-Chief 1377 01:21:06,317 --> 01:21:09,714 informing the Russians, they're our allies, after all, but... 1378 01:21:09,777 --> 01:21:12,112 I don't like the idea of it going out the back door. 1379 01:21:12,484 --> 01:21:14,692 It might not hurt to be on the lookout for it. 1380 01:21:16,109 --> 01:21:17,359 And you said that to Pash. 1381 01:21:17,900 --> 01:21:21,734 I was trying to put it in the context of "Russia's not Germany". 1382 01:21:22,328 --> 01:21:26,692 Boris Pash is the son of a Russian Orthodox bishop. 1383 01:21:26,734 --> 01:21:30,859 Born here, but in 1918 he went back to Russia to fight the Bolsheviks. 1384 01:21:31,359 --> 01:21:33,859 This is a man who has killed communists with his own hands. 1385 01:21:34,442 --> 01:21:36,775 I'm not the judge of who should or should not have information. 1386 01:21:37,317 --> 01:21:39,567 It's my business to stop it from going through illegally. 1387 01:21:40,025 --> 01:21:41,234 Could you be a little more specific? 1388 01:21:44,525 --> 01:21:49,109 There's a man whose name was mentioned to me, a couple of times, Eltenton. 1389 01:21:50,859 --> 01:21:53,067 I believe he's a chemist who works at Shell. 1390 01:21:53,817 --> 01:21:56,692 He talked to a friend of his, 1391 01:21:56,775 --> 01:21:59,442 who's an acquaintance of someone on the project. 1392 01:22:01,859 --> 01:22:03,817 And you thought Pash would be satisfied with that? 1393 01:22:03,900 --> 01:22:07,650 I was attempting to give them Eltenton without opening a can of worms. 1394 01:22:07,692 --> 01:22:09,317 I told them a cock-and-bull story. 1395 01:22:09,650 --> 01:22:11,817 Did you lie to General Groves, too? -No. 1396 01:22:12,317 --> 01:22:14,817 I admitted to him that I'd lied to Pash. 1397 01:22:14,942 --> 01:22:17,942 Do you recall this conversation about the Chevalier incident? 1398 01:22:18,817 --> 01:22:20,734 I've seen so many versions of it, uh... 1399 01:22:21,270 --> 01:22:23,942 Wasn't confused before, but I'm certainly getting there now. 1400 01:22:24,199 --> 01:22:27,025 And what was your conclusion? -That he was under the influence 1401 01:22:27,067 --> 01:22:30,525 of the typical American schoolboy attitude 1402 01:22:30,567 --> 01:22:33,734 that there's something wicked about telling on a friend. 1403 01:22:34,192 --> 01:22:37,984 Well now, might we know through whom the contact was made? 1404 01:22:39,150 --> 01:22:42,692 That would involve people who are not to be involved in this. 1405 01:22:43,025 --> 01:22:45,692 Is that someone a member of the project? 1406 01:22:46,408 --> 01:22:49,713 A member of the faculty, yes, but not in the project, no. 1407 01:22:49,875 --> 01:22:50,875 Ah... 1408 01:22:51,525 --> 01:22:55,734 So Eltenton made his approach through a member of the faculty here at Berkeley. 1409 01:22:58,025 --> 01:23:00,359 As far as I know, as far as I know, yes. 1410 01:23:00,650 --> 01:23:04,900 But there... may have been... more than one person involved. 1411 01:23:10,150 --> 01:23:12,859 Gentlemen, if I... if I seem uncooperative, 1412 01:23:12,900 --> 01:23:15,484 I think you can understand it's because of my insistence 1413 01:23:15,525 --> 01:23:17,531 on not getting innocent people into trouble. 1414 01:23:18,317 --> 01:23:21,067 You're trying to protect your friend. Who's protecting you? 1415 01:23:21,538 --> 01:23:22,528 Well, you could. 1416 01:23:23,038 --> 01:23:25,567 If you gave me the name... -If you order me to, I'll do it. 1417 01:23:25,809 --> 01:23:28,650 That's a mistake, Robert. You need to volunteer this name. 1418 01:23:30,317 --> 01:23:31,645 Did he give you the name? 1419 01:23:31,778 --> 01:23:33,192 He did. -But not then, did he? 1420 01:23:33,359 --> 01:23:34,359 No. -No, in fact, 1421 01:23:34,400 --> 01:23:35,775 it was some months later, wasn't it? 1422 01:23:36,775 --> 01:23:37,608 It was. 1423 01:23:37,817 --> 01:23:39,984 You see me as persistent. -Well, you are... 1424 01:23:40,789 --> 01:23:42,359 you are persistent, but that is your job. 1425 01:23:42,625 --> 01:23:45,883 And, and my job is to protect the people that work for me. 1426 01:23:46,156 --> 01:23:47,817 Instead of us going on certain steps, 1427 01:23:48,359 --> 01:23:49,734 which may come to your attention... 1428 01:23:51,650 --> 01:23:53,192 and be disturbing to you, 1429 01:23:53,817 --> 01:23:55,692 I would like to discuss those with you first. 1430 01:23:56,525 --> 01:23:59,734 I'm not formulating a plan, I'll just have to digest the whole thing. 1431 01:24:04,692 --> 01:24:07,775 In the months in between your interview with Dr. Oppenheimer, 1432 01:24:07,817 --> 01:24:11,900 and his eventual naming of Chevalier, did you expend resources trying to find 1433 01:24:11,942 --> 01:24:15,192 the name of the intermediary? -Considerable resources, yes. 1434 01:24:15,942 --> 01:24:18,067 Without the name, our job was extremely difficult. 1435 01:24:18,231 --> 01:24:21,359 And when did you receive the name? -I was gone by the time Oppenheimer 1436 01:24:21,400 --> 01:24:22,917 finally offered it up. -Gone? 1437 01:24:23,359 --> 01:24:25,418 They felt my time would be better spent in Europe, 1438 01:24:25,609 --> 01:24:27,775 determining the status of the Nazi bomb project. 1439 01:24:28,289 --> 01:24:29,289 Who did? 1440 01:24:30,442 --> 01:24:31,443 General Groves. 1441 01:24:32,442 --> 01:24:33,567 He transferred me to London. 1442 01:24:40,817 --> 01:24:42,609 It's a little early for a Christmas party. 1443 01:24:42,692 --> 01:24:43,692 Something's up. 1444 01:24:44,567 --> 01:24:45,609 Tolman's been away. 1445 01:24:46,942 --> 01:24:47,947 Where? 1446 01:24:48,418 --> 01:24:49,400 Ruth won't tell. 1447 01:24:59,692 --> 01:25:00,734 Come on, Ruthie. 1448 01:25:00,984 --> 01:25:02,650 If you can't tell me, who can you tell? 1449 01:25:03,442 --> 01:25:05,234 Compartmentalization, Oppie. 1450 01:25:06,025 --> 01:25:07,838 What makes you think I know where he is, anyway? 1451 01:25:08,067 --> 01:25:09,567 Because you do a pretty good job 1452 01:25:09,609 --> 01:25:11,740 of knowing where Mr. Tolman is when it counts. 1453 01:25:12,734 --> 01:25:13,737 Like now? 1454 01:25:13,775 --> 01:25:16,817 Attention! 1455 01:25:20,078 --> 01:25:21,692 Early Christmas present for you all. 1456 01:25:30,234 --> 01:25:32,484 The British pilot put me in the bomb bay. 1457 01:25:32,525 --> 01:25:35,900 He showed me the oxygen, you know, but I messed it up. 1458 01:25:36,163 --> 01:25:38,900 Um, when they opened me up in Scotland, I was unconscious. 1459 01:25:39,359 --> 01:25:41,317 But I pretended I'd been napping. 1460 01:25:42,317 --> 01:25:43,484 Please enjoy your party. 1461 01:25:44,984 --> 01:25:47,359 Is it big enough? -To end the war? 1462 01:25:48,374 --> 01:25:50,067 To end all war. 1463 01:25:53,775 --> 01:25:57,275 Uh, Heisenberg sought me out in Copenhagen. 1464 01:25:58,150 --> 01:26:01,609 It was chilling, my old student working for the Nazis. 1465 01:26:01,650 --> 01:26:05,192 He told me some things to draw me out. 1466 01:26:06,150 --> 01:26:09,067 Sustained fission reactions in uranium. 1467 01:26:09,192 --> 01:26:11,109 That sounds more like a reactor than a bomb. 1468 01:26:11,484 --> 01:26:13,109 Did he mention gaseous diffusion? 1469 01:26:13,484 --> 01:26:15,817 He seemed more focused on heavy water. 1470 01:26:16,150 --> 01:26:18,609 As a moderator? -Yes, instead of graphite. 1471 01:26:22,109 --> 01:26:23,109 What? 1472 01:26:23,991 --> 01:26:25,025 He took a wrong turn. 1473 01:26:25,942 --> 01:26:26,945 We're ahead. 1474 01:26:27,025 --> 01:26:28,497 And with you here to help us, Niels... 1475 01:26:28,984 --> 01:26:32,275 Sorry, could you give us a moment, gentlemen? 1476 01:26:39,109 --> 01:26:41,109 I am not here to help, Robert. 1477 01:26:41,817 --> 01:26:43,452 I knew you could do this without me. 1478 01:26:43,734 --> 01:26:46,317 Then why did you come? -To talk about after. 1479 01:26:46,525 --> 01:26:50,317 The power you're about to reveal will forever outlive the Nazis. 1480 01:26:51,525 --> 01:26:52,984 And the world is not prepared. 1481 01:26:53,442 --> 01:26:56,859 "You can lift the stone without being ready for the snake that's revealed." 1482 01:26:56,900 --> 01:26:59,817 We have to make the politicians understand this isn't a new weapon. 1483 01:27:00,859 --> 01:27:01,941 It's a new world. 1484 01:27:02,746 --> 01:27:04,859 I'll be out there doing what I can, but you... 1485 01:27:05,859 --> 01:27:08,192 You're an American Prometheus. 1486 01:27:08,546 --> 01:27:12,353 The man who gave them the power to destroy themselves. 1487 01:27:12,650 --> 01:27:14,150 And they'll respect that. 1488 01:27:14,326 --> 01:27:16,150 Your work really begins. 1489 01:27:20,942 --> 01:27:23,150 I'm sorry, Oppie, but there's a call. 1490 01:27:25,150 --> 01:27:26,317 From San Francisco. 1491 01:27:33,692 --> 01:27:34,694 Robert! 1492 01:27:39,234 --> 01:27:40,218 Robert? 1493 01:27:40,900 --> 01:27:41,904 Robert. 1494 01:27:42,359 --> 01:27:43,359 Robert. 1495 01:27:43,442 --> 01:27:44,567 God, what's the matter? 1496 01:27:45,234 --> 01:27:46,235 What happened? 1497 01:27:48,025 --> 01:27:49,067 Her father called. 1498 01:27:50,109 --> 01:27:51,692 He found her yesterday in the bath. 1499 01:27:53,442 --> 01:27:54,445 Who? 1500 01:27:55,775 --> 01:27:58,525 She's taken pills. Left a note, not signed. 1501 01:28:00,442 --> 01:28:03,150 She took barbiturates, but there was chloral hydrate in her blood. 1502 01:28:07,109 --> 01:28:08,109 There was a note. 1503 01:28:08,775 --> 01:28:09,817 Jean Tatlock? 1504 01:28:16,942 --> 01:28:17,943 We were together. 1505 01:28:18,782 --> 01:28:20,109 She said she needed me. I... 1506 01:28:23,109 --> 01:28:24,110 I told her I... 1507 01:28:24,609 --> 01:28:25,610 I wouldn't... 1508 01:28:26,025 --> 01:28:27,027 I told her I... 1509 01:28:28,067 --> 01:28:29,317 No, it was me, it was me. 1510 01:28:32,534 --> 01:28:34,359 You don't get to commit the sin 1511 01:28:34,581 --> 01:28:37,713 and then have us all feel sorry for you that it had consequences. 1512 01:28:41,109 --> 01:28:43,109 Now you pull yourself together. 1513 01:28:47,234 --> 01:28:48,817 You know, people here depend on you. 1514 01:28:51,859 --> 01:28:53,692 Donald, would you like to contribute here? 1515 01:28:53,734 --> 01:28:54,817 Please, help me out. -You're on your own, pal. 1516 01:28:54,859 --> 01:28:57,709 Bob, I'm not quitting my job because plutonium is radioactive. 1517 01:28:57,779 --> 01:28:59,942 We just don't know what it might do 1518 01:28:59,984 --> 01:29:02,275 to the female reproductive system. -Your reproductive system 1519 01:29:02,317 --> 01:29:04,859 is more exposed than mine, presumably. -Can we please? 1520 01:29:05,234 --> 01:29:08,442 The implosion device is nowhere. -We can't rush everything. Oppie, please. 1521 01:29:08,484 --> 01:29:11,025 Well, there's rushing and there's getting on with it, so pick one. 1522 01:29:11,067 --> 01:29:12,734 Wait, wait, wait. Neddermeyer is doing his job. 1523 01:29:13,109 --> 01:29:15,692 Teller's not helping. You're not helping. 1524 01:29:15,734 --> 01:29:18,567 I've been asking for calculations on the implosion lenses for weeks. 1525 01:29:18,609 --> 01:29:20,734 The British can do it. Fuchs. -Absolutely. 1526 01:29:21,067 --> 01:29:24,192 It's your job, Teller. -I'm engaged in research. 1527 01:29:24,317 --> 01:29:26,432 On a hydrogen bomb we're not even building! 1528 01:29:35,442 --> 01:29:36,692 I won't work with that man. 1529 01:29:36,900 --> 01:29:39,067 Oh. Let him go. 1530 01:29:39,734 --> 01:29:41,359 He's a prima donna! -I agree. 1531 01:29:41,900 --> 01:29:43,067 He should leave Los Alamos. -Okay. 1532 01:29:44,294 --> 01:29:47,442 Kisti, you replace Neddermeyer. Seth, I'm putting you on plutonium. 1533 01:29:47,484 --> 01:29:50,775 Lilli, you go on for Kisti, because he needs you. 1534 01:29:51,109 --> 01:29:52,734 Fuchs, you take Teller's role. 1535 01:29:52,775 --> 01:29:54,858 I'm putting you exclusively on the implosion device. 1536 01:29:55,442 --> 01:29:58,984 And no one is leaving Los Alamos. 1537 01:30:13,775 --> 01:30:16,817 They won't let me leave! -No, I won't let you leave. 1538 01:30:18,734 --> 01:30:20,859 Forget Hans, forget fission. 1539 01:30:21,619 --> 01:30:23,734 Stay here, research what you want. 1540 01:30:24,525 --> 01:30:26,567 Fusion, the hydrogen bomb, whatever. 1541 01:30:26,859 --> 01:30:29,442 We'll meet to discuss it. -You don't have time to meet. 1542 01:30:29,900 --> 01:30:33,359 You're a politician now, Robert. You've left physics behind many, many years ago. 1543 01:30:34,984 --> 01:30:35,979 Once a week. 1544 01:30:36,692 --> 01:30:37,984 One hour, you and me. 1545 01:30:44,442 --> 01:30:45,942 Now raise this fucking barrier! 1546 01:30:51,025 --> 01:30:54,192 So the Super was under development on your watch at Los Alamos? 1547 01:30:54,859 --> 01:30:55,848 Yes. 1548 01:30:56,275 --> 01:30:59,692 And yet, after the war, you tried to deny it was viable. 1549 01:30:59,859 --> 01:31:02,984 No, no, no. I pointed out technical difficulties with it. 1550 01:31:03,150 --> 01:31:04,775 Didn't you try to kill it at the AEC meeting 1551 01:31:04,817 --> 01:31:06,359 after the Russian bomb test? -No. 1552 01:31:06,567 --> 01:31:09,400 But that was the recommendation of the AEC, was it not? 1553 01:31:09,734 --> 01:31:12,484 After hours of discussion about the best response. 1554 01:31:13,025 --> 01:31:17,984 An H-bomb is 1,000 times the power of an A-bomb. 1555 01:31:19,150 --> 01:31:22,359 Its only intended target would be the largest cities. 1556 01:31:23,234 --> 01:31:25,192 It's a weapon of mass genocide. -Izzy. 1557 01:31:25,400 --> 01:31:27,484 Draw some circles on this side of the map, 1558 01:31:27,900 --> 01:31:30,275 where they would target us, starting with New York. 1559 01:31:30,317 --> 01:31:31,359 That's fair. -D.C. 1560 01:31:31,525 --> 01:31:34,109 It's a weapon of attack with no defensive value. 1561 01:31:34,442 --> 01:31:35,798 Deterrence. -Deterrence? 1562 01:31:35,817 --> 01:31:39,650 Do we really need more deterrence than our current arsenal of atomic bombs? 1563 01:31:39,734 --> 01:31:43,942 You, you drown in ten feet of water or 10,000, what's the difference? 1564 01:31:44,192 --> 01:31:46,275 We can already drown Russia. They know it... 1565 01:31:46,317 --> 01:31:48,359 Now they can drown us with... -We're just escalating... 1566 01:31:59,692 --> 01:32:04,442 As I said, Teller's designs are still as impractical as they were during the war. 1567 01:32:04,525 --> 01:32:07,275 A hydrogen bomb can be made to work, Oppie. You know that. 1568 01:32:07,317 --> 01:32:10,275 I don't believe we should commit all our resources to that chance. 1569 01:32:10,317 --> 01:32:13,400 Then how would you have Truman reassure the American people? 1570 01:32:13,442 --> 01:32:15,692 Simply by limiting the spread of atomic weapons 1571 01:32:15,734 --> 01:32:17,942 through international control on nuclear energy. 1572 01:32:18,859 --> 01:32:20,609 By which you mean world government. 1573 01:32:20,817 --> 01:32:23,317 The United Nations, as Roosevelt intended. 1574 01:32:23,484 --> 01:32:27,275 Well, I asked what Truman should do, right? The world's changed. 1575 01:32:27,317 --> 01:32:30,900 It's not fascism but communism that now threatens our survival. 1576 01:32:31,192 --> 01:32:34,525 Lewis, do you understand, if we build a hydrogen bomb, 1577 01:32:34,650 --> 01:32:37,025 the Russians will have no choice but to build their own? 1578 01:32:37,109 --> 01:32:38,567 Could they be working on one already? 1579 01:32:38,921 --> 01:32:41,692 Based on information gathered from the spy at Los Alamos... 1580 01:32:41,734 --> 01:32:43,275 No spy at Los Alamos. -Gentlemen... 1581 01:32:43,317 --> 01:32:45,275 There wasn't? -Let's not get sidetracked. 1582 01:32:46,150 --> 01:32:48,738 I say we use this moment to gain concessions from the Russians 1583 01:32:48,762 --> 01:32:51,900 by committing that we will not build a hydrogen bomb. 1584 01:32:51,984 --> 01:32:53,650 Thereby revealing its existence. 1585 01:32:53,692 --> 01:32:55,618 Which you seem convinced they already know. 1586 01:32:55,859 --> 01:32:56,870 Alright. 1587 01:32:57,025 --> 01:33:00,692 At this point, I'd like the committee members to meet in privacy 1588 01:33:00,734 --> 01:33:02,794 to finalize our recommendations. 1589 01:33:04,400 --> 01:33:06,484 I'm just not sure you want to go down this route. 1590 01:33:06,525 --> 01:33:08,675 Lewis, with respect, we are the advisory committee. 1591 01:33:08,699 --> 01:33:09,984 We will give them our advice. 1592 01:33:10,692 --> 01:33:11,703 Good night. 1593 01:33:15,859 --> 01:33:17,692 Dr. Oppenheimer? Hi. 1594 01:33:18,484 --> 01:33:21,375 William Borden. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. 1595 01:33:21,419 --> 01:33:22,461 Oh, yes, yes. 1596 01:33:22,763 --> 01:33:24,025 During the war, I was a pilot. 1597 01:33:25,609 --> 01:33:30,148 One night, flying back from a raid, I saw an amazing sight. 1598 01:33:30,192 --> 01:33:33,609 Like a meteor. A V2 rocket headed to England. 1599 01:33:34,775 --> 01:33:36,738 I can't help but imagine what it will be 1600 01:33:36,762 --> 01:33:40,734 for such an enemy rocket to carry an atomic warhead. 1601 01:33:50,109 --> 01:33:52,025 Let's make sure we're not the ones to make that possible. 1602 01:33:58,817 --> 01:34:01,025 Oppie, I don't think you want to go up against Strauss. 1603 01:34:01,859 --> 01:34:03,900 If we both speak, they listen to me. 1604 01:34:04,567 --> 01:34:08,317 When you speak, they hear a prophet. When Strauss speaks, they hear themselves. 1605 01:34:08,593 --> 01:34:09,692 They'll listen to a prophet. 1606 01:34:10,567 --> 01:34:13,275 A prophet can't be wrong. Not once. 1607 01:34:13,775 --> 01:34:16,906 Did you accuse Oppenheimer of sabotaging the development of the Super? 1608 01:34:17,192 --> 01:34:21,154 I was never one of those to bandy around terms like sabotage. 1609 01:34:21,775 --> 01:34:25,109 But Mr. Borden was? -As I understand it, possibly. 1610 01:34:25,400 --> 01:34:29,025 How was Mr. Borden able to put together such a detailed indictment? 1611 01:34:29,067 --> 01:34:31,734 He was no longer a government employee, yet he appears to have had 1612 01:34:31,804 --> 01:34:34,530 unlimited access to Dr. Oppenheimer's file. 1613 01:34:34,817 --> 01:34:37,275 Might Mr. Nichols have given him access to the file? 1614 01:34:37,442 --> 01:34:39,734 Or someone else at the AEC? 1615 01:34:39,942 --> 01:34:41,817 That's a very serious accusation, Senator. 1616 01:34:42,567 --> 01:34:43,859 Is it your intention to suggest 1617 01:34:43,900 --> 01:34:46,609 that Dr. Oppenheimer is disloyal to the United States? 1618 01:34:47,400 --> 01:34:51,234 I've always assumed, and still assume, that he's loyal to the United States. 1619 01:34:52,067 --> 01:34:53,808 I believe this, and I shall believe it, 1620 01:34:53,832 --> 01:34:56,067 until I see very conclusive proof to the opposite. 1621 01:34:56,609 --> 01:35:00,380 Do you or do you not believe that Dr. Oppenheimer is a security risk? 1622 01:35:09,650 --> 01:35:12,609 If I may, look, when Hitler blew his brains out in that bunker, 1623 01:35:12,650 --> 01:35:14,984 it is my humble opinion that there is no need 1624 01:35:15,067 --> 01:35:17,484 for that bomb to be seen anywhere except that test site. 1625 01:35:18,817 --> 01:35:20,775 Well, we at least have to take a moment to think about 1626 01:35:20,817 --> 01:35:23,942 whether the means justify the ends any longer because... 1627 01:35:27,025 --> 01:35:29,150 Germany is about to surrender. 1628 01:35:31,275 --> 01:35:35,400 It's no longer the enemy who are the greatest threat to mankind. 1629 01:35:35,442 --> 01:35:36,468 It's our work. 1630 01:35:38,984 --> 01:35:41,192 Hitler's dead. It's true. 1631 01:35:43,359 --> 01:35:44,525 But the Japanese fight on. 1632 01:35:45,150 --> 01:35:46,567 Their defeat seems assured. 1633 01:35:47,041 --> 01:35:49,067 Not if you're a G.I. preparing to invade. 1634 01:35:50,900 --> 01:35:51,984 We can end this war. 1635 01:35:52,155 --> 01:35:55,192 But how do we justify using this weapon on human beings? 1636 01:35:58,775 --> 01:35:59,900 We're theorists. 1637 01:36:00,942 --> 01:36:01,952 Yes? 1638 01:36:03,025 --> 01:36:07,400 We imagine a future, and our imaginings horrify us. 1639 01:36:08,442 --> 01:36:10,734 They won't fear it until they understand it, 1640 01:36:10,817 --> 01:36:13,192 and they won't understand it until they've used it. 1641 01:36:13,650 --> 01:36:16,942 When the world learns the terrible secret of Los Alamos, 1642 01:36:17,567 --> 01:36:20,984 our work here will ensure a peace mankind has never seen. 1643 01:36:21,150 --> 01:36:24,192 A peace based on the kind of international cooperation 1644 01:36:24,234 --> 01:36:26,150 that Roosevelt always envisaged. 1645 01:36:31,525 --> 01:36:34,317 Progress? -Two years and a billion dollars' worth. 1646 01:36:35,697 --> 01:36:38,692 Hard to put a price on it. -Not really, just add up the bills. 1647 01:36:38,734 --> 01:36:42,525 Rural free deliveries. 80 babies delivered the first year. 1648 01:36:43,234 --> 01:36:45,025 This year we've had ten, a month. 1649 01:36:45,817 --> 01:36:48,234 Birth control is a little out of my jurisdiction, General. 1650 01:36:49,400 --> 01:36:50,484 Clearly. -General. 1651 01:36:56,359 --> 01:36:59,275 Head down, everybody. Fuchs, head down. 1652 01:37:06,984 --> 01:37:07,985 That's the one! 1653 01:37:08,442 --> 01:37:09,567 Two viable bombs. 1654 01:37:10,036 --> 01:37:11,027 I need a date. 1655 01:37:13,900 --> 01:37:14,900 September. 1656 01:37:15,181 --> 01:37:16,181 July. 1657 01:37:16,556 --> 01:37:18,025 That's the sweet spot, gentlemen. 1658 01:37:18,942 --> 01:37:19,942 August. 1659 01:37:20,554 --> 01:37:21,564 July. 1660 01:37:22,234 --> 01:37:23,275 Tests in July. 1661 01:37:24,192 --> 01:37:25,234 But I need my brother. 1662 01:37:29,734 --> 01:37:32,109 Frank knows the desert. He's left politics behind. 1663 01:37:32,150 --> 01:37:33,943 He's been working with Lawrence for two years now. 1664 01:37:41,525 --> 01:37:42,567 What do we call the test? 1665 01:37:44,715 --> 01:37:45,733 "Batter my heart, 1666 01:37:46,525 --> 01:37:47,609 "three-person'd God." 1667 01:37:48,170 --> 01:37:49,192 What? 1668 01:37:50,859 --> 01:37:51,861 Trinity. 1669 01:37:59,859 --> 01:38:03,275 You insisted on bringing on your brother Frank, a known communist. 1670 01:38:03,317 --> 01:38:04,318 Former communist. 1671 01:38:05,015 --> 01:38:06,650 You brought a known former communist... 1672 01:38:07,484 --> 01:38:10,775 onto America's most secret and important defense project. 1673 01:38:10,859 --> 01:38:13,567 I knew my brother could be trusted. Absolutely. 1674 01:38:14,150 --> 01:38:17,109 And you thought your judgment was sound on who on the team could be trusted? 1675 01:38:18,025 --> 01:38:19,025 Fuchs, head down. 1676 01:38:19,692 --> 01:38:20,942 Okay. Everybody ready? 1677 01:38:30,942 --> 01:38:33,317 I hope you learned something. -Yeah, we've learned we're gonna need 1678 01:38:33,359 --> 01:38:35,775 to be a lot further away. -Well, figure it out, fast. 1679 01:38:36,067 --> 01:38:38,359 We leave for Washington in the morning. We're going to give him a date. 1680 01:38:54,275 --> 01:38:56,067 You're a long way from Chicago, Leo. 1681 01:38:56,150 --> 01:38:58,984 If we don't act now, they're going to use this thing against Japan. 1682 01:38:59,505 --> 01:39:01,775 We booked a meeting with Truman, but somebody killed it. 1683 01:39:02,734 --> 01:39:04,609 You're meeting the Secretary of War. 1684 01:39:04,942 --> 01:39:08,442 Just because we're building it, doesn't mean we get to decide how it's used. 1685 01:39:09,400 --> 01:39:10,859 History will judge us, Robert. 1686 01:39:12,317 --> 01:39:13,942 In Chicago, we put together a petition. 1687 01:39:15,025 --> 01:39:16,525 I'm not... I'm not getting into this. 1688 01:39:21,984 --> 01:39:23,650 Just tell me your concerns, and I'll relate them. 1689 01:39:23,720 --> 01:39:26,369 My concerns? Germany's defeated. 1690 01:39:26,942 --> 01:39:28,359 Japan's not going to hold out alone. 1691 01:39:28,400 --> 01:39:30,572 How could you know that? You got us into this. 1692 01:39:30,942 --> 01:39:33,900 You and Einstein, with your letter to Roosevelt saying we could build a bomb. 1693 01:39:33,942 --> 01:39:35,067 Against Germany. 1694 01:39:35,109 --> 01:39:37,665 That's not how weapons manufacture works, Szilard. 1695 01:39:38,067 --> 01:39:39,400 Oppie, you have to help. 1696 01:39:39,442 --> 01:39:41,165 Fermi's in the meeting. Lawrence is in the meeting. 1697 01:39:41,212 --> 01:39:44,025 They're not you. You're the great salesman of science. 1698 01:39:44,484 --> 01:39:46,359 You can convince anyone of anything. 1699 01:39:47,942 --> 01:39:48,943 Even yourself. 1700 01:39:49,859 --> 01:39:50,864 Excuse me. 1701 01:39:52,067 --> 01:39:56,442 The firestorm in Tokyo killed 100,000 people, mostly civilians. 1702 01:39:58,109 --> 01:40:01,109 I worry about America when we do these things and no one protests. 1703 01:40:01,567 --> 01:40:04,609 Pearl Harbor, and three years of brutal conflict in the Pacific, 1704 01:40:04,880 --> 01:40:07,192 buys a lot of latitude with the American public. 1705 01:40:07,763 --> 01:40:09,317 Enough to unleash the atomic bomb? 1706 01:40:09,561 --> 01:40:12,942 Uh, the A-bomb might not cause as much damage as the Tokyo bombings. 1707 01:40:13,359 --> 01:40:14,350 What are we estimating? 1708 01:40:14,698 --> 01:40:16,567 In a medium-sized city, uh... 1709 01:40:17,275 --> 01:40:19,434 20,000 or 30,000 dead. 1710 01:40:19,525 --> 01:40:21,609 Yes, but don't underestimate 1711 01:40:21,650 --> 01:40:25,200 the psychological impact of an atomic explosion. 1712 01:40:25,817 --> 01:40:28,775 A pillar of fire, 10,000 feet tall, 1713 01:40:29,692 --> 01:40:31,567 deadly neutron effects for a mile, 1714 01:40:31,734 --> 01:40:35,442 in all directions, from one single device. 1715 01:40:35,859 --> 01:40:39,275 Dropped from a barely-noticed B-29, the atomic bomb will be... 1716 01:40:40,567 --> 01:40:43,067 a terrible revelation of divine power. 1717 01:40:43,859 --> 01:40:46,150 If that's true, it would be definitive. 1718 01:40:46,650 --> 01:40:48,025 World War II would be over. 1719 01:40:48,692 --> 01:40:49,734 Our boys would come home. 1720 01:40:50,450 --> 01:40:51,443 Military targets? 1721 01:40:52,692 --> 01:40:54,400 But there aren't any big enough. 1722 01:40:54,817 --> 01:40:57,817 Perhaps a vital war plant, 1723 01:40:57,859 --> 01:41:00,484 with workers housed nearby. 1724 01:41:00,525 --> 01:41:03,400 And we could issue a warning to reduce civilian casualties. 1725 01:41:03,650 --> 01:41:05,734 They'd send everything they have up against us, 1726 01:41:05,775 --> 01:41:07,484 and I'd be up in that plane. 1727 01:41:07,868 --> 01:41:10,400 If we announce it, and it fails to go off, 1728 01:41:10,884 --> 01:41:13,359 we'd scupper any chance of a Japanese surrender. 1729 01:41:13,817 --> 01:41:17,942 Is there no way to demonstrate a bomb to Japan to provoke surrender? 1730 01:41:18,054 --> 01:41:21,025 We intend to demonstrate it in the most unambiguous terms. 1731 01:41:21,462 --> 01:41:22,462 Twice. 1732 01:41:22,517 --> 01:41:24,369 Once to show the weapon's power, 1733 01:41:24,439 --> 01:41:27,692 and a second to show that we can keep doing this until they surrender. 1734 01:41:28,234 --> 01:41:30,567 We have a list of 12 cities to choose from. 1735 01:41:31,434 --> 01:41:32,442 Sorry, 11. 1736 01:41:33,434 --> 01:41:35,359 I've taken Kyoto off the list, 1737 01:41:35,400 --> 01:41:37,859 due to its cultural significance to the Japanese people. 1738 01:41:39,025 --> 01:41:40,984 Also, my wife and I honeymooned there. 1739 01:41:41,984 --> 01:41:43,109 It's a magnificent city. 1740 01:41:47,150 --> 01:41:48,525 Let me make this simple for you, gentlemen. 1741 01:41:48,567 --> 01:41:51,109 According to my intelligence, which I cannot share with you, 1742 01:41:51,150 --> 01:41:52,984 the Japanese people will not surrender, 1743 01:41:53,567 --> 01:41:54,984 under any circumstances, 1744 01:41:55,275 --> 01:41:58,400 short of a successful and total invasion of the home islands. 1745 01:41:59,192 --> 01:42:01,567 Many lives would be lost, American and Japanese. 1746 01:42:02,359 --> 01:42:05,734 The use of the atomic bomb on Japanese cities will save lives. 1747 01:42:06,150 --> 01:42:07,984 If we retain moral advantage. 1748 01:42:09,025 --> 01:42:10,734 How so? -Well, if we use this weapon 1749 01:42:10,775 --> 01:42:13,150 without informing our allies, they'll see it as a threat, 1750 01:42:13,192 --> 01:42:14,525 and we'll be in an arms race. 1751 01:42:14,900 --> 01:42:16,692 How open can we be with the Soviets? 1752 01:42:16,984 --> 01:42:20,900 Secrecy won't stop the Soviets from becoming part of the atomic world. 1753 01:42:21,150 --> 01:42:24,484 We've been told they have no uranium. -You've been misinformed. 1754 01:42:24,525 --> 01:42:26,234 A Russian bomb is a matter of time. 1755 01:42:26,275 --> 01:42:29,275 The program needs to continue at full pace after the war. 1756 01:42:30,542 --> 01:42:32,234 Secretary Simpson, if I may, 1757 01:42:32,442 --> 01:42:36,400 not all scientists on the project are in agreement. 1758 01:42:36,442 --> 01:42:39,109 In fact, this might be a moment to consider other opinions. 1759 01:42:39,692 --> 01:42:41,984 If you talk to scientists... -The Manhattan Project has been plagued 1760 01:42:42,025 --> 01:42:44,857 from the start by certain scientists of... 1761 01:42:45,067 --> 01:42:47,817 doubtful discretion, and uncertain loyalty. 1762 01:42:47,942 --> 01:42:49,692 One of 'em just tried to meet with the President. 1763 01:42:49,984 --> 01:42:51,317 Now, we need these men, 1764 01:42:51,734 --> 01:42:53,109 but as soon as it's practical, 1765 01:42:53,150 --> 01:42:55,484 we should sever any such scientists from the program. 1766 01:42:55,525 --> 01:42:56,567 Wouldn't you agree, Doctor? 1767 01:42:58,317 --> 01:43:00,109 If a Russian bomb is inevitable, 1768 01:43:00,859 --> 01:43:03,775 perhaps we should invite their top scientist to Trinity. 1769 01:43:03,817 --> 01:43:07,192 President Truman has no intention of raising expectations 1770 01:43:07,484 --> 01:43:09,942 that Stalin be included in the atomic project. 1771 01:43:10,400 --> 01:43:11,775 Informing him of our breakthrough, 1772 01:43:11,800 --> 01:43:13,775 and presenting it as a means to win the war, 1773 01:43:13,800 --> 01:43:15,525 need not make unkeepable promises. 1774 01:43:15,841 --> 01:43:17,734 But, the Potsdam Peace Conference in July 1775 01:43:17,775 --> 01:43:20,900 will be President Truman's last chance to have that conversation. 1776 01:43:22,192 --> 01:43:23,775 Can you give us a working bomb by then? 1777 01:43:25,109 --> 01:43:26,110 Absolutely. 1778 01:43:26,200 --> 01:43:27,900 We will test fire before the conference. 1779 01:43:33,150 --> 01:43:35,734 Ground zero. Observation posts 1780 01:43:35,775 --> 01:43:39,525 at 10,000 yards, north, south, and west. 1781 01:43:39,567 --> 01:43:42,025 Where do we trigger from? -South, 10,000. 1782 01:43:42,817 --> 01:43:45,942 And base camp is ten miles south here. 1783 01:43:46,192 --> 01:43:51,317 And there's a further observation post on that hill, 20 miles away. 1784 01:43:51,650 --> 01:43:53,915 What's that, Frank? Trigger lines already went in. 1785 01:43:54,317 --> 01:43:57,942 The Air Force requested a line of lights for their B-29. 1786 01:43:58,067 --> 01:44:00,048 What B-29? Our bomb's on the tower. 1787 01:44:00,484 --> 01:44:01,734 They want to use the test 1788 01:44:01,775 --> 01:44:04,109 to confirm a safe operating distance. -That's risky. 1789 01:44:04,442 --> 01:44:06,150 But not as risky as dropping one over Japan, 1790 01:44:06,192 --> 01:44:08,109 and hoping that we were right about the blast radius. 1791 01:44:08,317 --> 01:44:10,609 Don't let 'em slow us down, we're firing on the 15th. 1792 01:44:10,650 --> 01:44:13,067 The 15th? That's not... -The 15th. 1793 01:44:14,683 --> 01:44:15,683 15th. 1794 01:44:17,025 --> 01:44:19,091 So I'll be here at South Observation Point 1795 01:44:19,115 --> 01:44:20,859 with Frank and Kistiakowsky. 1796 01:44:21,650 --> 01:44:24,109 You'll all be assigned to Base Camp, 1797 01:44:24,317 --> 01:44:26,734 West Observation, or Far Observation. 1798 01:44:36,942 --> 01:44:38,859 Hey, whoa, whoa! Careful with that knife. 1799 01:44:42,109 --> 01:44:43,525 Are those safe distances? 1800 01:44:44,305 --> 01:44:45,775 They're based on your calculations. 1801 01:44:46,025 --> 01:44:48,859 Time to stand behind your science, Hans. Literally. 1802 01:45:18,817 --> 01:45:20,275 What about the radiation cloud? 1803 01:45:20,692 --> 01:45:23,567 Without high winds, it should settle within 2-3 miles. 1804 01:45:23,609 --> 01:45:25,234 Evacuation measures are in place. 1805 01:45:25,984 --> 01:45:28,692 But we need good weather for visibility, so it has to be fine. 1806 01:45:30,442 --> 01:45:31,444 Everybody out! 1807 01:45:41,859 --> 01:45:44,690 We go on the night of the 15th. It's a hard deadline. 1808 01:45:44,900 --> 01:45:47,317 So if anyone has anything, speak now. 1809 01:45:49,055 --> 01:45:51,525 Okay, stop, stop! Everybody, mattresses. 1810 01:45:51,984 --> 01:45:53,692 Put the mattress there, underneath. 1811 01:46:10,942 --> 01:46:13,067 We could use a final implosion test. 1812 01:46:15,525 --> 01:46:17,650 It couldn't hurt. -Do it. 1813 01:46:19,291 --> 01:46:21,025 Is there anything else that might stop us? 1814 01:46:56,097 --> 01:46:57,151 It's happening, isn't it? 1815 01:46:59,900 --> 01:47:00,946 I'll send a message. 1816 01:47:02,067 --> 01:47:03,317 If it's gone our way: 1817 01:47:05,109 --> 01:47:06,110 "Take in the sheets." 1818 01:47:10,484 --> 01:47:11,485 Robert. 1819 01:47:14,484 --> 01:47:15,485 Break a leg. 1820 01:47:28,859 --> 01:47:29,862 Look. 1821 01:48:22,150 --> 01:48:25,067 Oppie's taken a very modest three kilotons. 1822 01:48:25,359 --> 01:48:27,525 Teller's view is 45. -20! 1823 01:48:27,692 --> 01:48:29,984 20,000 tons of TNT. 1824 01:48:30,025 --> 01:48:33,234 And does anyone want the side action on atmospheric ignition? 1825 01:48:35,984 --> 01:48:37,317 Are you saying we'll have to delay? 1826 01:48:37,817 --> 01:48:39,109 I'm saying it would be prudent. 1827 01:48:39,150 --> 01:48:40,442 This weather, has it reached the site? 1828 01:48:46,395 --> 01:48:48,650 Bethe is calling to tell you the implosion test failed. 1829 01:48:48,692 --> 01:48:50,609 Hello, Hans? Yes, he's here. 1830 01:48:52,192 --> 01:48:53,199 Yes. 1831 01:48:55,900 --> 01:48:56,900 Is he wrong? 1832 01:48:57,100 --> 01:48:58,100 No. -No? 1833 01:48:58,553 --> 01:48:59,538 No. 1834 01:49:00,260 --> 01:49:01,442 So we're about to fire a dud? 1835 01:49:02,340 --> 01:49:03,609 No. -Explain! 1836 01:49:03,898 --> 01:49:05,192 Well, I can't. I just, I... 1837 01:49:05,370 --> 01:49:07,909 I just know, I know the implosion lenses will work. 1838 01:49:07,942 --> 01:49:10,525 If we fire these detonators and they don't trigger a reaction, 1839 01:49:10,567 --> 01:49:13,817 two years' worth of plutonium will be scattered across White Sands. 1840 01:49:13,984 --> 01:49:16,692 A month of my salary against ten bucks says it lights. 1841 01:49:17,817 --> 01:49:18,817 Oh, Jesus! 1842 01:49:25,775 --> 01:49:28,981 The wind's pickin' up at zero, not the rain. Lightning's circling. 1843 01:49:29,256 --> 01:49:31,569 Think it might be time to tell your men to get away 1844 01:49:31,593 --> 01:49:33,609 from the steel tower with the atomic bomb? 1845 01:49:37,359 --> 01:49:38,870 Let's get to South Observation. 1846 01:49:38,948 --> 01:49:40,942 Pull 'em out, and we can make our determination there. 1847 01:49:47,025 --> 01:49:48,900 The team hasn't slept in two nights! 1848 01:49:49,317 --> 01:49:52,567 If we stand down and make the bomb safe, we won't be back here for weeks! 1849 01:49:52,641 --> 01:49:53,900 And we'll miss Potsdam! 1850 01:49:54,275 --> 01:49:57,442 I gotta get word to Truman by seven, our window's closing. 1851 01:49:57,531 --> 01:49:59,817 What is this doing? -Raining, blowing, lightning. 1852 01:49:59,859 --> 01:50:01,961 For how long, damnit? -Holdin' strong! 1853 01:50:02,055 --> 01:50:03,317 It'll break before dawn. 1854 01:50:03,692 --> 01:50:05,275 How could you know that? -I know this desert. 1855 01:50:05,317 --> 01:50:07,984 Storm cools overnight. Just before dawn, storm breaks. 1856 01:50:08,275 --> 01:50:09,289 You could be right, 1857 01:50:09,313 --> 01:50:11,531 but schedule as late as possible. -Five-thirty. 1858 01:50:12,275 --> 01:50:14,775 Sign your forecast. If you're wrong, I'll hang you. 1859 01:50:14,900 --> 01:50:17,859 Tell 'em all. Five-thirty. -Five-thirty, five-thirty! 1860 01:50:20,650 --> 01:50:25,359 Three years, 4,000 people, two billion dollars. 1861 01:50:25,609 --> 01:50:27,025 Well, if it doesn't go off, 1862 01:50:28,109 --> 01:50:29,150 we're both finished. 1863 01:50:32,192 --> 01:50:33,859 I'm betting on three kilotons. 1864 01:50:35,067 --> 01:50:36,734 Anything less, they won't get what it is. 1865 01:50:37,692 --> 01:50:41,185 Now, what did Fermi mean by, uh, atmospheric ignition? 1866 01:50:41,400 --> 01:50:43,817 Well, we had a moment where it looked like the chain reaction 1867 01:50:43,859 --> 01:50:46,150 from an atomic device might never stop. 1868 01:50:47,400 --> 01:50:48,825 Setting fire to the atmosphere. 1869 01:50:49,275 --> 01:50:51,817 Why's Fermi still taking side bets on it? 1870 01:50:52,609 --> 01:50:54,161 Call it gallows humor. 1871 01:50:57,192 --> 01:51:01,686 Wait, are we saying there's a chance that when we push that button, 1872 01:51:02,192 --> 01:51:03,359 we destroy the world? 1873 01:51:03,609 --> 01:51:06,442 Nothing in our research over three years supports that conclusion, 1874 01:51:07,275 --> 01:51:10,025 except as the most remote possibility. 1875 01:51:10,984 --> 01:51:13,067 How remote? -Chances are near-zero. 1876 01:51:14,650 --> 01:51:15,651 Near-zero? 1877 01:51:16,900 --> 01:51:18,400 What do you want from theory alone? 1878 01:51:20,984 --> 01:51:22,734 Zero would be nice. 1879 01:51:26,359 --> 01:51:28,942 In exactly one hour... 1880 01:51:29,317 --> 01:51:32,109 and 58 minutes, we'll know. 1881 01:51:39,067 --> 01:51:40,068 It's letting up. 1882 01:51:53,150 --> 01:51:55,317 The arming party's left zero, they're heading this way. 1883 01:51:55,359 --> 01:51:56,359 Throw on your switches. 1884 01:51:56,567 --> 01:51:59,275 Turn the cars! Ready for emergency evacuation. 1885 01:52:17,900 --> 01:52:20,275 ...welder's glass. Everybody take their places. 1886 01:52:21,150 --> 01:52:22,942 Everybody take a welder's glass! 1887 01:52:24,817 --> 01:52:26,359 Everybody take a welder's glass! 1888 01:53:18,067 --> 01:53:19,070 20 minutes. 1889 01:53:23,400 --> 01:53:24,401 20 minutes! 1890 01:53:35,734 --> 01:53:36,734 That's 20! 1891 01:53:40,442 --> 01:53:41,442 On the leg, please. 1892 01:53:43,075 --> 01:53:44,650 Feynman? -No. 1893 01:53:45,567 --> 01:53:47,525 The glass stops the UV. 1894 01:53:48,025 --> 01:53:49,150 What stops the glass? 1895 01:53:51,109 --> 01:53:52,110 I'm heading to base camp. 1896 01:53:52,505 --> 01:53:53,505 Best of luck. 1897 01:53:54,525 --> 01:53:55,528 Robert? 1898 01:53:57,025 --> 01:53:58,109 Try not to blow up the world. 1899 01:54:10,567 --> 01:54:13,072 Watch that needle. If the detonators don't charge, 1900 01:54:13,189 --> 01:54:14,900 and the voltage drops below one volt, 1901 01:54:15,067 --> 01:54:17,484 you hit that button, you abort. Understood? 1902 01:54:18,306 --> 01:54:19,306 Understood. 1903 01:54:26,900 --> 01:54:28,768 Two minutes to detonation. 1904 01:54:29,244 --> 01:54:30,244 Everybody down! 1905 01:54:31,359 --> 01:54:34,067 Do not turn around until you see light reflected on the hills. 1906 01:54:35,484 --> 01:54:38,234 Then look at the explosion only through your welder's glass. 1907 01:54:38,275 --> 01:54:40,817 90 seconds to detonation. 1908 01:54:42,609 --> 01:54:44,942 80 seconds to detonation. 1909 01:54:45,859 --> 01:54:47,093 Is it rubbed in? 1910 01:54:47,900 --> 01:54:48,918 Yeah. 1911 01:54:55,567 --> 01:54:58,234 60 seconds to detonation. 1912 01:55:13,150 --> 01:55:14,900 These things are hard on your heart. 1913 01:55:15,525 --> 01:55:16,525 30 seconds. 1914 01:55:22,275 --> 01:55:23,317 Detonators charged! 1915 01:55:33,900 --> 01:55:35,110 17. 1916 01:55:35,197 --> 01:55:36,423 16. 1917 01:55:36,931 --> 01:55:38,141 15. 1918 01:55:38,525 --> 01:55:39,525 14. 1919 01:55:40,510 --> 01:55:41,526 13. 1920 01:55:42,234 --> 01:55:43,236 12. 1921 01:55:43,734 --> 01:55:44,737 11. 1922 01:55:45,635 --> 01:55:46,654 Ten. 1923 01:55:47,817 --> 01:55:48,823 Nine. 1924 01:55:49,775 --> 01:55:50,769 Eight. 1925 01:55:52,025 --> 01:55:53,034 Seven. 1926 01:55:54,525 --> 01:55:55,545 Six. 1927 01:55:57,442 --> 01:55:58,454 Five. 1928 01:56:00,067 --> 01:56:01,067 Four. 1929 01:56:02,609 --> 01:56:03,609 Three. 1930 01:56:05,150 --> 01:56:06,150 Two. 1931 01:56:07,442 --> 01:56:08,234 One. 1932 01:57:41,484 --> 01:57:43,765 "And now I am become Death... 1933 01:57:46,154 --> 01:57:47,609 "the destroyer of worlds." 1934 01:58:21,317 --> 01:58:22,317 It worked. 1935 01:58:58,092 --> 01:58:59,277 You owe me ten dollars! 1936 01:59:02,068 --> 01:59:04,775 Come on! -I... I'm good for it, Kisti. 1937 01:59:05,883 --> 01:59:06,883 You are! 1938 01:59:07,813 --> 01:59:08,903 Yes, you are! 1939 01:59:46,633 --> 01:59:48,091 Get me Potsdam right away. 1940 01:59:59,900 --> 02:00:00,966 Get a message to Kitty. 1941 02:00:01,591 --> 02:00:03,758 We can't say anything. -Tell her to take in the sheets. 1942 02:00:19,618 --> 02:00:21,258 Hello? -Hi, Kitty? 1943 02:00:21,299 --> 02:00:24,383 What? What? Charlotte? Charlotte, go ahead. Go ahead. 1944 02:00:24,466 --> 02:00:26,049 Oh, um, well, I don't know, 1945 02:00:26,091 --> 02:00:28,549 he just said to tell you to bring in the sheets. 1946 02:00:31,758 --> 02:00:32,760 Kitty? 1947 02:00:34,383 --> 02:00:36,591 Kitty? Kitty, are you still there? 1948 02:00:44,008 --> 02:00:47,133 If they detonate it too high in the air, the blast won't be as powerful. 1949 02:00:47,549 --> 02:00:50,758 With respect, Dr. Oppenheimer, we'll take it from here. 1950 02:01:01,633 --> 02:01:03,764 Did Truman brief Stalin at Potsdam? 1951 02:01:04,716 --> 02:01:07,091 "Brief" would be an overstatement. 1952 02:01:07,133 --> 02:01:10,716 He referred to a powerful new weapon. 1953 02:01:11,424 --> 02:01:16,091 Stalin... hoped we'd use it against Japan. 1954 02:01:17,633 --> 02:01:18,633 That's it? 1955 02:01:19,216 --> 02:01:22,424 Robert, we've given them an ace. It's for them to play the hand. 1956 02:01:24,841 --> 02:01:25,924 You're aiming for the sixth? 1957 02:01:27,076 --> 02:01:28,841 It's up to the CO in the Pacific. 1958 02:01:30,716 --> 02:01:31,924 Should I come with you to Washington? 1959 02:01:34,133 --> 02:01:35,133 What for? 1960 02:01:37,618 --> 02:01:38,799 Well, you keep me informed. 1961 02:01:40,649 --> 02:01:41,649 Of course. 1962 02:01:43,924 --> 02:01:44,925 As best I can. 1963 02:02:03,216 --> 02:02:05,633 Would the Japanese surrender if they knew what was coming? 1964 02:02:07,174 --> 02:02:08,179 I don't know. 1965 02:02:11,133 --> 02:02:12,508 Have you seen Szilard's petition? 1966 02:02:13,174 --> 02:02:15,049 How the hell does Szilard know about the Japanese? 1967 02:02:15,883 --> 02:02:16,883 You're not signing it, are you? 1968 02:02:18,008 --> 02:02:19,716 Many people have. A lot of people. 1969 02:02:20,469 --> 02:02:21,477 Edward... 1970 02:02:23,008 --> 02:02:25,799 the fact that we built this bomb does not give us any more, 1971 02:02:25,841 --> 02:02:27,466 any more right or responsibility 1972 02:02:27,591 --> 02:02:29,758 to decide how it's used than anyone else. 1973 02:02:30,133 --> 02:02:31,716 But we're the only people who know about it. 1974 02:02:32,466 --> 02:02:35,008 I've told Stimson the various opinions of the community. 1975 02:02:35,591 --> 02:02:36,590 But what's your opinion? 1976 02:02:38,133 --> 02:02:39,133 Once it's used... 1977 02:02:40,674 --> 02:02:42,341 nuclear war, perhaps... 1978 02:02:43,341 --> 02:02:44,544 all war... 1979 02:02:45,950 --> 02:02:46,966 becomes unthinkable. 1980 02:02:47,924 --> 02:02:49,633 Until somebody builds a bigger one. 1981 02:03:10,966 --> 02:03:12,133 I thought they would call. 1982 02:03:12,508 --> 02:03:13,841 It's only the fifth. 1983 02:03:16,505 --> 02:03:18,133 In Japan, it's the sixth. 1984 02:03:31,341 --> 02:03:32,337 Charlotte? 1985 02:03:34,924 --> 02:03:35,926 Try Groves. 1986 02:03:37,478 --> 02:03:38,467 Anything? 1987 02:03:40,924 --> 02:03:43,174 Charlotte? -Truman's on the radio. 1988 02:03:44,633 --> 02:03:46,549 16 hours ago, 1989 02:03:47,549 --> 02:03:49,299 an American airplane 1990 02:03:49,716 --> 02:03:52,693 dropped one bomb on Hiroshima, 1991 02:03:54,383 --> 02:03:57,270 and destroyed its usefulness to the enemy. 1992 02:03:59,549 --> 02:04:01,633 The bomb has more power 1993 02:04:02,091 --> 02:04:05,133 than 20,000 tons of TNT. 1994 02:04:07,633 --> 02:04:09,341 It is an atomic bomb. 1995 02:04:12,258 --> 02:04:16,591 It is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe. 1996 02:04:19,383 --> 02:04:20,386 Groves on one. 1997 02:04:26,591 --> 02:04:27,588 General? 1998 02:04:27,633 --> 02:04:29,799 I'm very proud of you, and all of your people. 1999 02:04:30,508 --> 02:04:31,508 It went alright? 2000 02:04:32,091 --> 02:04:34,341 Apparently it went with a tremendous bang. 2001 02:04:35,619 --> 02:04:39,424 Well, everyone here is feeling reasonably good about it. 2002 02:04:41,209 --> 02:04:42,424 It's been a long road. 2003 02:04:42,883 --> 02:04:45,049 I think one of the wisest things I ever did 2004 02:04:45,091 --> 02:04:47,591 was when I selected the director of Los Alamos. 2005 02:04:51,008 --> 02:04:54,633 We have spent more than two billion dollars 2006 02:04:55,133 --> 02:04:58,633 on the greatest scientific gamble in history, 2007 02:04:59,508 --> 02:05:00,966 and we have won. 2008 02:05:06,883 --> 02:05:09,591 Oppie! Oppie! Oppie! 2009 02:06:29,508 --> 02:06:30,508 The world... 2010 02:06:32,549 --> 02:06:33,633 will remember this day. 2011 02:06:52,966 --> 02:06:54,216 It's too soon to... 2012 02:06:55,216 --> 02:06:56,799 It's too soon to determine 2013 02:06:57,174 --> 02:06:58,883 what the results of the bombing are. 2014 02:07:02,383 --> 02:07:03,924 But I'll bet the Japanese didn't like it. 2015 02:07:24,799 --> 02:07:25,800 I'm so proud. 2016 02:07:27,466 --> 02:07:29,216 So proud of what you have accomplished. 2017 02:07:37,133 --> 02:07:39,758 I just wish we had it in time to use against the Germans. 2018 02:09:29,508 --> 02:09:30,492 Dr. Oppenheimer? 2019 02:09:31,924 --> 02:09:32,908 Dr. Oppenheimer? 2020 02:09:34,216 --> 02:09:35,206 Nice picture. 2021 02:09:36,049 --> 02:09:37,174 President Truman will see you now. 2022 02:09:52,049 --> 02:09:54,799 Dr. Oppenheimer, it's an honor. 2023 02:09:54,841 --> 02:09:56,500 Mr. President. -Please. 2024 02:09:56,841 --> 02:09:57,860 Thank you. 2025 02:09:58,508 --> 02:09:59,633 Secretary Byrnes. 2026 02:10:02,424 --> 02:10:05,216 How's it feel to be the most famous man in the world? 2027 02:10:06,341 --> 02:10:08,966 You helped save a lot of American lives. 2028 02:10:09,630 --> 02:10:13,575 What we did at Hiroshima was... -And Nagasaki. 2029 02:10:14,758 --> 02:10:16,138 Obviously. 2030 02:10:16,924 --> 02:10:19,966 Your invention let us bring our boys home. 2031 02:10:20,008 --> 02:10:23,107 Well, it was hardly... my invention. 2032 02:10:23,508 --> 02:10:25,424 It was you on the cover of Time. 2033 02:10:28,466 --> 02:10:31,966 Jim tells me you're concerned about an arms race with the Soviets. 2034 02:10:32,258 --> 02:10:33,299 Ah, yes, ah... 2035 02:10:34,966 --> 02:10:35,951 Well, um... 2036 02:10:36,424 --> 02:10:40,299 it's that, uh, now is our chance to secure... 2037 02:10:41,674 --> 02:10:44,466 international cooperation on atomic energy, 2038 02:10:44,508 --> 02:10:46,758 and-and-and I'm concerned... 2039 02:10:46,799 --> 02:10:49,596 Do you know when the Soviets are gonna have the bomb? 2040 02:10:50,049 --> 02:10:51,549 I don't think I could give a... 2041 02:10:51,674 --> 02:10:52,674 Never! 2042 02:10:53,924 --> 02:10:54,924 Never. 2043 02:10:55,549 --> 02:10:58,799 Mr. President, the Russians have good physicists, 2044 02:10:58,841 --> 02:11:01,466 and, and abundant resources... -Abundant? 2045 02:11:01,549 --> 02:11:02,550 Yes. 2046 02:11:03,081 --> 02:11:04,799 I don't think so. 2047 02:11:05,299 --> 02:11:08,508 Well, they'll put everything they have in... 2048 02:11:12,591 --> 02:11:16,049 I hear you're leaving Los Alamos. 2049 02:11:17,466 --> 02:11:18,727 What should we do with it? 2050 02:11:19,091 --> 02:11:20,424 Give it back to the Indians. 2051 02:11:28,674 --> 02:11:31,049 Um, Dr. Oppenheimer... 2052 02:11:32,049 --> 02:11:34,508 if what you say about the Soviets is true, 2053 02:11:35,216 --> 02:11:39,091 we have to build up Los Alamos, not shut it down. 2054 02:11:42,924 --> 02:11:44,091 Mr. President... 2055 02:11:45,841 --> 02:11:46,841 Umm... 2056 02:11:50,008 --> 02:11:53,424 I feel that I have blood on my hands. 2057 02:12:13,424 --> 02:12:16,424 You think anyone in Hiroshima, or... 2058 02:12:17,492 --> 02:12:21,424 Nagasaki, gives a shit who built the bomb? 2059 02:12:25,258 --> 02:12:26,883 They care who dropped it. 2060 02:12:28,258 --> 02:12:29,259 I did. 2061 02:12:32,091 --> 02:12:34,049 Hiroshima isn't about you. 2062 02:12:40,841 --> 02:12:42,133 Dr. Oppenheimer. 2063 02:12:53,841 --> 02:12:56,049 Don't let that crybaby back in here! 2064 02:13:01,717 --> 02:13:04,591 Robert saw that hand-wringing got him nowhere. 2065 02:13:05,633 --> 02:13:07,883 By the time I met him, he'd fully embraced 2066 02:13:07,924 --> 02:13:09,841 his "Father of the Bomb" reputation. 2067 02:13:10,758 --> 02:13:13,299 And used his profile to influence policy. 2068 02:13:22,466 --> 02:13:23,883 Doctor, in the years following the war, 2069 02:13:23,924 --> 02:13:26,174 would you say that you exerted a great influence 2070 02:13:26,216 --> 02:13:28,049 on the atomic policies of the USA? 2071 02:13:28,091 --> 02:13:30,258 I think "great" would be an overstatement. 2072 02:13:30,466 --> 02:13:32,674 Really? I mean, look at the issue of isotopes. 2073 02:13:32,716 --> 02:13:36,299 Were you not personally responsible for destroying all opposition to their export? 2074 02:13:36,521 --> 02:13:38,341 ...could use a bottle of beer 2075 02:13:38,966 --> 02:13:40,884 in making atomic weapons. In fact, you do. 2076 02:13:41,299 --> 02:13:45,049 I was the spokesman, but the opinion among scientists was unanimous. 2077 02:13:45,341 --> 02:13:48,383 All along, with McCarthy on the rise, he knew he was vulnerable. 2078 02:13:49,150 --> 02:13:52,633 His brother was blacklisted by every university in the country. 2079 02:13:54,299 --> 02:13:57,008 Lomanitz wound up working the railroad, laying track. 2080 02:13:59,174 --> 02:14:01,174 Chevalier went into exile. 2081 02:14:03,466 --> 02:14:05,966 But none of that stopped Robert 2082 02:14:06,008 --> 02:14:08,688 from pushing the GAC to recommend arms control, 2083 02:14:08,712 --> 02:14:09,716 instead of the H-Bomb. 2084 02:14:12,008 --> 02:14:15,133 He was devastated when Truman rejected their recommendation. 2085 02:14:17,424 --> 02:14:19,091 I miss Richard more than I can bear. 2086 02:14:19,424 --> 02:14:20,883 I know, Ruth. I know. 2087 02:14:21,320 --> 02:14:24,216 I'm just glad he didn't live to see where this has all gone. 2088 02:14:27,383 --> 02:14:30,091 Here comes the birthday boy, to gloat... 2089 02:14:30,550 --> 02:14:31,535 Have fun. 2090 02:14:33,050 --> 02:14:34,966 Robert, my son and his fiancée 2091 02:14:35,008 --> 02:14:37,508 are desperate to meet the father of the atomic bomb, so... 2092 02:14:37,532 --> 02:14:38,524 Hello. 2093 02:14:46,758 --> 02:14:47,760 Is this a bad time? 2094 02:14:48,758 --> 02:14:49,802 What do you think, Lewis? 2095 02:14:50,425 --> 02:14:52,008 Well, I think it must have been a blow for you. 2096 02:14:52,675 --> 02:14:53,676 For the world. 2097 02:14:55,300 --> 02:14:58,050 The world? What does Fuchs mean to the rest of the world? 2098 02:14:59,966 --> 02:15:00,993 Fuchs? 2099 02:15:01,423 --> 02:15:02,424 Klaus Fuchs? 2100 02:15:04,433 --> 02:15:06,550 Oh dear. You haven't heard. 2101 02:15:09,883 --> 02:15:11,800 Klaus Fuchs, the British scientist 2102 02:15:11,841 --> 02:15:14,425 that you put onto the implosion team at Los Alamos. 2103 02:15:15,550 --> 02:15:16,675 Turns out he was... 2104 02:15:17,269 --> 02:15:19,550 He was spying for the Soviets the whole time. 2105 02:15:20,110 --> 02:15:21,100 I'm sorry. 2106 02:15:27,008 --> 02:15:29,532 After the truth about Fuchs came out, 2107 02:15:29,800 --> 02:15:31,841 the FBI stepped up surveillance on him. 2108 02:15:32,050 --> 02:15:33,550 He knew his phone was tapped. 2109 02:15:34,716 --> 02:15:35,800 He was followed everywhere. 2110 02:15:36,925 --> 02:15:38,050 His trash picked through. 2111 02:15:42,091 --> 02:15:44,175 But he never stopped speaking his mind. 2112 02:15:44,716 --> 02:15:45,883 A man of conviction. 2113 02:15:46,466 --> 02:15:49,175 And maybe he thought fame could actually protect him. 2114 02:15:51,550 --> 02:15:53,883 When Eisenhower took office, he saw one more chance. 2115 02:15:56,133 --> 02:15:57,050 He took it. 2116 02:15:57,092 --> 02:16:00,258 America and Russia may be likened... 2117 02:16:01,633 --> 02:16:03,633 to two scorpions in a bottle. 2118 02:16:03,869 --> 02:16:07,091 Each capable of killing the other, 2119 02:16:07,300 --> 02:16:10,058 but only at the risk of his own life. 2120 02:16:10,758 --> 02:16:12,800 Now, there are various aspects of this policy... 2121 02:16:12,841 --> 02:16:17,216 A lot of scientists blame me, but how was I supposed to protect him? 2122 02:16:17,258 --> 02:16:19,300 ...are too secret for discussion. 2123 02:16:19,508 --> 02:16:21,341 Candor is the only remedy. 2124 02:16:21,550 --> 02:16:25,175 Officials in Washington need to start leveling with the American people. 2125 02:16:26,800 --> 02:16:29,008 That was the last straw for Robert's enemies. 2126 02:16:29,050 --> 02:16:31,673 So he had to lose his security clearance. 2127 02:16:31,841 --> 02:16:34,050 And with it, his credibility. 2128 02:16:34,591 --> 02:16:36,216 But how could they do it? 2129 02:16:36,758 --> 02:16:38,008 He was a war hero. 2130 02:16:38,050 --> 02:16:40,091 He'd already told everyone about his past. 2131 02:16:40,133 --> 02:16:41,794 Borden dredged it all up. 2132 02:16:42,133 --> 02:16:45,425 How could Borden get access to Oppenheimer's FBI file? 2133 02:16:45,466 --> 02:16:46,466 Could it have been Nichols? 2134 02:16:46,800 --> 02:16:48,341 No, I can't imagine he'd do that. 2135 02:16:49,216 --> 02:16:52,925 Whoever did unleashed a firestorm that burned a path in the White House, 2136 02:16:53,300 --> 02:16:55,300 right to my desk at the AEC. 2137 02:16:56,258 --> 02:16:57,675 You seen 'em in there, right? 2138 02:16:58,466 --> 02:17:00,849 I've worked my whole life to get here. 2139 02:17:01,716 --> 02:17:03,841 The cabinet of the United States of America, 2140 02:17:03,883 --> 02:17:05,591 and now, in front of the entire country, 2141 02:17:05,966 --> 02:17:07,466 they want to put me back in my place. 2142 02:17:09,341 --> 02:17:10,758 A lowly shoe salesman. 2143 02:17:11,787 --> 02:17:13,633 Lewis, we can win this thing. 2144 02:17:13,925 --> 02:17:15,925 I think we can get the Senate to grasp 2145 02:17:15,966 --> 02:17:18,216 that you did your duty, painful though it was. 2146 02:17:18,425 --> 02:17:21,341 Now, will Hill's testimony back us up? -Hill will be fine. 2147 02:17:21,383 --> 02:17:24,716 I don't really know him, but he was one of Szilard's boys in Chicago. 2148 02:17:24,758 --> 02:17:26,457 And they'd never forgave Robert for not 2149 02:17:26,481 --> 02:17:28,716 supporting the petition against bombing Japan. 2150 02:17:30,008 --> 02:17:33,008 This was taken 31 days after the bombing. 2151 02:17:34,341 --> 02:17:38,508 Virtually everyone in the streets, for nearly a mile around, 2152 02:17:39,341 --> 02:17:40,925 was instantly and seriously... 2153 02:17:41,758 --> 02:17:42,746 burned. 2154 02:17:43,758 --> 02:17:47,117 The Japanese spoke of people who 2155 02:17:47,341 --> 02:17:51,091 wore striped clothing, upon whom the skin was burned in stripes. 2156 02:17:52,383 --> 02:17:54,305 There were many who thought themselves lucky, 2157 02:17:55,038 --> 02:17:57,258 who climbed out of the ruins of their homes, 2158 02:17:57,675 --> 02:17:58,800 only slightly injured. 2159 02:18:00,667 --> 02:18:01,675 But they died anyway. 2160 02:18:03,133 --> 02:18:05,466 They died days, or weeks later, 2161 02:18:06,390 --> 02:18:08,925 from iridium-like rays emitted in great numbers 2162 02:18:09,591 --> 02:18:11,175 at the moment of the explosion. 2163 02:18:13,050 --> 02:18:14,716 Did you read this crap in the papers? 2164 02:18:15,091 --> 02:18:16,675 A British physicist is saying 2165 02:18:16,925 --> 02:18:19,591 the atomic bombings were not the last act of World War II, 2166 02:18:19,902 --> 02:18:22,633 but the first act of this cold war with Russia. 2167 02:18:23,292 --> 02:18:24,281 Which physicist? 2168 02:18:24,633 --> 02:18:26,883 I think you knew him. Patrick Blackett. 2169 02:18:30,258 --> 02:18:33,133 He may not be wrong. Stimson is now telling me 2170 02:18:33,216 --> 02:18:36,133 we bombed an enemy that was essentially defeated. 2171 02:18:36,341 --> 02:18:38,466 Robert, you've all the influence now. 2172 02:18:39,805 --> 02:18:40,792 Please, 2173 02:18:41,508 --> 02:18:43,550 urge them to continue my research on the Super. 2174 02:18:43,883 --> 02:18:45,508 I neither can nor will, Edward. 2175 02:18:45,910 --> 02:18:46,908 Why not? 2176 02:18:47,258 --> 02:18:48,910 It's not the right use of our resources. 2177 02:18:49,425 --> 02:18:50,758 Is that what you really believe? 2178 02:18:51,741 --> 02:18:55,508 J. Robert Oppenheimer? Sphinx-like guru of the atom? 2179 02:18:57,175 --> 02:18:58,675 Nobody knows what you believe. 2180 02:18:59,883 --> 02:19:01,425 Do you? Hmm? 2181 02:19:02,300 --> 02:19:06,133 One final time, our program director, Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer. 2182 02:19:08,008 --> 02:19:09,966 I hope that in years to come, 2183 02:19:10,300 --> 02:19:12,591 you will look back on your work here with pride. 2184 02:19:13,675 --> 02:19:17,608 But today, that pride must be tempered with a profound concern. 2185 02:19:19,648 --> 02:19:23,133 If atomic weapons are to be added to the arsenals of a warring world, 2186 02:19:24,883 --> 02:19:28,716 then the day will come when people will curse the name of Los Alamos. 2187 02:19:33,175 --> 02:19:34,191 Uh, sorry, Admiral. 2188 02:19:35,091 --> 02:19:36,258 Stopped off to get this. 2189 02:19:37,383 --> 02:19:38,633 Seems pretty favorable. 2190 02:19:39,925 --> 02:19:42,008 There's Oppenheimer. What's the caption? 2191 02:19:42,136 --> 02:19:45,073 Uh, "J. Robert Oppenheimer. Strauss fought him... 2192 02:19:47,009 --> 02:19:48,091 "and the US won." 2193 02:19:49,675 --> 02:19:50,675 That'll work. 2194 02:19:51,066 --> 02:19:52,758 Those were your words from the other day. 2195 02:19:53,008 --> 02:19:54,009 We needed to pivot. 2196 02:19:54,831 --> 02:19:57,472 But how would you know what Time Magazine was gonna write? 2197 02:19:57,675 --> 02:19:59,216 Henry Luce is a friend. 2198 02:20:07,133 --> 02:20:09,341 You sat here and let me tell you how it's done, 2199 02:20:10,133 --> 02:20:11,966 but you've been far ahead all along. 2200 02:20:12,525 --> 02:20:14,508 Survival in Washington. 2201 02:20:15,425 --> 02:20:17,050 It's about knowing how to get things done. 2202 02:20:18,133 --> 02:20:19,157 Right. 2203 02:20:21,300 --> 02:20:22,591 What was it you said about Borden? 2204 02:20:23,265 --> 02:20:25,008 Why get caught holding the knife yourself? 2205 02:20:27,521 --> 02:20:30,175 I'm beginning to think Borden was holding the knife for you. 2206 02:20:33,279 --> 02:20:35,133 It's gonna come down to how much influence 2207 02:20:35,175 --> 02:20:37,091 Borden's been able to exert on Teller. 2208 02:20:38,341 --> 02:20:39,591 Did I say something funny? 2209 02:20:39,755 --> 02:20:44,175 Just "Borden, Borden, Borden", when we all know that it's Strauss. 2210 02:20:44,633 --> 02:20:46,591 Lewis brought me to Princeton, Kitty. 2211 02:20:47,258 --> 02:20:49,749 And then you humiliated him in front of Congress. 2212 02:20:49,829 --> 02:20:51,383 But more useful than a sandwich! 2213 02:20:55,383 --> 02:20:56,385 How'd I do? 2214 02:20:57,800 --> 02:20:59,216 Maybe a little too well, Robert. 2215 02:20:59,883 --> 02:21:01,028 That was six years ago. 2216 02:21:01,175 --> 02:21:04,550 You know, they're truly vindictive, patient as saints. 2217 02:21:04,841 --> 02:21:07,258 Strauss has been perfectly clear that he is neutral. 2218 02:21:08,300 --> 02:21:11,091 Wake up! It is Strauss! 2219 02:21:11,300 --> 02:21:13,216 It's always been Strauss, and you know it! 2220 02:21:14,216 --> 02:21:15,550 Why won't you fight him? 2221 02:21:19,175 --> 02:21:22,781 It wasn't Nichols, or Hoover, or one of Truman's guys. 2222 02:21:22,839 --> 02:21:23,839 It was you. 2223 02:21:24,332 --> 02:21:25,550 You gave the file to Borden. 2224 02:21:25,758 --> 02:21:27,216 You set him on Oppenheimer. 2225 02:21:27,383 --> 02:21:28,550 You convinced him... -Borden... 2226 02:21:29,966 --> 02:21:31,925 didn't take any convincing. 2227 02:21:32,342 --> 02:21:33,841 Take your time, use the entire file. 2228 02:21:34,216 --> 02:21:36,300 Write up your conclusions, send them to the FBI. 2229 02:21:36,633 --> 02:21:38,800 The material's obviously extensive, 2230 02:21:38,841 --> 02:21:40,883 but there's nothing new here. 2231 02:21:41,133 --> 02:21:42,258 Your conclusions will be. 2232 02:21:43,273 --> 02:21:44,591 And they'll have to be answered. 2233 02:21:45,466 --> 02:21:46,966 Hoover passes them to McCarthy? 2234 02:21:47,425 --> 02:21:50,008 Oppenheimer's too slippery for that self-promoting clown. 2235 02:21:50,633 --> 02:21:51,758 I've talked it over with Hoover. 2236 02:21:51,800 --> 02:21:55,216 He'll hold McCarthy at bay while you do this with the AEC. 2237 02:21:55,800 --> 02:21:57,675 Trial? -No, no trial. 2238 02:21:57,716 --> 02:22:00,216 You can't give Oppenheimer a platform. 2239 02:22:00,675 --> 02:22:01,716 You can't martyr him. 2240 02:22:02,701 --> 02:22:05,883 We need a systematic destruction of Oppenheimer's credibility, 2241 02:22:05,925 --> 02:22:09,133 so he can never again speak on matters of national security. 2242 02:22:10,341 --> 02:22:11,343 Then what? 2243 02:22:12,841 --> 02:22:15,883 A shabby little room. Far from the limelight. 2244 02:22:21,925 --> 02:22:26,050 A simple bureaucratic procedure. His Q clearance. It's up for renewal. 2245 02:22:26,425 --> 02:22:29,008 You send your accusations to the FBI... 2246 02:22:31,508 --> 02:22:34,466 Hoover sends them to the AEC. You're forced to act. 2247 02:22:35,216 --> 02:22:36,508 You write up an indictment. 2248 02:22:37,050 --> 02:22:40,300 You tell Oppenheimer his security clearance is not being renewed. 2249 02:22:41,050 --> 02:22:42,716 But offer him the chance to appeal. 2250 02:22:42,883 --> 02:22:44,966 As you can see, Robert, it's not yet signed. 2251 02:22:45,341 --> 02:22:46,841 May I keep this? -No. 2252 02:22:47,716 --> 02:22:51,216 If you do decide to appeal, they'll have to send you a copy. 2253 02:22:51,758 --> 02:22:56,300 When he appeals, and trust me, he will, I appoint a board. 2254 02:22:57,300 --> 02:22:59,050 They will, of course, have counsel. 2255 02:23:00,008 --> 02:23:01,591 Prosecutor? -In all but name. 2256 02:23:01,800 --> 02:23:03,758 Who? -Roger Robb. 2257 02:23:03,800 --> 02:23:04,798 Ouch. 2258 02:23:04,841 --> 02:23:08,091 Robb will have security clearance to examine Oppenheimer's file. 2259 02:23:08,216 --> 02:23:10,758 As will the Gray Board. Defense counsel will not. 2260 02:23:12,466 --> 02:23:13,466 A closed hearing. 2261 02:23:13,716 --> 02:23:17,800 The so-called interrogatory information in your indictment of me... 2262 02:23:17,841 --> 02:23:21,466 No audience, no reporters, no burden of proof. 2263 02:23:21,966 --> 02:23:22,967 No burden of proof? 2264 02:23:24,966 --> 02:23:25,966 We're not convicting. 2265 02:23:27,133 --> 02:23:28,675 We're just denying. 2266 02:23:34,591 --> 02:23:36,508 What is it you said? 2267 02:23:37,508 --> 02:23:40,675 This is just how the game is played. 2268 02:23:41,508 --> 02:23:42,925 Well, forgive my naivete. 2269 02:23:43,841 --> 02:23:47,341 Amateurs seek the sun, get eaten. 2270 02:23:48,883 --> 02:23:51,925 Power stays in the shadows. 2271 02:23:52,216 --> 02:23:55,133 But, sir, you're... you're out of the shadows now. 2272 02:23:55,175 --> 02:23:56,966 Yeah, that's why this has to work. 2273 02:23:57,133 --> 02:23:58,119 Well... 2274 02:24:00,061 --> 02:24:01,758 Teller's testifying this morning. 2275 02:24:02,008 --> 02:24:03,258 That'll help. And then... 2276 02:24:04,647 --> 02:24:05,947 Hill is in the afternoon. 2277 02:24:05,972 --> 02:24:07,216 Hill is gonna help us too. 2278 02:24:10,591 --> 02:24:12,925 As you can see, Robert, it's not yet signed. 2279 02:24:13,841 --> 02:24:15,133 May I keep this? -No. 2280 02:24:17,966 --> 02:24:22,383 If you do decide to appeal, then they'll have to send you a copy. 2281 02:24:26,425 --> 02:24:28,341 Take my car and driver, I insist. 2282 02:24:33,300 --> 02:24:35,175 I'll have to consult my lawyers, Lewis. 2283 02:24:35,383 --> 02:24:38,050 Of course. But don't take too long. 2284 02:24:38,216 --> 02:24:39,716 I can't keep Nichols at bay. 2285 02:24:46,383 --> 02:24:48,193 I'm sorry it's come to this, Robert. 2286 02:24:48,758 --> 02:24:49,759 I think it's wrong. 2287 02:25:03,258 --> 02:25:06,216 Nichols wants me to fight, so he can get it all on the record. 2288 02:25:06,797 --> 02:25:08,175 Strauss wants me to walk away. 2289 02:25:08,617 --> 02:25:13,071 Strauss knows that you can't do that. You'd be accepting the charges. 2290 02:25:13,967 --> 02:25:15,175 You'll lose your job. 2291 02:25:15,508 --> 02:25:18,258 You will lose your reputation. We'll lose our house. 2292 02:25:18,550 --> 02:25:19,800 Robert, we have to fight. 2293 02:25:23,300 --> 02:25:25,341 As AEC counsel, I can't represent you. 2294 02:25:25,925 --> 02:25:27,050 I'll call Lloyd Garrison. 2295 02:25:27,675 --> 02:25:28,676 Oh, he's good. 2296 02:25:28,925 --> 02:25:31,925 The best, but I have to warn you. 2297 02:25:33,716 --> 02:25:34,925 This won't be a fair fight. 2298 02:25:35,800 --> 02:25:39,758 During your interview with Boris Pash in 1943, did you refer to microfilm? 2299 02:25:40,008 --> 02:25:43,216 No. -Tab 11, page one, paragraph three. 2300 02:25:43,258 --> 02:25:46,675 You never said, "man of the consulate, expert in the use of microfilm"? 2301 02:25:46,716 --> 02:25:47,716 I'm sorry, I'm sorry... -No. 2302 02:25:47,758 --> 02:25:50,133 I would like to know what document Mr. Robb is quoting from, 2303 02:25:50,175 --> 02:25:51,616 and if we might be furnished with a copy. 2304 02:25:52,008 --> 02:25:53,841 The document is classified, Mr. Garrison. 2305 02:25:54,008 --> 02:25:56,258 I think we should get back to firsthand information. 2306 02:25:56,300 --> 02:25:57,300 This is firsthand. 2307 02:25:57,758 --> 02:25:58,772 How so, Roger? 2308 02:26:00,925 --> 02:26:02,258 There was a recording of the interview. 2309 02:26:07,341 --> 02:26:10,175 You let my client sit here and potentially perjure himself, 2310 02:26:10,216 --> 02:26:12,383 and all this time, you had a recording? 2311 02:26:12,633 --> 02:26:15,466 Nobody told your client to misrepresent his former answers. 2312 02:26:15,508 --> 02:26:17,216 Misrepresent? It was 12 years ago! 2313 02:26:17,800 --> 02:26:18,817 Can we hear this recording? 2314 02:26:19,050 --> 02:26:20,302 You don't have the clearance, Mr. Garrison. 2315 02:26:20,349 --> 02:26:22,175 But you're reading it into the record! 2316 02:26:22,591 --> 02:26:26,883 Please, please. Is this proceeding interested in entrapment or in truth? 2317 02:26:27,383 --> 02:26:31,341 If it's truth, where's the disclosure? Where's the witness list? 2318 02:26:31,383 --> 02:26:34,216 Mr. Garrison, this isn't a trial, as you are well aware. 2319 02:26:34,258 --> 02:26:38,091 Evidentiary rules do not apply. We are dealing with national security. 2320 02:26:38,216 --> 02:26:39,425 Yes, sir, with all due respect, 2321 02:26:39,466 --> 02:26:43,675 I fail to see how national security prevents the prosecution from 2322 02:26:43,716 --> 02:26:45,883 providing us with a list of witnesses! -Perhaps we are in need 2323 02:26:45,925 --> 02:26:48,216 of a brief recess. -Gentlemen. You have my words. 2324 02:26:48,258 --> 02:26:51,091 If you say they're from a transcript, then I'll accept it. 2325 02:26:51,133 --> 02:26:53,841 I've already explained I made up a cock-and-bull story. 2326 02:26:54,008 --> 02:26:57,050 And why would anyone make up such an elaborate story? 2327 02:26:57,091 --> 02:26:58,300 Because I was an idiot. 2328 02:26:59,550 --> 02:27:00,551 Why lie? 2329 02:27:00,716 --> 02:27:04,872 Well, clearly with the intention of not revealing who the intermediary was. 2330 02:27:05,008 --> 02:27:07,341 Your friend, Haakon Chevalier, the communist. 2331 02:27:07,966 --> 02:27:08,970 Is he still your friend? 2332 02:27:09,883 --> 02:27:10,893 Yes. 2333 02:27:14,300 --> 02:27:16,008 Dr. Rabi, thank you for coming. 2334 02:27:16,419 --> 02:27:18,216 You know who else the prosecution has called? 2335 02:27:18,466 --> 02:27:22,466 Teller, obviously. They've asked Lawrence. 2336 02:27:22,883 --> 02:27:25,133 What did he say? -He wasn't going to help them, 2337 02:27:25,800 --> 02:27:26,883 but... -But? 2338 02:27:27,747 --> 02:27:32,008 Strauss told him that you and Ruth Tolman had been having an affair for years. 2339 02:27:32,341 --> 02:27:34,175 The whole time you lived with them in Pasadena. 2340 02:27:35,050 --> 02:27:38,175 He convinced Lawrence that Richard died of a broken heart. 2341 02:27:38,216 --> 02:27:40,086 That's absurd. -What part? 2342 02:27:40,175 --> 02:27:43,216 A broken heart. Richard never found out. 2343 02:27:44,425 --> 02:27:45,633 Is Lawrence gonna testify? 2344 02:27:46,216 --> 02:27:47,219 I don't know. 2345 02:27:48,091 --> 02:27:52,175 Dr. Rabi, what governmental positions do you currently hold? 2346 02:27:52,716 --> 02:27:55,633 I am the chairman of the general advisory committee 2347 02:27:55,675 --> 02:27:57,966 to the AEC, succeeding Dr. Oppenheimer. 2348 02:27:58,550 --> 02:28:00,466 And how long have you known Dr. Oppenheimer? 2349 02:28:01,466 --> 02:28:05,300 Since 1928. I... I know him quite well. 2350 02:28:05,628 --> 02:28:09,175 Well enough to speak to the bearing of his loyalty and character? 2351 02:28:09,862 --> 02:28:13,091 Dr. Oppenheimer is a man of upstanding character. 2352 02:28:13,966 --> 02:28:17,383 And he is loyal to the United States, to his friends, 2353 02:28:17,841 --> 02:28:19,716 to the institutions of which he is part. 2354 02:28:21,841 --> 02:28:22,841 Eat. 2355 02:28:42,258 --> 02:28:43,258 Who was that? 2356 02:28:43,466 --> 02:28:44,466 Nothing to worry about. 2357 02:28:48,133 --> 02:28:49,633 After the Russian A-bomb test, 2358 02:28:49,675 --> 02:28:52,091 did Dr. Lawrence come to see you about the hydrogen bomb? 2359 02:28:52,350 --> 02:28:53,883 You'd be better off asking him. 2360 02:28:54,175 --> 02:28:55,216 Well, I fully intend to. 2361 02:28:56,388 --> 02:29:00,008 Would you say that Dr. Oppenheimer was unalterably opposed to the H-bomb? 2362 02:29:00,383 --> 02:29:03,383 No, he, he thought that a fusion program 2363 02:29:03,425 --> 02:29:06,216 would come at the expense of our awfully good fission program. 2364 02:29:06,300 --> 02:29:07,883 But that proved not to be the case. 2365 02:29:08,425 --> 02:29:09,883 In the event, both could be done. 2366 02:29:10,383 --> 02:29:13,008 Suppose that this board did not feel satisfied 2367 02:29:13,050 --> 02:29:16,501 that in his testimony here Dr. Oppenheimer had been wholly truthful, 2368 02:29:17,216 --> 02:29:19,091 what would you say whether or not he should be cleared? 2369 02:29:19,383 --> 02:29:21,633 Why go through all this against a man 2370 02:29:21,675 --> 02:29:23,758 who has accomplished what Dr. Oppenheimer has? 2371 02:29:23,800 --> 02:29:24,883 Look at his record. 2372 02:29:25,550 --> 02:29:27,800 We have an A-bomb, and a whole series of it. 2373 02:29:27,925 --> 02:29:30,466 We have a whole series of Super bombs. What more do you want? 2374 02:29:31,470 --> 02:29:32,470 Mermaids? 2375 02:29:33,091 --> 02:29:35,925 But I've known Secretary Strauss for many years. 2376 02:29:36,282 --> 02:29:39,425 And I feel it a necessity to express the warm support 2377 02:29:39,974 --> 02:29:42,341 for science and scientists Lewis has shown. 2378 02:29:42,591 --> 02:29:43,592 We'll break now. 2379 02:29:44,008 --> 02:29:47,966 Unless there's any immediate business. -Senator, I'd like to once again request 2380 02:29:48,466 --> 02:29:51,050 that we're furnished with a list of witnesses. 2381 02:29:51,216 --> 02:29:52,758 And I will remind the nominee 2382 02:29:52,800 --> 02:29:55,489 that we don't always have that information in advance. 2383 02:29:55,758 --> 02:29:58,133 We do know that Dr. Hill will be here after lunch. 2384 02:29:58,646 --> 02:30:01,508 Mr. Chairman, our next scheduled witness, Dr. Lawrence, 2385 02:30:01,591 --> 02:30:04,300 has apparently come down with colitis. 2386 02:30:07,675 --> 02:30:09,912 So we'll proceed with William Borden instead. 2387 02:30:10,966 --> 02:30:13,300 Mr. Borden, welcome. Please take a seat. 2388 02:30:15,133 --> 02:30:16,135 Mr. Borden, 2389 02:30:17,471 --> 02:30:20,091 during your investigation into Dr. Oppenheimer, 2390 02:30:20,133 --> 02:30:21,800 did you reach certain conclusions? 2391 02:30:22,383 --> 02:30:24,133 I did. -And did there come a time 2392 02:30:24,175 --> 02:30:27,341 when you expressed those conclusions in a letter to Mr. J. Edgar Hoover, 2393 02:30:27,508 --> 02:30:30,300 of the Federal Bureau of Investigation? -That is correct. 2394 02:30:30,341 --> 02:30:32,966 Prior to the writing of the letter, did you discuss the writing of the letter 2395 02:30:33,008 --> 02:30:35,216 with anybody attached to the Atomic Energy Commission? 2396 02:30:35,758 --> 02:30:36,883 I did not. -Excellent. 2397 02:30:36,925 --> 02:30:38,841 Do you have a copy of the letter? -I have one in front of me. 2398 02:30:38,916 --> 02:30:41,050 Would you please be so kind as to read it, sir? 2399 02:30:42,341 --> 02:30:44,758 "Dear Mr. Hoover, the purpose of this letter 2400 02:30:44,800 --> 02:30:47,133 "is to state..." -I'm sorry, I'm sorry, if I could have... 2401 02:30:47,758 --> 02:30:50,508 What is the purpose of the delay? He's simply going to read the letter. 2402 02:30:51,758 --> 02:30:54,050 Mr. Chairman, this is the first I've seen of this letter. 2403 02:30:54,508 --> 02:30:57,423 And I see statements here, at least one, 2404 02:30:57,447 --> 02:30:59,883 of a kind that I don't think anyone would like to see go into the record. 2405 02:30:59,925 --> 02:31:02,341 These are accusations that have not previously been made, 2406 02:31:02,633 --> 02:31:04,466 that are not part of the indictment from Nichols. 2407 02:31:04,508 --> 02:31:07,050 Accusations of a kind that I don't think belong here. 2408 02:31:07,091 --> 02:31:09,216 The witness wrote this letter on his own initiative, 2409 02:31:09,258 --> 02:31:11,508 laying out evidence that has already been before the board. 2410 02:31:11,716 --> 02:31:13,341 His conclusions are valid testimony, 2411 02:31:13,383 --> 02:31:16,633 just like the positive conclusions of friends of Dr. Oppenheimer. 2412 02:31:16,675 --> 02:31:17,800 It cuts both ways. 2413 02:31:18,300 --> 02:31:20,550 How long has counsel been in possession of this letter? 2414 02:31:20,706 --> 02:31:24,133 I don't think I should be subject to cross-examination by you, Mr. Garrison. 2415 02:31:24,175 --> 02:31:27,300 Mr. Garrison, given that we on the board have all read the letter, 2416 02:31:27,341 --> 02:31:29,008 wouldn't it be better to have it in the record? 2417 02:31:30,466 --> 02:31:31,467 Let's proceed. 2418 02:31:33,591 --> 02:31:34,633 "Dear Mr. Hoover, 2419 02:31:35,591 --> 02:31:38,008 "the purpose of this letter is to state my opinion, 2420 02:31:38,398 --> 02:31:41,851 "based upon years of study of the available classified evidence, 2421 02:31:42,675 --> 02:31:44,341 "that, more probably than not, 2422 02:31:44,758 --> 02:31:48,716 "J. Robert Oppenheimer is an agent of the Soviet Union. 2423 02:31:49,577 --> 02:31:51,716 "The following conclusions are justified. 2424 02:31:52,133 --> 02:31:56,508 "One, between 1929 and 1942, more probably than not, 2425 02:31:56,656 --> 02:32:00,175 "J. Robert Oppenheimer was a sufficiently hardened communist 2426 02:32:00,383 --> 02:32:02,633 "that he volunteered information to the Soviets. 2427 02:32:03,050 --> 02:32:05,258 "Two, more probably than not, 2428 02:32:05,300 --> 02:32:08,716 "he has since been functioning as an espionage agent. 2429 02:32:09,675 --> 02:32:10,659 "Three. 2430 02:32:10,966 --> 02:32:14,925 "More probably than not, he has since acted under a Soviet directive 2431 02:32:14,966 --> 02:32:17,758 "in influencing United States military policy." 2432 02:32:17,809 --> 02:32:20,091 I'm sorry, Robert. -"Atomic energy, intelligence and..." 2433 02:32:20,216 --> 02:32:24,591 Is anyone ever going to tell the truth about what's happening here? 2434 02:32:25,050 --> 02:32:27,841 We will now hear from Dr. David Hill. 2435 02:32:38,216 --> 02:32:41,050 Dr. Hill, would you care to make a statement? 2436 02:32:43,300 --> 02:32:44,314 Thank you. 2437 02:32:44,571 --> 02:32:48,258 I've been asked to testify about Lewis Strauss, 2438 02:32:48,550 --> 02:32:53,425 a man who has given years of service in high positions of government, 2439 02:32:53,591 --> 02:32:58,091 and who is known to be earnest, hard-working, and intelligent. 2440 02:32:59,800 --> 02:33:01,591 The views I have to express are my own, 2441 02:33:02,258 --> 02:33:05,508 but I believe that much I have to say will help to indicate why 2442 02:33:06,675 --> 02:33:10,550 most of the scientists in this country would prefer to see Mr. Strauss 2443 02:33:11,574 --> 02:33:13,425 completely out of government. 2444 02:33:15,410 --> 02:33:19,508 You're referring to the hostility of certain scientists, 2445 02:33:19,633 --> 02:33:23,383 directed toward Mr. Strauss, because of his commitment to security, 2446 02:33:23,425 --> 02:33:25,966 as demonstrated in the Oppenheimer affair? 2447 02:33:28,966 --> 02:33:29,982 No. 2448 02:33:30,216 --> 02:33:35,008 Because of the personal vindictiveness he demonstrated against Dr. Oppenheimer. 2449 02:33:37,050 --> 02:33:39,841 Order! Order! 2450 02:33:40,258 --> 02:33:43,466 It appears to most scientists around this country 2451 02:33:44,942 --> 02:33:47,883 that Robert Oppenheimer is now being pilloried, 2452 02:33:47,925 --> 02:33:51,966 and put through an ordeal, because he expressed his honest opinions. 2453 02:33:52,716 --> 02:33:55,883 Dr. Bush, I thought I was performing a service to my country 2454 02:33:55,925 --> 02:33:59,258 when hearing this case. -No board, in this country, 2455 02:33:59,800 --> 02:34:03,591 should sit in judgment of a man because he expressed his strong opinions. 2456 02:34:03,925 --> 02:34:06,216 If you want to try that case, you should try me. 2457 02:34:07,216 --> 02:34:09,841 Excuse me, gentlemen, if I've... become stirred. 2458 02:34:11,091 --> 02:34:12,089 But I am. 2459 02:34:12,477 --> 02:34:16,550 Dr. Hill, we've already heard that Mr. Strauss did not bring the charges, 2460 02:34:16,591 --> 02:34:19,591 or participate in the hearings against Dr. Oppenheimer. 2461 02:34:19,633 --> 02:34:21,341 The Oppenheimer matter was... 2462 02:34:22,216 --> 02:34:26,883 initiated, and carried through, largely through the animus of Lewis Strauss. 2463 02:34:28,425 --> 02:34:31,296 Oppenheimer made mincemeat out of Strauss's position 2464 02:34:31,343 --> 02:34:33,440 on the shipments of isotopes to Norway, 2465 02:34:33,503 --> 02:34:36,675 and Strauss never forgave him this public humiliation. 2466 02:34:37,591 --> 02:34:41,008 Another controversy between them centered around their differences in judgment 2467 02:34:41,050 --> 02:34:43,994 on how the H-bomb would contribute to national security. 2468 02:34:44,283 --> 02:34:47,550 Strauss turned to the personnel security system in order to 2469 02:34:47,800 --> 02:34:50,175 destroy Oppenheimer's effectiveness, 2470 02:34:50,300 --> 02:34:53,091 and Strauss was able to find a few ambitious men 2471 02:34:53,550 --> 02:34:57,175 who also disagreed with Oppenheimer's positions and envied him 2472 02:34:57,300 --> 02:34:59,300 his prestige in government circles. 2473 02:34:59,675 --> 02:35:03,550 I've always assumed, and still assume, that he is loyal to the United States. 2474 02:35:04,341 --> 02:35:06,063 I believe this, and I shall believe it, 2475 02:35:06,087 --> 02:35:08,299 until I see very conclusive proof to the opposite. 2476 02:35:08,925 --> 02:35:12,633 Do you or do you not believe that Dr. Oppenheimer is a security risk? 2477 02:35:16,550 --> 02:35:19,927 In a great number of cases, I have seen Dr. Oppenheimer act in a way 2478 02:35:19,987 --> 02:35:23,008 which was, to me, exceedingly hard to understand. 2479 02:35:23,369 --> 02:35:25,689 I thoroughly disagreed with him in numerous issues, 2480 02:35:25,925 --> 02:35:29,216 and his actions frankly appeared to me confused and complicated. 2481 02:35:29,300 --> 02:35:33,947 To this extent, I feel I want to see the vital interests of this country 2482 02:35:34,258 --> 02:35:37,925 in hands which I understand better, and therefore trust more. 2483 02:35:39,133 --> 02:35:40,408 Thank you, Doctor. -Thank you. 2484 02:35:44,661 --> 02:35:45,676 I'm sorry. 2485 02:35:48,466 --> 02:35:50,383 You shook his fucking hand!? 2486 02:35:51,675 --> 02:35:53,550 Oh, I would have spit in his face. 2487 02:35:53,591 --> 02:35:55,685 I'm not sure the Board would have appreciated that. 2488 02:35:55,800 --> 02:35:57,341 Is it not gentlemanly enough for you? 2489 02:35:57,383 --> 02:36:00,216 Well, I think you're all being too goddamn gentlemanly. 2490 02:36:00,286 --> 02:36:04,091 Gray must see what Robb is doing. Why doesn't he just shut him down? 2491 02:36:04,364 --> 02:36:06,425 And you, shaking Teller's hand. 2492 02:36:06,685 --> 02:36:09,716 You need to stop playing the martyr. 2493 02:36:10,925 --> 02:36:15,278 Under the current AEC guidelines, would you clear Dr. Oppenheimer today? 2494 02:36:21,675 --> 02:36:26,258 Under my interpretation of the Atomic Energy Act, 2495 02:36:26,300 --> 02:36:30,675 which did not exist when I hired Dr. Oppenheimer in 1942, 2496 02:36:32,216 --> 02:36:37,300 I would not clear him today if I were on the commission. 2497 02:36:37,925 --> 02:36:39,285 Good. Thank you, General. That is all. 2498 02:36:39,355 --> 02:36:41,175 But I don't think I'd clear any of those guys. 2499 02:36:41,972 --> 02:36:42,968 That's all. 2500 02:36:46,050 --> 02:36:48,816 Dr. Oppenheimer had no responsibility in the selection 2501 02:36:48,863 --> 02:36:50,753 or the clearance of Klaus Fuchs, did he? 2502 02:36:50,925 --> 02:36:52,008 No. None at all. 2503 02:36:52,300 --> 02:36:55,633 And you wouldn't want to leave this board with any suggestion today that 2504 02:36:55,807 --> 02:36:58,595 you're here questioning his basic loyalty to the United States 2505 02:36:58,619 --> 02:37:00,097 in the operation of Los Alamos? 2506 02:37:00,550 --> 02:37:04,509 By no means. I hope I didn't lead anyone to believe otherwise for an instant. 2507 02:37:05,883 --> 02:37:06,893 Thank you, General. 2508 02:37:24,550 --> 02:37:27,466 Okay. We shouldn't keep them waiting. -She'll be here. 2509 02:37:28,300 --> 02:37:29,966 Do you even want her here? 2510 02:37:30,175 --> 02:37:32,633 Only a fool or an adolescent presumes 2511 02:37:32,675 --> 02:37:36,175 to know someone else's relationship, and you're neither, Lloyd. 2512 02:37:38,966 --> 02:37:41,466 Kitty and I are grown-ups. 2513 02:37:42,758 --> 02:37:44,341 We've walked through fire together. 2514 02:37:45,341 --> 02:37:46,341 She'll do fine. 2515 02:37:47,716 --> 02:37:51,334 Would you describe your views on communism as pro, anti, neutral? 2516 02:37:51,633 --> 02:37:52,758 Very strongly against. 2517 02:37:52,800 --> 02:37:55,425 I've had nothing to do with communism in, since... 2518 02:37:55,800 --> 02:37:57,508 since 1936. Since... 2519 02:37:58,758 --> 02:38:00,175 Since before I met Robert. 2520 02:38:02,287 --> 02:38:03,303 That's all. 2521 02:38:04,550 --> 02:38:07,258 The record demonstrates that Oppenheimer was not interrogated 2522 02:38:07,300 --> 02:38:10,313 by impartial and disinterested counsel for the Gray Board. 2523 02:38:10,633 --> 02:38:12,905 He was interrogated by a prosecutor who used 2524 02:38:12,930 --> 02:38:15,466 all the tricks of a rather ingenious legal background. 2525 02:38:15,562 --> 02:38:19,800 You are charging now that the Gray Board permitted a prosecution. 2526 02:38:20,508 --> 02:38:21,675 If I were on the Gray Board, 2527 02:38:22,591 --> 02:38:24,675 I would have protested against the tactics 2528 02:38:24,716 --> 02:38:27,508 of the man who served in fact as the prosecuting counsel. 2529 02:38:27,591 --> 02:38:29,258 A man appointed not by the Board, 2530 02:38:30,649 --> 02:38:32,208 but by Lewis Strauss. 2531 02:38:34,800 --> 02:38:35,801 Who was this? 2532 02:38:37,383 --> 02:38:38,395 I'm sorry? 2533 02:38:39,133 --> 02:38:40,133 Who was this? 2534 02:38:40,675 --> 02:38:41,675 Roger Robb. 2535 02:38:42,341 --> 02:38:43,466 Mrs. Oppenheimer. 2536 02:38:48,287 --> 02:38:50,258 Did you have a Communist Party membership card? 2537 02:38:52,175 --> 02:38:54,349 I'm... I'm not sure. 2538 02:38:54,420 --> 02:38:55,592 Not sure? 2539 02:38:58,383 --> 02:38:59,373 Well... 2540 02:39:03,050 --> 02:39:04,058 Well? 2541 02:39:12,800 --> 02:39:15,383 I mean, presumably, the act of joining the party 2542 02:39:15,800 --> 02:39:18,758 required sending some money and receiving a card, no? 2543 02:39:29,091 --> 02:39:30,093 Sorry. 2544 02:39:31,216 --> 02:39:32,230 Yes. 2545 02:39:34,716 --> 02:39:38,175 It's just, it was all so very long ago, Mr. Robb, wasn't it? 2546 02:39:38,200 --> 02:39:39,747 Not really. -Long enough to have forgotten. 2547 02:39:39,786 --> 02:39:42,883 Did you return the card, or rip it up? -The card whose existence I've forgotten? 2548 02:39:42,925 --> 02:39:45,758 Your Communist Party membership card? -Haven't the slightest idea. 2549 02:39:49,091 --> 02:39:52,925 Can a distinction be made between Soviet communism and communism? 2550 02:39:53,591 --> 02:39:54,841 Well, in the days when I was a member, 2551 02:39:54,883 --> 02:39:56,800 I thought they were definitely two things. -Oh? 2552 02:39:56,883 --> 02:39:59,633 I thought that the Communist Party of the United States 2553 02:39:59,675 --> 02:40:03,258 was concerned with our domestic problems. I now no longer believe this. 2554 02:40:03,383 --> 02:40:05,841 I believe the whole thing's linked together and spread all over the world, 2555 02:40:05,883 --> 02:40:09,758 and I have believed this since I left the party 16 years ago. 2556 02:40:09,883 --> 02:40:12,258 But... -17 years ago. My mistake. 2557 02:40:12,758 --> 02:40:14,679 But you... -Sorry, 18. 2558 02:40:15,633 --> 02:40:16,780 18 years ago. 2559 02:40:18,300 --> 02:40:20,925 Are you familiar with the fact your husband was making contributions 2560 02:40:20,966 --> 02:40:23,591 to the Spanish Civil War as late as 1942? 2561 02:40:23,633 --> 02:40:25,800 I knew that Robert gave money from time to time. 2562 02:40:25,841 --> 02:40:28,466 Did you know this money was going into Communist Party channels? 2563 02:40:28,550 --> 02:40:30,425 Don't you mean through? -Pardon? 2564 02:40:30,466 --> 02:40:33,300 I think you mean through Communist Party channels, don't you? 2565 02:40:33,716 --> 02:40:34,700 Yes. -Yes? 2566 02:40:34,876 --> 02:40:36,716 Yes. -Yes. 2567 02:40:36,800 --> 02:40:40,026 Then would it be fair to say that this meant that by 1942, 2568 02:40:40,057 --> 02:40:42,841 your husband had not stopped having anything to do with the Communist Party? 2569 02:40:44,258 --> 02:40:46,925 You don't have to answer that yes or no, you can answer that any way you wish. 2570 02:40:47,050 --> 02:40:49,841 I know that, thank you. It's your question. 2571 02:40:50,785 --> 02:40:52,091 It's not properly phrased. 2572 02:40:52,133 --> 02:40:53,899 Do you understand what I'm getting at? -I do. 2573 02:40:53,924 --> 02:40:56,422 Then why don't you answer it that way? -Because I don't like your phrase, 2574 02:40:56,925 --> 02:40:58,716 "having anything to do with the Communist Party," 2575 02:40:58,758 --> 02:41:01,758 because Robert never had anything to do with the Communist Party as such. 2576 02:41:02,091 --> 02:41:04,383 I know he gave money to Spanish refugees. 2577 02:41:04,550 --> 02:41:07,675 I know he took an intellectual interest in communist ideas. 2578 02:41:07,716 --> 02:41:09,217 Are there two types of communists? 2579 02:41:09,591 --> 02:41:12,008 Intellectual communists, and your plain old regular commie? 2580 02:41:13,550 --> 02:41:15,121 Well, I couldn't answer that one. 2581 02:41:16,383 --> 02:41:17,370 I couldn't either. 2582 02:41:24,675 --> 02:41:25,659 Good evening. 2583 02:41:26,008 --> 02:41:27,341 Robert, you can't win this thing. 2584 02:41:27,550 --> 02:41:29,800 It's a kangaroo court with a predetermined outcome. 2585 02:41:29,841 --> 02:41:31,175 Why put yourself through more of it? 2586 02:41:32,216 --> 02:41:33,550 I have my reasons. 2587 02:41:35,258 --> 02:41:36,259 Alright. 2588 02:41:36,800 --> 02:41:37,820 Good night. 2589 02:41:42,508 --> 02:41:43,591 He has a point. 2590 02:41:45,133 --> 02:41:47,425 I'm not sure you understand, Albert. -No? 2591 02:41:48,621 --> 02:41:50,883 I left my country, never to return. 2592 02:41:52,148 --> 02:41:53,758 You served your country well. 2593 02:41:54,591 --> 02:41:56,966 If this is the reward she offers you, then... 2594 02:41:58,155 --> 02:42:00,175 perhaps you should turn your back on her. 2595 02:42:01,508 --> 02:42:03,258 Damn it, I happen to love this country. 2596 02:42:04,341 --> 02:42:06,050 Then tell them to go to hell. 2597 02:42:06,925 --> 02:42:10,466 Interestingly enough, this is no longer a confirmation hearing. 2598 02:42:10,770 --> 02:42:12,133 It's now a trial... 2599 02:42:12,766 --> 02:42:13,966 about a trial! 2600 02:42:14,175 --> 02:42:15,174 For god's sakes! 2601 02:42:15,591 --> 02:42:18,300 It's not good he's telling everyone you initiated the hearings. 2602 02:42:18,341 --> 02:42:20,425 He can't prove a goddamn thing. 2603 02:42:20,466 --> 02:42:23,925 He certainly can't prove that I gave the file to Borden. 2604 02:42:24,008 --> 02:42:26,550 We're not in court, sir. There's no burden of proof. 2605 02:42:27,175 --> 02:42:28,633 Right, they're not convicting. 2606 02:42:29,966 --> 02:42:31,216 They're just denying. 2607 02:42:31,841 --> 02:42:34,633 Why would Hill come here to tear me down? What's his angle? 2608 02:42:34,799 --> 02:42:36,758 Do people need a reason to do the right thing? 2609 02:42:37,300 --> 02:42:39,383 As he sees it. -I told you. 2610 02:42:39,508 --> 02:42:41,920 Oppenheimer's been poisoning the scientists against me 2611 02:42:41,944 --> 02:42:43,550 right from that first meeting. 2612 02:42:43,716 --> 02:42:46,463 I don't know what Oppenheimer said to him that day, 2613 02:42:46,518 --> 02:42:49,236 but Einstein wouldn't even meet my eye. 2614 02:42:51,133 --> 02:42:53,050 Oppenheimer knows how to manipulate his own. 2615 02:42:53,675 --> 02:42:54,716 At Los Alamos, 2616 02:42:55,258 --> 02:42:57,550 he preyed on the naivete of scientists 2617 02:42:57,591 --> 02:42:59,716 who thought they get a say in how we use their work. 2618 02:43:00,008 --> 02:43:02,175 They'll never think he was that naive himself. 2619 02:43:02,883 --> 02:43:06,008 Doctor, during your work on the hydrogen bomb, 2620 02:43:06,282 --> 02:43:08,883 were you... deterred by any moral qualms? 2621 02:43:09,866 --> 02:43:10,883 Yes, of course. 2622 02:43:11,341 --> 02:43:13,090 But you still got on with your work, didn't you? 2623 02:43:13,157 --> 02:43:15,216 Yes, because this was work of exploration, 2624 02:43:15,258 --> 02:43:17,300 it was not the preparation of a weapon. 2625 02:43:17,591 --> 02:43:19,513 You mean it was more of an academic excursion? 2626 02:43:19,560 --> 02:43:22,883 No, it is not an academic thing, whether you can build a hydrogen bomb. 2627 02:43:22,925 --> 02:43:24,133 It's a matter of life and death. 2628 02:43:24,175 --> 02:43:26,425 By 1942, you were actively pushing the development 2629 02:43:26,466 --> 02:43:27,466 of the hydrogen bomb, weren't you? 2630 02:43:27,508 --> 02:43:28,800 Pushing is not the right word. 2631 02:43:28,883 --> 02:43:30,758 Supporting it and working on it, yes. 2632 02:43:30,800 --> 02:43:33,133 So when did these moral qualms become so strong 2633 02:43:33,195 --> 02:43:36,341 that you actively opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb? 2634 02:43:36,508 --> 02:43:39,175 When it was suggested that it be the policy of the United States 2635 02:43:39,216 --> 02:43:40,841 to make these things at all costs, 2636 02:43:40,883 --> 02:43:43,175 without regard to the balance between these weapons 2637 02:43:43,341 --> 02:43:45,466 and atomic weapons as part of our arsenal. 2638 02:43:47,216 --> 02:43:49,273 What do moral qualms have to do with that? 2639 02:43:50,675 --> 02:43:52,633 What do moral qualms have to do with it? -Yes. 2640 02:43:52,716 --> 02:43:55,050 Oppenheimer wanted to own the atomic bomb. 2641 02:43:55,091 --> 02:43:56,925 He wanted to be The Man Who Moved the Earth. 2642 02:43:56,966 --> 02:44:01,200 He talks about putting the nuclear genie back in the bottle. 2643 02:44:01,508 --> 02:44:03,458 Well, I'm here to tell you that I know, 2644 02:44:03,966 --> 02:44:08,300 J. Robert Oppenheimer, if he could do it all over, he'd do it all the same. 2645 02:44:08,505 --> 02:44:11,883 You know he's never once said that he regrets Hiroshima? 2646 02:44:12,175 --> 02:44:14,216 He'd do it all over. Why? 2647 02:44:14,886 --> 02:44:19,050 Because it made him the most important man who ever lived. 2648 02:44:20,050 --> 02:44:22,714 We freely used the atomic bomb. 2649 02:44:22,758 --> 02:44:24,966 In fact, Doctor, you assisted in selecting the target 2650 02:44:25,008 --> 02:44:26,841 to drop the atomic bomb on Japan, didn't you? 2651 02:44:27,675 --> 02:44:29,202 Yes... -Well then, you knew, did you not, 2652 02:44:29,226 --> 02:44:31,675 that by dropping that atomic bomb on the target you selected, 2653 02:44:31,716 --> 02:44:34,341 that thousands of civilians would be killed or injured. Is that correct? 2654 02:44:34,967 --> 02:44:36,758 Yes, not as many as turned out. 2655 02:44:36,800 --> 02:44:39,217 Oh. Then how many were killed or injured? 2656 02:44:39,800 --> 02:44:42,253 70,000. -70,000, both Hiroshima and... 2657 02:44:42,298 --> 02:44:45,133 110,000 to both. -On the day of each bombing? 2658 02:44:46,800 --> 02:44:47,862 Yes. -Yes. 2659 02:44:47,883 --> 02:44:49,298 And in the weeks and years that followed? 2660 02:44:49,342 --> 02:44:52,491 It has been put at somewhere between 50,000 and 100,000. 2661 02:44:52,528 --> 02:44:54,157 220,000 dead, at least. 2662 02:44:54,239 --> 02:44:56,199 Yes. -Any moral scruples about that? 2663 02:44:58,241 --> 02:44:59,248 Terrible ones. 2664 02:44:59,282 --> 02:45:02,949 But yet you testified in here that the bombing of Hiroshima was very successful. 2665 02:45:03,342 --> 02:45:06,257 Technically successful. -Oh! Technically it was very successful. 2666 02:45:06,317 --> 02:45:08,677 And it is also alleged to have helped to end the war. 2667 02:45:08,718 --> 02:45:11,635 Would you have been supportive of the dropping of a hydrogen bomb on Hiroshima? 2668 02:45:12,052 --> 02:45:13,427 That would make no sense at all. 2669 02:45:13,593 --> 02:45:16,253 Why? -The target is too small. 2670 02:45:16,308 --> 02:45:18,297 Well, supposing there had been a target in Japan 2671 02:45:18,321 --> 02:45:20,082 big enough for a thermonuclear weapon, 2672 02:45:20,121 --> 02:45:21,593 would you have been opposed to the dropping of it? 2673 02:45:21,635 --> 02:45:23,591 This was not a problem with which I was confronted. 2674 02:45:23,593 --> 02:45:25,218 Well, I'm confronting you with it now, sir. 2675 02:45:25,343 --> 02:45:26,635 It was all part of his plan. 2676 02:45:26,843 --> 02:45:30,718 He wanted the glorious, insincere guilt of the self-important 2677 02:45:30,760 --> 02:45:33,135 to wear like a fucking crown and say, 2678 02:45:33,177 --> 02:45:38,177 "No, we cannot go down this road," even as he knew we'd have to. 2679 02:45:38,510 --> 02:45:41,311 Would you have been opposed to the dropping of a thermonuclear weapon 2680 02:45:41,335 --> 02:45:44,040 on Japan because of moral scruples? -Yes, I believe I would, sir. 2681 02:45:44,133 --> 02:45:46,427 Did you oppose the dropping of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima 2682 02:45:46,468 --> 02:45:47,549 because of moral scruples? 2683 02:45:47,650 --> 02:45:50,010 We set forth our... -No, you, you, you, you! 2684 02:45:50,052 --> 02:45:51,093 I'm asking you... -I set... 2685 02:45:51,135 --> 02:45:53,510 You, you, you! -I set forth our arguments 2686 02:45:53,552 --> 02:45:55,556 against dropping it, but I did not endorse them. 2687 02:45:55,802 --> 02:45:58,802 You mean after working night and day for three years building the bomb, 2688 02:45:58,968 --> 02:46:00,853 you then argued against the use of it? 2689 02:46:01,218 --> 02:46:04,927 I was asked by the Secretary of War what the views of scientists were. 2690 02:46:04,968 --> 02:46:07,427 I gave them the views against and the views for. 2691 02:46:07,468 --> 02:46:09,385 You supported the dropping of the atom bomb 2692 02:46:09,427 --> 02:46:10,635 on Japan, didn't you? -What do you mean... 2693 02:46:10,677 --> 02:46:12,266 You supported it... -What do you mean, support? 2694 02:46:12,343 --> 02:46:13,893 Well, you helped pick the target, didn't you? 2695 02:46:13,924 --> 02:46:17,343 I did my job. I was not in a policy-making position at Los Alamos. 2696 02:46:17,427 --> 02:46:19,384 I would have done anything I was asked to do. 2697 02:46:19,432 --> 02:46:21,760 Well, then, you would have built the H-bomb too, wouldn't you? 2698 02:46:21,802 --> 02:46:24,066 But I couldn't... -I didn't ask you that, Doctor! 2699 02:46:24,260 --> 02:46:28,510 And the GAC report, which you co-authored after the Soviet atomic test said: 2700 02:46:28,633 --> 02:46:31,593 "A Super bomb should never be built!" 2701 02:46:31,675 --> 02:46:32,908 What we meant, what I meant... 2702 02:46:33,050 --> 02:46:34,550 What you, who? -Look, what I meant... 2703 02:46:34,592 --> 02:46:35,611 Who? 2704 02:46:36,758 --> 02:46:39,592 Well, wouldn't the Russians do anything to increase their strength? 2705 02:46:40,467 --> 02:46:42,508 If we did it, they would have to do it! 2706 02:46:42,550 --> 02:46:44,633 Our efforts would only fuel their efforts, 2707 02:46:44,675 --> 02:46:46,592 just as it had with the atomic bomb! 2708 02:46:46,842 --> 02:46:49,258 Just as it had with the atomic bomb, exactly! 2709 02:46:50,550 --> 02:46:54,550 No moral scruples in 1945, plenty in 1949. 2710 02:46:59,050 --> 02:47:00,077 Dr. Oppenheimer... 2711 02:47:02,467 --> 02:47:06,842 when did your strong moral convictions develop with respect to the hydrogen bomb? 2712 02:47:14,926 --> 02:47:16,384 When it became clear to me 2713 02:47:18,051 --> 02:47:20,884 that we would tend to use any weapon we had. 2714 02:47:24,292 --> 02:47:28,926 J. Robert Oppenheimer the martyr, I gave him exactly what he wanted. 2715 02:47:29,717 --> 02:47:31,198 To be remembered for Trinity, 2716 02:47:31,349 --> 02:47:33,134 not Hiroshima! 2717 02:47:34,009 --> 02:47:36,009 Not Nagasaki! 2718 02:47:39,134 --> 02:47:40,634 He should be thanking me. 2719 02:47:41,967 --> 02:47:42,968 Well, he's not. 2720 02:47:46,551 --> 02:47:47,926 Do we still have enough votes? 2721 02:47:48,217 --> 02:47:50,032 Or is the crowning moment of my career 2722 02:47:50,056 --> 02:47:53,009 about to become the most public humiliation of my life? 2723 02:47:54,035 --> 02:47:55,467 Full Senate's about to vote. 2724 02:47:56,676 --> 02:47:57,656 You'll scrape through. 2725 02:47:57,713 --> 02:47:59,509 Great, then gather the fucking press. 2726 02:47:59,592 --> 02:48:02,221 Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer, this board, 2727 02:48:02,384 --> 02:48:04,426 having heard testimony from you 2728 02:48:04,467 --> 02:48:07,299 and many of your current and former colleagues, 2729 02:48:07,801 --> 02:48:11,634 has come to the unanimous conclusion that you are a loyal citizen. 2730 02:48:14,259 --> 02:48:15,273 However... 2731 02:48:16,092 --> 02:48:19,426 In the light of your continuing associations, 2732 02:48:19,467 --> 02:48:22,592 and disregard for the security apparatus of this country, 2733 02:48:23,051 --> 02:48:26,342 together with your somewhat disturbing conduct 2734 02:48:26,426 --> 02:48:28,092 on the hydrogen bomb program, 2735 02:48:28,759 --> 02:48:30,176 and the regrettable lack of candor 2736 02:48:30,217 --> 02:48:32,217 in certain of your responses to this board, 2737 02:48:33,259 --> 02:48:34,926 we have voted, two-to-one, 2738 02:48:36,092 --> 02:48:39,134 to deny the renewal of your security clearance. 2739 02:48:39,259 --> 02:48:42,295 A full written opinion, with a dissent from Mr. Evans, 2740 02:48:42,759 --> 02:48:45,301 will be issued to the AEC in the coming days. 2741 02:48:45,842 --> 02:48:46,842 That is all. 2742 02:48:57,802 --> 02:48:58,802 Robert. 2743 02:48:59,926 --> 02:49:00,926 Robert. 2744 02:49:04,092 --> 02:49:05,092 Don't... 2745 02:49:08,092 --> 02:49:09,259 Don't take in the sheets. 2746 02:49:15,326 --> 02:49:17,051 Two minutes. Two minutes! 2747 02:49:17,634 --> 02:49:18,759 You'll get your shot! 2748 02:49:22,759 --> 02:49:24,217 Is it official? 2749 02:49:26,176 --> 02:49:29,715 Well, there were a couple of unexpected holdouts. 2750 02:49:35,134 --> 02:49:37,051 I'm denied. Yeah? 2751 02:49:37,884 --> 02:49:39,383 I'm afraid so, sir. -Alright. 2752 02:49:47,301 --> 02:49:48,384 Who were the holdouts? 2753 02:49:48,585 --> 02:49:51,311 Um, there were three. 2754 02:49:51,444 --> 02:49:53,926 Led by the junior senator from Massachusetts. 2755 02:49:54,014 --> 02:49:55,634 Young guy trying to make a name for himself, 2756 02:49:55,676 --> 02:49:57,551 didn't like what you did to Oppenheimer. 2757 02:49:58,551 --> 02:49:59,536 What's his name? 2758 02:50:00,301 --> 02:50:01,842 Uh, Kennedy. 2759 02:50:02,277 --> 02:50:03,301 John F. Kennedy. 2760 02:50:07,357 --> 02:50:08,344 Kitty? 2761 02:50:14,801 --> 02:50:18,169 Did you think that if you let them tar and feather you, 2762 02:50:18,509 --> 02:50:20,134 then the world would forgive you? 2763 02:50:24,169 --> 02:50:25,169 It won't. 2764 02:50:27,941 --> 02:50:28,941 We'll see. 2765 02:50:43,566 --> 02:50:45,051 You told me I'd be okay. 2766 02:50:45,801 --> 02:50:47,870 Yeah, well, I didn't have all the facts, did I? 2767 02:50:48,009 --> 02:50:49,027 Here's a fact. 2768 02:50:49,217 --> 02:50:52,884 President Eisenhower pinned the Medal of Freedom on my chest last year, 2769 02:50:53,259 --> 02:50:55,467 because I've always done what's right for this country. 2770 02:50:55,759 --> 02:50:59,467 They don't want me in the cabinet room? Well, that's... that's fine. 2771 02:51:00,426 --> 02:51:02,592 Maybe they should just invite Oppenheimer instead. 2772 02:51:02,822 --> 02:51:03,842 Maybe they will. 2773 02:51:04,800 --> 02:51:07,785 I told you. He turned the scientists against me, 2774 02:51:07,863 --> 02:51:09,884 one by one, starting with Einstein. 2775 02:51:09,926 --> 02:51:12,509 I told you about that. Einstein. Einstein by the pond. 2776 02:51:12,551 --> 02:51:14,908 You did, but you know, sir, since nobody... 2777 02:51:15,467 --> 02:51:17,842 really knows what they said to each other that day, 2778 02:51:17,884 --> 02:51:21,009 is it possible they didn't talk about you at all? 2779 02:51:21,676 --> 02:51:23,717 Is it possible they spoke about something, uh... 2780 02:51:24,884 --> 02:51:25,926 more important? 2781 02:51:41,259 --> 02:51:42,264 Thank you. 2782 02:51:42,801 --> 02:51:43,800 Albert. 2783 02:51:47,176 --> 02:51:48,509 The man of the moment. 2784 02:51:52,842 --> 02:51:57,004 You once held a reception for me in Berkeley. 2785 02:51:57,051 --> 02:51:59,068 You gave me an award, hmm? -Yes. 2786 02:52:00,509 --> 02:52:05,009 You all thought that I had lost the ability to understand what I'd started. 2787 02:52:05,951 --> 02:52:06,951 So... 2788 02:52:07,342 --> 02:52:11,264 The award really wasn't for me, it was for all of you, hmm? 2789 02:52:13,592 --> 02:52:15,301 Now it's your turn 2790 02:52:15,801 --> 02:52:19,884 to deal with the consequences of your achievement. 2791 02:52:21,426 --> 02:52:24,551 And one day, when they've punished you enough, 2792 02:52:27,009 --> 02:52:30,384 they'll serve you salmon and potato salad. 2793 02:52:35,051 --> 02:52:36,092 Make speeches. 2794 02:52:37,713 --> 02:52:38,842 Give you a medal. 2795 02:52:41,342 --> 02:52:42,362 Hello, Frank. 2796 02:52:43,010 --> 02:52:44,467 You're happy, I'm happy. 2797 02:52:51,343 --> 02:52:53,676 Pat you on the back, tell you all is forgiven. 2798 02:52:55,801 --> 02:52:56,926 Just remember... 2799 02:52:58,974 --> 02:53:00,592 it won't be for you. 2800 02:53:05,843 --> 02:53:06,967 It'll be for them. 2801 02:53:20,848 --> 02:53:21,848 Albert... 2802 02:53:24,093 --> 02:53:26,592 when I came to you with those calculations, 2803 02:53:27,301 --> 02:53:29,301 we thought we might start a chain reaction 2804 02:53:29,342 --> 02:53:32,426 that would destroy the entire world. 2805 02:53:34,259 --> 02:53:37,218 I remember it well. What of it? 2806 02:53:41,218 --> 02:53:42,300 I believe we did. 207359

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