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[ Man Narrating ]
Font Knox, Kentucky.
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Inside one of the planet's
most heavily guarded fortresses...
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00:00:17,560 --> 00:00:21,439
behind a door
that weighs 44, 000 pounds...
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00:00:22,440 --> 00:00:26,069
lies the most famous stash of metal
in the world.
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Big history reveals
the mysterious power of gold.
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We think of history as a timeline...
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a series of events stretching
a few thousand years into the past.
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It's time to think bigger.
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Instead of a line,
imagine a web of infinite connections...
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interacting over billions of years...
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linked together to create everything
we've ever known-
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our universe, our planet...
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and us.
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When we consider our most epic moments
through the lens of science...
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we unleash
a revolutionary new idea.
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The movement of atoms
steer the movements of men...
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civilizations, galaxies.
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History as we know it
is about to get big.
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[ Narrator] Fort Knox.
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Rumored to contain gold worth almost
a quarter of a trillion dollars.
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But why is this metal
worth anything at all?
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[ Man ] The value associated with gold
is entirely imaginary.
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But people were motivated by that belief...
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and that belief had a huge impact.
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[ Narrator] The gold in Fort Knox
comes from mines all over the world.
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North and South America.
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Africa.
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Australia.
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Traditional history tells us
that wherever gold is discovered...
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men always rush to dig it up.
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But big history tells us why.
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[ Narrator] James Marshall
has failed at ranching and farming.
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He now hopes to make his fortune
running a sawmill.
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One morning,
Marshall sees something in the water.
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[ Christian ]
Gold is kind of magical.
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It glistens.
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[ Narrator]
But what's the secret to gold's shine?
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Big history zooms in...
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to a single atom of gold.
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00:03:20,577 --> 00:03:23,955
When light hits the electrons
orbiting the nucleus...
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the electrons fly around
and form clouds...
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causing the light to bounce back...
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into the eyes of James Marshall
and everyone else who sees gold.
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The science behind gold
has a big impact.
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Marshall and his partner, John Sutter,
try to keep the discovery a secret...
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but word gets out.
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Traditional history
tells us that forty-niners...
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come from as far away as Mexico,
Ireland, Peru, Russia and Australia...
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to strike it rich in California.
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But big history
gives us something different.
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Big history likes to consider
a whole range of theories...
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about our attraction to things
that glitter with bling, if you like.
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What's the origin of this attraction
to glittering things?
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[ Narrator] Could gold's shine
be connected to our survival as a species?
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To find out, big history links back
almost 200,000 years.
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These hunters are some of the earliest
modern humans.
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As they venture into new territory,
their thirst deepens.
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In this unforgiving landscape,
they know one thing to look for.
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The sparkle of sunlight on a stream.
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For early humans, the glimmer means
water, purity and survival.
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That prehistoric connection
is one we still make today.
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[ Narrator]
Humans are hardwired to seek out shine.
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We want the chrome of cars...
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the sparkle of jewelry.
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Even our credit cards
are sometimes sprinkled with gold...
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just to give them that extra shine
our brains are programmed to love.
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[ Benjamin ] Big history is constantly
connecting events from the past...
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through to the present.
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So can we trace
in our collective cultural D.N.A...
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our contemporary attraction
to glittering things...
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back to this ancient
survival mechanism?
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Perhaps we can.
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[ Narrator]
In the era of ancient civilizations...
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gold is seen throughout the world
as the king of metals...
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and the metal of kings.
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It shines like the sun...
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and unlike other metals,
it never rusts or tarnishes.
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Gold seems eternal, like the gods
and those who rule in their name.
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If you're looking for something
to advertise your status...
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as an early king or an early emperor,
gold is the way to go.
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[ Narrator] There's another reason
for the power this metal has over us.
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[ Christian ] it's quite rare.
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If gold were everywhere-you know,
if it was like pebbles on the beach-
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we certainly wouldn't value it.
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[ Narrator]
Then, over 2,500 years ago...
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on one side of the planet...
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a new idea about gold emerges.
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[Chattering ]
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The Mediterranean.
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As trade routes expand,
gold becomes money.
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[Christian ] Gold seems to have value,
so it makes exchanges much easier.
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That makes it a natural form of money.
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[ Narrator] But why turn to gold
instead of other metals?
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People of the ancient world
only know of seven metals.
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Gold, copper, lead, tin,
silver, mercury and iron.
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Iron is too hard.
Lead is too soft.
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Tin is weak,
and mercury is a liquid.
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Copper and silver are used for coins,
but they tarnish.
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To the ancients, nothing matches gold.
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In Europe and Asia...
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gold coins become symbols
of the nations that mint them.
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Gold coins let ordinary people
hold the metal of the gods.
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I think it's this combination
of the glittering attraction of gold...
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and the fact that when you link that to the
power of a king's image on one side...
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and the power of a god on the other,
you've got, like, a triple whammy there.
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[ Narrator] The power of money
combined with the scarcity of gold...
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will lead to blood and conquest...
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despite one mysterious fact.
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Gold may seem rare...
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but Earth holds a secret supply.
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There's not only enough for everyone...
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there's enough to drown the planet.
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[ Narrator] Big history uses science
to change the way we see history.
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It reveals why gold shines...
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why the ancient world valued it...
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and what connects
all the gold rushes across the planet.
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Which leads to a bigger mystery.
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Why is this rare treasure found
in some places but not others?
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[ Benjamin ] Big history shows us
that without understanding...
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the origins of this extraordinary metal...
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none of the uses of gold
would have been possible.
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None of human history
would have made sense...
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unless we embed it
in this much larger context...
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of the planet, the solar system,
our galaxy-
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indeed, the entire cosmos.
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[ Narrator] Gold is valuable
in part because it's rare.
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But there's a lot more than we think.
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Big history takes us back
4.6 billion years.
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[ Narrator] Gravity is pulling together
space debris to form our home.
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Early Earth was molten...
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and most of the heavy metals
sank to the core.
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There's enough gold...
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that you could cover Earth's surface
to a thickness of 12 or 13 feet.
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[ Filippenko ] But that's a vault
that can't be opened.
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We can't go down
to the core of the Earth.
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[ Narrator] Our planet
is the ultimate version of Fort Knox...
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guarding its gold supply
under 1,800 miles of rock.
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But a new shipment of gold
is on the way...
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carried in meteors
that drive into Earth's crust.
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[ Explosions]
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- [ Rain Pattering ]
- [Thunderclap ]
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[ Narrator]
As endless rains seep underground...
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great heat boils the water to steam...
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bubbling the gold from the meteors
up closer to the surface.
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Earth cools.
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The gold hardens
to form veins and ore.
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For millions of years...
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all this treasure ls hidden
under a global sea.
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Early on in Earth history,
our planet was covered with water.
150
00:12:25,663 --> 00:12:27,623
It really was a water world.
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[ Narrator] But once again,
things are about to change.
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Over time, plate tectonics-
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the presence of plate tectonics
began to build continents.
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[ Narrator]
Land masses emerge...
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lifting the Earth's stash of gold...
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taking it on another wild ride.
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Most will remain hidden
beneath the sea floor.
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But as mountains rise, they will bring
the treasure within reach of men.
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00:13:03,117 --> 00:13:07,955
Then, what was once a single,
sprawling land mass splits apart
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Water fills the gaps.
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Continents begin to move
through plate tectonics...
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shifting this metal
all over the planet-
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sometimes sitting on the surface,
sometimes in streams...
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sometimes the edge of a seam
just jutting up above ground.
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[ Narrator] So gold surfaces,
but only in some places on Earth...
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ready to one day be found by us.
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[ Narrator] As we've seen,
we're hardwired to seek gold.
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But as civilizations develop...
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we seek gold in different ways.
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[ Narrator]
There are two sides to the ancient world.
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On one side of the planet,
gold is used for money.
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But the civilizations of the Americas
don't have coins.
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There, gold is used only
to create objects of beauty and worship.
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Gold remains a divine me tel,
reserved for gods and kings.
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00:14:40,631 --> 00:14:42,631
[ Man ] Native people
were totally fixated on it...
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in terms of what
you could make with it.
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It was really neat stuff,
but it wasn't money.
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[ Chattering, Laughing ]
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00:14:51,183 --> 00:14:53,394
[ Narrator]
In Europe, the thirst for shininess...
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has turned into an all-out obsession
with money.
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00:15:00,901 --> 00:15:03,487
[ Grunting ]
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And it is that lust for gold that
will drive Europeans across the Atlantic.
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From the big historical perspective...
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what you're looking at is a collision
of two types of value systems.
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[ Narrator]
The big history of gold...
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of the planet, of us...
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will never be the same.
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[ Narrator] Big history
has connected the story of gold...
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to an inevitable collision
on a global scale.
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Molten gold bubbles up
on early Earth...
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deposited like a buried treasure
under the surface of the planet.
192
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The treasure moves with the continents
as the planet splits in two.
193
00:16:10,596 --> 00:16:14,266
On one side,
gold coins are used for trade.
194
00:16:15,726 --> 00:16:19,772
On the other,
gold statues are used for worship.
195
00:16:22,149 --> 00:16:25,444
These great civilizations in the Americas,
as impressive as they were...
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had not yet reached a stage
in civilizational development...
197
00:16:28,906 --> 00:16:32,743
that required coinage
to facilitate large-scale exchange.
198
00:16:32,826 --> 00:16:36,038
Gold is being used
just to create these images of our gods...
199
00:16:36,121 --> 00:16:39,083
for its symbolic, elite imagery.
200
00:16:44,171 --> 00:16:47,007
[ Narrator]
Now, after thousands of years apart...
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00:16:47,841 --> 00:16:51,428
these two civilizations
will meet and clash.
202
00:16:52,471 --> 00:16:53,514
[ Horse Whinnies ]
203
00:16:53,597 --> 00:16:55,557
Columbus leads the way.
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00:16:56,892 --> 00:16:58,435
Thousands follow.
205
00:16:59,853 --> 00:17:02,398
One side is gold hungry...
206
00:17:02,481 --> 00:17:05,150
the other gold rich.
207
00:17:11,532 --> 00:17:15,077
[Grunting, Shouting ]
208
00:17:15,160 --> 00:17:17,705
[ Gunshots ]
209
00:17:32,052 --> 00:17:35,848
[ Narrator] The scramble for wealth
connects both sides of the planet.
210
00:17:36,640 --> 00:17:40,644
A threshold is crossed,
and there's no going back.
211
00:17:41,979 --> 00:17:45,774
The Americas become an outpost
for the Spanish conquistadores.
212
00:17:46,692 --> 00:17:50,154
It is the start of the first
truly global gold rush.
213
00:17:51,864 --> 00:17:55,451
[ Mann ] Almost all the gold
that the Spaniards got initially...
214
00:17:55,534 --> 00:17:57,202
came from melting down statues.
215
00:17:57,286 --> 00:18:01,790
And to the Spaniards, these statues
were sort of ugly and worthless.
216
00:18:01,874 --> 00:18:04,168
Where there was worth
is when you packed it down...
217
00:18:04,251 --> 00:18:07,588
into the smallest lump
you possibly could and put it in your ship.
218
00:18:07,671 --> 00:18:10,257
'Cause then it could be melted down
into coins.
219
00:18:13,051 --> 00:18:14,636
[ Narrator]
Today, many locations...
220
00:18:14,720 --> 00:18:18,182
still bear names
given during the Spanish conquest.
221
00:18:18,891 --> 00:18:20,809
Like San Diego.
222
00:18:20,893 --> 00:18:24,938
Or Sacramento,
a city just miles away from where...
223
00:18:25,022 --> 00:18:29,818
in 1848, James Marshall seized
those shiny bits in the water.
224
00:18:31,695 --> 00:18:33,614
The discovery of gold in California...
225
00:18:33,697 --> 00:18:38,702
absolutely caused men to go mad
with the gold fever.
226
00:18:41,580 --> 00:18:44,500
[ Narrator]
Once again, the effects are global.
227
00:18:45,959 --> 00:18:48,796
Once you've identified
all the gold fields in California...
228
00:18:48,879 --> 00:18:50,297
if you're a gold prospector,
what do you do?
229
00:18:50,380 --> 00:18:53,634
Next is Australia and then Africa
and then Siberia and then the Yukon.
230
00:18:55,219 --> 00:18:56,970
[ Narrator]
The California gold rush...
231
00:18:57,054 --> 00:18:59,556
triggers gold rushes
throughout the world.
232
00:19:00,390 --> 00:19:02,184
Russia.
233
00:19:02,267 --> 00:19:04,144
Australia.
234
00:19:04,228 --> 00:19:05,771
South Africa.
235
00:19:06,939 --> 00:19:10,025
[Shea ] The reason people speak
Afrikaans and English in South Africa...
236
00:19:10,108 --> 00:19:13,111
is because the gold fields
in those areas were attractive.
237
00:19:14,112 --> 00:19:16,490
They didn't go there to have
an attractive place to raise goats.
238
00:19:16,573 --> 00:19:18,033
They were looking for gold.
239
00:19:18,116 --> 00:19:20,494
It was a global search for gold.
240
00:19:28,293 --> 00:19:31,255
[ Narrator]
Between 1492 and 1900...
241
00:19:32,631 --> 00:19:36,510
the search for gold transforms
the populations and civilizations...
242
00:19:36,593 --> 00:19:38,929
of one-third of the planet.
243
00:19:41,181 --> 00:19:44,893
Yet, for all its staggering impact
on mankind...
244
00:19:45,769 --> 00:19:48,856
all the gold ever mined
throughout history...
245
00:19:48,939 --> 00:19:51,984
would make up 80 feet
of the Washington monument.
246
00:19:53,777 --> 00:19:57,781
All the gold currently in Fort Knox-
less than three feet.
247
00:20:01,869 --> 00:20:05,747
But a little gold
has had enormous consequences.
248
00:20:07,124 --> 00:20:09,877
[Christian ] Gold is one of those
many topics that we love in big history...
249
00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:14,882
because you can follow it
from astronomy to geology...
250
00:20:14,965 --> 00:20:17,050
and then eventually into human societies.
251
00:20:17,134 --> 00:20:19,803
Why does it have
this sort of magical quality...
252
00:20:19,887 --> 00:20:22,180
for so many human societies?
253
00:20:22,264 --> 00:20:25,058
This is a great big history question
because it's a question about...
254
00:20:25,142 --> 00:20:27,561
the shape of large eras
of human history.
255
00:20:29,313 --> 00:20:30,731
[ Narrator]
From fragments in space-
256
00:20:30,814 --> 00:20:31,940
[ Explosion ]
257
00:20:32,983 --> 00:20:34,902
To bars in Fort Knox.
258
00:20:35,986 --> 00:20:38,280
From a symbol of divinity...
259
00:20:38,363 --> 00:20:39,948
to a symbol of wealth.
260
00:20:41,283 --> 00:20:44,119
The big history of gold
is the story of a world...
261
00:20:44,202 --> 00:20:46,747
ripped apart by geological forces...
262
00:20:47,664 --> 00:20:51,001
and then reconnected
by something even more powerful-
263
00:20:51,835 --> 00:20:53,795
the human imagination...
264
00:20:53,879 --> 00:20:57,257
pursuing an object
it believes to be valuable.
265
00:21:01,678 --> 00:21:04,765
But the story of gold
is just the beginning.
266
00:21:04,848 --> 00:21:07,893
There's a much bigger puzzle
hidden in big history.
267
00:21:07,976 --> 00:21:10,354
Each episode unlocks a clue.
268
00:21:11,396 --> 00:21:12,981
Everyday things like beef...
269
00:21:14,524 --> 00:21:15,776
weapons...
270
00:21:16,860 --> 00:21:19,196
and cell phones hold the key.
271
00:21:20,030 --> 00:21:24,618
Watch them all, and you'll see
this grand mystery revealed.
272
00:21:24,701 --> 00:21:28,205
The big history of time, of space...
273
00:21:28,288 --> 00:21:30,374
the big history of us.
23116
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