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We are not that special.

Every time we look at the universe,

we learn there is much more
out there than we thought.

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The Hubble Telescope can only see
what you can see with your eye.

The James Webb Telescope
looks at areas

that the Hubble could never see.

Another Earth is
undoubtedly out there.

It's inevitable that we
have to leave our home.

But where do we go?

Whenever you go into the unknown,

you discover things
you didn't expect.

I think that we are going to answer
whether or not there is life

on another planet in our lifetime.

It's within our grasp

to make a discovery
that will change the world.

As a boy, I was transfixed
by a view of the moon

through a neighbour's telescope.

There was so much more to the world
than could be seen with my naked eye.

For the past 400 years,
telescopes have transformed

our vision of the universe
again and again.

Each era sees deeper and
further than the one before it.

The Hubble Space Telescope
revealed more galaxies

than we ever imagined existed.

It gave us a sense of
where we came from.

And also, where we are going.

We are on the verge of answering
questions that have haunted us

since the time of the ancient Greeks.

Are we alone in the universe?

Is there another Earth-like planet
out there among the stars?

To answer these questions,
we need new telescopes.

Bigger telescopes.

Who better to tell me the
story of telescopes

than the people working on the most
powerful instrument ever built?

The James Webb Space Telescope.

We'll see the first galaxies,
the first stars.

If we're really lucky,
it's going to find

the first evidence of liquid water,

which is the first thing
we need for life.

We are on the verge of having the
technological capability

to find another Earth.

It's going to seek deeper into space
than any other telescope in history.

The James Webb Space Telescope
is not just a machine.

It's taking humanity on a journey.

So, as the ancients looked up
at the sky,

it was obvious that
everything went around us.

We see the sunrise in
the east, and set in the west.

We see the moon go across the sky.

We were centred, we were
the centre of the universe.

The problem was, that model
got a little complicated.

If you observe the planets
over weeks and months,

they were making little loops.

They weren't just going
round in beautiful arcs,

they were doing little loops.

The model became more and
more complicated.

But it had us at the
centre of our universe.

Then Copernicus comes
along, and said,

'This is a really
complicated model.

You know, it's much simpler if
we put the sun in the middle.'

Born in 1473,
mathematician, Nicolaus Copernicus,

had no way to prove his theory,

because he had no way to
make the observation.

Afraid of clashing with the church,
and other astronomers,

he didn't publish his theory
until the year he died.

50 years later, in 1609, an Italian
scientist hears about

a Dutch invention, that
makes objects appear closer.

Within a day, Galileo
builds his own telescope.

So, Galileo looks at the moon.

The moon was supposed to be
this perfect orb.

And he sees for the first time,
the moon is not perfect.

It has mountains.
It has craters.

He sees the Milky Way.

The Milky Way is not
just this cloud,

made up of individual stars.

The most important observation, the
one that was truly revolutionary,

he looked at Jupiter.

And he saw four pinpricks of light.
And he assumed they were stars.

Went back the next night,
and saw there were only three,

and they've moved.
The next night, they moved again.

Every night, the
pinpricks are changing.

And then he realised, that
these were not stars,

they were moons
going around Jupiter.

Everything was supposed to
be going around the Earth.

And here was proof that it wasn't.

And he realises the ancients were
wrong. The church was wrong.

Copernicus was right.

The whole world collapses into
this beautiful simplicity.

And we're going around the sun.

A telescope really is quite simple.

If you take this lens here, and
the light comes in this way,

and you take a second lens here,
you have a telescope.

That simple device, just these
two lenses. That's all it took.

That idea changed the world.

The Webb Telescope is 100 times
more powerful than Hubble.

The mirrors are so perfect, that
if you imagine spreading

that mirror out from New York
to California,

there would be no deviation,
no Hiller Valley

across it more than three inches.

Galileo's telescope gathered 100
times more light than the human eye.

I'm told the James Webb
Space Telescope will gather

a million times more
than the human eye.

To gather its light however, Webb
doesn't use Galileo's lenses,

but the technique
of a different genius.

By the time he was 26, in 1668,

Isaac Newton had invented calculus,
and the law of gravitation.

He'd also devised a new kind
of telescope. The reflector.

Newton pointed out that if you
used a mirror, not a lens,

all the wavelengths get
reflected off the mirror

in exactly the same way. So all
those colours would come through,

and they would all come to
exactly the same perfect focus.

And allowed us in the end, to
make bigger and bigger telescopes.

Able to collect more and more
light, and see further and further

and further into the universe.

Ever since, the
most powerful telescopes

have used this basic design.

The great Palomar 200 inch.
The Keck 10 metre telescope.

Hubble Space Telescope.

The James Webb Space Telescope.
All reflecting telescopes.

If you showed the James Webb
Space Telescope to Newton,

he would recognise it
as a telescope.

Might be a bit surprised
we're flying in space,

but they would recognise
it's a classic telescope.

Someone telling us where to stop?

Slow down. Slow down.
Slow down. Whoa.

When people think
about the telescope,

they think of the
huge mirror, right.

That's the iconic part
of the telescope.

This is what the
astronomers care about.

This is where the data comes from.
The detectors and the cameras.

All the images of the spectra,
all the good stuff.

It will come from there.

It's $1 billion worth
of hardware in there.

We have enough sensitivity
with our telescope

and our instruments to detect
a child's nightlight...

..from the moon.

You could see things on the order of
a candle, a match, a lit cigarette.

I know that if you were to
certainly take your radiant heat,

which for a human,
is about 80-100 watts,

we would easily be able
to detect that.

The James Webb Space Telescope
will be able to see

the earliest galaxies
in the universe.

But not so long ago,
we didn't know there were

any galaxies out there
other than our own.

The Milky Way.

Throughout the 18th
and 19th centuries,

most astronomers believed the
Milky Way was the entire universe.

But there were some strange,
fuzzy objects out there,

that were quite puzzling.

They made countless drawings of
these objects, and built bigger

and bigger telescopes, trying
to figure out what they were.

If they were outside the Milky Way,

it would mean the universe
was a lot bigger than we thought.

At that time, there was a
Great Debate in astronomy.

You could Google the word 'Great
Debate', you'll think it might be

some Supreme Court case, or some
other important historical argument.

But, no, the No.1 hit
for Great Debate

is the debate between two
astronomers, trying to resolve

what our place in the universe is.

And they couldn't decide.
Because they had no evidence.

They couldn't see
what was happening.

Settling the Great Debate
would require

the biggest telescope yet attempted.

And four and a half tons
of smashed French wine bottles.

The mirror for the Webb Telescope
is so big we need to fold it up.

What we need to do is basically
slice it up into smaller segments,

so we can fold it up,
and unfold it on orbit.

We wouldn't build a telescope
this big unless we needed to.

You need a telescope this big
if you want to look

at the very dimmest,
earliest galaxies in the universe.

When the 18 mirror segments
are finally mounted

on the carbon fibre backplate,

they will all work together to create
a near perfect optical surface,

over 21 feet across.

100 years ago, at the time
of the Great Debate,

it was a struggle to make
a mirror just eight feet across.

In 1908, the Saint-Gobain Glass
Factory cast a 100-inch mirror

out of four-and-a-half tonnes
of bottle glass.

The largest ever attempted.
The mirror was full of bubbles.

But it was shipped to California
anyway, where an American,

George Ellery Hale,
was raising millions

to build a new observatory on Mount
Wilson, overlooking Los Angeles.

The master polisher
complained bitterly,

but the mirror proved good
enough to revolutionise

our conception of the universe.

And would force Albert Einstein
to revise his equations.

Despite promising his dying father
he would become a lawyer,

when Edwin Hubble was discharged
from the army,

after World War I,
he went to Mount Wilson,

and spent his time
looking at the night sky.

Four years later in October 1923,

something caught his eye.

Edwin Hubble began using
the 100-inch telescope,

the most powerful telescope
of its time.

He goes out, night after night,
and takes photographic plates.

One star in particular is changing
its brightness about every month.

He's comparing one
photographic plate to another.

Everything else is more
or less staying the same,

except this one beacon
is blinking.

And that blinking
is a message to him.

And so, he writes, 'VAR!

'I don't want to lose this spot.

'There is this sea of 100 billion
dots, this one's special.'

If you know the brightness
of an object when it's nearby,

you can figure out the distance
to a similar object,

by measuring how much dimmer it is.

That's what Hubbell did with
the Variable Star in Andromeda.

He discovered Andromeda couldn't
be part of the Milky Way.

It was, in fact, two-and-a-half
million light-years away.

It had to be a totally separate
galaxy. An island universe.

It turns out the great
challenge in astronomy

is just figuring out how
far away everything is.

We see these things with the
telescope, but how far are they?

Getting that third dimension,
the depth dimension, is so critical.

And for the first time, we have
enough depth perception to see,

'Oh, the spiral nebulae,
they're outside the Milky Way.'

Hubble looks at one star -
Variable 1,

and immediately answers
this profound question.

Are we the only galaxy? Or is
the universe teeming with them?

I would say, next to the sun, it's
my favourite star in the universe.

Ultimately, there was no way to
comprehend just how vast space was.

It really did blow people's mind,

when we started to be able
to calculate the distances

that we're talking about.
Astronomical distances.

And so they resolved the
Great Debate in astronomy.

And the scale of the universe
is just dramatically increased.

The history of telescopes is to
teach us we're not that special.

It makes us less and less special
every time we look at the universe,

and we learn there is much more
out there than we thought before.

And then Hubble showed us
that the universe

was also expanding. That
was an incredible thought.

Because Einstein had
told us it wasn't.

He felt the universe
couldn't be expanding,

and readjusted his equations
to make it static.

Edwin Hubble showed that the galaxies
in fact, were flying apart.

So, Einstein, as he admitted,
this is his biggest blunder ever.

The expanding universe
was a revelation,

because it implied
an earlier time

when all the galaxies
were closer together.

It implied a big bang.

Edwin Hubble made that discovery
when he first had access

to the biggest telescope
in the world.

So, the obvious thing to do was
to build a 200-inch telescope.

The Palomar Mirror weighed
roughly 14 tonnes, which is huge.

The largest piece of mirror
ever made.

Palomar became the
ultimate observing machine.

And they called it The Big Eye.

But this amazing machine,
that nobody could think

of how to make it any better,
had one fundamental problem.

It was sitting here on Earth.

You know, you'll only hear
an astronomer say this,

but the air that we breathe,
right, it sucks.

We want to get rid of it.
Because the air makes the images

from stars that we're
observing blurry.

So, Lyman Spitzer suggested
taking a giant telescope,

and putting it in space.

Above the atmosphere of the Earth.
He proposed space telescopes.

1948. We hadn't even successfully
got rockets working.

So, it was an incredibly
imaginative leap.

It would take more than 40 years,
but Lyman Spitzer's dream

of an astronomical telescope in space

finally came true on
April 24th, 1990.

We finally got our space telescope.
It was put on the shuttle.

It was launched into orbit.

Everybody waits for the first
results to come down.

There is big trouble with
the $2 billion

Hubble Space Telescope tonight.

Grim-faced officials had to
reveal that the photo system

on board the Hubble
telescope is sick.

But Hubble doesn't focus properly.

One of the mirrors on the
Hubble Space Telescope

was designed to
the wrong specifications.

The images were blurry.
The mirror was fatally flawed.

We'd blown billions of dollars
on a flawed space telescope.

At the edge of this 94-inch mirror,

the mirror was off by a fraction
of the width of a human hair.

That's all it took.

Fortunately, Hubble's
only eight minutes away.

It only takes the shuttle
eight minutes to get to the orbit.

And so, you can go fix it.

And in fact, astronauts went
back several times, to do so.

At one point, Story Musgrave and
Jeff Hoffman had to close the doors.

And they wouldn't close. They ended
up taking one of these come-a-longs,

one of those straps that you crank.
And they tried to crank it together.

They could have broken Hubble.
If those doors had broken,

that would've been the
end of Hubble, right there.

But fortunately they sort
of locked into place.

When those first images came down,

they were better than we
could have even imagined.

And that started Hubble's
journey to change the world.

Witnessing the births
and death of stars.

Finding black holes at
the centre of galaxies.

Measuring the age of the universe.

Confirming the existence
of dark energy.

What is Hubble's greatest
achievement?

Ask that in a room full
of astronomers,

and you'll start
another great debate.

But everyone agrees, Hubble is one of
the greatest scientific instruments

in history.

The Hubble Space Telescope is
the Holy Grail for astronauts,

but especially for astronomers.

I spent three of my five space
shuttle missions going to

the Hubble Space Telescope.
In fact, the last three.

And at the end of the last space
walk, I gave it a pat,

and a little salute, and
said, 'Good luck, Mr Hubble.'

Because I knew I would never
see it again.

Are there images from Hubble
that mean a lot to you?

Personally, do you have a favourite?

I've lots of favourite images.

My favourite images are the first
images that come back

after the missions I had gone to
do the servicing,

to prove I didn't break the Hubble.

For me, Hubble's most
awe-inspiring image

is a long-time exposure,

known as the Deep Field.

Hubble Deep Field
was a pure discovery.

It was, 'We don't know what's there,
let's see if we can see something.'

The second director of the Hubble
Space Telescope said, 'You know,

Hubble is looking deeper
and deeper in the universe.

I wonder what happens
if we just stared

at a completely blank piece of sky?
Just see what we find.'

And so, he decided to
point the telescope

at a single blank piece of sky,
no bigger than a drinking straw.

That's the area of the sky
he decided to look at

with the Hubble Space Telescope.
And just stare at

that single, blank spot,
for ten days.

And see what would happen.

A lot of people said he was crazy,
he was wasting telescope time.

But the telescope oriented,

and stared at that one
spot for like ten days,

with our most sensitive
cameras at the time.

And to everybody's surprise,
when they looked at the image,

out of that dark area of the sky

came 10,000 galaxies in
that single point of sky.

Nobody had any idea there
was this many galaxies

in the observable universe.

You look at the Hubble Deep Field,

only three of those points of light
are stars.

Every other point of light
in that image is a galaxy.

So, there are 10,000 galaxies in
every spot of the sky

the size of a drinking straw.

Roughly a hundred billion
stars in the galaxy.

If you do the maths across the
whole sky, it's 10 to the 22 stars

in the observable galaxies.

And I'm not going to
work out how many, what that is,

but it's 10 with 22 zeros.

The Deep Field marks the limit
of what Hubble can see.

To complete the picture of galaxies

in the universe,
we need a new kind telescope.

One that can see beyond the visible.

Fundamentally the telescope
is a time machine.

A telescope is always
a time machine,

because your eye is a time machine.

You can see things as they were,
when they send light to you.

And it takes two-and-a-half
seconds for light

to go from here to
the moon and back.

You see the sun as it was 500
seconds ago. About eight minutes.

We're six feet apart, so
you are seeing me six nanoseconds...

As I was, six nanoseconds
before you see me.

So, light travels at the speed
of one foot per nanosecond

in round numbers. You're seeing
the Andromeda nebula

as it was about
three million years ago.

And that's about as far as you
can see without a telescope.

But with a telescope, you can
see billions and billions

of light-years out in space.

So, billions and billions
of years back in time.

Of course, by now, they
are much farther away

than they were when we saw them.

So, those things are
not there any more.

They have gone on to
do something else.

Some parts of the universe
we'll never see,

because they are
accelerating away from us now.

So, they are going to
accelerate away so far

that the light from them
will never get here.

As we look deeper and deeper
and deeper,

we see fewer and fewer galaxies.

It's not that we're running
out of galaxies.

It was the fact that as the
universe is expanding,

it's stretching across
space and time,

its light is being redshifted,
and galaxies

from the very early universe
are being shifted

out of view of the
Hubble Space Telescope.

The Hubble Telescope can only see
what you can see with your eye.

The wavelengths that your eye
is sensitive to,

plus a little bit of ultraviolet,
and a little bit of infrared.

Those galaxies are so far away
from us,

that as light travels through space,
and space is expanding,

the universe is expanding,
the light gets redshifted.

So, it changes from blue light
into red light,

as it travels through space.

It's so far away from us,
and so far back in time,

its light only reaches us
via infrared wavelengths.

The Webb is going to
give us infrared eyes.

And we'll see a part of the
universe we've never seen before.

The Hubble Space Telescope
has transformed

our knowledge of the universe.

But we haven't been able to study
the first galaxies

that formed in the universe.

We haven't been able
to find their light.

And that's what the James Webb
Space Telescope would provide.

My team is contamination control.

But there's mechanical,
propulsion, the sun shield.

There's the spacecraft. Is
this membrane shaped right?

Is the UPS clamshell, that's going
around the sun shield

when it's stowed up,
is that the right material?

Is it going to hold it in place?
To keep the membranes

from wrinkling when you launch.

Are instrument models correct?
Are particle models correct?

Cos, of course, I'm thinking
about keeping it clean.

This is the first time we've
flown mirrors this light.

It's the first time we are
building a deployed telescope.

What are our profiles for
temperature, for cooldown?
Our cryo-strength. Oh, my gosh.

We have actuators on here more
precise than we've ever used before.

Because we have to align
the individual mirrors.

Is it going to hold, keep its
strength? Is it going to keep
its alignment? Will it deploy?

The sun shield alone
has 137 release devices.

I think the count on the
entire spacecraft is 189.

Something like that. That is a
lot of single-point failures.

They've looked at every step.
But it's so big, you don't know
what steps you missed.

And that's the big problem.
The unknown unknowns.

Everybody's afraid of
the unknown unknowns.

There's nothing I can say
that can come close

to describing how technically
difficult this telescope is.

The one thing that scares the hell
out of me is failure of imagination.

Failure to imagine something that
we could have fixed on the ground.

That's my recurring nightmare.

We don't want the telescope
portion of the Webb Telescope

to see any of the sun.

The light that we're looking
at are in the infrared.

So, in order to detect heat
signature, infrared signature,

it obviously needs to be very cold,

or all it's going to measure
is itself, basically.

So, we need to keep it very cold.
And in space,

really the only thing that
will heat you up

is the electronics that you've got,
and the really bright source,

which is the sun.
We don't want to blind ourselves.

And this makes us put the satellite
far enough away from the Earth

so that it is not influenced by
the heat coming from the Earth.

We're not going in
and out of the sun.

And so, this drives us to orbit
the so-called Earth-sun L2 point.

One million miles away from the
Earth and away from the sun.

So, we can't afford a mistake.

Because out at L2, repair man
doesn't make a house call.

We don't get that second chance.

It's a one strike and
you are out of business.

Have to hit the pitch
out of the park.

All the way out of the park.
A million miles out of the park.

This is an engineering marvel.

It's not actually, necessarily
just a scientific marvel.

Because we've built
big telescopes before.

I built an eight metre
telescope on the ground.

We used 300 tonnes of steel
to build this telescope.

But there's no way to launch a
telescope of that scale into space.

The James Webb weighs
six metric tonnes.

We have to go from 300 tonnes,
down to six tonnes.

There's no rocket big enough
to launch anything this big.

So we then have to work out
how to fold this telescope up.

We had to create
this origami telescope.

There are over, you know, 300,
to 400 different operations

that have to occur to make this
telescope actually come to life.

A huge sunshade has to deploy,
which is the size of a tennis court.

At this point, things
get pretty critical,

because everything
starts to cool quickly.

Now we have to
get the telescope unfolded

before it gets too cold,
and the joints freeze up.

Then we've got to get
the mirrors unfolded.

We've then got to get
the instruments started.

And each one of these things has
to work perfectly first time.

We get one shot to get
this telescope right.

The slightest thing goes wrong,
and this mission could fail.

From its vantage point,
at L2, Webb will do more

than see the first galaxies.

It will also be able to peer through
the dust clouds,

to where stars are being born,
and it will investigate

small objects of
particular importance for us.

Exoplanets.

There are five naked-eye planets:

Mercury, Venus, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn.

With telescopes, three more were
discovered. Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.

Then Pluto got demoted.

So, counting the Earth, we know of
eight planets in the entire universe.

The idea of an exoplanet,
a planet outside the solar system

was the realm of science fiction.

But then, all that changed.

I started out working on
exoplanets in graduate school.

At the time, there was one single
transiting planet known -

HD 209458(b).

But I knew the field would explode.

I said, 'Look, I know there's going
to be so many planets transiting,

we're not going to be able
to count them all.'

The first exoplanets were
discovered from the ground.

We saw...

..just stars wobbling.

And we convinced ourselves
that the wobbling of stars

was due to planets around them.

The early planets found
were the Jupiters.

Which really made their star wobble.
That's how we could detect them.

Then the Kepler
Space Telescope went up.

Nowadays, the best way to find
planets is by the transit technique.

If you're lucky, the
planet will orbit,

such that it passes
in front of the stars.

Then the starlight drops
by a tiny amount.

If it's a Jupiter-sized planet,

Jupiter is a 10th
the size of our sun,

it will block out one 100th
of the brightness of the star.

Now, if it's an Earth in the sun,
it's one 10,000th.

Tiny. But measurable.

The Kepler Space Telescope monitored
one small section of the sky.

And it found thousands of planets.

While space telescopes
have the sharpness

needed to find an exoplanet,

ground telescopes can
still be made much larger.

And with new adaptive optics,

to compensate for the
Earth's atmosphere,

they can gather enough light to study
the exoplanet in more detail.

I think one of the, for me,
the most magnificent moments,

was very recently, when we
managed to image an exoplanet.

We managed to block the light of
the star, and there it appears.

We see it moving, actually.
It's fantastic.

We see here, as humans,
for the first time,

another planet moving
around its star.

It looks so harmless. A few pixels.

You realise what it
means for humankind

to actually see another
planet moving around the sun.

It's incredible, I think.

The segmented mirror of the Keck
Telescope was the model for Webb.

And points the way
to larger telescopes,

on the ground, and in space,
that will be needed

to probe the atmospheres of
exoplanets for signs of life.

We'd like to find water vapour.

Because water vapour in
a small planet

indicates a liquid water ocean.

All life on Earth
needs liquid water.

It's a great place to start
to identify habitable worlds.

We'd like to see carbon dioxide,
indicates it's truly a rocky world.

But beyond water vapour
and carbon dioxide,

what we'd really like to
find are gases that don't belong.

Here on our own Earth
we have oxygen.

But without plants, and
other photosynthetic life,

we would have virtually no
oxygen in our atmosphere.

If we found a planet with life,
honestly, any life,

it would be very exciting.

But the most exciting thing
is intelligent life.

Personal guess is that there's life
in many places elsewhere universe.

And I have one bit of
observational evidence.

Which is that here on
Earth, as soon as

the bombardment of comets
and asteroids came to an end,

we have evidence of
fossil life here.

That's evidence that it
happened quickly.

So if it happened quickly,
maybe it happens easily.

Can we find them? I think we will.
In my lifetime? God, I hope so.

Because that's...
I want to know. You know?

I am pretty much convinced there is
life beyond the solar system.

There are so many places
where it could occur.

If you look at the ten most common
chemical elements in our bodies,

they are the ten most common
chemical elements in the universe.

The ingredients which make life
on Earth are ingredients

which are the most common
in the universe.

We have the ingredients,
we just need the one spark

to ignite life at some point.

There are just so many types of
planets just waiting to be found.

The James Webb Space Telescope
is our first shot

at studying atmospheres
of small planets.

If we are really lucky,
that would be literally

like winning the lottery
five times in a row.

If there are planets
around every small star.

And there are many, many of those
in the habitable zone,

and all of those have life on them.
And if that life,

half of it, let's say,
produces gases,

we actually have a shot
of detecting that.

We have the shot at finding life
for the first time

in human history, with
the James Webb Space Telescope.

Layer five. On three, two, one.

We're entering a new era. We're
actually building telescopes,

not just to satisfy our curiosity,
but ultimately for our survival.

We are building a telescope
in Chile to scan the sky

with a massive camera,
that will actually be able

to characterise asteroids.
The kind of things

that wiped out the dinosaurs.
We want to catalogue all of those,

so we get a heads-up
if one's coming our way.

We're building a telescope
on Haleakala, in Maui.

A four-metre reflecting telescope,
just to look at the sun.

Our sun is at about the
same stage in its life

as I am in my life. OK.

It's about a third, a little
bit more than a third

of the way through its life.

But when I'm 10% older,
I'm going to be 40.

I'm going to be about
the same, hopefully.

But our sun, when our sun is 10%
older,

it's going to be 10% brighter.

Our atmosphere's going
to start drying out.

When the sun is 30% older,
it's going to be 40% brighter.

That's enough to dry out
the oceans on our planet.

Eventually, the sun
is going to expand, and balloon.

It's going to run out of hydrogen,
its outer layers are going to expand

to a distance that encompasses the
orbit of the Earth around the sun.

So, it's going to obliterate
the inner solar system.

So, it's inevitable that we
have to leave our home.

But where do we go?

We now know there are
at least 100 billion

other planetary systems
in our galaxy.

So, an obvious question becomes,

is there another home
for the human race?

Another Earth is
undoubtedly out there.

In our own Milky Way galaxy, we've
hundreds of billions of stars.

Our own universe has hundreds
of billions of galaxies.

To me, personally,
it is definitely there.

We believe every star
in our Milky Way galaxy

should have at least one planet.

And we're hoping to find
and identify a pool
of transiting planets

in the habitable zones
of small stars.

We call it the Goldilocks Zone.

Not too hot, and not too cold,
but just right for life.

We're betting on the fact
that nature delivers.

That nature has created
many rocky planets.

And we are planning on finding it.

Airspeed is live. 40 knots.

It is amazing that in just a little
over 100 years, we have gone from

watching birds fly,
to having got to the moon.

We've launched 135 shuttles.

We are doing the
preliminary exploration

to find out where are we going.

When you're flying, it seems
almost like being over the horizon.

Makes me think
about what other worlds

are out there that are like this.

That have water and land.

The James Webb Space Telescope will
go where no Hubble has gone before.

But the next step is to go where
people have never gone before.

To send women and men off to Mars.

And I do believe that 100 years
from now, or 1,000 years from now,

we're going to be looking
to go to some nearby star

that has an Earth 2.0 around it.

These are real worlds that
are out there right now.

These are planets,
orbiting stars, with moons,

and water, and weather,

and clouds, and sunsets,
and moonrises.

All of the things that we
see on Earth that we love

almost certainly exist
elsewhere in the universe.

If we had a starship today
that would take decades,

or even centuries to
get to Earth 2.0,

I'd volunteer to go up,
knowing that

it's great grandkids
that will make it.

Because of telescopes, it's a
special point in human history.

We can see the whole landscape,
the cosmic landscape, laid out.

From the very beginning in time,

from the present,
and into our future.

Out into the stars.

Looking at the night sky
is different for me now.

Changed by knowing
that virtually every star

has at least one planet around it.

It's a shift of perspective as big
as Galileo finding evidence

that the Earth wasn't at
the centre of the universe.

Maybe knowing that
other worlds exist out there

can unify us,
inspire us to work together.

We may not be the ones who
will venture to the stars.

But with the telescopes we
are building, and that we will build,

we can be the ones who
begin that great journey.

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