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Chain reaction.
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Aid funds as uranium.
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And you've got an
instrument of unimaginable to.
4
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When can we expect
delivery of your first super bowl
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00:00:20,221 --> 00:00:25,320
average age is defined
by its innovations
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the greatest advances.
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Are born out of fear struggles.
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Between rivals.
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Werner Heisenberg.
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And Robert Oppenheimer.
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Are on the front lines
of a new battlefield
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where a war gentlemen
the everyday men are dying.
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Striving to unleash
the destructive power.
14
00:00:49,920 --> 00:00:51,700
Of the atomic bomb.
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00:00:52,410 --> 00:00:54,969
Race between Heisenberg
and Oppenheimer.
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Will take war to a new frontier
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will have only enough
uranium for a single bar
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and change the world forever.
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That both sides.
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Victory is the only option.
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No matter what the cost.
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In the years following
world war one
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the German economy is in ruins.
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For young Germans
like verner Heisenberg.
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Country's defeat a shattering.
26
00:01:55,350 --> 00:01:58,770
Eisenberg like many German
youth was definitely a patriotic
27
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he really believe that Germany
should be strong and the Germany
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00:02:01,730 --> 00:02:02,890
to recover.
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00:02:06,540 --> 00:02:09,610
Heisenberg pours himself
into his chosen field.
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A new science called
quantum physics.
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00:02:15,360 --> 00:02:17,970
Quantum physics is
the physics of the atom.
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00:02:18,510 --> 00:02:20,580
Where we have
bizarre concept like
33
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how can something disappear
and reappear someplace else
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how can you be two
places at the same time.
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But that's what
electrons do all the time.
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As.
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Heisenberg publishers of paper.
38
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That describes the
limitations of what we can know
39
00:02:42,390 --> 00:02:44,350
about how particles behave
at the subatomic level.
40
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It's called the
uncertainty principle.
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00:02:49,620 --> 00:02:51,430
And it will forever change.
42
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Our quantum
physics is understood.
43
00:02:55,681 --> 00:02:57,000
In nineteen thirty three
44
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Heisenberg received
the nobel prize.
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00:03:00,720 --> 00:03:03,730
Making him one of the
youngest winners of all time.
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00:03:04,890 --> 00:03:08,050
He is now one of Germany's
most important scientists.
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Just as a new party is
coming to power in the country.
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National socialists.
49
00:03:28,770 --> 00:03:29,770
Consider.
50
00:03:30,510 --> 00:03:32,260
The physical phenomenon.
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On a nano skeptic scale.
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Five thousand miles away
53
00:03:38,280 --> 00:03:42,310
Heisenberg's work has captured the
attention of another young physicist.
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Where the action.
55
00:03:44,340 --> 00:03:47,050
Is on the order of
the planck constant.
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00:03:47,490 --> 00:03:48,990
Robert Oppenheimer
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00:03:49,140 --> 00:03:50,880
is an ambitious
college professor.
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00:03:51,210 --> 00:03:54,220
Who also dreams of
making his Mark on the world.
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00:03:54,900 --> 00:03:57,934
He was born to a
fairly well to do family of
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00:03:58,075 --> 00:03:59,980
Jewish immigrants from Germany.
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00:04:00,480 --> 00:04:04,030
Extremely intelligent
extremely capable.
62
00:04:05,010 --> 00:04:09,636
He's ambitious and
Oppenheimer's salvation in physics
63
00:04:09,660 --> 00:04:11,780
was being exposed the quantum
mechanics and eisenberg.
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00:04:12,270 --> 00:04:16,390
Oppenheimer sees Heisenberg
subatomic world as a new frontier.
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Right for discovery.
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00:04:19,200 --> 00:04:22,480
Especially when he gets
word of a singular breakthrough.
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00:04:27,600 --> 00:04:31,330
Team of Germans claim they've
turned quantum theory into action.
68
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And of split.
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The uranium atom.
70
00:04:39,360 --> 00:04:41,590
Oppenheimer doesn't
believe it's possible.
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Until his team.
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Recreates the experiment.
73
00:04:45,510 --> 00:04:47,140
And they see for themselves.
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00:04:56,040 --> 00:04:59,860
A nuclear reaction releases more
energy than a chemical reaction.
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As much as fifty
million times more.
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The splitting of the arab.
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Releases a little
tiny bit of energy.
78
00:05:14,370 --> 00:05:15,370
But.
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00:05:15,570 --> 00:05:19,720
If you split a huge
number of atoms.
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At the same time
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you release an unprecedented
amount of of energy.
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The question on the table was
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could that be done.
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00:05:34,530 --> 00:05:39,880
Discovery means it could be possible to
create a weapon of unimaginable power.
85
00:05:41,160 --> 00:05:43,900
Oppenheimer sees it
as a harrowing revelation.
86
00:05:44,370 --> 00:05:46,330
And he's not the only one.
87
00:05:49,440 --> 00:05:53,320
Idea of creating a nuclear
bomb is a theoretical question.
88
00:05:54,510 --> 00:05:56,580
Both Oppenheimer Heisenberg know
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00:05:56,700 --> 00:05:59,080
it won't stay that way for long.
90
00:06:05,910 --> 00:06:09,280
Hitler has rebuild Germany
into a fearsome power.
91
00:06:09,845 --> 00:06:12,610
And has begun his
conquest of Europe.
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00:06:22,500 --> 00:06:25,720
Many German scientists
have already left the country.
93
00:06:27,390 --> 00:06:29,297
But Heisenberg stays.
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00:06:32,670 --> 00:06:33,990
Never before had the honor.
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00:06:34,380 --> 00:06:36,730
Of addressing the
nobel prize winner.
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The Ana is mine.
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My superiors.
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Concerned.
99
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About your association
with your physics.
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You mean Einstein.
101
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Einstein.
102
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Bore plug.
103
00:06:56,280 --> 00:06:58,664
Is the know was illness.
104
00:07:01,141 --> 00:07:02,400
That you are a
105
00:07:02,700 --> 00:07:04,090
wide do.
106
00:07:04,830 --> 00:07:05,880
Everything do is
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00:07:06,164 --> 00:07:07,990
to clients a good of Germany.
108
00:07:10,911 --> 00:07:13,570
Both one sibling
order to the world.
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Nice or science
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he was so gatherings.
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00:07:23,038 --> 00:07:24,600
I wouldn't speak
on Craig's fewer.
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Him about your case.
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00:07:38,340 --> 00:07:41,710
Heisenberg was a patriot
but he was not a Nazi.
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That left him with
a serious conflict.
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00:07:48,840 --> 00:07:50,340
After a year of questioning
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the Nazis finally accept
Heisenberg's loyalty.
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In nineteen thirty nine.
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Heisenberg sets on
for the united states.
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00:08:00,330 --> 00:08:03,790
To meet with some of the
brightest minds in nuclear physics.
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00:08:07,440 --> 00:08:10,180
He went to discuss
the latest discoveries.
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00:08:10,590 --> 00:08:11,590
And so
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just before the outbreak of the
123
00:08:13,890 --> 00:08:15,850
second one world war in Europe.
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00:08:16,950 --> 00:08:20,530
We find Heisenberg at a
conference in the united states.
125
00:08:21,030 --> 00:08:25,120
About this brand new and interesting
discovery called nuclear fission.
126
00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:36,520
It's a gathering of the most renown
around physicists in the world.
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With the Nazis aggressively
marching through Europe.
128
00:08:42,870 --> 00:08:45,910
There are meeting is no
longer just about science.
129
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You have a moment professor.
130
00:08:50,790 --> 00:08:51,851
Of course.
131
00:08:52,320 --> 00:08:57,750
At your paper and twenty seven.
132
00:08:58,260 --> 00:08:59,492
An uncertainty.
133
00:09:00,240 --> 00:09:02,530
That made me a
theoretical physicist.
134
00:09:03,389 --> 00:09:04,587
The great.
135
00:09:04,710 --> 00:09:06,840
Even when Einstein
the question Layla.
136
00:09:07,234 --> 00:09:09,850
Unpredictable
and noble universe.
137
00:09:10,590 --> 00:09:12,040
Couldn't agree more.
138
00:09:14,160 --> 00:09:16,600
I hope america will
be seeing more of you.
139
00:09:17,400 --> 00:09:20,381
Nowadays it seems very unlikely.
140
00:09:21,217 --> 00:09:24,070
Of course you'd be
welcomed with open arms.
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00:09:24,960 --> 00:09:25,960
Welcome to.
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00:09:26,310 --> 00:09:28,030
Work against my homeland.
143
00:09:32,430 --> 00:09:34,480
To save the world from Hitler.
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I have seen once in a
lot can do to Germany.
145
00:09:43,830 --> 00:09:45,489
Thank you doctor.
146
00:09:46,110 --> 00:09:47,354
For your hospitality.
147
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Heisenberg said basically
148
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no no I'm not going to defect.
149
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He wasn't
150
00:09:59,760 --> 00:10:02,400
ready in fact he
never was ready to
151
00:10:02,700 --> 00:10:03,810
throw over his.
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00:10:04,140 --> 00:10:05,140
Patriotism.
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00:10:05,190 --> 00:10:06,370
For Germany.
154
00:10:07,969 --> 00:10:10,708
By pledging allegiance
to Adolf Hitler.
155
00:10:12,965 --> 00:10:17,158
Werner Heisenberg has just become
one of the most dangerous men on earth.
156
00:10:25,008 --> 00:10:27,448
Atomic physicist
burner Heisenberg.
157
00:10:27,648 --> 00:10:29,608
Will stay in Nazi Germany.
158
00:10:33,978 --> 00:10:35,968
As Europe now we rubs.
159
00:10:40,428 --> 00:10:42,118
Hitler takes Poland.
160
00:10:44,838 --> 00:10:47,278
France and england declare war.
161
00:10:50,388 --> 00:10:51,198
Within months
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00:10:51,318 --> 00:10:54,448
the Nazis are planning
invasions across the continent.
163
00:10:55,248 --> 00:10:58,558
And exploring the possibility
the of a nuclear bomb.
164
00:11:12,967 --> 00:11:14,278
Chain reaction.
165
00:11:14,688 --> 00:11:16,477
Create sans as uranium.
166
00:11:16,878 --> 00:11:19,858
And you've got an installment
of unimaginable power.
167
00:11:20,529 --> 00:11:23,178
One she knew you could get
168
00:11:23,448 --> 00:11:25,198
all this energy.
169
00:11:25,248 --> 00:11:26,968
Out of the nucleus.
170
00:11:27,320 --> 00:11:29,568
You could imagine building a
171
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nuclear bomb unbelievable
destructive force.
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Said the high
government response.
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00:11:37,039 --> 00:11:37,801
Is basically
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00:11:37,968 --> 00:11:40,588
this looks really like
something important.
175
00:11:40,668 --> 00:11:42,508
Let's move on it.
176
00:11:44,118 --> 00:11:45,118
So.
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00:11:45,978 --> 00:11:48,770
When can we expect delivery
of your face Superbowl.
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00:11:52,968 --> 00:11:53,208
As a.
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Principal is simple.
180
00:11:55,851 --> 00:11:57,928
The process is not.
181
00:12:00,319 --> 00:12:02,958
Thousand problems
that have to be answered.
182
00:12:03,378 --> 00:12:04,578
Some questions we.
183
00:12:05,118 --> 00:12:06,868
Just begun to see.
184
00:12:14,358 --> 00:12:17,008
I'm sure your next
one part will be more.
185
00:12:17,598 --> 00:12:18,598
Optimistic.
186
00:12:21,408 --> 00:12:24,538
Nazis order Heisenberg
to get to work.
187
00:12:36,108 --> 00:12:38,368
Heisenberg waste no time.
188
00:12:48,322 --> 00:12:51,808
In america the nuclear
effort has barely begun.
189
00:12:53,388 --> 00:12:54,768
Until Albert Einstein.
190
00:12:55,158 --> 00:12:57,628
The most famous
physicist in the world.
191
00:12:57,738 --> 00:13:00,028
Writes a letter to
president Roosevelt.
192
00:13:00,884 --> 00:13:06,328
Albert Einstein change
the course of history.
193
00:13:07,008 --> 00:13:09,078
He talked about a super weapon
194
00:13:09,378 --> 00:13:12,748
being created by
Germany's finest physicists.
195
00:13:13,490 --> 00:13:16,978
A device which will wipe
out entire city harbert.
196
00:13:17,388 --> 00:13:19,614
Franklin Roosevelt
took this seriously.
197
00:13:21,648 --> 00:13:23,658
In October nineteen forty one.
198
00:13:23,988 --> 00:13:26,848
Roosevelt initiates
a top secret plan.
199
00:13:28,008 --> 00:13:32,514
One thousand two hundred
and fifty tons of uranium
200
00:13:32,538 --> 00:13:33,834
or have been shipped
from the Belgian Congo
201
00:13:33,858 --> 00:13:35,458
to new York city.
202
00:13:36,409 --> 00:13:39,691
Where nuclear scientists
are already base detested.
203
00:13:41,118 --> 00:13:42,228
Operation is dubbed.
204
00:13:42,588 --> 00:13:44,308
The Manhattan project.
205
00:13:49,008 --> 00:13:52,097
Made a lot of people tonight but
don't be afraid all that's missing.
206
00:13:52,578 --> 00:13:55,498
Is a star scientists
the to lead the effort.
207
00:13:56,748 --> 00:13:57,748
Here we are.
208
00:13:58,041 --> 00:14:00,348
The three glasses
of them are low least.
209
00:14:00,738 --> 00:14:04,648
As a well-paid professor at the
university of California Berkeley.
210
00:14:05,178 --> 00:14:08,248
Robert Oppenheimer's and
joined the perks of academics.
211
00:14:11,511 --> 00:14:13,528
Despite his carefree lifestyle.
212
00:14:14,178 --> 00:14:16,288
Oppenheimer once more.
213
00:14:16,458 --> 00:14:17,458
Oppenheimer.
214
00:14:17,568 --> 00:14:18,808
Is ambitious.
215
00:14:18,918 --> 00:14:22,608
He's always wanted to
be seen as this real genius
216
00:14:22,878 --> 00:14:25,338
as like as a guy who could
accomplish great things
217
00:14:25,518 --> 00:14:27,768
and Oppenheimer
really wants that he really
218
00:14:28,008 --> 00:14:29,848
wants that accomplishment.
219
00:14:30,408 --> 00:14:31,408
Science.
220
00:14:31,878 --> 00:14:33,028
And knowledge.
221
00:14:41,178 --> 00:14:43,728
Energy of a charged
atomic oscillator
222
00:14:43,971 --> 00:14:47,789
theoretically associated with
the electromagnetic wave itself.
223
00:14:48,108 --> 00:14:50,808
Represents the minimum
amount of energy required
224
00:14:50,928 --> 00:14:53,278
to form an
electromagnetic field.
225
00:14:54,498 --> 00:14:58,618
Army colonel Leslie groves is
in search of a scientific leader.
226
00:14:58,668 --> 00:15:00,478
For the Manhattan project.
227
00:15:02,568 --> 00:15:05,218
Chapters nineteen
and twenty thank you.
228
00:15:13,339 --> 00:15:14,339
Dr.
229
00:15:14,838 --> 00:15:16,168
Leslie groves.
230
00:15:16,308 --> 00:15:17,388
That a moment of your time.
231
00:15:17,928 --> 00:15:21,718
As groves didn't get
along with most scientists.
232
00:15:22,003 --> 00:15:24,648
Bros is very graphic and.
233
00:15:25,098 --> 00:15:26,598
Huh he has a very hard time
234
00:15:26,748 --> 00:15:30,618
imagining how he is going to wrangle
a bunch of theoretical physicists
235
00:15:30,858 --> 00:15:32,958
he can't just order
these people around
236
00:15:33,258 --> 00:15:37,608
so when groves is looking
for the chief scientist
237
00:15:37,818 --> 00:15:39,708
that person who's
going to be in charge of
238
00:15:39,858 --> 00:15:43,048
he's looking for someone
scientists will listen to.
239
00:15:43,338 --> 00:15:44,958
Dr if the president
were to ask you
240
00:15:45,258 --> 00:15:49,468
what the three greatest challenges to
producing a nuclear device what would you say.
241
00:15:52,038 --> 00:15:53,248
Mr president.
242
00:15:53,538 --> 00:15:54,748
Number one.
243
00:15:56,178 --> 00:15:59,428
Unknown amounts of
uranium or have to be mind.
244
00:16:00,781 --> 00:16:05,008
Then processed in factories
production on an industrial scale.
245
00:16:05,568 --> 00:16:08,938
In the end we need the
uranium highly refined.
246
00:16:11,118 --> 00:16:12,118
To.
247
00:16:13,153 --> 00:16:16,048
We need to figure out how
to pull off a chain reaction.
248
00:16:16,982 --> 00:16:20,068
Then how to control it.
249
00:16:20,219 --> 00:16:21,738
In a self.
250
00:16:22,309 --> 00:16:24,748
Chain reaction we
need to go critical.
251
00:16:30,768 --> 00:16:32,898
Oppenheimer had
never run anything
252
00:16:33,138 --> 00:16:35,458
more complex than a seminar.
253
00:16:35,748 --> 00:16:38,298
But groves left that interview
254
00:16:38,478 --> 00:16:40,578
believing that nobody a
255
00:16:40,758 --> 00:16:43,278
understood as clearly
as Oppenheimer
256
00:16:43,518 --> 00:16:44,808
what had to be done
257
00:16:45,198 --> 00:16:47,818
to produce an atomic bomb.
258
00:16:48,798 --> 00:16:52,558
Now j Robert Oppenheimer
is in charge of an undertaking.
259
00:16:53,328 --> 00:16:57,328
That is among the most ambitious
and fateful of the twentieth century.
260
00:17:01,338 --> 00:17:04,018
But he's already
years behind his rival.
261
00:17:09,438 --> 00:17:11,118
Werner Heisenberg has the lab.
262
00:17:11,418 --> 00:17:13,197
The uranium.
263
00:17:13,308 --> 00:17:16,014
And the determination
okay lot at.
264
00:17:16,997 --> 00:17:19,348
Nazis and a to comic bomb.
265
00:17:29,328 --> 00:17:31,228
In nineteen forty two.
266
00:17:31,368 --> 00:17:34,168
As war spreads across
Europe and the pacific.
267
00:17:36,078 --> 00:17:38,838
Robert Oppenheimer
and verner Heisenberg
268
00:17:38,958 --> 00:17:41,310
are fighting on a
new kind of battlefield.
269
00:17:44,718 --> 00:17:46,968
Now that the uranium
atom has been split.
270
00:17:47,311 --> 00:17:50,098
The nuclear age has begun.
271
00:17:50,418 --> 00:17:54,658
And united states and Germany
are in a race to build an atomic bomb.
272
00:17:56,176 --> 00:17:59,238
The Americans are really afraid
that the Germans will get a bomb first.
273
00:17:59,568 --> 00:18:01,638
They know the Germans
have uranium they
274
00:18:01,850 --> 00:18:03,420
or the Germans of eisenberg.
275
00:18:15,211 --> 00:18:20,068
The Nazis have already captured twelve
hundred tons of uranium from Belgium.
276
00:18:24,588 --> 00:18:27,838
Key to the bomb is to
split those uranium atoms.
277
00:18:28,458 --> 00:18:31,048
And create an
uncontrolled chain reaction.
278
00:18:33,408 --> 00:18:35,508
It's not that each
little reaction
279
00:18:35,718 --> 00:18:37,008
release is very much energy
280
00:18:37,135 --> 00:18:40,978
is that if you chain them
together a has exponential growth.
281
00:18:41,238 --> 00:18:42,238
If you could make
282
00:18:42,378 --> 00:18:45,198
a lot of uranium atom
split up the same time.
283
00:18:45,588 --> 00:18:49,888
It would release a tremendous amount
of energy enough to destroy an entire city.
284
00:18:52,218 --> 00:18:53,398
For now.
285
00:18:53,448 --> 00:18:54,988
It's just a theory.
286
00:18:58,098 --> 00:19:00,898
Unless verner
Heisenberg can prove it.
287
00:19:04,878 --> 00:19:06,398
Didn't know whether
you could produce a
288
00:19:06,558 --> 00:19:07,918
chain reaction.
289
00:19:10,360 --> 00:19:10,966
Measure that.
290
00:19:11,328 --> 00:19:12,328
Had to show that
291
00:19:12,498 --> 00:19:13,828
with an experiment.
292
00:19:14,689 --> 00:19:16,137
A lot at.
293
00:19:17,838 --> 00:19:19,258
Slowly now.
294
00:19:19,578 --> 00:19:23,458
Heisenberg builds a small
nuclear reactor called a pile.
295
00:19:24,198 --> 00:19:25,507
A the lower.
296
00:19:29,948 --> 00:19:32,308
Neutron source is
placed in the center.
297
00:19:32,658 --> 00:19:35,578
Surrounded by layers of
heavy water and uranium.
298
00:19:44,358 --> 00:19:46,818
If you can detect more
neutrons then he started with.
299
00:19:47,358 --> 00:19:48,358
It will be proof.
300
00:19:48,708 --> 00:19:51,568
That he split the
nucleus of multiple atoms.
301
00:19:52,638 --> 00:19:55,248
First step in creating
an atomic chain reaction.
302
00:19:55,548 --> 00:20:02,640
The at an excessive
of a ten percent.
303
00:20:02,719 --> 00:20:05,098
That they have an
access of of a ten percent.
304
00:20:11,181 --> 00:20:13,438
This was a crucial experience.
305
00:20:16,624 --> 00:20:20,414
Needed to prove that a
chain reaction was possible.
306
00:20:20,524 --> 00:20:25,534
Before you went through the
truly enormous industrial process
307
00:20:25,654 --> 00:20:27,993
of pulling out of
natural uranium
308
00:20:28,138 --> 00:20:31,904
the very rare part
of it that will blow up.
309
00:20:34,632 --> 00:20:37,907
Heisenberg's
experiment is a beginning.
310
00:20:38,524 --> 00:20:39,093
And for now.
311
00:20:39,394 --> 00:20:41,324
Only one thing is certain.
312
00:20:42,095 --> 00:20:45,254
The Nazis or on the path
towards an atomic bomb.
313
00:20:45,934 --> 00:20:48,764
While the Americans
are just getting started.
314
00:20:53,614 --> 00:20:55,264
By late nineteen forty two
315
00:20:55,564 --> 00:20:59,054
as Europe suffocates under
the crushing grip of the Nazis.
316
00:21:00,677 --> 00:21:05,114
The Americans can only speculate
about Germany's nuclear ambitions.
317
00:21:07,714 --> 00:21:10,904
But they are determined to
beat the Germans to the bomb.
318
00:21:12,034 --> 00:21:14,024
This is a spot in my opinion.
319
00:21:14,473 --> 00:21:16,924
Al.
320
00:21:18,064 --> 00:21:19,844
Is there are enough area.
321
00:21:20,554 --> 00:21:21,854
You tell me.
322
00:21:23,074 --> 00:21:26,924
General Leslie groves and his
new recruit Robert Oppenheimer.
323
00:21:27,124 --> 00:21:30,364
Need a better base of operations
that Manhattan's whole stuff here.
324
00:21:31,084 --> 00:21:32,774
They need somewhere isolated.
325
00:21:33,214 --> 00:21:35,234
And away from prying eyes.
326
00:21:36,934 --> 00:21:39,754
Oppenheimer wanted
a place that was private.
327
00:21:40,114 --> 00:21:42,814
General grows wanted a place
where could put up a bunch of
328
00:21:43,054 --> 00:21:45,124
barbed wire fences
and keep everybody
329
00:21:45,334 --> 00:21:47,164
locked away from
the rest of the world
330
00:21:47,374 --> 00:21:49,574
to keep this program secret.
331
00:21:51,124 --> 00:21:54,554
Oppenheimer convinces
groves he has the answer.
332
00:21:57,454 --> 00:22:01,304
Isolated town in new Mexico
is known since he was a boy.
333
00:22:01,766 --> 00:22:06,254
Is thirty miles
northwest of Santa felt.
334
00:22:07,279 --> 00:22:10,214
It's called los Alamos.
335
00:22:11,344 --> 00:22:16,214
They both went out and surveyed the area
around los Alamos were there was a building.
336
00:22:16,324 --> 00:22:18,404
That they could use
as a base of operations.
337
00:22:33,934 --> 00:22:34,934
Welcome.
338
00:22:35,344 --> 00:22:39,974
I know you're all wondering why we brought
you here to the middle of the desert.
339
00:22:41,344 --> 00:22:42,344
Gentlemen.
340
00:22:43,054 --> 00:22:47,984
The goal of this project is to
produce a practical military weapon.
341
00:22:49,534 --> 00:22:51,164
In the form of a bomb.
342
00:22:52,114 --> 00:22:53,614
In which the energy is released
343
00:22:53,734 --> 00:22:56,474
by a fast neutron
chain reaction.
344
00:23:00,064 --> 00:23:00,754
In this tent
345
00:23:01,054 --> 00:23:02,334
we have some of
the smartest man.
346
00:23:02,614 --> 00:23:03,794
In the world.
347
00:23:04,384 --> 00:23:05,894
We're at war gentlemen.
348
00:23:06,184 --> 00:23:07,904
Everyday men are dying.
349
00:23:07,954 --> 00:23:10,334
Hundred thousand
soldiers civilians.
350
00:23:11,072 --> 00:23:13,334
That is why I'm calling on you.
351
00:23:13,744 --> 00:23:15,164
Let's end this war.
352
00:23:15,664 --> 00:23:18,224
Thank you.
353
00:23:22,264 --> 00:23:25,424
Oppenheimer will lead the
country's greatest minds.
354
00:23:26,224 --> 00:23:28,964
In the attempt to
build an atomic bomb.
355
00:23:32,222 --> 00:23:34,154
Clock is ticking fast.
356
00:23:35,883 --> 00:23:37,474
This is the ultimate raised.
357
00:23:37,834 --> 00:23:40,144
At everyone understands.
358
00:23:40,534 --> 00:23:42,664
If Germany gets
the atomic bomb first.
359
00:23:43,175 --> 00:23:44,784
All better on.
360
00:23:49,864 --> 00:23:53,624
As america fights bloody battles
on the opposite sides of the globe.
361
00:23:55,384 --> 00:23:58,484
Robert Oppenheimer seeks
to bring the war to an end.
362
00:23:58,894 --> 00:24:02,084
The by unleashing
the power of the atom.
363
00:24:21,274 --> 00:24:22,624
At our current rate
364
00:24:22,744 --> 00:24:26,504
we'll have only enriched and
up uranium for a single bomb.
365
00:24:26,956 --> 00:24:27,514
One
366
00:24:27,814 --> 00:24:29,234
is not enough.
367
00:24:32,554 --> 00:24:36,434
Oppenheimer realizes
uranium alone won't be enough.
368
00:24:36,844 --> 00:24:40,814
So he focuses his attention
on another radioactive element.
369
00:24:40,894 --> 00:24:41,894
Plutonium.
370
00:24:43,654 --> 00:24:44,759
Unlike uranium
371
00:24:44,884 --> 00:24:47,894
plutonium can be created
in a nuclear reactor.
372
00:24:51,574 --> 00:24:53,834
What it is far more
difficult to detonate.
373
00:24:54,760 --> 00:24:59,974
If you put a target
of plutonium here
374
00:25:00,124 --> 00:25:02,854
and a bullet for Tony I'm
here no matter how fast
375
00:25:03,124 --> 00:25:04,354
you push them together.
376
00:25:04,744 --> 00:25:07,264
They will begin
to fizzle as a call it.
377
00:25:07,594 --> 00:25:10,034
Before it hits the target.
378
00:25:11,524 --> 00:25:13,694
Unless they can
solve the problem.
379
00:25:14,104 --> 00:25:16,724
There plutonium
bomb will never work.
380
00:25:22,414 --> 00:25:23,704
In nineteen forty two
381
00:25:24,004 --> 00:25:27,910
Werner Heisenberg
became the first scientists to
382
00:25:27,934 --> 00:25:29,734
produce excess nutrients
in a nuclear reactor.
383
00:25:30,844 --> 00:25:33,704
But that was with only a
small number of atoms.
384
00:25:34,989 --> 00:25:39,974
His goal now is to create
a massive chain reaction.
385
00:25:40,871 --> 00:25:43,684
One becomes to
386
00:25:43,954 --> 00:25:46,384
to becomes for for becomes eight
387
00:25:46,564 --> 00:25:48,734
and within about
eighty generations.
388
00:25:49,054 --> 00:25:51,904
You get enough energy
out of enough uranium atoms
389
00:25:52,174 --> 00:25:53,834
to blow up the city.
390
00:25:55,444 --> 00:25:56,444
Oxygen as a call
391
00:25:56,564 --> 00:25:57,704
it quickly.
392
00:25:59,734 --> 00:26:02,534
But that next step
is not only difficult.
393
00:26:03,184 --> 00:26:05,893
It's dangerous.
394
00:26:06,064 --> 00:26:14,064
This.
395
00:26:31,503 --> 00:26:34,844
Heisenberg and his scientists
narrowly escaped death.
396
00:26:35,344 --> 00:26:37,514
At his laboratory is destroyed.
397
00:26:40,984 --> 00:26:44,474
But when rumors about the
incident spread to the united states.
398
00:26:44,614 --> 00:26:45,614
There is a new feared
399
00:26:45,814 --> 00:26:48,364
that the Nazis are closer
to making an atomic bomb.
400
00:26:48,874 --> 00:26:50,354
Than ever before.
401
00:26:58,450 --> 00:26:59,894
Sure is that confirmed.
402
00:27:00,514 --> 00:27:01,514
Yes.
403
00:27:03,875 --> 00:27:06,315
There were no
satellites in those days.
404
00:27:06,364 --> 00:27:09,914
We didn't really have any
spies in Germany either.
405
00:27:10,004 --> 00:27:11,434
Was one of the few clips.
406
00:27:11,794 --> 00:27:14,984
That it was enough to
make everyone very nervous.
407
00:27:29,734 --> 00:27:32,054
Pressure on oppenheim
or is increasing.
408
00:27:38,474 --> 00:27:42,464
Americans have discovered a way to
manufacture plutonium for the bomb.
409
00:27:43,684 --> 00:27:45,274
But he still needs
to find it triggered
410
00:27:45,484 --> 00:27:46,602
to detonated.
411
00:27:47,344 --> 00:27:50,134
It was a disaster at los Alamos.
412
00:27:50,464 --> 00:27:52,324
Oven timer seriously considered.
413
00:27:52,654 --> 00:27:53,654
Resigning.
414
00:27:53,734 --> 00:27:54,914
As director.
415
00:27:55,234 --> 00:27:56,494
He was so depressed.
416
00:27:56,854 --> 00:27:58,744
Because he did not see how.
417
00:27:59,074 --> 00:28:01,307
They were going to be
able to use plutonium.
418
00:28:02,054 --> 00:28:10,054
I think behind every
great genius you have that
419
00:28:16,834 --> 00:28:20,666
vision that picture
that send you forward.
420
00:28:22,654 --> 00:28:25,004
Robin hymer he had a picture.
421
00:28:27,604 --> 00:28:30,274
Before the war he was
working on black holes.
422
00:28:30,784 --> 00:28:33,994
And he realized want to start
suddenly collapsed under gravity.
423
00:28:34,324 --> 00:28:34,774
It can
424
00:28:34,894 --> 00:28:39,405
burst into a gigantic
supernova and a black hole.
425
00:28:41,644 --> 00:28:45,664
So why not squeeze it
imploded reach critical mass
426
00:28:45,814 --> 00:28:47,894
and then he would explode.
427
00:28:48,309 --> 00:28:51,074
That is the secret.
428
00:28:51,184 --> 00:28:53,144
Of the plutonium by.
429
00:28:54,064 --> 00:28:55,064
Implosion.
430
00:28:55,534 --> 00:28:56,534
It's the answer
431
00:28:56,584 --> 00:28:58,774
Oppenheimer and his
team have been waiting for.
432
00:28:59,164 --> 00:29:01,774
Implosion is the idea
where you have a
433
00:29:01,894 --> 00:29:04,116
solid ball plutonium.
434
00:29:04,414 --> 00:29:07,744
And you put high
explosives ' and ' all around it.
435
00:29:08,464 --> 00:29:13,804
And what you want to do is have all those
explosives go off at exactly the same time.
436
00:29:14,224 --> 00:29:15,914
Which is really difficult.
437
00:29:19,057 --> 00:29:20,553
Scientists at los Alamos.
438
00:29:20,914 --> 00:29:22,934
Reach a monumental breakthrough.
439
00:29:23,764 --> 00:29:24,874
Oppenheimer and his team.
440
00:29:25,354 --> 00:29:26,354
Can only hope.
441
00:29:26,824 --> 00:29:28,424
They're not too late.
442
00:29:28,594 --> 00:29:30,912
This was everyone's
night nightmare.
443
00:29:31,534 --> 00:29:33,994
Germany could be close
to losing the war and with a
444
00:29:34,144 --> 00:29:35,554
couple of atomic bombs.
445
00:29:35,974 --> 00:29:38,114
Could turn the
last into a victory.
446
00:29:44,855 --> 00:29:48,464
In the secret desert lives
of the Manhattan project.
447
00:29:49,684 --> 00:29:53,920
Robert Oppenheimer
and his team discovered
448
00:29:53,944 --> 00:29:55,744
that implosion is the
key to a plutonium bomb.
449
00:29:56,496 --> 00:29:57,794
There's not enough.
450
00:29:57,874 --> 00:30:01,274
It's a revelation that could
change the race against the Nazis.
451
00:30:02,164 --> 00:30:02,584
Now.
452
00:30:03,094 --> 00:30:04,784
They need to make it work.
453
00:30:05,434 --> 00:30:06,634
They reorganize
454
00:30:06,754 --> 00:30:09,934
the entire los Alamos labs
around the implosion problem.
455
00:30:10,354 --> 00:30:13,654
They pull and experts from
other wartime projects they
456
00:30:13,774 --> 00:30:16,511
developed new
calculation methods.
457
00:30:16,804 --> 00:30:21,254
This becomes the the major
problem for los Alamos the of.
458
00:30:25,596 --> 00:30:27,826
The Americans are
feeling the pressure.
459
00:30:27,966 --> 00:30:31,636
Reports of Heisenberg's
explosion of trickled into los Alamos.
460
00:30:32,916 --> 00:30:34,536
There was no way of knowing
461
00:30:34,746 --> 00:30:36,366
what the Germans were doing
462
00:30:36,726 --> 00:30:40,506
and therefore you had to do the
next best thing which is to extrapolate
463
00:30:40,746 --> 00:30:43,456
from where they were
the last time we looked.
464
00:30:44,466 --> 00:30:45,726
And there was that pressure.
465
00:30:46,176 --> 00:30:47,176
That urgent.
466
00:30:47,376 --> 00:30:50,176
With the just a few
pieces of information.
467
00:30:56,196 --> 00:30:57,516
With is lab in ruins.
468
00:30:57,936 --> 00:31:00,136
Heisenberg is
summoned to Berlin.
469
00:31:00,816 --> 00:31:04,566
Wait.
470
00:31:05,436 --> 00:31:06,875
In line a part time.
471
00:31:07,176 --> 00:31:10,906
High lines of steps feel that we
have to take another to your plans.
472
00:31:11,677 --> 00:31:13,446
Have been a complete
waste of our time
473
00:31:13,776 --> 00:31:14,986
and money.
474
00:31:15,546 --> 00:31:18,186
I personally debriefed the fia.
475
00:31:18,576 --> 00:31:19,906
On your progress.
476
00:31:21,066 --> 00:31:22,996
What should tell him now.
477
00:31:27,456 --> 00:31:29,526
With the war going
badly for the Germans.
478
00:31:29,946 --> 00:31:31,866
The pressure on Heisenberg
479
00:31:31,986 --> 00:31:34,006
is more intense than ever.
480
00:31:37,926 --> 00:31:40,276
In December nineteen forty four.
481
00:31:40,386 --> 00:31:43,006
Heisenberg travels
to neutral Switzerland.
482
00:31:43,836 --> 00:31:46,656
To lecturer a small group of
colleagues at of physics seminar
483
00:31:47,106 --> 00:31:48,816
and the American
see an opportunity
484
00:31:49,146 --> 00:31:51,856
to ensure the Nazis
and never get the bomb.
485
00:32:07,476 --> 00:32:12,227
There was no CIA during the second
world war but there was it's predecessor.
486
00:32:12,696 --> 00:32:13,776
And by that mean.
487
00:32:14,373 --> 00:32:17,166
An early organization
there was primarily military
488
00:32:17,406 --> 00:32:21,283
and one of its operatives
was very curious man named
489
00:32:21,396 --> 00:32:22,612
of bird.
490
00:32:24,996 --> 00:32:29,476
Moe berg is a former major league
baseball player for the Boston red sox.
491
00:32:30,780 --> 00:32:32,646
Is that leads us to a.
492
00:32:32,954 --> 00:32:34,806
Interaction and he's also a spy
493
00:32:35,076 --> 00:32:36,256
who speaks fluent German
494
00:32:36,481 --> 00:32:40,752
the interactions that's
distant independent
495
00:32:40,776 --> 00:32:42,192
which leads to a finite
cost his assignment to.
496
00:32:42,216 --> 00:32:45,084
Determine whether Heisenberg
is making progress on a bomb
497
00:32:45,358 --> 00:32:46,456
to isolate.
498
00:32:47,016 --> 00:32:47,346
Those.
499
00:32:47,706 --> 00:32:48,706
Components.
500
00:32:49,566 --> 00:32:49,956
Almost
501
00:32:50,226 --> 00:32:51,855
he years affected.
502
00:32:52,506 --> 00:32:53,806
Kill him.
503
00:32:54,096 --> 00:32:57,156
What he's listening for
is less about the science.
504
00:32:57,492 --> 00:33:01,536
Is looking for a loose comment or
eisenberg says or when the war soon or
505
00:33:01,776 --> 00:33:02,346
we've got a
506
00:33:02,466 --> 00:33:05,346
secret that you guys will
soon learn and understand.
507
00:33:05,676 --> 00:33:10,066
The same companies may
to become an integral part.
508
00:33:10,296 --> 00:33:12,050
Of the future it.
509
00:33:13,536 --> 00:33:16,966
Perkins thinking of
Heisenberg gives me any hint.
510
00:33:17,046 --> 00:33:19,336
That he's working
on a Bob program.
511
00:33:19,806 --> 00:33:22,036
I can just shoot him right here.
512
00:33:22,116 --> 00:33:24,226
Thank you for coming
ladies and gentlemen.
513
00:33:24,366 --> 00:33:25,366
Bill.
514
00:33:59,049 --> 00:34:00,316
Sound you.
515
00:34:01,567 --> 00:34:03,048
Italy our superiors.
516
00:34:03,221 --> 00:34:05,017
Is until he wants a
bomb need mental
517
00:34:05,226 --> 00:34:06,226
at to follow me.
518
00:34:06,576 --> 00:34:09,426
For.
519
00:34:30,426 --> 00:34:33,516
Berg left thinking they must
not have anything up their sleeve
520
00:34:33,726 --> 00:34:35,866
he doesn't shoot at me
doesn't feel the need.
521
00:34:44,458 --> 00:34:47,026
Mo berg's instincts are right.
522
00:34:47,136 --> 00:34:51,046
Despite his initial success
and splitting uranium atoms.
523
00:34:51,462 --> 00:34:54,406
The accident at his lab
was a major setback.
524
00:34:54,906 --> 00:34:57,826
At Heisenberg has made
little pro aggress since.
525
00:35:07,716 --> 00:35:11,886
In the spring of nineteen
forty five things start
526
00:35:11,916 --> 00:35:13,756
to go very poorly for
Nazi Germany in the work.
527
00:35:14,256 --> 00:35:15,486
Berlin is being bombed.
528
00:35:15,888 --> 00:35:18,076
Soviets our on the horizon.
529
00:35:25,686 --> 00:35:29,206
Heisenberg continues his
experiments in southern Germany.
530
00:35:33,066 --> 00:35:35,956
Nazis never invest
the massive resources.
531
00:35:36,186 --> 00:35:38,716
Needed to bring
the atom bomb to life.
532
00:35:40,446 --> 00:35:42,501
Hitler didn't trust
her scientists.
533
00:35:43,086 --> 00:35:44,776
He didn't take them seriously.
534
00:35:44,886 --> 00:35:47,586
So he didn't get about
the German program
535
00:35:47,886 --> 00:35:48,396
was
536
00:35:48,696 --> 00:35:51,466
behind the April if you
will from the beginning.
537
00:35:54,966 --> 00:35:57,496
On may third
nineteen forty five.
538
00:35:59,286 --> 00:36:01,926
Heisenberg along with
Germany's top scientists.
539
00:36:02,316 --> 00:36:04,216
Are captured by the allies.
540
00:36:05,671 --> 00:36:06,786
Work for the Nazis
541
00:36:07,086 --> 00:36:08,266
is over.
542
00:36:16,686 --> 00:36:18,976
But is one of the
world's top physicists.
543
00:36:19,596 --> 00:36:22,336
Eisenberg is considered
a valuable asset.
544
00:36:25,385 --> 00:36:26,976
Eventually send him and
545
00:36:27,250 --> 00:36:30,396
number of other German scientists
to a manor house in england
546
00:36:30,726 --> 00:36:32,946
to be detained and monitored to
547
00:36:33,096 --> 00:36:36,466
find out whether they know much
about making nuclear weapons.
548
00:36:41,226 --> 00:36:42,636
Airlines are relieved to learn
549
00:36:42,756 --> 00:36:46,696
that the Nazis were still years
away from making an atomic bomb.
550
00:36:48,718 --> 00:36:52,476
Americans took a luck and thought
oh my god this is all the further they got.
551
00:36:52,926 --> 00:36:56,386
We got this far in the
summer and nineteen forty two.
552
00:37:04,416 --> 00:37:07,756
After two years of toil in
the new Mexico desert.
553
00:37:08,466 --> 00:37:11,266
Robert Oppenheimer
is only hours away.
554
00:37:11,826 --> 00:37:13,296
From the most important moment.
555
00:37:13,776 --> 00:37:15,016
In his life.
556
00:37:15,486 --> 00:37:19,576
By July and can forty five they
eventually have enough material
557
00:37:19,716 --> 00:37:21,486
to make one uranium bomb
558
00:37:21,846 --> 00:37:26,237
and to plutonium bombs but there so uncertain
about whether the plutonium bombs were
559
00:37:26,261 --> 00:37:28,756
work that they
have to test one first.
560
00:37:34,416 --> 00:37:37,426
Nuclear device is
nicknamed the gadget.
561
00:37:38,256 --> 00:37:42,582
A massive dark grey
sphere with five thousand
562
00:37:42,606 --> 00:37:44,446
pounds of explosives
surrounding the plutonium.
563
00:37:45,756 --> 00:37:48,016
And wired with
precision detonators.
564
00:37:57,714 --> 00:37:58,906
This real.
565
00:38:01,265 --> 00:38:02,265
Forward.
566
00:38:05,436 --> 00:38:08,326
To simulate the weapon
being dropped from a bummer.
567
00:38:08,496 --> 00:38:10,056
Intelligent.
568
00:38:11,256 --> 00:38:11,766
Gadget
569
00:38:11,886 --> 00:38:15,016
will be lifted onto a one
hundred foot steel tower.
570
00:38:15,226 --> 00:38:21,156
The stress is enormous say
feel that they have theoretically
571
00:38:21,396 --> 00:38:25,206
designed it exactly right but what
about one little connection and one of the.
572
00:38:25,536 --> 00:38:30,295
Hundreds of wires that are
connected to this miracle monster
573
00:38:30,458 --> 00:38:31,996
are they going to work.
574
00:38:32,976 --> 00:38:37,186
But Oppenheimer and his team may have
a bigger worried than the bomb not working.
575
00:38:38,106 --> 00:38:38,856
What happens
576
00:38:39,126 --> 00:38:40,396
if it does.
577
00:38:40,722 --> 00:38:43,086
They realize that
there was a possibility
578
00:38:43,236 --> 00:38:46,086
that they hadn't figured
out all the consequences
579
00:38:46,266 --> 00:38:50,303
of basically igniting a small
star on the surface severe.
580
00:38:57,936 --> 00:39:05,346
After spending three years
581
00:39:05,496 --> 00:39:07,576
and over two billion dollars.
582
00:39:09,066 --> 00:39:12,196
Robert Oppenheimer
has built an atomic bomb.
583
00:39:12,666 --> 00:39:15,166
And is now ready to test it.
584
00:39:16,146 --> 00:39:18,006
Oppenheimer is
great worried that night.
585
00:39:18,486 --> 00:39:20,106
Was that the
implosion would work
586
00:39:20,226 --> 00:39:21,766
in the bottom would fizzle.
587
00:39:22,206 --> 00:39:24,816
You never quite know what
the physical world is going to.
588
00:39:25,146 --> 00:39:28,516
Teach you when you do something
that's never been done before.
589
00:39:29,136 --> 00:39:37,136
As an explosion is ten thousand
times hotter than the surface of the song.
590
00:40:02,346 --> 00:40:05,206
An equal to twenty
thousand tons of tnt.
591
00:40:09,096 --> 00:40:12,316
Oppenheimer has built the
most destructive weapon.
592
00:40:13,896 --> 00:40:15,706
World has ever known.
593
00:40:16,176 --> 00:40:20,076
I
594
00:40:20,376 --> 00:40:22,636
Just three weeks after the test.
595
00:40:22,806 --> 00:40:23,856
And American plane.
596
00:40:24,366 --> 00:40:26,326
Carries an atomic bomb.
597
00:40:26,496 --> 00:40:27,736
Into Japan.
598
00:40:28,947 --> 00:40:34,189
In effort to end the war.
599
00:40:34,299 --> 00:40:35,869
Once and for all.
600
00:40:54,629 --> 00:40:56,448
Dropped on Hiroshima.
601
00:40:56,739 --> 00:40:58,400
A military bit.
602
00:40:58,688 --> 00:41:03,209
We run the country
against the dirt.
603
00:41:05,859 --> 00:41:08,961
In order to shorten
the agony of walk.
604
00:41:14,228 --> 00:41:17,378
It's amazing is Heisenberg's
as they have to just be lying
605
00:41:17,528 --> 00:41:19,368
there's no way they
could have pulled this off.
606
00:41:19,629 --> 00:41:22,844
There's no way they could have built a bomb
it's too hard we already did all the math
607
00:41:22,868 --> 00:41:25,928
on that and we concluded that
nobody not even the united states
608
00:41:26,168 --> 00:41:28,998
could make an atomic
bomb during world war two.
609
00:41:29,588 --> 00:41:30,588
Three days later
610
00:41:30,668 --> 00:41:33,108
a second bombs
dropped on Nagasaki.
611
00:41:33,994 --> 00:41:38,088
Effectively ending
the second world war.
612
00:41:42,578 --> 00:41:44,600
In view of the later alteration
613
00:41:44,708 --> 00:41:48,818
Heisenberg is never held responsible
for his actions during the war
614
00:41:49,088 --> 00:41:50,808
and is returned to Germany.
615
00:41:51,098 --> 00:41:52,968
To help rebuild the country.
616
00:41:53,228 --> 00:41:55,488
Even though
Heisenberg had obviously.
617
00:41:55,988 --> 00:42:00,877
Collaborated with the Nazis during the
war people decided that science in Europe.
618
00:42:01,328 --> 00:42:03,168
Needed to be restored.
619
00:42:03,638 --> 00:42:07,267
And Heisenberg becomes
this international figure of.
620
00:42:07,568 --> 00:42:09,048
Peaceful science.
621
00:42:09,608 --> 00:42:11,388
For the rest of his life.
622
00:42:11,528 --> 00:42:15,558
Eisenberg will claim that he intentionally
hindered his work for the Nazis.
623
00:42:16,268 --> 00:42:19,968
The go on to enjoy is
celebrated career in academia.
624
00:42:20,348 --> 00:42:20,468
I
625
00:42:20,588 --> 00:42:24,048
One question to you by do you
want to study a quantum physics.
626
00:42:30,848 --> 00:42:34,158
Oppenheimer is dubbed
the father of the atomic bomb.
627
00:42:39,728 --> 00:42:47,728
At he's haunted by the visions of
the devastation the bomb has wrought.
628
00:42:55,406 --> 00:43:01,238
And worse.
629
00:43:01,689 --> 00:43:04,128
The read now poses to the world.
630
00:43:23,468 --> 00:43:28,278
Heisenberg becomes this
international figure of peaceful science.
631
00:43:28,808 --> 00:43:29,808
And Oppenheimer
632
00:43:29,978 --> 00:43:31,668
is kind of a pariah.
633
00:43:33,008 --> 00:43:35,778
That's the dilemma
of the atomic.
634
00:43:36,518 --> 00:43:39,288
Killed an enormous
number of human beings.
635
00:43:39,878 --> 00:43:42,518
And yet somehow
and this is true.
636
00:43:43,088 --> 00:43:44,825
It put it into a world scale.
637
00:43:45,188 --> 00:43:46,638
Probably forever.
638
00:43:46,688 --> 00:43:48,318
It is apparel.
639
00:43:48,938 --> 00:43:50,178
And hope.
47997
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