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Nature is full
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creatures with extraordinary shapes,
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but as he offered some this an advantage?
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I was lucky to meet
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Some of the most delightful creatures on the planet, but some
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come prominence because of their special biology.
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Our knowledge about some of them for centuries.
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Others were recently discovered.
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In this series, we learn their story
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And we also revealed what are considered curiosities of nature.
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David Attenborough curiosities OF NATURE
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In this episode, search the two creatures
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Cara normal transformed into something extraordinary,
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chameleon's tongue very long to catch prey ...
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... And her long-necked giraffe with reaching the treetops.
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When and how these animals have reached the limits?
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Stretched to DEADLINES
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The chameleon is a really strange creature,
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both in behavior and as a disguise, like nothing on earth.
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Not surprisingly, it has generated all sorts of legends and myths.
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This is the "History quadruped animals," Edward Topsell,
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Written in the 17th century,
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And there he called chameleon "an impostor, a voracious hunter,
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"impure and sinful by the laws of God."
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Some believe that is the work of the devil that made parts of other animals,
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tail monkey, crocodile skin,
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broaºtei language, rhino horn,
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And eyes do not know whom.
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It was a creature sent to Earth to spy for the devil.
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When I first saw a chameleon, 50 years ago,
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I was struck by his beauty
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And intrigued by ciudãþenia body and especially his tongue.
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Despite chameleon disguise
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It turned into a coveted curiosity.
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But also savanþii and naturaliºtii
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They were contrariaþi's behavior and anatomy.
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Looks and behaves differently from any reptile.
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Even today, we discover new things
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about the eyes of unique, amazing language
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And the ability to disguise and change.
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Chameleons are hard to find because it is moving slowly
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but also because merges perfectly with the environment,
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In terms of coloring.
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Most of my face is a dwarf chameleon in Natal, South Africa.
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If a snake is threatened,
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do not have to change their color too much,
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because color vision of a snake is very weak,
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But if it is threatened by a bird, you must hide very well.
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Some species of chameleon, and are 85 family,
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tighten disguise with great fineness may change.
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If you see a snake approaching from below,
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colors become more open and less visible in the sky.
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On the other hand if the threat comes from a bird
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the colors become darker background so it will fit under them.
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A chameleon colors are influenced not only the environment
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but also temperature, light and his emotional state.
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Beneath the screen there is a male rival.
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Let's see what happens if you remove the screen and the two are seen.
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More intensely colored male is dominant,
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And immediately tighten add colors brighter, more aggressive.
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The other male remains dark
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too scared to change their color and retreats.
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It's clear who's boss.
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Chameleons are emotional creatures.
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Dark color notifies anger.
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The female on the right, does not feel like advances
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male full of hope and more vivid colors.
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The way chameleons have come to alter the color
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naturaliºtii puzzled early on.
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An English called Barrow, who traveled to Africa in the 19th century,
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thought that the color change is caused by something in the air.
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He wrote, "Next to change their color, chameleon
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"inspirã lung,
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"and his body swelled double the size of normal
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"And after that deflated gradually begin to change their color."
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It's an accurate observation of what happens
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When the chameleon gets angry and then his anger passes,
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but basically changing color has nothing to do with air.
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A French biologist, Milne-Edwards inerpretat correct this.
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He wrote, "There are two layers of pigment
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"seated one another,
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"but arranged so as to appear simultaneously under the cuticle
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"And so sometimes it masks manner as one another,"
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This is true.
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Today we know that chameleon skin
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It has three layers of pigment cells called cromatofore expandable.
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They contain pigment red, yellow, blue and white
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And a deeper layer of black melanin that controls light reflection.
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Chameleons change color used not only to hide,
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but also to communicate between them.
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Anyone close look chameleon is fascinated with his own eyes.
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Protrude on both sides of the head mount as if on some shifts,
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And practically eyelids are joined,
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less a point micuþ exactly in the middle.
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An extraordinary thing is that you can move the independent.
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This means that a chameleon can see at the same time,
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above and below.
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Thus any insect that lands nearby is immediately seen.
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His brain receives messages seem separate from each eye
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And he sees and receives them alternately very quickly,
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but independent of one another.
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Not Integrate.
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The advantage
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in that it provides three dimensional view around,
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invaluable work.
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This extraordinary view is essential
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in the way that uses their chameleon another amazing element,
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Namely excessively elongated tongue.
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How language works and how it is composed,
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perplex naturaliºti first thing to understand.
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This copy Kept
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It shows us in detail the impressive language of a chameleon.
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The physical structure of the language is easy to explain,
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Although it is somehow a complicated organ,
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a tube that is based on a cartilaginous rod, cone.
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Pernuþa the end is tough and sticky
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And can catch prey.
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But the mystery by which such devils
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It can be driven and designed out of his mouth
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It was harder to explain.
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Maybe how a frigate tighten guºa inflates under the beak,
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or how a frog who cry tighten throat sac inflates
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They can provide some clues.
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Both use air.
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Or maybe that helps us argue eyes snail tentacles.
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Post them on the one projects using hydraulic fluid blood.
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But none are insufficient.
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It is a more complex process.
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Language is a muscular tube that, when it is relaxed, sits on a cartilaginous rod.
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When the chameleon is about to hit,
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tongue muscles at the base put it in position for launch.
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When prey is aligned and distance calculation,
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super-fast muscles shrink and propels language before lightning.
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While language þâºneºte on cartilage,
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an energy surplus a push toward the target.
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Then, as an elastic band,
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is pulled back into the mouth of a chameleon.
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Recently, high-speed shooting were revealed to detail.
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The tip of the tongue that thinks it's tacky,
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excrescenþe is covered with microscopic prey generates sucþiunea and locks.
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Chameleons are truly extraordinary creatures
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And have surprises for us even today.
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This year, a scientist working in Madagascar
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He discovered a chameleon micuþ of only 29 mm length.
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It is the smallest vertebrate in the world.
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It is incredible that a vertebrate organs
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fit into as small a body,
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including extraordinary language.
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Subsequently, another amazing story elongated structures,
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not a language but a neck.
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The chameleon has a long tongue as his body twice.
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And very long giraffe neck.
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These are some creatures that have transformed into something extraordinarily normal.
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Curiosities of nature are highly modified.
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The giraffe is an animal that is not how not to impress.
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High 6 meters, or 19 feet, is taxable
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disguise a strange and mysterious biology.
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Our attraction to such unusual creatures is centuries old,
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And a characteristic curiosity us,
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long neck respectively.
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Such a structure looks something impossible in nature,
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but now better understand complex biological body giraffe.
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Gaining knowledge about this creature
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It can be exemplified by three special giraffes
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And by fascinaþiei for exotic story of a crowned head.
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In the 19th century, a giraffe named Zarafa, which means "charming" in Arabic,
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It had a strong impact in Europe of socially and scientifically.
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It was one of three caught in 1826 on the orders of the viceroy of Egypt,
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who wanted to offer gift graþiile to enter France, Austria and England.
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Zarafa, the most sturdy of three, has been offering France,
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As seen in the paintings of Jacques Raymond Brascassat.
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He traveled from Egypt to Marseilles on a ship.
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France reached the guards decided it was too risky to continue on water
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And they decided to walk from Marseille
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to Paris, way over 885 kilometers.
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For some, this trip was doomed to failure,
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but careful planning and biology giraffe were in favor of it.
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A French scientist avant-garde,
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Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,
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I was given this task.
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But there is something important related to the Zarafa
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which ensured the success of the journey.
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Her age.
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He was very young, was just eight months.
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Baby giraffes are very robuºti,
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can stand and run to one hour after birth.
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They have very long legs relative to the body,
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only 0.5 meters shorter than the adults.
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Long legs helps them keep up with their mothers,
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Zarafa so it was well-worked.
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Zarafa food was crucial.
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Baby giraffe suck up to one year and was well fed Zarafa.
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While driving drank more than 25 liters of milk per day,
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milk obtained from three cows.
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Mãrºãluia to step together with her escort.
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After almost 320 km, Zarafa has come to Lyon
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And Saint-Hilaire interrupted journey.
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He hoped it go on a boat for the journey.
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As he waited, 30,000 people have visited it Zarafa see.
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For the public, it was a strange creature, exotic,
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And were very nedumeriþi the existence of such a long neck
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And were curioºi how it can support the weight of an animal.
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In those days, the giraffes were considered some ciudãþenii,
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some camels with horns
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whose consequence their neck swelling were thin.
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But exactly what is attractive to Saint-Hilaire to Zarafa.
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He was fascinated by genetic exaggeration and how they occur.
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Their long neck allows them to feed
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with leaves that are not available to other herbivores.
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How can they sustain physical, vertical, such a long neck?
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Ha-ha!
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Giraffe anatomy studies have revealed this.
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A ligament long, thick as a cable, ran the length of the neck.
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He counterbalances the weight of the head and neck,
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And the relaxed position is tight.
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Thus maintaining law and head throat involves a minimum muscular effort.
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Bending the head is a movement more difficult,
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Because it must extend tough ligament.
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The ability to feed on tall trees
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the only reason for a long neck?
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As the giraffe in the wild behavior was better known,
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people discovered that males beat rivals hitting necks.
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Was this a reason and have developed a long neck?
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Then someone and attracted attention that females have long neck
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so that that idea fell.
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In fact there is no clear answer,
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but access to food up a better vigilance and regulation of temperature,
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all shaped the giraffe's long neck.
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During the march, Zarafa has continued to attract curioºii.
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Few had seen such a creature.
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It seemed impossible.
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How can a giraffe to pump arrow brain neck so long?
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And as the blood does not return immediately to his feet?
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The giraffe's long neck,
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but basically it has the same number of vertebrae as ours,
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Seven ie,
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but his blood pressure is twice as high as ours.
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Bigger than any other animal.
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The pump that produces such pressure, heart,
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Surprising, is not high,
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but it's very powerful.
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This is a section through the left ventricle
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See how thick and is cardiac muscles, almost 8 cm.
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This powerful pumps blood through the arteries push the head
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then returns through the jugular vein
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equipped with valve-shaped pocket
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which prevents blood return to head
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If the animal bends drinking water for example.
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Giraffes drinking water from ground hard
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And in fact rarely do.
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Obtains its water from leaves and shoots.
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The only way you can bend toward water is rãºchirarea forelimbs
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or bending them at the wrist.
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Compared with the legs, the giraffe neck is short.
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Wildebeests and zebras touch the ground without having to bend and legs.
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Only forest giraffe and her relative, the okapi,
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have short necks compared to their feet
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So you have to rãºchireze or bend them.
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Perhaps the most unique feature of the giraffe is leg length.
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And they certainly were the key to success Zarafa.
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At Lyon, was to rest
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And to continue their journey to Paris by boat.
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But things have not gone according to plan.
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There is no boat came to Lyon so we kept going on foot.
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It took 41 days to travel the 880 km to Paris.
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Saint-HiIaire, her trusty comrades, was exhausted, when the giraffe was shaped.
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He wrote, "increased weight and get stronger.
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"Musculatura i s-a accentuat,
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"Fur has become smoother than her arrival at Marseille."
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Zarafa was the presence of King Charles the Tenth
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And temporary shelter in the greenhouse
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din "Jardin des PIantes".
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It was a true ambassador
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And 60,000 people saw it in the first three weeks in Paris.
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In the early 19th century were a novelty giraffes
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And their biology and how living in the wild were still a mystery.
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Zarafa's success was due to the interpenetration
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Unusual characteristics of the giraffe and a good synchronization.
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YouTube her long legs and milk diet allowed her journey through France.
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The body felt strange proved that performed perfectly.
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Our story began with three giraffes arrived in Europe.
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Zarafa was the most robust and lived more than 18 years.
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The Austrian lived just one year,
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King George VI and the one sent in England, died two years later.
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Saint-Hilaire learned a lot from Zarafa
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and she became an important figure in France crcetarea Zoo.
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Giraffe brought to England triggered a huge interest in animal research
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And scientific center of gravity has changed from France to England.
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Zarafa we must thank for her role in deciphering the biological mysteries
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The giraffe's body and her long neck.
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Creatures such as giraffe and chameleon
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and continues to reveal their biological secrets.
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I am truly some curiosities of nature.
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