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The richness and great diversity of winter traditions must be understood in the context where
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the Christian church separated the celebration of the physical birth of Christ, on December 25th,
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from that of the spiritual birth, on January 6th,
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thus creating a ceremonial intersected cycle of twelve days by the New Year's celebration.
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Aswell, after the adoption of the Julian civil calendar starting on January 1st,
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numerous traditions of renewing the calendar time, of agrarian origin,
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were transposed from spring to winter, at the end of December.
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It is no coincidence that the New Year's caroling is called "Plugușorul", because it is refering to plowing, sowing,
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harvesting and baking bread. The carolers were accompanied, until recently, even by an oxen-drawn plow,
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and a symbolic furrow was drawn in the middle of the yard,
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the props of the tradition include the "buhai", the whip, "tălăngi", and at the time when the dawn is about to rise,
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seeders pass through the households, small groups of children who, imitating the sowing,
scatter grains of wheat wishing for health and abundant crops.
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The New Year's Eve was eagerly awaited in all Bucovinian communities, being "the richest in traditions"
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and beliefs, the most mysterious and pleasant for Romanians everywhere.
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Most of the most spectacular traditions took place in open spaces. In the evening, the "small plow" passed from house to house
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of the children, followed, after nightfall, by that of the bachelors "big plow", of the householders,
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accompanied by the plow decorated with a fir-tree top, symbol of the tree of life in the Bucovinian communities.
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Gradually, the streets of the village became the scene of real masked performances
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grouped, as a rule, in large groups called "malanca, partia, bandă, turka or, simply, ceată."
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Their composition included the bear, the goat, the horse and the deer, the old women and men, the groups of handsome people,
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(emperor, herod, general, jandarm, deputy, bride and groom), the social masks with ethnic character
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ethnic (Turk, Jew, Armenian, Greek, Gypsy) as well as the masks with professional character
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(doctor, barber, merchant, wizard).Often, the packs were accompanied by real popular theater troops,
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such as Jienii, Banda lui Bujor or Vihleimul.
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Each character in the group had a well-defined role. The bear was the symbol of nature that always returns to life.
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The goat was the mythological representation of a fertile divinity, bearer of the energies of the whole nature.
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The horse, the solar character in Romanian mythology, had apotropaic properties.
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The deer, was considered God's messenger on earth, representing purity and justice.
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The ugly ones, in general, were personifications of time which, having reached old age, were to be reborn through death.
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The old women and men represented the ancient cult of the ancestors. Emperors and bunghiers were parodies of Austrian officers...
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Although largely desacralized, most of these traditions have survived until contemporary times
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being part of the spiritual heritage of Bucovina, always present in rural and urban communities at the turn of the year.
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Similarly, New Year's traditions are the subject of real folkoric festivals
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that take place on major national and international stages
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